Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction in Foreign Country

(2015 Nepal Earthquake)

大学院減災復興政策研究科

(Graduate School of Disaster Resilience and Governance)

教授 青田良介

兵庫の国際交流

令和２年７月１日

Lecturer's Self Introduction1. Local public servant（地方公務員） at Hyogo Prefecture Government for around 30 years

・ Mainly worked at international relations section

・ Internationalization at local government

・ Sister city（姉妹都市） relationship with Washington State (US), Western Australia State (Australia), Guangdong Province (China), Hainan Province (China), Khabarovsk Territory (Russia), Parana State (Brazil) and Republic of Belau

2. Dispatched to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs（外務省）

・ Worked at Japanese Consulate（日本総領事館） in Perth, Western Australia from 1992 to 1994

・ Vice consul（副領事） in charge of Japanese culture, language and public relations（広報）

・ Organized Japan festival, Japanese speech contest

・ Enjoyed life, open-hearted, and beautiful scenery in Australia

Lecturer's Self Introduction3. Dispatched to Asian Disaster Reduction Center （ADRC、アジア防災

センター）in Kobe

・ International organization for disaster reduction（減災）, established by the Japanese Government in 1998

・ Consist of around 30 Asian countries ( China, Russia, India, south-eastern, southern and western Asian countries )

・ International conferences（国際会議）

・ Cooperative projects for human resource development （人材育成） with Nepal, Cambodia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Singapore

・ Relief activities （救援活動） after Taiwan Earthquake in 1999

4. Doctor’s course at graduate school（博士後期課程） of Kobe Univ. in 2001

・ While working at Hyogo Government, studying at doctor’s course at Kobe Univ.

・ Research on NGO (Non Government Organization) activities for disaster reduction mainly in India, Taiwan, US and Japan

5. From government servant to academic staff (in 2015)

Let’s Enjoy Practical English !(from my experience)

1. Various types of English in the world

(1) Native English : American, British, Australian, Indian, Singaporean ‥

(2) Non-Native English : Japanese, Chinese, Other Asian, African ‥

2. Express your opinion and make presentation

・ Virtue of modesty （謙譲の美徳） and implicit understanding （暗黙の了解） are not common in the world.

3. Speak out, even if your English is broken.

Don’t worry about grammar and don’t be afraid of making mistakes.

4. Output : disseminate lessons learned from disaster in your own words (← Aim of this course)

Big Disasters in Asia

１．Indian Ocean Tsunami & Earthquake

Disaster (インド洋地震津波災害、

2004)

Affected countries(14) : Mainly Indonesia,

Thailand, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Maldives

Number of dead and missing：Around 230,000

２．Sichuan Earthquake (四川大地震、2007)

Affected country : China

Number of dead and missing：Around 90,000

３．East Japan Earthquake (東日本大震災、

2011)

Affected country : Japan

Number of dead and

missing：around 22,200

Big Disasters in the World（出典：平成22年内閣府防災白書）

Asian Region Prone to Natural Disasters

Chart by Asian Disaster Reduction Center

Asian region is prone are to

Natural disasters. Why ?

① Geographical condition（地理的要因）

② Rapid increase of population （人口増加） and rapid urbanization（都市化）

③ Poverty

Geographical Condition（地理的要因）Plates（プレート） and Epicenters （震源地）in the World

（出典：平成20年内閣府防災白書）

The surface of the earth is covered by plates（プレート）. There are Pacific,

Philippine Sea, North American, Eurasia and Indo-Australian plates in

the Asian Region. Plates are floating on mantle（マントル）, which is

liquid, and slowly moving along all the time.

Chart by Cabinet Office（内閣府）, Japanese Gov.

Geographical Condition （地理的要因）Plates（プレート） and Epicenters （震源地）in the World

（出典：平成20年内閣府防災白書）

When one plate is creeping under another plate,

strain（ゆがみ） is accumulated in the plate. When

the deformation（ひずみ） goes beyond the limit, it

bounces back, leading to an earthquake in the

ground or a tsunami in the ocean.

Accordingly, many epicenters（震源地） are located

near the border of plates.

Japan is situated over the borders between Eurasia,

North American, Philippine and Pacific, which causes

many earthquakes.

(Future) Nankai Trough Earthquake Disaster （南海トラフ地震）

Nankai Trough Earthquake

( TonankaiEarthquake

)

( Tokai Earthquake

)

( NankaiEarthquake

)

Event probability（発生確率） in next 30 years = 70-80%Expected death toll（死者数） = 223,000Expected totally collapsed （全壊家屋数）building = 2,190,000

Future Earthquake

( Chart by the Cabinet Office )

• Nankai trough : gap 4000 ms deep from Suruga Bay to off the coast of Kyushu

• Philippine plate sinks below Eurasia Plate.

• The trough has caused massive earthquakes with magnitude 8 (Tokai, Tonankai and NankaiEarthquakes) every 100-150 years.

1605

1707

1854

19441946

?

102 years

147 years

90 years

Five Key Words to Consider Disaster Reduction

Disaster (risk) reduction （減災）＞Disaster prevention（防災）

We cannot stop disasters (=no any damage), but we can reduce disasters, as much as we can.

① Hazard （危険要因）ex. Natural phenomenon（自然現象), like earthquake, tsunami, typhoon‥,

causes hazard.

② Disaster（災害）＝Damage caused by natural phenomenon

Natural disaster is not disaster

（ex.）We have many typhoons and earthquakes every year. But unless they do not cause any damage, they are not called disasters.

Five Key Words to Consider Disaster Reduction

③ Vulnerability （脆弱性）

Less vulnerability leads to disaster reduction

（ex.）Elderly people（高齢者） could not reach the hilly sites, while young people survived.

→If the elderly could evacuate（避難する） much earlier, we could reduce disaster

（ex.）Sea embankment（海岸堤防） could not be resistant to the tsunami.

→If the embankment could be protected against the tsunami, number of dead people were reduced.

④ Exposure（暴露）

The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities（生産性） and other tangible assets（有形資産） located in hazard-prone（ハザードに遭いやすい） area (UNISDR, United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction)

⑤ Sustainable development（持続可能な発展）

→ Livelihood recovery（生活再建）

(ex.) We generally seek benefits from huge and short-term development. We destroy forests in mountains to develop infrastructure.

a. Poor people are forced to leave their homes and they go to urbancities and settle in more vulnerable sites. As far as their vulnerabilitydoes not decrease, it does not lead to disaster reduction.

b. Nature destruction（自然破壊） leads to more vulnerability. Whendeforestation（森林抜粋）accelerates, water retaining capacity（保水力） is decreased from mountains, which leads to severe landslide（土砂崩れ）.

c. Sustainable development should be linked with livelihood recovery.Long term development is necessary to consider environment,poverty eradication （ 貧 困 撲 滅 ） and other elements for lessvulnerabilities.

Five Key Words to Consider Disaster Reduction

Nepal (Outline, Re: MoFA（Ministryof Foreign Affairs, 外務省））

＊Population： 28,7 million（as of 2018)

＊Area： 147,000㎢

＊Religion

Hindu （ヒンドゥー教（81.3%）），Buddhism（仏教（9%）），Muslim（イスラム教（4.4%））

＊Cast（カースト）

＊GDP実質成長率： 6.8%（2018/19）

＊GDP per capita（一人当たりのGDP）：1034USD（ 2018/19）, （Re：Japan 43,000USD）

＊Literacy rate（識字率）：65.9%（2011）

Nepal (Outline, Re: MoFA（外務省））

＊Political regime（政治体制）: Federal

Democratic Republic System（連邦民

主共和制）

＊Main industries: Agriculture, forestry,

trade, tourism, communication

＊Diplomacy: Strong economical and

cultural ties with India

＊Japanese in Nepal（在留邦人数）:

1,203（as of Oct. 1st, 2018）

＊Nepalese in Japan: 92,804（as of June ,

2019）

Challenging Issues（課題） in Nepal

１．Vulnerable（脆弱な） to earthquake disaster

• 1934：Maginitude:8.4, death toll（死者数）:9040

• 2011：Magnitude:6.9, death toll:7

• Kathmandu, capital city, might be hit in

near future

２．Urbanization（都市化）

・ Population : 450,000 in 1981→2,010,000 in

2016

・ Insufficient infrastructure

・ Illegal constructed structures（違法建築物）

Challenging Issues（課題） in Nepal

３．Unstable political situation（不安定な政治情勢）

・ in 1996: Civil conflict（内戦） with

Maoist（マオイスト）

・ in 2008: from Monarchy（王政） to

democratic republic system

・ in 2015: New constitution

４．Insufficient disaster measures（不十分な災害対策）

• Anti-seismic building（耐震住宅）

• Land use （土地利用）

• Public awareness（普及啓発）

Various languages based on Local Characteristics（地域特性）（Re. research by Dr. Tsuboi, DRI）

National language:

Nepali

➢ 44.69% can speak

Nepali

➢ 130 ethnic, 115

languages言語

➢Multiethnic（多民族）

and multilingual（多言

語）

0 30km

2.01.51.00.5

kathmandu

2015 Nepal Earthquake

Website by Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Nepal

• 1st earthquake

Date: April 25th in 2015, Magnitude : 7.8

Epicenter: 80km away from and northern west of Kathmandu

• 2nd earthquake

Date: May 12th in 2015, Magnitude : 7.4

Epicenter: 76km away from and northern east of Kathmandu

• Human damage

Dead: 8,964 Wounded: 22,322

Evacuees（避難者数） : 95,100

• Building damage

Totally collapsed（全壊）：602,591

Partially collapsed（一部損壊）：284,48220

2015 Nepal Earthquake

Key Points to Support Nepal

１ Support to developing country（発展途上国）

• From many countries in the worlds（ex. : UN agencies（国連機関）, international organizations（国際機関）、foreign governments, INGO‥）

• From Japan（ex.：JICA, JAPAN PLATFORM, other NGOs‥）

• Short term, focusing on relief and rescue（救助、救援）

• From Hyogo（Team Hyogo‥）

２ Capacity to receive support in developing country（発展途上国の受援力の問題）

• Less capacity

• Dependency , not independency

３ Self recovery and self reconstruction

• Capacity building （能力構築）of government

• Empowerment （エンパワメント） of people

４．Sustainable development in Nepal

• Matching between “seeds” and “needs”

• Nepali centered support tailored to their capacities

（ネパールの身の丈に合ったネパール人が主役とな

る支援）

Key Points to Support Nepal

School Damage

School Damage

Support to School Education

【Building damage】

• More than 8,500 schools

【Recovery of Hard infrastructure】

• Cooperation by JICA and ADB (Asian Development Bank）

+【Soft measures ：Less popular in Nepal】

Disaster education

① Understand earthquake mechanism and earthquake resistant building（耐震建物）

② Implement proper evacuation（避難）③ Integrate psychological care（こころのケ

ア） into education

Support by “Team Hyogo”

• Model class about disaster education

• Seminar for teachers

Disaster Education Support Project byTeam Hyogo

1. Team Hyogo

• Support to Nepal by Hyogo citizens

• Hyogo prefecture government, universities, disaster related organization, NGO/NPO and citizens in Hyogo

2. Resource

Donation from Hyogo citizens (13,735,550 JPY)

3. Period

About 2 years from June 2016

４．Activities

① Support to school building

• Temporary building

• Disaster learning center

② Disaster education

• Model class for Nepal students and education class

for Nepal teachers by Japanese teachers

• Action plan, textbook and manual made by Nepal

teachers

Disaster Education Support Projectby Team Hyogo

Disaster Education Support Projectby Team Hyogo

１．Preparation

・ Learn why earthquake resistant building is necessary

・ Acknowledge risk inside house and learn how to improve the situation

・ Identify risk at community

（ex） Paperwork, safety map of house,

２．How to respond to earthquake

・ Learn risk of the place where you are

・ Identify the safer place and how to protect you

３．Psychological care

・ Recognize spiritual change (心の変化) and response to it

・ Build a feeling of relief (安心感)

Disaster Education Support Projectby Team Hyogo

1.Recovery for education generally means reconstructing

hard infrastructure like school building, in many countries.

2. Soft measure like disaster education is also important in

Nepal, natural disaster prone country

3. Not foreign but NepaIi teachers themselves make textbook

and provide disaster education to students (from

dependency to independency）

4．Disaster education leads to disaster resilient society (災害

に強い社会)

Disaster Education Support Projectby Team Hyogo

Housing Reconstruction(Building damage)

• Totally collapsed（全壊）：602,591

• Partially collapsed（一部損壊）：284,482

（Why is it easily collapsed ?）

• They do not abide by building code（建築基準）

• Adobe brick（日干し煉瓦） with mortar

• There are less amount of reinforcing steel（鉄筋）

• They add upper floors (Nepali tradition)

【Main support policy：self reconstruction（自立再建）】

① Subsidy（補助金）• Not giving house• Not giving whole budget② Show earthquake resistant model

house③ Give training to carpenters

Support to Housing Reconstruction

1. Subsidy : 300,000 rupees

• 1st stage：House owner

identification（50,000 rupees）

• 2nd stage : anti-seismic basic

foundation（150,000 rupees）

• 3rd stage : anti-seismic wall

(100,000 rupees）

2. Community loan : 300,000 rupees

without any interest

3. Special loan

• 2.5 million rupees in urban area

• 1.5 million rupees in rural areas

• Interest rate: 2%

ネパール政府DUDBCが提示した17タイプの耐震モデル住宅（荒木人と防災未来センター主任研究員の調査から）

Support to Housing Reconstruction

【Challenging issues】

1. Lack of engineers to investigate earthquake resistance

2. Less capacity of local government (village)

3. Less amount of subsidy

4. No support to non house owners

5. Less consideration to relocation（移転）

Support to Housing Reconstruction

Disparity among victims

ConsiderationRecovery and reconstruction does not always go smoothly

【Factor】

1. Its society is vulnerable (people & hard infrastructure). It isdifficult to make Nepal disaster resilient.

2. The people does not always put first priority in recovery andreconstruction.

3. Government capacity is not enough.

4. Disaster culture（災害文化） has not taken root （根付く）.

【Approach】

1. Capacity building for government, Empowerment of communityand its people

2. Short term support is not insufficient from overseas.

3. Worldwide standard is not suitable for Nepal. Support should besustainable, based on needs of and tailored to recipient country（受援国）