disaster risk reduction and climate change …...disaster risk reduction (drr) and climate change...
TRANSCRIPT
Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change AdaptationMapping Save the Children’s Global DRR & CCA activities 2012
A product of the Save the Children International’s DRR & CCA Working Group.
Introduction 1
Analysis of Programs in 2012 3
Key Reflections in Asia 4
The Resilience Agenda in Africa 6
Building Partnerships in the Middle East and Europe 9
DRR Programs across Latin America 11
How We Program DRR and CCA for Lasting Change 12
Funding and Support for DRR and CCA 16
Contents
Snapshot of Save the Children’s DRR and CCA in 2012
• We expanded our disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) programming footprint to eight new countries 2012.
• In 2012 we were awarded approximately US$26.4 million in new single- and multi-year grants, which will directly reach more than one million children, families and their communities.
• We had a total ongoing programming portfolio of more than US$33 million in 2012.
• Over the past seven years, our DRR and CCA programs have reached approximately 35 million children and their communities in 51 countries.
Cover PictureNoi age 9, from Bolikhamxai Province, shares his drawing of a Typhoon. Noi participated in an introduction to Hazards and Risk Assessment for children with disabilities as part of a Disaster Risk Reduction Education Program in Lao PDR. Photo: Ounheane Keoamphone/Save the Children
1
i | Intro
du
ctionI
I Introduction
We can no longer operate within a construct that relies on a ‘business as usual’ approach. Every year, disaster losses from natural hazards have caused substantial damage to communities and businesses. As the impacts of climate change become greater, it is essential that governments, communities, civil society and businesses work in partnership to minimise disaster and climate-change risks.
“We have carried out a thorough review of disaster losses at national level and it is clear that direct losses from floods, earthquakes and drought have been under-estimated by at least 50%. So far this century, direct losses from disasters are in the range of $2.5 trillion.”1 Ban Ki-moon – UN Secretary General
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) are critical elements of sustainable development, and thus it is not surprising that both the climate change and disaster management communities have sought to integrate these two approaches across multiple sectors.
A number of international frameworks and strategies have called for the establishment of an integrated DRR and CCA approach. Over the past seven years Save the Children has actively sought to program holistically, integrating robust analysis of disaster and climate risk in development planning and implementation. Across our global programmatic approaches we can see a slow shift towards an integration paradigm that comprehensively includes DRR- and CCA-related objectives within project and program interventions. Save the Children has increased both the breadth and scale of its programming across 2012 by securing just over US$25.7 million in new funding and operating in 40 countries. It is also mirroring this global shift away from siloed program implementation to a more progressive and integrated modelling standard.
We began mapping our global footprint of DRR and CCA projects and programs in 2010. The overarching goal of this exercise over the past three years has been to measure how we fulfil our organisational commitments to activities that proactively seek to reduce vulnerabilities and increase capacities of children and their communities. However, in this third edition we not only seek to review the DRR and CCA projects and programs in 2012 but also analyse and reflect on how our footprint has changed over the course of the past seven years and whether fundamental shifts have taken place in our programmatic approaches.
1 Ban Ki-moon (New York 15th May 2013) from the article ‘UN Secretary-General warns: “Economic losses from disasters are out of control”, <www.unisdr.org/archive/33003>, accessed 28 July 2013.
A youth leader of the Children’s Disaster Management Committee shows how they have identified households within their community which include people with special needs who may need additional assistance from the community if a disaster event occurs. Malamyinegyun Township, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Photo: Nick Ireland/Save the Children.
Villagers stand on a raised platform which was reinforced and fenced as part of a community risk reduction action plan. The platform serves as both the banks of a rain water catchment pond as well as a place to shelter above flood waters in the low lying delta region. Malamyinegyun Township, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Photo: Nick Ireland/Save the Children.
2
Save the Children’s Country Programs that have been engaged in DRR and Programming from 2006 to 2012:
Gulf of
Carpentaria
ARA
FURA
SEA
Great
Australian Bight
South Australian
Basin
TASM
AN
SEA
BAN
DA
SEA
CELEBESSEA
AN
DA
MA
N
SEA
PHILIPPIN
ESEA
CARIBBEA
NSEA
CORA
L
SEA
SULU
SEA
TIMO
RSEA
ARA
BIAN
SEA
Black Sea
NorthSea
Kara Sea
Laptev
Sea
East SiberianSea
Aral
Sea
Gulf of
Thailand
Davis Strait
JAVA
SEA
BAY
OF
BENG
AL
GU
LF OF
GU
INEA
Hudson
Bay
Ba�n
Bay
Gulf of
Alaska
GU
LF OF
MEXICO
Sea ofO
khotsk
Bering
Sea
YellowSeaEast
ChinaSea
South
China
Sea
Beaufort
Sea
SargassoSea
ScotiaSea
IND
IAN
OCEA
N
NO
RTH
ATLA
NTIC
OCEA
N
NO
RTH
ATLA
NTIC
OCEA
N
ARCTIC O
CEAN
SOU
THERN
OCEA
N
NO
RTH
PACIFIC
OCEA
N
SOU
TH
PACIFIC
OCEA
N
SOU
TH
ATLA
NTIC
OCEA
N
Norw
egianSea
LabradorSea
Barents
Sea
BISMA
RKSEA
SOLO
MO
N SEA
Torres Strait
BassStrait
Weddell
Sea
Bellingshausen
SeaA
mundsenSea
Ross Sea
Caspian Sea
Mediterranean Sea
RED SEA
Baltic Sea
Chukchi
Sea
Sea of Japan
(East Sea)
Jakarta
Dili
Bandar Seri Begawan
Singapore
Khartoum
Djibouti
Sana'aAsm
ara
AddisAbaba
N’djamena
Bangui
Moscow
Hanoi
Manila
PhnomPenh
Kuala Lumpur
Vientiane
Dhaka
Kathmandu
Thimphu
Dushanbe
NewDelhi
Islamabad
Kabul
Ashgabat
Baku
Tehran
Lilongwe
Lusaka
Harare
Pretoria
AntananarivoPort
Louis
Moroni
Maputo
Windhoek
Maseru
Mbabane
Nairobi
Dodoma
Kampala
Kigali
Bujumbura
Mogadishu
São Tomé
Yaoundé
Niamey
Ouagadougou
Bamako
Banjul
Conakry
DakarPraia
FreetownM
onrovia
Bissau
Yamoussoukro
Accra
Abuja
Porto-Novo
Lomé
Madrid
Lisbon
Brussels
Berlin
København
ParisLuxem
bourg
London
Rome
Andorra
Dublin
ViennaBratislavaBudapest
Stockholm
Oslo
PortM
oresbyHoniara
Canberra
Suva
Wellington
San José
Tegucigalpa
Panamá
City
Managua
Bogata
San Salvador
Guatemala
City
Mexico City
Havana
Washington O
ttawa
Cayenne
Georgetown
Quito
Lima
Brasilia
Paramaribo
Montevideo
Asunción
Buenos Aires
Santiago
La Paz
Bangkok
Port-Au-Prince
Caracas
KingstonSanto
Domingo
Port of Spain
Reykjavík
Belgrade
Athens
Nicosia
Tiranë
AnkaraYerevan
Kiev
Tbilisi
BishkekColombo
Al Kuwayt
Muscat
RiyadhAbu Dhabi
Cairo
Damascus
Amm
an
BeirutBaghdad
Nouakchott
Libreville
Brazzaville
Kinshasa
Luanda
Tunis
Rabat
Algiers
Tripoli
Helsinki
Tokyo
Taipei
Seoul
P’yongyang
Beijing
Tashkent
Manam
a
Doha
Belmopan
Nassau
Gaborone
Minsk
Warsaw
Amsterdam
So�ya
Zagreb
Skopje
Bucharest
Bern
Sarajevo
Podgorica
Ljubljana
Tallinn
Vilnius
Riga
Prague
Ulaanbaatar
Astana
Malabo
Tel Aviv
Chisinau
Naypyidaw
Port Vila
HA
WA
IIAN
ISLAN
DS
SVALBA
RD(N
ORW
AY)
FRAN
Z JOSEF LA
ND
(RUSSIA
)
SUMATRA
BORN
EO
JAVA
PUERTO
RICO
CAN
ARY ISLES
(SPAIN
)
RÉUN
ION
(FRAN
CE)
MA
YOTTE
(FRAN
CE)
ALA
SKA
NEW
CA
LEDO
NIA
(FR.)
IRIANJAYA
(WEST PAPU
A)
CHILE
RUSSIA
N FED
ERATIO
N
SWA
ZILAN
D
NA
MIBIA
LESOTH
O
ZIMBA
BWE
PARAGUAY
REPUBLIC
OF
SOU
TH A
FRICA
MALAWI
MADAGASCAR
GU
ATEM
ALA
EL SALVA
DO
R
BELIZE
HO
ND
URA
S
MEXICO
COSTA
RICAPA
NA
MA
GU
YAN
A
NICA
RAG
UA
FR.G
UIA
NA
SURIN
AM
E
UGANDA
SAUDI ARABIA
CONGO
SOMALIA
EGYPT
ZAM
BIA
BOTSW
AN
A
CENTRA
LA
FRICAN
REP.
LIBYA
MOZAMBIQUE
ALG
ERIA
CAM
EROO
N
COTE
D’IVO
IRE
MO
ROCCO
KENYA ETH
IOPIA
OM
AN
SUD
AN
TAN
ZAN
IA
DEM
OCRA
TICREPU
BLICO
F THE
CON
GO
(ZAIRE)
NIG
ERIA
NIG
ER
AN
GO
LA
GU
INEA
SIERRALEO
NE
LIBERIA
GU
INEA
BISSAU
THE
GA
MBIA
MA
URITA
NIA
MA
LI
GA
BON
EQ.
GU
INEA
RWA
ND
A
BURU
ND
I
SENEG
AL
CHA
D
WESTERN
SAH
ARA
IRAQ
YEMEN
ERITREA
DJIBO
UTI
IRAN
AFG
HA
NISTA
N
IND
IAM
YAN
MA
R(BU
RMA
)LA
OS
BHU
TAN
NEPA
L
THA
ILAN
D
CAM
BOD
IA
VIETNA
M
CHIN
A
PAKISTA
N
BAN
GLA
DESH
AU
STRALIA
BRAZIL
ARG
ENTIN
A
BOLIVIA
URU
GU
AY
COLO
MBIA
VENEZU
ELA
ECUA
DO
RPERU
FIJI
PAPU
AN
EWG
UIN
EA
BRUN
EI
TIMO
R-LESTE
SING
APO
RE
SRI LAN
KA
MO
NG
OLIA
JAPA
N
PHILIPPIN
ES
TAIW
AN
(Formosa)
N. KO
REA
S. KOREA
U.A
.E
GH
AN
A
TOGOBENIN
BURKIN
A
SPAIN
FRAN
CE
TURKEY
GERM
AN
YPO
LAN
D
UN
ITEDKIN
GD
OM
PORTU
GA
L
BELARU
S
ITALY
UKRA
INE
GREECE
FINLA
ND
SWED
EN
NO
RWA
Y
TUN
ISIA
AU
STRIA
SWITZ.
ESTON
IA
LATVIA
AN
DO
RRA
LITHU
AN
IA
KAZA
KHSTA
N
TURKM
ENISTA
N
AZERBA
IJAN
GEO
RGIA
ARM
ENIA
KYRGYZSTA
N
TAJIKISTA
N
REP. OF
IRELAN
D
BELGIU
MLU
X.
NETH
ERLAN
DS
DEN
MA
RK
SLOVA
KIA
ALBA
NIA
HU
NG
ARY
ROM
AN
IA
SERBIABU
LGA
RIA
CZECH REPU
BLIC
KUW
AIT
QA
TAR
BAH
RAIN
ISRAEL
CYPRUS
LEBAN
ON
SYRIA
JORD
AN
GREEN
LAN
D
CAN
AD
A
UN
ITED STA
TESO
F AM
ERICA
NEW
ZEALA
ND
CUBA
JAM
AICA
HA
ITI
AN
TIGU
A &BA
RBUD
A
BARBA
DO
S
MA
URITIU
S
COM
ORO
S
DO
MIN
ICA
ST. LUCIA
ST. VINCEN
TG
RENA
DA
DO
MIN
ICAN
REPUBLIC
THE
BAH
AM
AS
TRINID
AD
& TOBA
GO
UZBEKISTAN
ICELAN
D
MA
LAYSIA
IND
ON
ESIA
MO
LDO
VA
BO
SNIA
CRO
ATIA
SLO
VEN
IA
MA
CED
ON
IA
MO
NTEN
EG
RO
VA
NU
ATU
REPU
BLIC
OF
CA
PE V
ERD
E
n Countries w
here Save the Children have been engaged in DRR and Program
ming from
2006 – 2012
3
II Analysis of Programs in 2012
Where Are Our DRR and CCA Programs in 2012? Save the Children has a strong DRR and CCA footprint in regions across the world. The breakdown of where we focus our DRR and CCA programs and projects is as follows:
Total DRR and CCA Programs by Region in 2012
n East Africa 20%
n Latin America and Caribbean 7%
n Global 2%
n Middle East and Europe 13%
n South and Central Asia 28%
n South East Asia and Pacific 30%
*Analysis by number of active project
In 2011, 76 per cent of our programming fell within the Asian and Pacific regions. In 2012, this number dropped to 58 per cent, indicating a more even spread of programming as our work in East Africa and the Middle East and Europe took on a prominent position within our global portfolio. 2011 also saw the development of four sub-regional working groups: South East Asia and the Pacific, South and Central Asia, East Africa, and the Middle East and Europe. These groups were established to help support the integration of DRR and CCA into country programs and facilitate a number of ‘lessons learned’ opportunities across their regions, as well as identify opportunities for further engagement with Save the Children’s DRR and CCA work. The regional groups have been instrumental in providing necessary technical assistance to country offices during program development and implementation. Thus, it is not by chance that the creation of these four regional groups has led to a more even distribution of DRR/CCA programming across the globe.
In addition, 2012 saw Save the Children’s Global Working Group (GWG) develop and produce a DRR/CCA strategy document for the organisation. The strategy aims to better calibrate existing and future DRR and CCA programming and lead to better synergies across sector-based programming. In the lead-up to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction’s, Global Platform conference in 2013, the GWG promoted consistent and coherent messaging across all Save the Children members and country offices and actively worked to ensure that children’s voices were accurately heard and reflected in the ongoing Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) discussions. Both of these initiatives have contributed to raising the understanding of the importance of DRR and CCA programing within Save the Children.
The third instalment of the global mapping exercise provides us with the opportunity to reflect on the work that we have done across the globe. It not only provides a snapshot of what we do but also addresses key developments and assesses the shifting nature of our programming.
II | An
aly
sis of Prog
ram
s in 2012
II
4
III Key Reflections in Asia
Fifty-eight per cent of our programming footprint in 2012 can be found in the Asia Pacific region. The foundation of our DRR programming across Asia rests on two key developments: the community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) methodology that the Red Cross was establishing, and the refinement of child-led and child-centred approaches to DRR within Save the Children that received substantial support in the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The CBDRM methodology aims to build people’s capacity for coping with disaster risks and reducing vulnerability to develop a safer and more resilient community. Save the Children adopted and shaped this framework to better suit institutional priorities, and it explored the design of a set of child-centred specific approaches. The Indian Ocean tsunami also had a profound impact on DRR work: it has been responsible for changing the international disaster management paradigm and has ultimately led the humanitarian community to acknowledge the importance of comprehensively integrating a DRR approach into disaster response. For Save the Children, it also prompted a renewed emphasis on regional and national bodies as opposed to global humanitarian processes.
As a result, we fully support the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) agreement that specifically promotes regional cooperation in reducing disaster losses and intensifying joint emergency response to disasters. In Cambodia, Save the Children works at multiple levels and with a number of different stakeholders to ensure that DRR and CCA information is comprehensively integrated across community projects, networking bodies, and ministries and departments. Save the Children has been an active member of the national coordination network and platforms, such as the Joint Action Group (JAG), the DRR/CCA Forum and Emergency Humanitarian Forum; we have participated in and contributed to improve national coordination among relevant ministries/departments, including curriculum development in the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport and climate change within the Department of Climate Change and other relevant NGOs; and we have also worked on the regeneration of coastal mangrove sites with school children, teachers and the communities.
While Save the Children’s portfolio does include a number of climate change-led activities, we are still very much at the beginning of this journey. In the Philippines and Vanuatu, we have sought programs to enhance children, youth, women and their communities’ resilience to and knowledge of the impacts of climate change. We have implemented a number of child-centred community-based adaptation projects and worked in consortium with a host of national and international NGOs to build a more coordinated and cohesive approach to resilience. However, while we are starting to see climate change objectives and activities within project and program design, from an operational standpoint this appears to be even more nascent. Knowledge of climate change impacts and how these will affect our existing sector-based programs is still relatively confined to a limited number of programs and technical staff. We need to make sure that climate change impacts are tracked and indicators are integrated across all program design and implementation. In another example, Save the Children in Vietnam developed a program of work to increase the ability of vulnerable children and their communities to directly plan for and manage the negative impacts of climate variability and change, and improve government and civil society’s ability to meet the adaptation needs of children and their communities, in line with their national objectives. It is one of the flagship programs in the region that aim to actively address community-based adaptation. As an organisation we will continue to ensure that climate change is comprehensively integrated across all of our programs and that the stakeholders that we work with also have a clear understanding of climate change impacts and how these will affect their own lives and socio-economic and political environments.
In several countries, we have had a degree of success in developing a number of integrated programs that cover response preparedness, prepositioning of stocks for Save the Children and partners, and training of civil society organisations (CSOs) for response and CBDRM. These larger programs have resulted in multi-year funding from the US government in particular and have been helpful for both DRR and Humanitarian actions.
III | Key R
eflections in
Asia
III
5
Private sector partnerships remain tentative, but this is an area we will continue to pursue and grow. In India, Save the Children received funding from the LEGO Foundation to establish a capacity-building DRR project for children and their communities. The project aimed to test the added value of using LEGO bricks in risk mapping activities with six-to-12-year-olds and compare this to the more traditional method of drawings.
Lessons learned from our DRR programming in Asia and the Pacific include:
• Save the Children’s theory of change not only guides our global institutional framework but also underscores every aspect of our drive to integrate disaster and climate risk reduction and resilience building into our programming.
• It is necessary to build effective partnerships with the national disaster management organisations (NDMOs) as well as those at the sub-national levels. Over the years we have understood the importance of linking our work at multiple levels, for both sustainability and impact.
• Child-led DRR can be highly effective when positioned within a wider child-centred and community-based DRR intervention. It should not be viewed as a stand-alone intervention and should always be understood within a wider context that engages a number of different stakeholders.
• Integrating DRR and CCA interventions across all of our sector-based programs has become a priority area. It is still a burgeoning area of work, but significant progress has already been seen in the education sector, and we expect this to be strengthened and supported by the Comprehensive School Safety Framework.
• We need longer-term funding cycles to implement DRR and, particularly, CCA work. While short-term funding cycles have worked for our response preparedness initiatives, they are far from ideal for our longer-term resilience work.
• Cross-country sharing and learning is necessary if DRR and CCA integration is to be successful. Country programs must learn from not only the achievements but also the challenges that other programs have faced implementing similar programs. Climate change impacts are likely to change the environmental landscape, and past experiences will not provide sufficient information about coping and adapting to this changed environment. Understanding country and regional impacts and how these has been addressed in other countries will substantially help countries to better adapt and ensure the programs remain more sustainable.
• Investment in staff and partner capacity and capabilities is fundamental to the success of any DRR or CCA intervention. More capacity building needs to be undertaken in order for our projects or programs to consistently achieve lasting change.
A girl in Sandeshkali, Sunderbans in West Bengal working on an early warning drill. Photo: SSDC/Save the Children.
Children draw maps of their village in the Ayeyarwdy Delta, Myanmar (Burma). Save the Children is helping children identify the dangerous areas and safer places if there is another cyclone. Photo: Tina Salsbury.
6
IV The Resilience Agenda in Africa
Twenty per cent of our programming footprint in 2012 can be found in East AfricaSave the Children has a longstanding programmatic footprint in Africa. At the peak of the 2011 Horn of Africa drought and food crisis, Save the Children developed a two-year regional response strategy that called on the organisation to deliver immediate life-saving support and challenged us to think and act differently in understanding and managing drought-related risks in East Africa.
The strategy aimed to reduce risks and build communities’ resilience to shocks and stresses via research, advocacy and practical action that would transform how we work and how we deliver our assistance. Underpinning all of this was the necessity to ensure that all our interventions had direct, positive, long-term impacts for children across East Africa.
In order to achieve our risk reduction and resilience goals, we emphasised building on and adjusting our existing tools and processes, playing to our strengths, with a special focus on how as well as what we program.
Engaging with change: managing risks, shocks and stresses as part of the development process
The 2011/12 response prioritised immediate needs as well as the medium- and the long-term requirements for resilient sustainable development. Our development interventions are being adapted to be flexible to cope with or manage emerging risks, and our humanitarian interventions are also being adjusted to support the longer-term development pathways for populations at risk. Regional research was conducted in Kenya, Somaliland and Ethiopia on changes in the arid lands, looking at community aspirations and changing contexts, livelihoods and risk profiles. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and Oxfam were key partners.
Aid practitioners, donors, governments and other development partners are taking up this understanding of aspirations and engaging with change. Regional research on downscaling climate projections was also conducted, to identify the future trends that could become key risk drivers and give guidance on the programmatic shifts necessary to adapt to these.
In East Africa the complex and longer-term natures of risks, shocks and stresses require that processes in and out of crisis aim for resilience by enabling systems’ and people’s flexibility, diversity, learning and preparedness.
Understanding the context: spatial analysis, aspirations and putting communities and local authorities in the driving seat
For communities in East Africa that experience recurrent risks, the underlying causes of vulnerabilities are often linked to socio-ecological and political inter-dependence between people, markets and natural resources.
Participatory mapping and analysis of watersheds in Sanaag (Somaliland) and Wajir (Kenya) has provided a key to improved programming and addressing underlying causes. It is becoming the basis of country office resilience work. Engagement with the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) in Kenya and the woredas (local government) in Ethiopia strengthened our commitment to support and build capacity of local authorities to risk-proof their development processes. In Ethiopia, the PILAR IV project has sought specifically to enhance local communities’ capacities to reduce their own vulnerabilities, protect their assets and support recovery from drought-induced risks.
Shifting our approach: from short-term risk reduction and crisis management to long-term risk management for resilience
Slow-onset hazards such as drought are seasonal, and slow-onset risks are mostly cyclical. The regional strategy incorporated the development of an innovative multi-risk monitoring tool, labelled ‘Finger on the Pulse’, for internal Save the Children and community-based continuous monitoring and management of vulnerabilities and risks. This has been piloted in Wajir and replicated elsewhere.
IV | T
he R
esilience A
gen
da in
Africa
IV
7
The understanding that education and children’s clubs can act as information hubs for the dissemination of DRR tools and activities has played a key role in our programming across East Africa. We have developed, translated into national languages and published a 10-step child-centred DRR capacity-building package for working with children and schools. This has been used in our work across the region, such as our child-centred DDR and CCA project in Somaliland and our Integrated Risk and Resilience project in Puntland. These tools are also being replicated and adapted in West Africa. The Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance program has informed the development of a similar 10-step package focused on communities and local government for child-centred DRR.
A final regional writeshop that evaluated regional pilots and resilience programs has developed the SCI East Africa Resilience approach, now incorporated as part of the 2013 SCI East Africa Regional Strategy. Based on our research, learning, debate, action and partnerships in the region, the approach paints a ‘big picture’ of where children, families and communities want to be and how we as Save the Children can support them to get there sustainably in a context of challenges, complexities and uncertainties.
Children and adults learn side by side in a Save the Children PSNP supported school in Ethiopia. This school is part of a project called the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) which provides monthly food in return for 5 days work, mother and child health, education support, disaster risk reduction and WASH activities. Photographer: Cat Carter/Save the Children.
8
West Africa
Driving Forward the Resilience Agenda
Save the Children in West Africa is rolling out its Roots to Resilience Strategy (R2RS). Focusing in the first instance on Niger, Burkina Faso and Northern Nigeria, this strategy works to reduce the food and nutritional vulnerability of girls and boys in the region. Based on five programming pillars that focus on building resilience in a cross-scale evidence-generating manner, R2RS mainstreams conceptions of risk-reduction across Save the Children’s thematic programming. It is expected that the R2RS, partnering with local, national and regional programs (such as the Global Alliance for Resistance Initiative and Nigerians Nourish Nigerians), will have a lasting impact on policy and programs.
Putting Early Warning into Action
Since 2010, Save the Children in West Africa has been leading a multi-agency (Oxfam, Action Contre la Faim, the United Nations Food Programme, CILSS – Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel) and multi-country (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal) Household Economy Approach project that has been transforming the way early-warning systems operate in the region. Originally funded by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO), the most recent phase (July 2013 to December 2014) has joint ECHO–Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance funding that amounts to €1.365 million. Contributing a distinct qualitative understanding of risks, capacities and vulnerabilities, this program complements existing regional early-warning systems while providing an understanding of the poorest and most marginalised that is absent in other approaches. Moreover, it has gained widespread buy-in among national early-warning systems (SAPs), regional institutions (CILSS) and regional decision-making platforms (the IPC-like Cadre Harmonise), becoming institutionalised in a manner that will ensure lasting and sustainable contribution to early action and risk reduction in West Africa.
Weaving Risk Reduction into Multi-Sector Programs
Rather than undertaking DRR as a stand-alone initiative, programs in West Africa are working to weave risk reduction through multi-dimensional programs. The USAID-funded multi-year Livelihoods, Agriculture and Health Interventions in Action (LAHIA) program in Niger is a fine example of this work. Consisting of four integrated strategic axes, ranging from health and nutrition to gender, LAHIA commits to resilience building through grassroots programming that empowers communities to face the surrounding risks. Working with community committees, this program supports local people to develop DRR plans.
Ummul (girl) 8 years and Abdi (boy) 5 years show their assignment to their teacher at an Alternative Basic Education school for pastoralist children in Somaliland. Photo: Colin Crowley/Save the Children.
Children with special needs take part in earthquake simulation drills in Armenia. Photo: Save the Children.
9
V Building Partnerships in the Middle East and Europe
Thirteen per cent of our programming footprint can be found in the Middle East and Europe.Save the Children continues to build capacities for emergency response at a country level, supporting communities with the necessary tools and skills to respond to crisis events in a timely and appropriate manner. We have also sought to ensure that the most vulnerable, particularly children with disabilities, have sustainable access to inclusive DRR information, practice and procedures and that DRR school material is adapted to their specific needs.
Save the Children implements a number of stand-alone and integrated DRR projects in the Middle East and Eurasia. We aim to both influence national policies, as well as to build children’s and communities’ resilience, preparedness and response capacities to natural hazards and human-induced disasters. At the national level, Save the Children is working with the Arab States and other governments to integrate child-centred DRR into the various sectoral national policies, while at community level the main focus is on decreasing the vulnerability of children and communities to disasters through building their capacity to develop, improve and implement annual child-centred DRR plans linked to sector programs, such as livelihoods, education and child protection.
In the Occupied Palestinian Territory (oPt), Save the Children has been implementing a community-based DRR approach aimed at meeting the needs of communities living in a state of protracted emergency. As communities are persistently faced with a loss of access to key services and livelihoods and confronted with regular destruction of infrastructures, Save the Children has been providing direct support to raise their capacity to prepare for, mitigate and respond to incidents and emergencies. We have also been piloting a new approach to DRR in conflict settings across three high-risk communities, providing community members with a number of necessary risk reduction tools and methods.
Given the complex situation in the region and its exposure to both natural and human-induced hazards, Save the Children has piloted a new DRR and CCA Strategy Development Tool that focuses on understanding and managing the risks faced by children in the face of disasters, no matter the hazard. The process provides country offices with guidance on how to conduct a detailed sector-specific child-centered risk analysis, including a vulnerability and capacity analysis, highlighting the effects that a disaster could have on programs. It also suggests sector-specific activities that will reduce these risks and a detailed overview of the country office’s capacity and gaps to undertake these activities.
In 2012, the League of Arab States asked all member states to send it their respective national DRR and preparedness strategy plans. The League has also requested that states carry out a number of consultative workshops and meetings around preparedness and national DRR plans from a child rights programming perspective. Save the Children have been requested to play a key technical advisory role to all states requesting assistance throughout these consultative meetings. While our primary focus in the Middle East and Europe has been on education, child protection and emergency response, we have also sought to forge links across a number of different stakeholders and influence policy from a technical advisory standpoint. By the end of 2013, the League of Arab States is meant to present a revised copy of the DRR guiding principles document to the Council of Arab Social Affairs in the 18th regular Arab childhood meeting, which will be held by the Family and Childhood Department of the League of Arab States.
Save the Children are now well positioned to support the League of Arab States as a result of our engagement across a series of DRR-related meetings and initiatives. As in Asia, our work under this project is underscored by the institutional theory of change: we not only strive to be the voice, the innovator and achieve results at scale but also build partnerships at multiple levels.
V | B
uild
ing
Pa
rtnersh
ips in
the M
idd
le Ea
st an
d E
urop
eV
10
In Armenia and Georgia, Save the Children is conducting an inclusive DRR initiative for vulnerable children in kindergartens and special care institutions. Regional action aims to improve disaster preparedness of preschool children and children with special needs, as well as their teachers and caregivers, through sustainable access to inclusive DRR information, practice and procedures.
In the last couple of years we have also started to incorporate disaster risk analysis and programming across a number of sectors and countries with the aim of protecting existing and future development investments. This has included the development partnerships with local businesses in DRR in Eurasia but this remains embryonic, and there is still much work that is required in order to best understand how these partnerships can be strengthened and broadened.
Students during a Disaster Reduction Drill at a school in Leogane Haiti. This school was built with Save the Children’s support using innovative yet simple techniques that make it more hurricane and earthquake-resistant. Photo: Susan Warner/Save the Children.
11
VI DRR Programs across Latin America
Seven per cent of our programming footprint in 2012 can be found in Latin America.
DRR and CCA programming in the South American region has focused on urban DRR and on the integration of DRR and CCA into food security and livelihoods initiatives aimed at increasing the resilience of vulnerable populations. Across Central America and the Caribbean, Save the Children’s focus has been on community-based DRR, child protection, and the integration of DRR into schools and local communities.
In Peru, Save the Children, in close coordination with the recently established National System for Disaster Risk Management (SINAGERD), is working on the implementation of an urban DRR project in Lima. Employing a community-based approach, Save the Children is supporting existing community structures and municipal governments alike to develop integrated risk management plans that increase the resilience of one of the most vulnerable neighbourhoods in Lima.
The 2010 Haiti Earthquake and the devastating effects it had in Port-au-Prince raised the profile of the vulnerability of cities across the region, the role socio-economic vulnerability plays in the face of disasters, and urban dwellers’ need to access basic goods in an emergency. As a result, Save the Children activities in Peru are aimed at strengthening market systems and protecting local livelihoods to reduce economic vulnerability while ensuring an uninterrupted availability of essential goods after disasters.
In El Salvador, 41 per cent of the population lives in areas exposed to a high risk of disasters. Save the Children is implementing a DRR and CCA project in one of the country’s most at-risk municipalities. Save the Children is strengthening the resilience of vulnerable subsistence-based farming and fishing families living in flood-prone areas to the impacts of hazards and climate change. The project is helping communities prepare for and mitigate risks while protecting livelihood and household assets. In order to increase the sustainability of the activities and to achieve lasting positive change for children in the region, Save the Children is strengthening the capacity of Civil Protection Commissions at the departmental, municipal and community levels as well as local NGOs.
Since 1999, disaster risk management has been a regular feature on the agenda at the annual summits of the Central American presidents. In 2009 the presidential summit urged institutions to integrate DRR in development planning. And in 2011 the Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management Policy (PCGIR) of Central America was adopted, constituting the current regional regulatory framework for national disaster risk management policy development.
The regional coordinating mechanism for DRR, Coordination of Natural Disaster Prevention in Central America (CEPREDENAC), was established in 1987 with members from the national first response agencies, as well as technical and scientific institutions. Save the Children works with CEPREDENAC and the first response agencies in each country.
In addition to recurrent hurricanes, the region is also highly prone to earthquakes. One of the biggest challenges is the weak child protection mechanisms, making children especially vulnerable in cases of disasters. Many are drawn into child labour in the wake of disasters; most dramatic was the increase of more than 40 per cent in child labourers in Honduras after Hurricane Mitch. Child trafficking and violence are other related challenges for children in the region.
Save the Children Nicaragua has established a close cooperation with the National Civil Defense, SINAPRED, and for instance with funding from DIPECHO trained civil defense personnel in child protection in emergencies. In coordination with the Ministry of Education, Save the Children promotes DRR through schools and local communities. Program activates are linked up with national policies and institutions in implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action.
Since the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Save the Children Mexico has maintained a strong advocacy engagement on climate change. DRR is integrated in the education sector in coordination with national education institutions, UNICEF and the United Nations Development Programme. In many states, risk reduction has focused on drug-related violence rather than the risk of natural hazards.
VI | D
RR
Prog
ram
s across L
atin A
merica
VI
12
VII How We Program DRR and CCA for Lasting Change
In 2012, 56 per cent of new programs were DRR, with 41 per cent integrating both DRR and CCA. There was just one stand-alone CCA program.
Integrating DRR and CCA into programming is both a humanitarian and development priority. In order to achieve the greatest impact it is important to carry out a process of integration that links a number of different of activities in a suitable sequence. When DRR and CCA are integrated during the planning stage, this ensures that climate and disaster risks are an integral part of the decision-making process and are not merely an afterthought in the implementation. Integration of DRR and CCA is essential for sector-based programs to achieve sustainable outcomes and ensure that responses are tailored to their specific context.
Save the Children implements DRR and CCA activities in three ways:
1. Integrating disaster and climate risks and resilience-building activities into development and humanitarian projects as an objective with associated activities and resources
2. DRR and CCA projects that are distinct projects within a sector- or community-based program (e.g. DRR curriculum development as part of an education program or implementing a food security early warning system in a community with whom Save the Children has a long-term commitment)
3. DRR and CCA programs that are comprehensive programs made up of a number of projects, all of which have explicit DRR or CCA objectives. The primary goals of these projects are reducing risk and building resilience.
Global Programmatic Approaches
n Sector and community-based projects: Distinct DRR or CCA projects within a sector or community based program
n Programs: A comprehensive program made up of a number of projects, all of which have explicit DRR or CCA objectives. For these programs, reducing risk and building resilience is the primary goal
n Project-level integration: Disaster and climate risks and resilience building activities are included in projects as an objective with associated activities and resources.
n Other: Any other projects that incorporate any level of DRR/CCA content in their outcomes
n Stand-alone DRR & CCA projects: one-off projects that are not part of a long term commitment SC has in a community.
VII | H
ow W
e Prog
ram
DR
R a
nd
CC
A for L
astin
g C
ha
ng
e
VII
13
The following is a representation of the sectors on which our DRR and CCA programs and projects have focused.
Sector-based Focus
n Education 30%
n Livelihoods 18%
n Health 10%
n Child Protection 12%
n Emergency Response 18%
n Childs Rights Governance 3%
n Multi Sector 9%
Types of ActivitiesSave the Children engages in a variety of DRR and CCA activities. Most of our work falls into five main categories:
• Early Warning Systems refers to the set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information giving people time to respond to a disaster. Early warning systems work with other DRR interventions to protect and support sustainable economic development. By responding early, families can protect themselves but also their livelihood, which places them in a much stronger position for recovery.
• Disaster Preparedness enhances people’s knowledge and capacity to effectively anticipate, respond to and recover from disaster. This includes ensuring that communities and local government have response and recovery plans.
• Disaster Mitigation means lessening or limiting the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. Communities often cannot prevent the adverse impact of hazards, but they can undertake various strategies and actions to substantially lessen the scale or severity. Disaster risk mitigation measures encompass engineering techniques and hazard-resistant construction as well as improved environmental policies and public awareness.
• Disaster Resilience is the ability of a system, community or society to resist, absorb, accommodate and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner. One element is the preservation and restoration of essential basic structures and functions. It means to ‘spring back from’ a shock.
• Adaptation is now recognised as a key element of an effective global response to climate change. The agreed international definition of adaptation under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change is “adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities”. For Save the Children, adaptation means building the adaptive capacity of children and their communities to make them more resilient to the impacts of current climate variability and projected changes.
When we compare figures from our 2011 global programming analysis with figures from 2012, we can see that we have increased our footprint in adaptation by 22.78 per cent and early warning systems by 17 per cent. However, our portfolio in preparedness decreased in 2012 by just under 6 per cent.
14
Types of Activities
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%AdaptionPreparedness Disaster
MitigationDisaster
ResilienceEarly Warning
Systems
n 2012 n 2011 n 2006 – 2010
Levels of Program EngagementSave the Children works at multiple levels by building partnerships and collaborating with children, communities, civil society, local and national governments, and regional and international organisations. We seek to strengthen multi-level linkages for effective disaster and climate risk reduction, preparedness, response and adaptation.
Programs should aim to operate at four levels of engagement within a country, and ideally any project or program intervention will consider the impact and influence of all stakeholders in the lives and wellbeing of our beneficiaries, especially children. It is essential that our work influence at multiple levels to achieve lasting and positive change in children’s lives.
National and International Policy: We strive to ensure that national and international policy is cognisant of the new environmental landscape and can meet the distinctive needs of children. As children are often the group most affected by disasters, international discussions that seek to develop comprehensive frameworks should ensure that children’s voices are systematically included. A core part of Save the Children’s work is advocating for national policies to reflect the lived realities of children and communities in climate- and disaster-vulnerable locations. National-level policy can and should, in turn, have an impact on international agreements and processes.
Institutional Capacity and Strengthening: If we wish to integrate and implement effective policies that address children’s needs and capacities in DRR and CCA, we must support institutional capacity and promote an enabling policy framework. This means supporting the development of understanding and practices in existing institutions and organisations.
Local Government and Partners Capacity Building: One element that is integral to effective resilience building is ensuring that actors at the local level – both government and non-government – have the necessary skills and capacities to protect children and fulfil their rights. Building DRR and CCA understanding and capacity in local institutions will help improve development outcomes, reduce the risks posed by disasters and climate change, and help build broad community resilience. Save the Children works closely with partners in all our DRR and CCA projects and programs to ensure sustainability and to support government in fulfilling their roles and responsibilities. Civil society also can play a crucial role in monitoring and holding the government to account.
15
Communities and the Roles of Children: Save the Children works directly with children to ensure that they can participate meaningfully in discussions and decisions where they are directly affected. We aim to inspire direct action from children on the issues that matter to them. We are also careful to protect children, and not to expect them to take on the responsibilities that belong to adults. We work with the whole of the community on their existing knowledge, increasing their understanding and access to information, and creating safer environments for all. Children, while immensely capable, cannot generate lasting change on their own. They need to be supported by the community and institutional structures. When these structures operate in a child-centred manner, children become a respected part of decision-making processes, and their unique perspective is taken into account in the planning and implementation of actions designed to increase resilience.
Save the Children saw an overall increase in its level of stakeholder engagement in 2012, and most notably we can now see our level of engagement with women (a category not previously measured in mapping exercises). Over the past seven years Save the Children has invested heavily in ensuring that all stakeholders, especially those that are usually not given the space or voice to actively participate in their own community decision-making processes, are now present in decision-making forums. We can also see a continued increase in the number of our projects that engage with local government and civil society, from 70 per cent to 90 per cent, as well as an increase of 18 per cent from 2006 with national legislation and policy. There was a small decrease in focus on institutions of just 4 per cent from 2011 but a resurgence of engagement by regional and international policy forums of 12 per cent. In general, we can see that our programming strives to include all levels of stakeholder engagement and seeks to ensure that wide-ranging set of groups can access decision-making processes.
Level of Program Engagement
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%National
Legislation and Policy
Regional and International
Policy Forums
WomenChildren Community Local Government
and Civil Society
Government and Non-Government
Institutions (including NGOs)
n 2012 n 2011 n 2006 – 2010
16
Children’s drawings show people replanting trees to protect from mudslides and storms, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam. Severe floods hit this region, destroying harvests and forcing many people to leave their homes. In the aftermath Save the Children supported this community with education and disaster risk reduction programmes. Photo: Save the Children.
VIII Funding and Support for DRR and CCA
Member Funding For DRR and CCA Save the Children has 30 national member organisations who work collaboratively to deliver programs throughout 120 countries. The graph below illustrates the funding our members obtained for DRR and CCA in 2012. The contracting member is the member that holds the contract with the donor. SC UK continues to attract the highest amounts of funding securing just over US$7.7 million in 2012. SC Australia saw the largest increase in funding in 2012 securing US$6.67 million, a 240 per cent increase from 2011. Significant funding was also secured by SC Netherlands, US$2.8 million and SC Sweden, US$1.7 million.
VIII | F
un
din
g a
nd
sup
port for D
RR
an
d C
CA
VIII
17
New Member Funding for DRR and CCA Secured in 2012
$9,000,000
$8,000,000
$7,000,000
$6,000,000
$5,000,000
$4,000,000
$3,000,000
$2,000,000
$1,000,000
$0
SC S
witz
erla
nd
SC A
ustr
alia
SC U
K
SC N
orw
ay
SC D
enm
ark
SC M
exic
o
SC S
pain
SC Ja
pan
SC It
aly
SC N
ethe
rland
s
SC S
wed
en
SC U
SA
Total Portfolio of New and Ongoing Member Funding For DRR and CCA in 2012
$16,000,000
$14,000,000
$12,000,000
$10,000,000
$8,000,000
$6,000,000
$4,000,000
$2,000,000
$0
SC S
witz
erla
nd
SC A
ustr
alia
SC U
nite
d Ki
ngdo
m
SC N
orw
ay
SC D
enm
ark
SC M
exic
o
SC S
pain
SC Ja
pan
SC It
aly
SC N
ethe
rland
s
SC S
wed
en
SC U
nite
d St
ates
SC G
erm
any
SC F
inla
nd
n Ongoing multi-year projects and programs in 2012 *Figures for ongoing multi-year projects and programs are based on an average estimation of spend per year.
n 2012 projects and programs** Figures for 2012 projects and programs are the full contracted amount for single and multi-year projects and programs.
18
Donor SupportSave the Children received just over US$25.7 million from a variety of donors in 2012. The Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) was our largest single donor in 2012: it contributed close to US$6.67 million, an increase of 240 per cent from 2011. The Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)/USAID contributed just over US$4.5 million, which was less than in past years due to fiscal deficit in the US leding to delayed aid disbursements. The United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) contributed over US$3.1 million, the Department for International Development (DFID) over US$3.1 million and the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) just under US$2 million, a 57 per cent drop. Private sector contributions have increased in 2012, with Cadbury, Disney, IKEA, the LEGO Foundation and Prudence Foundation contributing a combined sum of just under US$1.5 million. While partnerships amongst bi/multi-lateral agencies and government aid agencies form our primary source of funding, increases from the private sector are notable and will be pursued across the coming years. Lastly, Save the Children members and offices have made substantial financial contributions from unrestricted funding sources.
New Contracts Awarded in 2012
$7,000,000
$6,000,000
$5,000,000
$4,000,000
$3,000,000
$2,000,000
$1,000,000
$0
EC
Fund
ació
n AD
O
IKEA
Fou
ndat
ion
Japa
n Pl
atfo
rm F
und
OFD
A/U
SAid
Part
ner R
e
UN
ICEF
Save
the
Child
ren’
s Con
trib
utio
ns
SID
A SIF
Prud
ence
Fou
ndat
ion
LEG
O F
ound
atio
n
NO
RAD
DIP
ECH
O
AAC
ID
Cadb
ury
Trus
t
Disn
ey
DFI
D
AUSA
id
Dan
ida
ECH
O
n Total Value in USD
19
Which Countries Were Most Engaged in DRR and CCA activities in 2012?
$25,000,000
$20,000,000
$15,000,000
$10,000,000
$5,000,000
$0To
tal
Cam
bodi
aCh
ina
Laos
Mul
ti-co
untr
y**
Mul
ti-co
untr
y***
Mul
ti-co
untr
y***
*M
yanm
arPh
ilipp
ines
Solo
mon
Isal
nds
Thai
land
Tim
or L
este
Vanu
atu
Viet
nam
Tota
lEt
hiop
iaKe
nya
Som
alia
Uga
nda
Tota
lCo
lom
bia
Ecua
dor
El S
alva
dor
Méx
ico
Nic
arag
uaPe
ru
Tota
lAr
men
iaBo
snia
and
Her
zego
vina
Geo
rgia
Geo
rgia
and
Arm
enia
Jord
anN
orth
Wes
t Bal
kans
Occ
upie
d Pa
lest
inia
n Te
rrito
ries
Tota
lAf
ghan
ista
nBa
ngla
desh
Bhut
anIn
dia
Nep
alPa
kist
anTa
jikis
tan,
Kyr
gyzs
tan
and
Uzb
ekis
tan
East Africa
Tota
lM
ulti-
Coun
try*
GlobalLatin America& Caribbean
Middle East & Europe
South & Central Asia South East Asia & Pacific
* Cambodia, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Uganda, Zimbabwe.** Asia-Pacific region with specific targeting of Indonesia, East Timor, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia,
Laos, Pacific Nations.*** Cambodia, Myanmar, Philippines, Timor Leste.**** Fiji , Solomons, Vanuatu, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Timor-Leste, Bangladesh, Myanmar.
n All New n All Ongoing
20
Save the Children’s DRR and CCA Capacity
The importance of the work produced by the regional working groups has become very clear. They provide the necessary bridge and technical assistance to country offices as well as general support during times of funding calls and program design and implementation. The successes of these four groups has not only in part resulted in a more even spread of our programmatic footprint across Africa, South East Asia/Pacific, South/Central Asia, Africa and the Middle East/Europe but has provided an interesting set of templates for the development of a new regional working group in Latin America.
Furthermore, the number of global and regional DRR and CCA advisers increased from 18 in 2011 to 20 from in 2012. Combine that with the substantial number of headquarter and country office staff who have part of their role dedicated to DRR and it’s clear that we continue to increase our collective capacity to design and implement quality programs.
Looking Forward
Save the Children will not only continue to integrate DRR and CCA across our sector-based programs by training and equipping staff with the appropriate skills and methodologies but we will also produce a number of supporting documents that addresses integration practices at both the theoretical and practical levels. Additionally we will continue to increase our internal DRR and CCA capacity and build a comprehensive resilience agenda across all Save the Children members and offices so that our programs can continue to be sustainable for children, communities, our partners and governments. And finally, as a second phase of the Hyogo Framework for Action is developed, we will continue to improve our advocacy, policy and networking and ensure that we communicate a set of unifying messages that prioritise the voices of children and their respective communities.
Save the Children has distributed over 600 disaster hoods for children to wear in the event of another emergency, protecting them from heavy blows by falling debris and from possible fires. School children in Japan participate in regular emergency preparedness drills, where children go through the steps they would take in an emergency, such as the frequent earthquakes that hit the country. Photo: Save the Children.
21
Methodology of the mapping
The 2012 global mapping process was conducted through collecting information from and consultation with the members of the DRR and CCA Global Working Group, and the four DRR and CCA Regional Working Groups (East Africa, South and Central Asia, South East Asia and Pacific and Middle East/Europe). Further project and program information was gathered through individual consultation with the DRR and CCA focal point(s) in each country office identified to have DRR and CCA programs, as well as the analysis of their project documents. Therefore, the quality and quantity of data collection is representative of information provided by country office, regional and global focal points. It is noted that at the time of the information collection and analysis for this document Save the Children did not have regional or country DRR and or CCA staff in West Africa and as such their projects are believed to be underrepresent in the statistical analysis, though represented in the narrative.
Note on funding calculations: For projects that DRR and CCA are integrated into development and humanitarian projects, if the breakdown of funding for the DRR and CCA component is not available, the analysis extracts varies from 10 per cent to 25 per cent from the total project funding amount. Those that are ongoing multi-year projects and programs into 2011, funding figures are based on an average spend per year derived from a simple division of the total budget by the number of months of implementation which may not always represent the true phasing of budgets.
Save the Children Australia, on behalf of Save the Children International, led the 2012 DRR and CCA Global Mapping Analysis.
Children from a village in Bihar, India, have mapped hazards, risks and resources in their village. The information gathered by the Disaster Risk Reduction group is utilized by both the community and authorities responsible for emergency preparedness and response. (right to left: Vikash, Chandini, Bharti, and Asmita.) Photo: Max Holm, Save the Children.
