Discovery and Discovery and Early Early

ColonizationColonizationCompare and Contrast Compare and Contrast

Spanish, French, and English Spanish, French, and English Exploration and Colonization.Exploration and Colonization.

AP OutlineAP Outline1. Pre-Columbian Societies, America Before1600:1. Pre-Columbian Societies, America Before1600:A. Early inhabitants of the AmericasA. Early inhabitants of the AmericasB. American Indian empires in Mesoamerica, the Southwest, B. American Indian empires in Mesoamerica, the Southwest,

and the Mississippi Valleyand the Mississippi ValleyC. American Indian cultures of North America at the time of C. American Indian cultures of North America at the time of

European contactEuropean contact

2. Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings, 2. Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings, 1492-16901492-1690

A. First European contacts with Native Americans A. First European contacts with Native Americans B. Spain's empire in North America B. Spain's empire in North America C. French colonization of Canada C. French colonization of Canada D. English settlement of New England, the Mid-Atlantic region, D. English settlement of New England, the Mid-Atlantic region,

and the South and the South E. From servitude to slavery in the Chesapeake region E. From servitude to slavery in the Chesapeake region F. Religious diversity in the American colonies F. Religious diversity in the American colonies G. Resistance to colonial authority: Bacon's Rebellion, the G. Resistance to colonial authority: Bacon's Rebellion, the

Glorious Revolution, and the Pueblo Revolt Glorious Revolution, and the Pueblo Revolt

Possible: Essay Possible: Essay QuestionsQuestions

Analyze the differences between the Spanish Analyze the differences between the Spanish settlements in the Southwest and the English settlements in the Southwest and the English colonies in New England in the seventeenth colonies in New England in the seventeenth century in terms of TWO of the following:century in terms of TWO of the following: PoliticsPolitics ReligionReligion Economic developmentEconomic development

““Geography was the primary factor in shaping Geography was the primary factor in shaping the development of the British colonies in the development of the British colonies in North America”North America” Assess the validity of this statement for the 1600’s.Assess the validity of this statement for the 1600’s.

Pre-Columbian AmericaPre-Columbian America Bearing Bearing

Straights/Land BridgeStraights/Land Bridge Hunters and Hunters and

Gathering people Gathering people follow herds from Asia follow herds from Asia over the ice and into over the ice and into the Western the Western Hemisphere.Hemisphere.

Evidence of 50,000 Evidence of 50,000 year old bones found year old bones found in South Americain South America

North American-Native North American-Native AmericansAmericans

Native Groups are Native Groups are DiverseDiverse

MesoamericaMesoamerica: First : First Mayan then Aztecs, Mayan then Aztecs, IncasIncas Large agricultureLarge agriculture, large , large

populationpopulation, cities, imperial , cities, imperial in nature, in nature, social social stratificationstratification, Pre-historic , Pre-historic (no writing) limited metal (no writing) limited metal technology, technology, polytheisticpolytheistic, , theocratic, imperialtheocratic, imperial

Atlantic Coast:Atlantic Coast: Hunter/Gatherer Hunter/Gatherer Small groups/limited Small groups/limited

nomadic/some nomadic/some Agriculture, prehistoric, Agriculture, prehistoric, stone-age technologystone-age technology

"Did you detect something a little ominous in the way they said, 'See you later'?""Did you detect something a little ominous in the way they said, 'See you later'?"

ExplorationExploration Amerigo Vespucci- (1497-1499) Amerigo Vespucci- (1497-1499) cartographercartographer, ,

explored the coast of South America- explored the coast of South America- identifiedidentified it as a new continent,, publicized his views in it as a new continent,, publicized his views in books, new continent was became known as the books, new continent was became known as the Americas.Americas.

Ponce De LeonPonce De Leon-(1513) Florida-(1513) Florida BalboaBalboa-(1516) Panama and the Pacific Ocean-(1516) Panama and the Pacific Ocean MagellanMagellan- Circumnavigated the world- Circumnavigated the world CabotCabot-(1497) explored for the English, -(1497) explored for the English,

Newfoundland, looking for Northwest Passage, Newfoundland, looking for Northwest Passage, claimed Northern portion of North America for claimed Northern portion of North America for EnglishEnglish

ExplorationExploration

Pattern of Conquest-Pattern of Conquest-

TechnologyTechnology- metal, armor, firearms, horses, - metal, armor, firearms, horses, disease- aide in compensating for disease- aide in compensating for outnumbered Spaniardsoutnumbered Spaniards

Native structure was imperial in nature- Native structure was imperial in nature- Aztecs and IncasAztecs and Incas - controlled other tribes who were - controlled other tribes who were

unhappyunhappy - Spanish were able to make allies “Divide and - Spanish were able to make allies “Divide and

Conquer” Conquer” Spanish- remove the imperial power and place Spanish- remove the imperial power and place

themselves at the top of the political structure.themselves at the top of the political structure.

Spanish ColonizationSpanish Colonization No large population of Spanish immigrantsNo large population of Spanish immigrants Total control from Spain- Total control from Spain- Council of the Council of the

Indies/Indies/Trade was strictly controlled by the mother Trade was strictly controlled by the mother country.country.

Mercantilism/Mercantilist- Mercantilism/Mercantilist- “the premise that “the premise that national wealth and power were best served by national wealth and power were best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals increasing exports and collecting precious metals in return” in return” Gold and raw materials go to the mother countryGold and raw materials go to the mother country Manufacture goods go to colony- Manufacture goods go to colony-

All trade was supposed to go to the mother country All trade was supposed to go to the mother country first. (Smuggling was wide spread and prevalent)first. (Smuggling was wide spread and prevalent)

Politics were controlled by the mother country.Politics were controlled by the mother country.

Social StratificationSocial Stratification

Social StratificationSocial Stratification PenninsularePenninsulare CriolloCriollo MestizoMestizo ZamboZambo IndianIndian

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange Researcher Alfred Crosby- Book:Researcher Alfred Crosby- Book: Crosby AW, Crosby AW,

The Columbian Exchange, Biological and CulturaThe Columbian Exchange, Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492l Consequences of 1492. Greenwood Press: Westport, Conn., 1972. . Greenwood Press: Westport, Conn., 1972.

1622 around Boston Bay the Indians "1622 around Boston Bay the Indians "died on died on heapes, as they lay in their houses; and the heapes, as they lay in their houses; and the living, that were able to shift for themselves, living, that were able to shift for themselves, would runne away and let them dy, and let their would runne away and let them dy, and let their Carkases ly above the ground without Carkases ly above the ground without burial....And the bones and skulls upon the burial....And the bones and skulls upon the severall places of their habitations made such a severall places of their habitations made such a spectacle after my coming into these partes, that spectacle after my coming into these partes, that as I travailed in the Forrest nere the as I travailed in the Forrest nere the Massachusetts, it seemed to me a new found Massachusetts, it seemed to me a new found Golgotha.Golgotha." "

Hemispheric isolation ends and new Hemispheric isolation ends and new goods and biological elements are goods and biological elements are introduced to both.introduced to both.

French ExplorationFrench Exploration Veranzanno-(1524) Veranzanno-(1524)

Explored North Coast of Explored North Coast of North America- North America-

Cartier- (1536) sailed Cartier- (1536) sailed up the St. Lawrence up the St. Lawrence River, to Quebec then River, to Quebec then to Montreal- to Montreal-

La Salle- (1681) found La Salle- (1681) found and named the and named the Mississippi and Mississippi and Louisiana, claimed for Louisiana, claimed for France:France:

New FranceNew France

Settled in the area of Settled in the area of Quebec 1608Quebec 1608, Montreal , Montreal (1648) (Modern day eastern Canada) (1648) (Modern day eastern Canada)

Royal Licenses: King of France granted a Royal Licenses: King of France granted a Monopoly of trade Monopoly of trade

ChamplainChamplain traveled South on the St. Lawrence traveled South on the St. Lawrence River, established trading contacts with Hurons River, established trading contacts with Hurons and Iroquois, established Montreal.and Iroquois, established Montreal.

No large PlantationNo large Plantation style settlements ie., with style settlements ie., with large populations, but trading settlements. large populations, but trading settlements. French in North America generally have French in North America generally have good good relationsrelations with native Americans because they do with native Americans because they do not displace natives and settle to promote trade. not displace natives and settle to promote trade.

French ColonizationFrench Colonization Beaver peltsBeaver pelts/Fur Trade, fishing to Europe are the /Fur Trade, fishing to Europe are the

profitable enterprises.profitable enterprises. Roman Catholic’s only allowed to settle in New Roman Catholic’s only allowed to settle in New

France, France, JesuitsJesuits try to convert Indians. try to convert Indians. Movie Movie The Black RobeThe Black Robe depicts the French in Canada depicts the French in Canada

at this time.at this time. Later in the century, French explorers, Louis Jolliet Later in the century, French explorers, Louis Jolliet

and Jaques Marquette will explore the Mississippi. and Jaques Marquette will explore the Mississippi. Still later 1682, Robert Cavalier or the Still later 1682, Robert Cavalier or the Sieur de La Sieur de La

SalleSalle, reach the Gulf of Mexico and claim the Mid , reach the Gulf of Mexico and claim the Mid West to France.West to France.

New OrleansNew Orleans is established by Pierre Le Moyne, 1699, is established by Pierre Le Moyne, 1699, thus the French have a presence in North Americathus the French have a presence in North America

Dutch In AmericaDutch In America Dutch West India Dutch West India

Company-Company- wanted to find wanted to find the Northwest Passage to the Northwest Passage to IndiaIndia

Henry Hudson-Henry Hudson- (1609) (1609) explored what is now explored what is now Hudson River Hudson River in New Yorkin New York

Colony of Colony of New New NetherlandsNetherlands

At first At first relationship with relationship with Indians was good-Indians was good- not not much settlement and much settlement and trading economy- fur trading economy- fur tradingtrading

Founded Founded New New AmsterdamAmsterdam on on Manhattan Island- Manhattan Island- purchased from Indians purchased from Indians (Cheap)(Cheap)

Peter Stuyvesant- was a Peter Stuyvesant- was a strong leaderstrong leader

New Sweden was New Sweden was another very small another very small colony- but was taken colony- but was taken over by the Dutch in over by the Dutch in 1655.1655.

Multiethnic colony- Multiethnic colony- mixed from Dutch, mixed from Dutch, Swedes, Finns, French, Swedes, Finns, French, German and EnglishGerman and English

Low population- created Low population- created need for Slave labor need for Slave labor 1620s slaves brought by 1620s slaves brought by Dutch- later 7-9% of Dutch- later 7-9% of population.population.

Later English will take Later English will take over colony.over colony.