““Discovery consists Discovery consists of looking at the of looking at the

same thing as same thing as everyone else and everyone else and

thinking something thinking something different.”different.”

A.Szent-GyorgyiA.Szent-Gyorgyi

What do people want?What do people want?What are we preparing What are we preparing

people forpeople for

To learn the skills necessary to get:To learn the skills necessary to get:

Meaningful Day Activities (Jobs)Meaningful Day Activities (Jobs) To Live with People They Want To Live with People They Want

(Housing)(Housing) To Be Able to Get Around To Be Able to Get Around

(Transportation)(Transportation) Lots of Friends (Social Capital)Lots of Friends (Social Capital)

How have we done?How have we done?

75% of people w/disabilities are 75% of people w/disabilities are unemployed or underemployed or idleunemployed or underemployed or idle

Only 7% own their own home (as Only 7% own their own home (as compared to 71% of typical adults)compared to 71% of typical adults)

Most communities have no or very Most communities have no or very limited public transportation optionslimited public transportation options

Average Social Capital for people w/ Average Social Capital for people w/ disabilities is about 30 (150 is typical)disabilities is about 30 (150 is typical)

Why Haven’t We Done Why Haven’t We Done Better?Better?

How Can We Do Better?How Can We Do Better?

We Use A Flawed We Use A Flawed ParadigmParadigm

ParadigmsParadigms

““A paradigm is a set of rules and A paradigm is a set of rules and regulations that: regulations that:

1)1) Defines boundaries Defines boundaries

2)2) Tells you what to do to be successful Tells you what to do to be successful within those boundaries”within those boundaries”

Joel BarkerJoel Barker

History of ParadigmsHistory of Paradigms

Moral Era – punishment from GodMoral Era – punishment from God

Economic Era – productivity/valueEconomic Era – productivity/value

Institutional Era – medical exclusionInstitutional Era – medical exclusion

Medical/Clinical Medical/Clinical ParadigmParadigm

Looks at deficits or deficienciesLooks at deficits or deficiencies

Separates and congregatesSeparates and congregates

Relies on Experts to make decisionsRelies on Experts to make decisions

Attempts to fix the personAttempts to fix the person

Detailed Medical Detailed Medical ParadigmParadigm

The person is the problemThe person is the problem The problem is in the personThe problem is in the person The person is labeled The person is labeled The label leads to separationThe label leads to separation The experts do an assessmentThe experts do an assessment The person gets a treatment planThe person gets a treatment plan The program attempts to fix the The program attempts to fix the

problemproblem

Difference ModelDifference Model

Identifies and highlights the differenceIdentifies and highlights the difference

The difference is identified in stereotypesThe difference is identified in stereotypes

The stereotypes separates the personThe stereotypes separates the person

The person is then avoided/stigmatizedThe person is then avoided/stigmatized

Effects of DifferenceEffects of Difference

Person is MisunderstoodPerson is Misunderstood Person is AvoidedPerson is Avoided Person is Not WelcomedPerson is Not Welcomed Person is BannedPerson is Banned Person is BanishedPerson is Banished Person is IsolatedPerson is Isolated Person Dies SoonerPerson Dies Sooner

IS THIS AS GOOD AS IT IS THIS AS GOOD AS IT GETS?GETS?

““Destiny is not a matter of chance, it Destiny is not a matter of chance, it is a matter of choice”is a matter of choice”

W.J. BryanW.J. Bryan

The Magic WandThe Magic Wand

If you could wish for 3 things for If you could wish for 3 things for yourself or someone you love, what yourself or someone you love, what would they be?would they be?

Quality of Life IndicatorsQuality of Life Indicators

HealthfulnessHealthfulness

HappinessHappiness

LongevityLongevity

Research ShowsResearch Shows

HealthfulnessHealthfulness HappinessHappiness LongevityLongevity

ARE ALL TIED TO SOCIAL CAPITALARE ALL TIED TO SOCIAL CAPITAL

Research Also ShowsResearch Also Shows

That Social Capital is related to:That Social Capital is related to: People getting jobsPeople getting jobs People finding others to live withPeople finding others to live with People finding rides/transportationPeople finding rides/transportation People being more tolerant, People being more tolerant,

respectful, kind, helpful and the likerespectful, kind, helpful and the like That pro-social behaviors increaseThat pro-social behaviors increase

What is Social Capital?What is Social Capital?

It is nothing more than relationships It is nothing more than relationships and friendships that people have in and friendships that people have in their livestheir lives

It leads to people being more tolerant, It leads to people being more tolerant, cooperative and reciprocalcooperative and reciprocal

It leads to people resolving problems It leads to people resolving problems more easilymore easily

It enhances physiological/psychological It enhances physiological/psychological functioningfunctioning

Why is Social Capital Why is Social Capital Important?Important?

Benefits and potential have interested researchers from a variety of backgrounds and perspectives Education Health

Social capital is a universal concept, its Social capital is a universal concept, its benefits and potential affect EVERYONEbenefits and potential affect EVERYONE

Social Capital and HealthSocial Capital and Health

In a series of carefully controlled experiments, Dr. Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues exposed subjects to a virus known to cause the common cold.

Social Ties and Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Susceptibility to the Common

ColdCold HypothesisHypothesis

More social connections will be associated More social connections will be associated with decreased susceptibility to the common with decreased susceptibility to the common coldcold

SubjectsSubjects 125 males; 151 females125 males; 151 females 18 to 55 years old18 to 55 years old

DataData Health/medical data and history’sHealth/medical data and history’s Measures of social networksMeasures of social networks Demographic Info Demographic Info

S. Cohen, W.J. Dolye, D.P. Skoner, B.S. Rabin, and J.M. Gwaltney . (1997) Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Cold. JAMA, 277 (24). 1940 -1944)

Social Ties and Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Susceptibility to the Common

ColdColdMethodMethod Initial data (mentioned above) collected during Initial data (mentioned above) collected during

first visitfirst visit Subject returned and where quarantined for 1 Subject returned and where quarantined for 1

weekweek Exposed to a “rhinovirus” nasal twice during the Exposed to a “rhinovirus” nasal twice during the

first 24 hoursfirst 24 hours Nasal secretion and blood samples taken Nasal secretion and blood samples taken

periodicallyperiodically Observed for signs and symptoms of coldObserved for signs and symptoms of cold

S. Cohen, W.J. Dolye, D.P. Skoner, B.S. Rabin, and J.M. Gwaltney . (1997) Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Cold. JAMA, 277 (24). 1940 -1944)

Social Ties and Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Susceptibility to the Common

ColdColdResultsResults ““People who participate in more types of social People who participate in more types of social

relationships have less susceptibility to relationships have less susceptibility to rhinovirus-induced colds.”rhinovirus-induced colds.”

Relationship held when controlling for size of Relationship held when controlling for size of social networksocial network … “indicating it is diversity of … “indicating it is diversity of network (having multiple types of relationships) network (having multiple types of relationships) that matters not [just] the sheer number of that matters not [just] the sheer number of network members”network members”

S. Cohen, W.J. Dolye, D.P. Skoner, B.S. Rabin, and J.M. Gwaltney . (1997) Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Cold. JAMA, 277 (24). 1940 -1944)

Social Capital and Social Capital and EducationEducation

““Social Capital in the Creation of Human Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital”Capital”

James ColemanJames Coleman

““Both social capital in the family and Both social capital in the family and social capital outside it, in the adult social capital outside it, in the adult community surrounding the school community surrounding the school showed evidence of considerable value in showed evidence of considerable value in reducing the probability of dropping out” reducing the probability of dropping out” (pg. 119)(pg. 119)

Social Capital and Social Capital and EducationEducation

In a recent study of social capital and achievement in urban public schools, Leana and Pil (2006) found that students’ mathematic and reading scores were influenced by: Relations among teachers (internal/bonding

social capital), and Relations between the principal and the

community stakeholders (external/bridging social capital)

Simply StatedSimply Stated

The more social capital you have, The more social capital you have, the healthier you are, the happier the healthier you are, the happier you are, the longer you live and the you are, the longer you live and the better the outcomes are in your life.better the outcomes are in your life.

““To think is to differ”To think is to differ”

C. DarrowC. Darrow

Building Social CapitalBuilding Social Capital

We need to stop thinking clinically and We need to stop thinking clinically and focus our attention on the communityfocus our attention on the community

We must understand how community We must understand how community operatesoperates

We must find ways to reverse We must find ways to reverse institutionalization and the medical institutionalization and the medical modelmodel

We must listen to people and allow We must listen to people and allow them to decidethem to decide

We must help people build social capitalWe must help people build social capital

““Social problems stem not from Social problems stem not from individual differences or deficits, but individual differences or deficits, but from the failure of society to meet from the failure of society to meet the needs of all its members”the needs of all its members”

L. GutierezL. Gutierez

CommunityCommunity

Community is a network of different Community is a network of different people who come together on a regular people who come together on a regular basis for some common cause or basis for some common cause or celebrationcelebration

Key Ingredients of Community are:Key Ingredients of Community are:

CommonalityCommonality

DifferenceDifference

RegularityRegularity

Similarities vs. Similarities vs. DifferencesDifferences

When people first meet they are When people first meet they are drawn by their similarities, but drawn by their similarities, but differences can (and do) push us differences can (and do) push us apart. What mitigates this struggle apart. What mitigates this struggle are two critical ingredients:are two critical ingredients:

Regularity/Frequency of exchangeRegularity/Frequency of exchange More Similarity that people findMore Similarity that people find

SociogramSociogramMeasures the relationships in your lifeMeasures the relationships in your life

People you see and People you see and knowknowPeople you know and People you know and do things do things with with People you love and People you love and care deeply for care deeply for

Most people have about Most people have about 150 people150 people

Building Social CapitalBuilding Social Capital

Identify our key areas of interestIdentify our key areas of interest

Find the matching group or communityFind the matching group or community

Understand how communities behaveUnderstand how communities behave

Finding a gatekeeper to acceptanceFinding a gatekeeper to acceptance

The GatekeeperThe Gatekeeper

Someone already in the community Someone already in the community who has some influence or authority who has some influence or authority over the other members. They can over the other members. They can have formal or informal influence, have formal or informal influence, and can affect how people react to and can affect how people react to new things in either positive or new things in either positive or negative ways.negative ways.

Research on GatekeepersResearch on Gatekeepers

They tend to be positive peopleThey tend to be positive people They reach out to peopleThey reach out to people They are willing to take risksThey are willing to take risks They are usually flexibleThey are usually flexible Often they are right brain thinkersOften they are right brain thinkers More often than naught they are More often than naught they are

femalefemale

Magic of CommunityMagic of Community

When Similarities Override When Similarities Override DifferencesDifferences

He who would be a leader, let him He who would be a leader, let him first become a bridge.first become a bridge.

The BridgebuilderThe Bridgebuilder

An old man going a lone highway, An old man going a lone highway, came at the evening cold and gray, came at the evening cold and gray, to a chasm vast deep and wide; the to a chasm vast deep and wide; the old man crossed in the twilight dim, old man crossed in the twilight dim, the sullen stream held no fear for the sullen stream held no fear for him, but he turned when safe on the him, but he turned when safe on the other side and built a bridge to span other side and built a bridge to span the tide.the tide.

““Old man” said a fellow pilgrim near, Old man” said a fellow pilgrim near, “you are wasting your time with “you are wasting your time with building here, you never again will building here, you never again will pass this way, your journey will end pass this way, your journey will end with the close of the day, you have with the close of the day, you have crossed the chasm deep and wide, crossed the chasm deep and wide, why build you this bridge at even why build you this bridge at even tide?”tide?”

The builder lifted his old gray head. The builder lifted his old gray head. “Good friend, in the way that I’ve “Good friend, in the way that I’ve come,” he said. “There follows after me come,” he said. “There follows after me this day, a youth whose feet must pass this day, a youth whose feet must pass this way. This stream which has been this way. This stream which has been nothing to me, to the fair haired youth nothing to me, to the fair haired youth might a pitfall be. Yes he too must might a pitfall be. Yes he too must cross in the twilight dim; Good friend, I cross in the twilight dim; Good friend, I am building this bridge – for him.”am building this bridge – for him.”

““We must become the change we wish We must become the change we wish to create.”to create.”

GandhiGandhi

““In a new sense, all life is interrelated. All In a new sense, all life is interrelated. All persons are caught up in an inescapable persons are caught up in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied to a single network of mutuality, tied to a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. I can never directly, affects all indirectly. I can never be what I ought to be, and you can never be what I ought to be, and you can never be what you ought to be, until I am what I be what you ought to be, until I am what I ought to be. This is the interrelated ought to be. This is the interrelated structure of reality.” structure of reality.”

Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.

ReferencesReferences Berkman, L. F., & Kawachi, I.K., Ed. (2000). Berkman, L. F., & Kawachi, I.K., Ed. (2000). Social Epidemiology.Social Epidemiology.

New York, Okford University Press, Inc.New York, Okford University Press, Inc. Cohen, S., Doyle, W.J., Skoner, D.P., Rabin, B.S., & Gwaltney, Cohen, S., Doyle, W.J., Skoner, D.P., Rabin, B.S., & Gwaltney,

J.M. (1997). "Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Cold." J.M. (1997). "Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Cold." JAMA 277(24): 1940-1944.JAMA 277(24): 1940-1944.

Condeluci, A. (2002). Condeluci, A. (2002). Cultural ShiftingCultural Shifting. St. Augustine, FL, . St. Augustine, FL, Training Resource Network, Inc.Training Resource Network, Inc.

Condeluci, A., Burke, K., Gooden-Ledbetter, M., Evans McGuirk, Condeluci, A., Burke, K., Gooden-Ledbetter, M., Evans McGuirk, M.A. & Ortman, D. (2004). Together is Better: A guide to M.A. & Ortman, D. (2004). Together is Better: A guide to fostering community inclusion for individuals with fostering community inclusion for individuals with disabilities. . Pittsburgh, UCP Press.disabilities. . Pittsburgh, UCP Press.

Coleman, J.C., (1988). “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Coleman, J.C., (1988). “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. The American Journal of Sociology 94: 95-120Capital. The American Journal of Sociology 94: 95-120

Halpern, D. (2005). Halpern, D. (2005). Social CapitalSocial Capital. Malden, MA, Polity Press. Malden, MA, Polity Press Leana, C. R., & Pil, F.K. (2006). "Social Capital and Leana, C. R., & Pil, F.K. (2006). "Social Capital and

Organizational Performance: Evidence from Urban Public Schools." Organizational Performance: Evidence from Urban Public Schools." Organization Science 17(3): 353-366.Organization Science 17(3): 353-366.

UCP of Pittsburgh/CLASSUCP of Pittsburgh/CLASSDr. Al Condeluci, PhD. Dr. Al Condeluci, PhD.

acondeluci@ucppittsburghacondeluci@ucppittsburgh.org.org

Jeffrey FromknechtJeffrey FromknechtJfromknecht@ucppittsburghJfromknecht@ucppittsburgh.org .org

4638 Centre Avenue4638 Centre AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15213Pittsburgh, PA 15213412-683-7100 x 2122412-683-7100 x 2122

412-683-4160 fax412-683-4160 faxwww.ucppittsburgh.orgwww.ucppittsburgh.org