Chapter 14Discovery & Crises in the 16th

& 17th Centuries

Purple = Portuguese: Red = Spain: Gold = England: Green = France

An Age of Discovery & ExpansionMarco Polo of Venice

Traveled w/ his Uncle & Father to the court of Khubilai Khan (R. 1259-1294)

The Travels written in 1295 upon Marco Polo’s return to Italy.This book describes the riches of the East giving

European Explorers a goal.European Explorers:

Economic Motives to explore new lands (gold & spices) Religious Motives to explore new lands (converting new peoples

to Christianity)New Technologies:

Navigation Sailing ships

Caravel Ships = used a combination of Lanteen sails w/ square rigs

Axial Rudder Compass & astrolabe Improved info & maneuvers of the wind New cartography taking into consideration the curve of the Earth.

The Development of a Portuguese Maritime EmpirePrince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) –

founded a school for navigators in 1419 & Portuguese explorers began their quest for a new route East.

Complete chart handed out & then go on to page 401 of the 4th edition.

Politics & the Wars of Religion in the 16th CenturyThe French Wars of Religion

Begin after the death of King Henry II in 1559 when his sons, one by one, took over the throne. All 3 were heavily influenced by their mother Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) Francis II – 15 yrs old – ruled for 17 months. He was married to

Mary Queen of Scots & favored her family the Guise Family. Charles IX – was 10 yrs old when crowned King, his mother was

his regent, he lived to be 24. Henry III – gave up the crown of Poland to reign in France – we’ll

talk more about him later A younger brother baptized Hercules changed his name at

confirmation to Francis after his older brother died. This Francis became Duke of Anjou & courted Elizabeth I (she was 46 he was 24). He later died in battle at the age of 29.

Francis II & Mary Queen of Scots. He was 15 she was 17

Charles IX upon taking the throne

Charles IX in his 20’s He died at 23/24

Henry IIIFrancis, Duke of AnjouCourted Elizabeth I when he was 24 & she was 46

Catherine de Medici

Huguenots (French Calvinists) – were in ALL levels of Society However, they made up only about 7% of the Total population of France.Calvinism had been introduced to France by Jeanne

d’Albret who became Queen of Navarre & her son was Henry of Navarre from the House of Bourbon which were heirs to the throne of France.

ULTRA CATHOLICS – favored strict opposition to the Huguenots. They were supported by the Pope & the Jesuits. Led by the House of GUISE

The ruling house of Valois, Valois Monarchy, was staunchly Catholic but as regent for her sons Catherine d’ Medici wanted to compromise w/ the Protestants.

Jeanne d’Albret

Henry of Navarre

The Wars began in 1562 when Henry, Duke of Guise massacred a peaceful congregation of Huguenots at Vassy. Throughout the 1560’s the ultra Catholics tried to

defeat the Huguenots but Huguenots held their own.A compromise was reached when Charles IX

arranged the marriage of his sister, Marguerite de Valois to Henry of Navarre. First off the ironic thing is that Marguerite was having an

affair w/ ___ The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre takes place during

the wedding ceremony outside of the church & in Paris. Over 3,000 men, women & children were murdered by Henry Duke of Guise & his followers.

Henry of Navarre & his cousin Henry of Conde quickly converted to Catholicism & their lives were spared.

Charles IX, quilt ridden over the massacre died 2 years later of TB at the age of 24. He was succeeded by his younger brother Henry, former King of Poland, who became Henry III (1574-1589)

The War of the Three Henries (1588-1589)

Henry, Duke of Guise, seized Paris, w/ help from the Catholic League, & forced King Henry III to make him his chief minister.

Henry, Duke of GuiseHenry III had Henry, Duke of

Guise, assassinated & then joined forces w/ his brother-in-law, Henry of Navarre to fight the Catholic League.

Henry of Navarre was back to being a Calvinist

Working together the two crushed the Catholic Holy League & retook Paris.1589 Henry III was killed by a

Catholic monk who couldn’t accept a Catholic King cooperating w/ a Protestant.

Henry’s younger brother, Francis, duke of Anjou was killed in battle & so the throne left the Valois & was turned over to the Bourbons & Henry of Navarre became a Catholic again & King of France, as Henry IV in 1594.

French Wars of Religion end w/ the Edict of Nantes, 1598Huguenots had a right to worship in selected places

in every district.Huguenots could vote & hold public officeHuguenots could retain a # of fortified towns for

their protection.

Philip II & the Cause of Militant CatholicismKing Philip II of Spain (1556-1598) was the son of

Charles V HRE, his reign was the GOLDEN AGE OF SPAIN.However, his reign was also the beginning of the end for

Spain’s Influence in Europe & the World.His goal was to Consolidate & secure the lands he had

inherited from his father. Spain; the Netherlands; Kingdom of Naples & Sicily; & the New

World. (Charles split the HRE giving the above to his son & the rest to his brother Ferdinand)

Philip attempted to enforce the conformity of Catholicism (using the Inquisition) & establish a strong Monarchical authority in these possessions. His gov’t was restricted by local legal traditions, lack of rapid

communication & an inadequate bureaucracy.Major weakness was his desire to remain on top of everything he

didn’t delegate.

Philip II of Spain

Spain’s preeminence depended upon a prosperous economy.

Agriculture, commerce, textiles, silk & leather goods Importation of silver & gold from the America’s made up

about 20% of the economy. Because Philip wanted to control his territories & spread

the Catholic faith much of his $$$$ went to his armies & navies rather than into rebuilding & improving Spain’s industry. (this had long-lasting consequences) BATTLE OF LEPANTO, 1571 – Spain’s fleet was able to

destroy a Turkish fleet trying to take over Cyprus. CATHOLIC HOLY LEAGUE – was crushed in 1589 in

Paris (By Henry III & Henry of Navarre)

ArtistsRendering

ofThe Battle of Lepanto

Revolt in the Netherlands17 provinces made up Spanish held Netherlands

Today = the Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg = Benalux

Northern Provinces = German in culture & Dutch Speaking

Southern Provinces = French & Flemish speaking; Fr. Culture

Dutch Catholic Church – Philip II wanted to reorganize the church so that it would be more Spanish. These policies were hated by the native peoples. 1566 – Calvinists attack Catholic Churches Philip sends DUKE OF ALVA w/ 10,000 men to put down

this rebellion. Rebellion crushed but Philip levy’s a permanent sales tax

on the people.

COUNCIL OF TROUBLES – set up by the duke of Alva – he executes powerful aristocrats from the Netherlands.

William of Orange (William the Silent, William the I) organizes Dutch Pirates & fight the Spanish on the open seas.

1573 – Philip II removes Duke of Alva & replaces him w/ the Duke of Parma. Parma was able to break-up part of William of Oranges'

union in the treaties of: Union of Arras --- southern provinces accepted Spanish

control in 1579 & are called the Spanish Netherlands. Union of Utrecht – Northern provinces – Protestant Dutch

Speaking & under William of Orange – oppose Spanish Rule. William con’ts to fight Spanish off & on & receives $$$

from Queen Elizabeth I of England to do so.

1609 – Both Elizabeth & Philip are dead – a 12 year truce was signed that recognized the independence of the Northern provinces (turned into the “Dutch Republic” which was formally recognized by Spain in 1648 after the 30 years war).

THE ENGLAND OF ELIZABETH (R.1558-1603)Henry VIII had 6 wives, 3 gave him children. When

he died he left a Writ of Succession. According to his wishes:1. His Son Edward VI (1547-1553) of his 3rd wife Jane

Seymour would take the throne. If he should die w/o children then came…1. Lady Jane Grey tries to usurp the throne from Mary - I’ll

tell you the story

2. Mary I (1553-1558) She was his oldest daughter from his first wife Catherine of Aragon. She married Philip II of Spain, her much younger cousin. If she should die w/o children then came…..

3. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) His daughter from his 2nd wife Anne Boleyn.

KINGHENRY

VIIIOF

ENGLAND

1st Wife,

Widow of his

brother,

Mother of his

daughter Mary

Catherine of Aragon

ANN BOLEY

N,MOTHER

OF ELIZABET

H I

3rd Wife,Jane

SeymourMother of

only Legitimat

e sonEdward VI

Anne of

ClevesToo ugly for

King Henry.

He divorced her.

Katherine

Howard,Cousin of

Ann Boleyn,Was also beheadedShe really did cheat on him.

Catherine

Parr,She

survived him

Elizabeth IElizabeth’s religious policy was based on

moderation & compromise.She didn’t care what her subjects believed privately

as long as they did not threaten the state’s power. ACT OF SUPREMACY – Elizabeth was supreme in religious

as well as temporal power. ACT OF UNIFORMITY – Elizabeth revised the Book of

Common Prayer to make it more acceptable to Catholics. Puritans wanted to remove any trace of Catholicism from

the Church of England. Elizabeth contained the Puritans while alive --- her successors were not as successful leading to the English Civil War.

By the end of Elizabeth’s reign the Catholics had dwindled to a tiny minority But not before they had numerous uprisings & tried to Kill Elizabeth & replace her w/ her catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots.

Mary, Queen of Scots (widow of Francis II of France & daughter of Mary of Guise & King James V of Scotland) was forced out of Scotland by the Calvinists nobles.

Mary, went to England for safety & was held in one castle after another by Elizabeth until she was proven guilty of treason --- she was involved in a plot to kill Elizabeth.Mary was beheaded.

Elizabeth’s Domestic & Foreign PolicyElizabeth had 2 principal secretaries of state. They

served her for 32 years & helped to ensure her success in foreign & domestic policy.Sir William CecilSir Francis Walsingham

During her 45 year reign parliament met only 13 times. She encouraged English seamen to raid Spanish ships (sir

Francis Drake & Sir Walter Raleigh). (they gave her gold in return)

She supported the French Huguenots & Dutch Calvinists – but she didn’t make any alliances that would force England into a war.

1585 – After years of supporting William of Orange, Elizabeth finally began to send troops to his aid This combined w/ the execution of Mary of Scots led Philip

II to send the Spanish Armanda to England to destroy Elizabeth.

The Spanish Armanda was beaten by the smaller, faster English ships & beaten again by the storms (Protestant Wind)Even though it was rebuilt the Spanish never

recovered from their defeat by the English.

Economic & Social CrisesFrom 1560-1650, Europe went through a period of

fluctuating boom & bust cycles.During the same period the living standards of the

rich & the poor were intensified. Inflation – wheat prices up, rent prices for land & board

up – however wages stayed the same = lower standard of living.

Commercial Expansion abounded. Stock exchanges & commercial bans were formed. However, w/ new shipping 7 trade routes Europe felt the

changes in the economy quicker. Cities Flourished – population by 1600 was back to what

it had been before the Black Death. However, the cities were a contrast of the wealthy & the

poor (slums vs. palaces.)

Despite the rise in commerce & the cities --- at least 80 to 90% of the total population of Europe still worked the land much like they did since the 1300’s.

Almost all of the peasants of Western Europe were FREE of serfdom by 1650

Eastern Europe kept their serfs – in some cases, like Russia, until the 1860’s.

17th Century Crises: War & RebellionThe Thirty Years War 1618-1648This began as a war of religion & ended as a

struggle for dominance between the Bourbon dynasty of France & the Hapsburg dynasty of Spain & HRE (separate ppt. on this war)

The Witchcraft CrazeThe hunt for witches affected by protestant &

Catholic countries.During the Black Death Pope Innocent VIII sent 2

priest into northern Germany to root out the witches. (1484)Jacob Sprenger & Heinrich Kramer –both

Dominicans wrote a book about investigating & rooting out witches. (1486) Malleus Maleficarum (the Hammer of the Witches) Women were inferior to men both Morally & Mentally Women’s moral weakness made them especially open to

Satan. Most of the 100,000 or more people tried for witchcraft

were women. Usually poor & working at menial jobs – trying to stay

alive Many of these women didn’t fit the norm of the time: they

w re widows, or w/o a father & were not under the subjugation of any man.

READ SOURCE on page 417 4th ed or 412 6th ed.

An Assembly of Witches painted by Frans, the younger, Francken (Baroque Period)

Why Witchcraft Trials?Religious zeal was at its zenithFighting between Protestants & CatholicsEstablishment of the InquisitionRecurrence of Black DeathWars & Economic slowdowns.

All these things need a scapegoat. Women as Witches were one.

ART: Mannerism & the Baroque1520’s-1530’s – Mannerism replaced High

Renaissance art. Mannerism was a by product of uncertain times & suffering.

Mannerist painters deliberately distorted the rules of proportion by portraying elongated figures that conveyed a senses of suffering & a strong emotional atmosphere filled w/ anxiety & confusion.

See separate ppt on Mannerism & Baroque

WritersFrench = Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)

His writings were secular minded & discussed moral issues w/o reference to Christian Truths. (Essays – Autobiographical)

English = William Shakespeare (1564-1616)Best known for his plays, he was also an actor &

business man. He exhibited a remarkable understanding of the human condition. (many of his writings were very patriotic to gain favor w/ Queen Elizabeth I.)

Spanish = Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)His most famous work is Don QuixoteCervantes conviction combined idealism & realism,

visionary dreams & hard work of reality are both necessary to the human condition.

Montaigne

Cervantes

Shakespeare