discovery of exotic phragmites - bugwoodcloud...tidal marsh showed that the exotic had 51% greater...
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Discovery of exotic Phragmites in Florida
Bill Overholt1, Michael P. Sowinski2, Don C. Schmitz2, Jeffrey Schardt2, Vicky Hunt3, Daniel J. Larkin3 and Jeremie B. Fant3
1University of Florida 2Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
3Chicago Botanic Garden
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Outline • Phragmites diversity
• Why we are interested in Phragmites
• 2010 Survey
• Recent find in Lake Seminole
• What it means
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P. australis
P. frutescens
P. karka P. mauritianus
P. jaonicus
Phragmites species
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History of Phragmites australis in North America
• Found in 40,000 year old sloth dung
• Artifacts made of Phragmites from 1400 years ago
• Herbarium records from 1800s indicate its presence in the US, but not common
• Early 20th century evidence of expansion in the coastal northeast
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Introduction of new genotypes
• First evidence of introduction in 1880 when Phragmites was found growing in Philadelphia where ships’ ballast was off-loaded
• In 2002, Saltonstall conducted genetic studies on Phragmites from the USA and several other countries and reported the presence of a European invasive type in the Atlantic coastal area and the Midwest.
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Phragmites australis, a.k.a. ‘Native types’
Phragmites australis, a.k.a. ‘Gulf Coast’
Phragmites Australis, a.k.a. ‘Eurasian’
Saltonstall et a. 2002. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 2445-2449.
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Blue Cypress Lake
Little Sawgrass Lake
Chocktawhatchee Bay
Caloosahatchee River
2010 Survey
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518 samples collected from 102 locations • Florida (69) • Alabama (4) • Mississippi (4) • Georgia (2) • South Carolina (5) • Louisiana (16)
Thanks to:
– Kelli Gladding (FWC)
– Matt Phillips (FWC)
– Ryan Hamm (FWC)
– Brent Bachelder (FWC)
– Erica Van Horn (FWC)
– Michael Sowinski (FWC)
– Stephen Hight (USDA/ARS)
Legend
^ Haplotype M
! Haplotype I
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40 miles N of FL border on I 95
62 miles west of FL border on Petit Bois Island
Williams, D. A., M. Hanson, R. Diaz and W. A. Overholt. 2012.
Determination of common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex
Steudel) varieties in Florida. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 50:
69-74.
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Tried to get the word out….
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Mississippi River Delta, South of New Orleans Dauphin Island, Alabama
Eurasian type Gulf Coast type
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Gulf Coast type
Eurasian type
Eurasian Phragmites near Darien, GA
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But, then things got more complicated…
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Mississippi River Delta
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North America, introduced
North America, native
South America
Gulf Coast, land-type
Europe
Africa/Mediterranean
Senegal
South Africa
Australia/Asia
P. mauritianus
P. frustescens
P. karka
P. japonicus
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Phragmites in the Gulf Coast Phragmites type
Distribution Origin Genetic makeup
Other names Distinguishing characteristics
“Gulf Coast” Florida to Texas (and South America)
African hybrid between African P. mauritianus and Old World P. australis
Land type, P. australis sub-species berlandieri, Haplotype I
Tall, smooth stem, loose, droopy panicle, short or absent ligule hairs
“Eurasian type”
Widespread invasive in North America
Europe P. australis EU type, haplotype M, short form
Short, ribbed stem, compact panicle, sparse hairs at ligule
“Delta type”
Mississippi River Delta
North African/ Mediterranean
P. australis Haplotype M1, Med Tall, ribbed stem, compact panicle, dense hairs at ligule
“Greeny types”
Mississippi River Delta
North America, Danube River Delta, Spain, South Africa, tropical Africa
P. austalis and P. mauritianus
Greeny 1, Haplotype M Greeny 2, Haplotype AD Greeny 3, Haplotype AI
Short, similar to EU type, greenish/blue color
Lambertini et al. 2012. American Journal of Botany 99: 538-551 Hauber et al. 2011. Estuaries and Coasts 34: 851-862
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Greeny type
Delta type
Gulf Coast
Courtesy of Carla Lambertini Aarhus University, Denmark
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Competitiveness of various types of Phragmites
• North American vs. Eurasian – Comparison of photosynthesis of exotic and native haplotypes in a Maryland
tidal marsh showed that the exotic had 51% greater photosynthesis than the native types. The native performed better than the exotic under low N (Mozdzer and Zieman 2010).
• Gulf Coast vs. Eurasian – Experimental plantings of Gulf Coast and Eurasian Phragmites in a Louisiana
marsh revealed that the exotic occupied 82% of plots after 14 months, compared to 18% for the Gulf coast type (Howard et al. 2008).
• Delta vs. Eurasian – Photosynthesis of Delta type > Eurasian type (Nguyen et al. 2013)
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Odd Phragmites found by Michael Sowinski in October, 2013 Lake Seminole, Pinellas Co.
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Gulf Coast type • Smooth • Shiny
Lake Seminole type • Finely ribbed • Dull
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Identified as the Eurasian type by the Chicago Botanic Garden
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The three types of Phragmites that may be in Florida
Type Stem texture
Panicle form Height
Gulf Coast type (a.k.a. ‘Land type’)
Smooth, shiny Open, drooping Tall
Eurasian
Ribbed, dull Compact, erect Short
Delta Ribbed, dull Compact, erect Tall
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Panicle
Gulf Coast • Open • Drooping Delta/Eurasian
• Compact • Erect
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Gulf Coast • Smooth • Shiny
Delta/Eurasian • Finely ribbed • Dull
Ribbing on the stem
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April 3, 2004 DOQQ
January 10, 1999 DOQQ February 14, 1995 DOQQ
7,776 m2 10,770 m2
15,910 m2
27,114 m2
January 2, 2012 Google Earth
27,114 m2
Expansion of Gulf Coast populations
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Ammonium in Apalachicola Bay 2002-2007 Data from: National Estuaries Research Reserve System,
y = -1.2 x 10-5 + 0.487, P=0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
11
/5/2
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/20
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/20
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/20
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/10
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7
Ammonium = -1.2 x 10-5 (date) + 0.487, P=0.02
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Phosphates
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.071
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/20
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phosphates = -9.9 x 10-6 (date) + 0.385, P=0.0002
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Nitrates
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
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0.6
0.7
0.81
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nitrates = 8.58 x 10-5 x (date) - 2.95, P=0.03
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Figure 2. Effect of hurricane frequency on P. australis growth.
Bhattarai GP, Cronin JT (2014) Hurricane Activity and the Large-Scale Pattern of Spread of an Invasive Plant Species. PLoS ONE
9(5): e98478. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098478
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0098478
Eurasian Gulf Coast
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Response to an increase in atmospheric CO2?
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Conclusions
• There are several genetic lineages of Phragmites in the USA, including native types and several exotic types.
• Typical ‘Gulf Coast’ Phragmites is thought to be an ancient introduction of a hybrid of P. mauritianus and P. australis.
• The ‘Delta’ type Phragmites was recently described, and appears to be a relatively recent introduction to the USA. We believe that this is the type that was found in Lake Seminole in 2013 and are awaiting genetic confirmation.
• Eurasian Phragmites has not been found in Florida, but does occur in GA just 40 miles north of the Florida border.
• ‘Greeny’ type Phragmites is of unknown origin, but has not been found in Florida.
• Research shows that exotic Eurasian Phragmites and the ‘Delta’ type may be more aggressive than Gulf Coast type.
• Reasons for expansion of some populations of Phragmites in Florida are not known
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Take home message
• Exotic Phragmites has been found in Florida
• If you think you’ve seen exotic Phragmites, report it to FWC
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A happy ending for now?