Disease of: oral cavityEsophagus

Stomach Small and large intestine

I Ulcerative and inflammatory lesions:

a. Aphthous Ulcer

b. Herpes virus infection c. Fungal infection

II LeukoplakiaIII Cancers of the oral cavity and

tongue.

Ulcerative and inflammatory lesions: Aphthous Ulcer Very common, self limited. Small painful shallow ulcer. Appear single or multiple. Triggered by stress, fever, ingestion of certain

food, activation of inflammatory bowel disease. Causes: unknown, ?autoimmune. May & may not be associated with systemic

diseases e.g. Behcet’s and Reiter’s syndrome.

Ulcerative and inflammatory lesions. Herpes virus infection:

Infection by HSV-1. Pathogen remain dormant in ganglia. Appear as vesicles containing clear fluid, cells with cytopathic effect. Tzanck test.

Fungal infection: Oral candidiasis is common in patient with DM, anemia, newborn, antibiotic treatment, immune

suppression and glucocorticoid therapy. Appear as adherent white plaque. May spread to esophagus.

I Ulcerative and inflammatory lesions:

a. Aphthous Ulcer

b. Herpes virus infection c. Fungal infection

II LeukoplakiaIII Cancers of the oral cavity and

tongue.

II. Leukoplakia: A whitish, well-define, mucosal patch

caused by epidermal thickening or hyperkeratosis.

Frequent among older men, alcoholic & smoker.

Location: lower lip, buccal mucosa, hard and soft palate and floor of mouth.

Appear as localized or multifocal smooth or roughed white mucosal thickening.

Histologically vary from hyperkeratosis to dysplasia.

II. Leukoplakia. Causes: - unknown.

- strong association with the use of tobacco, chronic friction, alcohol abuse and HPV infection. 3 to 6 % undergo transformation to squamous cell

carcinoma (more common in lip and tongue lesions).

Leukoplakia must be differentiated from:1. hairy leukoplakia (EBV-related in patient with HIV infection) 2. verrucous leukoplakia (hyperkeratosis, warty, insidiously

spread and may harbor SCC)3. red erythroplakia (red, velvety or circumscribed area,

expressing marked epithelial dysplasia with malignant transformation in more than 50% of cases).

EBV-induced epithelial hyperplasia causes corregated white lesion HL mostly involves the lateral

border of the tongue, but can involve other oral sites including the buccal mucosae.

The clinical appearance is usually distinctive enough to make a diagnosis. Where doubt exists, an incisional biopsy should be undertaken.

The presence of HL means that HIV infection must be excluded. HL can occur in the absence of HIV infection,

for example in organ transplant patients who are immunosuppressed.

No specific management is required. HL is not a premalignant condition. HL can resolve as a consequence of successful

management of the underlying condition

A mucosal white patch with a warty surface that cannot be rubbed off

red, velvety or circumscribed area, expressing marked epithelial dysplasia with malignant transformation in more than 50% of cases).

I Ulcerative and inflammatory lesions:

a. Aphthous Ulcer

b. Herpes virus infection c. Fungal infection

II LeukoplakiaIII Cancers of the oral cavity and

tongue.

III. Cancers of the oral cavity and tongue Most common pattern is squamous cell

carcinoma. Occur in old age (after 40) Readily accessible for early identification,

but about half killed within 5 years. Clinically, asymptomatic, local pain

III. Cancers of the oral cavity and tongueRisk factor

Erythroplasia Leukoplakia Infection by human papilloma virus type

16,18, and 33 Tobacco (especially pipe smoking and

smokeless tobacco) Alcohol

The predominant sites are:1. Vermilion border of the lateral margins of the lower lip.2. Floor of the mouth.3. Lateral borders of the mobile tongue.

Gross Early lesions appears as pearly white to gray,

circumscribed thickenings of the mucosa. Then they (advanced lesions) may grow in an:

- exophytic fashion (palpable nodular and fungating lesions) or

- endophytic, invasive pattern (cancerous ulcer).

The squamous cell carcinomas are usually moderately to well-differentiated keratinizing tumors.

In early stages, it may be possible to identify epithelial atypia, dysplasia, or carcinoma in situ in the margins.

Spread to regional nodes at the time of diagnosis:– is rare with lip cancer– in about 50% of cases of tongue cancers– more than 60% of cases with cancer of the floor of the mouth.

The overall 5-year survival rates after treatment are about 40% for cancers without lymph node metastasis, compared with under 20% for those with lymph node metastasis.

5 year survival rate vary from 91% for lip cancer to about 30% for cancers of the base of the tongue, pharynx and floor of the mouth.

Aphthous ulcers are painful superficial ulcers of unknown etiology that are often triggered by stress.

Herpes simplex virus infection causes a usually self-limited infection with vesicles (cold sores, fever blisters) that typically rupture and heal but may leave latent virus in nerve ganglia

Candida infection is seen in immunosuppressed individuals and manifests as a plaque

fungal dissemination is a potentially serious outcome. Leukoplakia is a mucosal plaque caused by epidermal

thickening depending on the location 3% to 25% may progress to

squamous cell carcinoma

The majority of oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.

Sialadenitis: - inflammation of major salivary glands.

- viral (mumps), autoimmune (sjogren’s syndrome: xerostomia, keratocojunctivitis sicca)

or bacterial (secondary to ductal destruction by stone).

Sjögren’s syndrome

NECROTIZING SIALOMETAPLASIANECROTIZING SIALOMETAPLASIA

About 80% of tumors occur within the parotid glands and most of the others in the submandibular glands.

M=F usually in the sixth and seventh decade of life.

70% to 80% of the Parotid glands tumors are benign, whereas in the submaxillary glands only half are benign.

Benign tumors Benign pleomorphic adenoma is the dominant

tumor arising in the parotids. Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin

tumor) is less frequent.

These two types account for 75% of Parotid tumors.

Malignant tumors Malignant mixed tumors: arising either de novo or in

preexisting benign pleomorphic adenoma. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (containing

adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma features

Whatever the type, they present clinically as a mass causing a swelling at the angle of the jaw.

Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor of salivary gland):- Benign, present as painless swelling.- Most common tumor of salivary gland.- Slow-growing, well-demarcated, encapsulated rarely exceeding 6.0 cm. in diameter.- Encapsulated, but multiple projection of tumor cell (10% recurrence rate).

Pleomorphic adenoma: Histologic features:

- Epithelial component: ducts, acini,

strands or sheets.- Connective tissue: myxoid stroma with islands of cartilage and bone.

Cells are of myoepithelial origin. If present for many years,

malignant transformation may occur (more common at submandibular glands – 40%).

It is infrequent benign tumor occurs only in the region of the parotid gland and is thought to represent heterotopic salivary tissue trapped within a regional lymph node during embryogenesis.

Microscopically: benign tumor composed of epithelial cells and

dense lymphoid tissue

Warthin’s tumor

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma•Squamous and glandular component•Most common malignancy of major and minor salivary glands

Sialedinitis: inflammation caused by infection (e.g. mumps, various bacteria) or autoimmune reaction (as in Sjögren syndrome).

Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed salivary gland tumor): slow growing locally infiltrative tumor composed of heterogeneous epithelial elements and an often myxoid stroma.

Warthin tumor: benign tumor composed of epithelial cells and dense lymphoid tissue

Include bland esophagitis to cancer. Symptoms: dysphagia, heartburn, hematemesis

Hiatal hernia

Dilated portion of stomach protrude above the diaphragm. Two patterns:

sliding (95%) paraesophageal hiatal hernia.

May lead to reflux esophagitis, ulceration, bleeding, perforation or strangulation.

Achalasia:- Incomplete relaxation of lower sphincter in response to swallowing with functional obstruction.- It could be primary or secondary achalasia (Chaga’s disease due to infection by Trypanosoma cruzi or due to tumor in this area ) .

Achalasia: Complications- Progressive dilatation of the esophagus.- Dysphagia, carcinoma in 5%.

Treatment Can actually cut the muscles in the location of the

LES Can use a dilator to try to disrupt the muscle and

force it open

Laceration (Mallory-Weiss Syndrome)- Encountered in chronic alcoholic after a bout of severe vomiting.- Tear may involve the mucosa or penetrate the wall.

Varices Increased blood pressure in the

esophageal plexus produces dilated tortuous vessels.

Occur in 2/3 of cirrhotic patients. Tortuous dilated vein in submucosa. Symptoms occur after rupture with

20% to 30% death rate. Rx: sclerotherapy

Esophagitis

Common condition worldwide:In China - extremely high.In Iran - 80%.In USA - 10-20%.

Associated with reflux of gastric contents, gastric intubation, ingestion of corresive, radiation or chemotherapy.

Mechanism of Reflux Esophagitis ( GERD)

1. Decreased efficacy of esophageal antireflux mechanism caused by beta adrenergics, alcohol, smoking and caffeine.

2. Inadequate esophageal clearance of refluxed material.

3. Presence of sliding HH.4. Increased gastric volume and increased intra

abdominal pressure e.g. pregnancy.5. Impaired reparative capacity of eosphageal

mucosa by prolonged exposure to gastric juices.

Anatomic changes depends on the causative agent, duration and severity of exposure.

Changes include hyperemia to ulceration. Histologic features:

1. Eosinophils and neutrophil infiltration.2. Basal zone hyperplasia.3. Lamina propria papillae elongation.

Clinical features: Affect adults (older than 40 ys) and rarely

affect children Heartburn Sever chest pain

Complications Bleeding Stricture Barrett esophagus Predispose to malignancy

Replacements of the normal distal stratified squamous mucosa by abnormal metaplastic columnar epithelium containing goblet cells.

A complication of long-standing gastroesophageal reflux (5% to 15%).

Males to females ratio is 4:1. More in whites 30-100 fold increase in the risk to develop

adenocarcinoma.

Barrett’s EsophagusMorphology:•Appear red, velvety mucosa between pale pink esophageal mucosa.

Esophageal mucosa is replaced by metaplastic columnar epithelium.

Dysplastic changes which are focal, variable from one site to next and necessitate repeated endoscopy.

Benign : - Mesenchymal tumor.- Mucosal polyp.

- Inflammatory pseudotumor. - Squamous papilloma – rare. Malignant – In USA, 6% of cancer of GIT.

Classification:1. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) world wide, SCC – 90% of esophageal carcinoma but in the States, SCC and adenocarcinoma exhibit comparable incidence rates.

2. Adenocarcinoma. 3. Rare, e.g. Carcinoid, malignant melanoma,

and undifferentiated carcinoma.

Benign Tumors

Malignant Tumors 6%, GI Ca, high mortality

Squamous cell Ca 90% of esophagus cancers >50 yr. M>F (3:1) B>W race Asia, Iran

Most common primary malignant tumor of the esophagus, accounts for 2% of all fatal cancers in U.S.

Geographic variations in rate suggest that environmental factors contributing to pathogenesis.

In US, incidence for Caucasians = 6 cases/ 100,000 annually; non-Caucasians 20.5 cases/ 100,000 annually.

Most common in those of Japanese or Chinese origin. In Iran, the prevalence is well over 100 cases per 100,000.

Typically found late in its clinical course.

Metastasis occurs early in the course, perhaps because of the lack of a serosal covering in the esophagus.

Risk factors/associations: Chronic esophagitis. Dietary

deficiency of vitamins: A, C, thiamine, pyridoxine deficiency of trace metals: zinc, molybdenum Nitrite/nitrosamine Fungal contamination of food stuffs.

Heavy smoking and high alcohol consumption. Achalasia. Plummer-Vinson (Paterson-Kelly) syndrome

(esophageal webs, atrophic glossitis, microcytic anemia, and other abnormalities associated with iron and vitamin deficiencies).

Genetics (Tylosis, Celiac disease, ectoderma dysplasia).

Clinical features Progressive dysphagia, usually not recognized

until the lumen is 30-50% occluded Pain (related to swallowing) Weight loss Anorexia Fatigue

5% five-year survival rate (overall)

Spread: early local extension, lymphatic; cervical, mediastinal/paratracheal, gastric/celiac

p53 and p16 mutation (not K-ras/APC) Morphologic patterns

50% middle, 30% lower, 20% upper third Early overt lesions appears as small, gray-white,

plaquelike thickings or elevations of the mucosa. Polypoid exophytic (60%): obstruction Diffuse infiltrative neoplasms (15%): cause

thickening, narrowing Necrotizing cancerous ulcerations (25%): extend

deeply and erode the respiratory tree and the aorta. Invasive, Moderate/well differentiated, nests of

squamous cells with keratin pearl formation

Polypoid exophytic

ulcerated

Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

Squamous cell carcinoma of the Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagusesophagus

10-15% Half of all esophageal cancer reported in USA. Occur in patients over 40 years of age, more

common in women & whites. Lower esophagus - ? Cardia. Arise from Barrett’s esophagus with dysplasia. Appear as flat patches, large nodular mass or

ulcer. Mucin-producing glandular tumor with intestinal

metaplasia. Prognosis is poor.

Clinical features: Dysphagia Wt. loss, fatigue, pain Advanced disease at time of diagnosis with

spread to lymphatic and adjacent structures

Hiatal hernia: protrusion of segment of the stomach above the diaphragm; occasionally results in reflux and esophagitis.

Lacerations (Mallory-Weiss syndrome): longitudinal tears at the esophago-gastric junction caused by severe retching and vomiting

Varices: tortuous dilated veins at the distal esophagus and proximal stomach; caused by increased portal pressure (most often due to cirrhosis), may cause severe bleeding.

Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophageal mucosa most often caused by reflux of gastric contents

Barrett esophagus: replacement of stratified squamous epithelium of distal esophagus by metaplastic columnar epithelium containing goblet cells associated with gastroesophageal reflux in ∼15% of cases; main harmful consequence is the development of dysplasia and 30- to 100-fold increased risk for adenocarcinoma.

Esophageal carcinoma: Squamous cell carcinomas arise from dysplastic epithelium,

associated with esophagitis, smoking; may be locally invasive. Adenocarcinomas arise usually in Barrett esophagus, now more

frequent in the US