diseases of conifer regeneration in the sierra nevada · diseases of conifer regeneration in the...
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Diseases of Conifer Regeneration in the
Sierra Nevada
Tom Smith
Forest Pest Management Specialist
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
Sacramento
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Major Disease Issues of Seedlings and Regeneration in the Sierra Nevada• Western Gall Rust
• Incense Cedar Rust
• White Pine Blister Rust
• Dwarf Mistletoes
• Others (Needle Diseases, root rots)
• Animal Damage
• Weeds
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Characteristics of Rust DiseasesRust fungi grow only in living plant tissues (Obligate Parasites)
Abundant, colored spores
Complex, multi-year life cycle
Can diagnose western rust diseases on conifers easily by:
• Host species
• Spore stage on host
• Shape of infections
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Incense Cedar Rust - Gymnosporangiumlibocedri
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Alternate Hosts – Members of the Rose Family including apples, pears and many native plants
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Incense Cedar Rust
Can kill or damage incense cedar seedlings
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Western Gall Rust – Peridermium harknessii
Hosts:All Pine Species
Range:Wherever pines grow
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Western Gall Rust - Life Cycle
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White Pine Blister Rust – Cronartium ribicola
Hosts: Five Needle Pines –
• Sugar Pine
• Limber Pine
• Foxtail Pine
• Western White Pine
• Bristlecone Pine
Alternate Hosts –
• Ribes spp. or Gooseberry
• A few other very minor host species in the western United States
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Western north America Spread of White Pine Blister Rust
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Symptoms of WPBR on the Two Hosts
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WPBR Disease
Found generally on moist sites and near to the alternate host plants
Usually kill branches, tops of trees or seedlings and saplings but can kill entire trees
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WPBR in Regeneration
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Planting WPBR Disease Resistant Sugar Pine
Plant a mix of major gene resistant sugar pine with other local seed source trees
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Pine Major Gene Resistance
• Found in sugar, western white, limber pines
• Single dominant gene in each species
• Virulent strains overcome this resistance in some hosts
Susceptible Resistant (MGR)Cell-Killing Reaction
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Sugar Pine MGR Resistance by Seed Zone/ Virulence that Overcomes it
Happy Camp Out-plant Site MGR f = 0.005
Mountain Home State Demonstration Forest MGR f = 0.08
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Multigenic “Slow Rusting” ResistanceSlow canker growth
Bark reactions
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Dwarf Mistletoes – Arceuthobium spp.
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Mistletoe haustoria grow deep into water conducting tissues• Rootlike structures grow first
into xylem and phloem
• Grow slowly-may take a year for shoots to be visible
• Haustoria grow up and down the branch in wood
• If mistletoe leaves and branches are removed, new ones grow from haustoria
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Dwarf MistletoesSpread by Explosive Seed Dispersal
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Dwarf Mistletoes
• Lifecycle Takes Several Years to Complete
• Obligate Parasites (must live on their tree hosts to survive)
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Spread on Regeneration
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Spread on Regeneration
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Questions?