diseases of the cardiovascular system
DESCRIPTION
Diseases of the Cardiovascular SystemTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
![Page 2: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Circulation/Transport:
◦ Nutrients
◦ Oxygen
◦ Hormones
◦ Drugs
◦ Waste products
Major Functions of the Heart
![Page 3: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Diseases of the HEART may interfere with its functions
hugely and can be very serious and may cause
sudden death
![Page 4: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Pathophysiology of Heart Diseases in General
![Page 5: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Dyspnoea/ S.O.B◦ Orthopena◦ Nocturnal dyspnoea◦ Dyspnoea on exertion
Cough and sputum Cyanosis Dizziness Collapse Chest pain
◦ Severe◦ Squeezing/tightness◦ Stabbing ◦ Radiation of pain
Clinical Manifestations of Cardiovascular Diseases
TACHYCARDIA/PALPITATION
ABNORMAL HEART
SOUNDS/MURMURS
OEDEMA/ASCITES
CARDIOMEGALY
HEPATOMEGALY
VENOUS ENGORGEMENT
HYPER/HYPOTENSION
SHOCK
SUDDEN DEATH
![Page 6: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Congenital heart Diseases◦ ASD◦ VSD◦ PDA
Infection◦ Rheumatic fever◦ Carditis/pericarditis
Lipid metabolism and blood vessels:◦ Hyperlipidemia◦ Atherosclerosis◦ Hypertension
Ischemic heart diseases (IHDs) Angina pectoris Myocardial infarction
◦ Inflammatory angiopathy
Major Cardiovascular Disorders
![Page 7: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Leading cause of death in New Zealand
◦ 40% of all deaths from CVD in NZ occur in people
under the age of 70 years
◦ The disease begins in youth, especially so in cultures
(like ours) where there is a diet containing a large
proportion of saturated fats
◦ Lifestyle choices are the main factors that determine
prevalence of CVD
Cardiovascular Diseases
![Page 8: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Risk FactorsModifiable
Unhealthy lifestyle
◦ Junk food/obesity
◦ Smoking
◦ Stress
◦ Physical inactivity
Socioeconomic status
Systemic diseases:
◦ Diabetes
◦ Hypercholesterolemia
◦ hypertension
Non-modifiable
Age
Gender
Congenital anomalies
Genetic
Family History
Ethnicity
![Page 9: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
AtherosclerosisA disease of the
muscular arteries in
which the inner layer
becomes thickened by
fatty deposits and
fibrous tissue
◦ Most harmful in the
coronary and cerebral
vessels
◦ Leading cause of
myocardial infarction
and CVA
![Page 10: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Angina Pectoris
Origin:
◦ Angina: strangling or tightness
◦ Pectoris: chest
Uncomfortable sensation in the chest and surrounding
structures due to lack of oxygen supply to the cardiac
tissues produced by narrowing or partial blockage of
coronary arteries.
![Page 11: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Stable Angina
◦ Collateral blood supply
Unstable Angina
◦ Disruption of a plaque
Variant Angina
◦ Cyclic attacks at rest
Silent Ischemia
◦ Diabetic patients
Types of Angina Pectoris
![Page 12: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Diagnosis of CVD is made by ...• ECG
– T wave inversion
– ST-segment elevation or depression
• Coronary Angiography
– The most direct means to identify coronary artery
stenosis
– Atherosclerotic plaques can be visualised
radiographically following injection of contrast into an
artery
– Angiography does not reveal the stability of the plaque
or its composition
![Page 13: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ECG changes in IHDs
ST segment elevation or depression
![Page 14: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
If Jen has no treatment she may go on to have an MI
Serum Markers for MI◦ As myocardial cells become necrotic their
components and enzymes diffuse in to the interstitium and then the blood Troponin
Part of the actin filament of cardiac muscle Rises within 3 hours of an MI and may remain elevated
for 7-10 days Creatine kinase
An enzyme found in muscle cells Exceeds normal levels 4-8hours post MI and returns to
normal within 2-3 days
![Page 15: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Treatment Goal: improve quality of life by decreasing the
frequency of anginal attacks and to prevent acute MI
Organic nitrates (e.g. nitroglycerin)◦ Dilation of coronary vasculature and subsequent
augmentation of blood flow◦ Venodilation, decreased venous return and thus
decreases demand for oxygen by the myocardium◦ Used most commonly for an acute attack
![Page 16: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Treatment
Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (150mg) is a standard addition to a drug regime used to treat CVD◦ Platelet aggregation and thrombosis have been
implicated in acute MI and unstable angina◦ Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation and thus
reduces the subsequent release of platelet derived coagulants and vasoconstrictors
◦ Unless contraindications are present (gastric irritation, allergy) aspirin is a continuous treatment for individuals with known CVD and/or post MI
![Page 17: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Treatment
β-blockers, reduce myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing the force of contraction and heart rate◦ β adrenergic receptors are found in peripheral blood
vessels, the bronchial tree (β1) and the myocardium (β2).
◦ They may precipitate bronchospasm in individuals with underlying asthma thus cardio selective β-blockers should be prescribed to asthmatics
◦ All β-blockers should be avoided in individuals with obstructive airway disorders
◦ Names end in the suffix ‘lol’
![Page 18: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Treatment
• Statins– HMG-CoA reductase is a key enzyme in
cholesterol synthesis in the liver– Statins inhibit the action of HMG-CoA and
therefore block the hepatic synthesis of cholesterol
– Statins also reduce triglyceride levels– The cornerstone of lipid lowering treatment– Lipitor/Lipex
![Page 19: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Treatment A – Aspirin & Antianginal therapy B – B blocker & Blood pressure C – Cigarette smoking & Cholesterol D – Diet and Diabetes E – Education an Exercise
![Page 20: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081506/55cf9133550346f57b8b72a2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
References Brown, D. & Edwards, H.(Eds). (2008).
Lewis’s medical-surgical nursing: Assessment &management of clinical problems (2nd ed). Sydney, Australia: Elsevier-Mosby.
Craft, J., Gordon, K.L., & Tiziani, A.(2011). Understanding Pathophysiology. Sydney, Australia: Elsevier-Mosby