disorde of thinking, intellect, memory, emotions

Disorders of memory, Disorders of memory, thinking, intellect, motion - thinking, intellect, motion -

will sphere, emotional will sphere, emotional disorders.disorders.

Lyudmyla T. SnovydaLyudmyla T. Snovyda

Memory - Memory - is considered by psychologists as kind of activity, which is considered by psychologists as kind of activity, which

provides memorizing, keeping, retention, forgetting. It provides memorizing, keeping, retention, forgetting. It gives opportunity to gather the information and on basis gives opportunity to gather the information and on basis of of experience to use it later.experience to use it later.

Types of memory:Types of memory: figurative – possibility to memorise figures – figurative – possibility to memorise figures –

according to sense organs.according to sense organs. Kinesthetic – sequence, formule of actions.Kinesthetic – sequence, formule of actions. Memory on inner condition.Memory on inner condition. Emotional memoryEmotional memory Mechanical memoryMechanical memory. . Logical. Individual.Logical. Individual.

Short –term memory. Long - term memoryShort –term memory. Long - term memory

Disorders of memory:Disorders of memory:

Quantative disorders:Quantative disorders: Hypomnesia – decreasing of memoryHypomnesia – decreasing of memory Hypermnesia – increasing of memoryHypermnesia – increasing of memory Amnesia – loss of memoryAmnesia – loss of memory Paramnesia – memory distortionParamnesia – memory distortion

Qualitive disorders:Qualitive disorders: Fixative amnesiaFixative amnesia – loss of capacity to memorise new or – loss of capacity to memorise new or

certain certain events. Previous events are kept in memory.events. Previous events are kept in memory. Amnestic disorientationAmnestic disorientation – one of the main components – one of the main components

of Korsakoffs psychosis, as result of brain trauma, of Korsakoffs psychosis, as result of brain trauma, atherosclerotic changes, at intoxication, poisoning by COatherosclerotic changes, at intoxication, poisoning by CO..

Disorders of memory:Disorders of memory: Progressive amnesiaProgressive amnesia – – gradually decreasing of memory. gradually decreasing of memory.

Ribo LawRibo Law : : Memory is Memory is suffers from lately acquired to that, which was suffers from lately acquired to that, which was

acquired acquired before. The most longer kinesthetic and emotional before. The most longer kinesthetic and emotional memory are kept.memory are kept.

Steps of loosing memory:Steps of loosing memory: ..Memory decreasing on certain events, but on Memory decreasing on certain events, but on past is past is

good or even increased.good or even increased. ..On events which took place before disease.On events which took place before disease. ..Events which belongs to the childhood are kept. Events which belongs to the childhood are kept.

Syndrome of “not recognition of relatives”. They can not Syndrome of “not recognition of relatives”. They can not recognize themselves in the mirror. All king of recognize themselves in the mirror. All king of orientation are lost.orientation are lost.

Ekmnesia – Ekmnesia – events from the past are feels as present.events from the past are feels as present.

Disorders of memory:Disorders of memory: Retrograde amnesiaRetrograde amnesia – loss of memory on events – loss of memory on events

which took place before psychosis or disease. Could be which took place before psychosis or disease. Could be on few seconds, minutes, months, years.on few seconds, minutes, months, years.

Anterograde a.-Anterograde a.- on the events, which took place after on the events, which took place after psychosis or disorder of consciousness.psychosis or disorder of consciousness.

Retroanterograde a. – Retroanterograde a. – before and after psychosis.before and after psychosis. Congrade aCongrade a. – loss of memory on period of absence of . – loss of memory on period of absence of

consciousness.consciousness. Total a.Total a. Fragmentive a. – Fragmentive a. – during delirium.during delirium. Retarded a.Retarded a. – after some time of psychosis. – after some time of psychosis.

Disorders of memory:Disorders of memory: Specific alcoholic a. Specific alcoholic a. For its precursor could be For its precursor could be

palimpsestpalimpsest – special sign for early alcoholism. Its a loss – special sign for early alcoholism. Its a loss of memory on some details during alcohol drinking.of memory on some details during alcohol drinking.

Affectogenic a. – Affectogenic a. – connected with stress, connected with stress, psychotrauma. During pathological affect, twilight psychotrauma. During pathological affect, twilight disorder of consciousness.disorder of consciousness.

One can find amnesias during disorders of One can find amnesias during disorders of consciousness : consciousness : stunning conditions : obnubilation, stunning conditions : obnubilation, somnolence, sopor, coma, during twilight conditions, somnolence, sopor, coma, during twilight conditions, pathologial affects, intoxications, vascular diseases, pathologial affects, intoxications, vascular diseases, after traumas, epilepsy, ECT.after traumas, epilepsy, ECT.

AnecphoriaAnecphoria – disorder of memory, with help of – disorder of memory, with help of reminding capacity of memorising is lost.reminding capacity of memorising is lost.

Disorders of memory:Disorders of memory: Paramnesias :Paramnesias : PseudoreminiscencePseudoreminiscence – disorder of events localization – disorder of events localization

in memory, “illusions of memory”. Gaps in memory are in memory, “illusions of memory”. Gaps in memory are filled with events which took place in life.filled with events which took place in life.

ConfabulationsConfabulations – pathological pictures, with which – pathological pictures, with which “amnestic windows” are fill in – never happen in their “amnestic windows” are fill in – never happen in their life. life.

CryptomnesiasCryptomnesias – they could not identify – they could not identify source. They source. They

could define themselfs as authors of books, music.could define themselfs as authors of books, music.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking::

– Formal disorders of thinking:Formal disorders of thinking:– TachiphreniaTachiphrenia – easily appearance of associations – easily appearance of associations

and rapid change of and rapid change of flashback. Experiment – how flashback. Experiment – how many associations we could give in 1 min.? Normally many associations we could give in 1 min.? Normally – 60.Manic patients could give – 180. Language is – 60.Manic patients could give – 180. Language is late after thoughts. Patients says that its intellectual late after thoughts. Patients says that its intellectual arise, rapid language, increased talking, patients arise, rapid language, increased talking, patients monologue. Quality of activity is decreased. monologue. Quality of activity is decreased. Attention is superficial. Syndrome of “flight of Attention is superficial. Syndrome of “flight of ideas”(“fuga idearum”). Manic patients. ideas”(“fuga idearum”). Manic patients.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Hypermetamorphosis – Hypermetamorphosis – on the top of “fuga idearum” on the top of “fuga idearum”

– high level of – high level of attention distraction. In the beginning of attention distraction. In the beginning of alcoholic intoxication, drug intoxication.alcoholic intoxication, drug intoxication.

Bradyphrenia (gerung)Bradyphrenia (gerung) - complicated thought - complicated thought making, general amount of associations is decreased. making, general amount of associations is decreased. Such patient would answer only by one word, not fully. Such patient would answer only by one word, not fully. Subjectively its “pour thoughts,its hard for me to think”. Subjectively its “pour thoughts,its hard for me to think”. Its hard fot them to express their thinking, they search Its hard fot them to express their thinking, they search for words to answer, possibility to describe their feelings for words to answer, possibility to describe their feelings is decreased. During depressions.is decreased. During depressions.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: RegidityRegidity - complicated change of one topic to another, - complicated change of one topic to another,

long fixation on first association. Language is slow. long fixation on first association. Language is slow. Patients with epilepsy retardation.Patients with epilepsy retardation.

Shperrung – Shperrung – episodically appearance of mental episodically appearance of mental blocking, full stop of thinking. Patients speaks, during blocking, full stop of thinking. Patients speaks, during conversation shut up on few minutes, after that begin to conversation shut up on few minutes, after that begin to speak again.”emptiness appeares in my head,as speak again.”emptiness appeares in my head,as someone cut off my thinking”. Consciousness during it someone cut off my thinking”. Consciousness during it is not disordered. During sch.is not disordered. During sch.

Examination stuporExamination stupor – loosing of possibility of – loosing of possibility of information retention. At temporal epilepsy.information retention. At temporal epilepsy.

Mentysm – Mentysm – flow of thinking. They have abusive flow of thinking. They have abusive character. They don’t want these thoughts.character. They don’t want these thoughts...

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Disorders of thinking connection.Disorders of thinking connection.

Tear of thinkingTear of thinking - - disintegration of logic structure disintegration of logic structure with keeping of grammar in sentence. It shows up as with keeping of grammar in sentence. It shows up as monoloque. Speed of talking is normal. Understanding monoloque. Speed of talking is normal. Understanding of surrounging language is understandable.of surrounging language is understandable.(“Schizophasia”).(“Schizophasia”).

Incoherence thinking – Incoherence thinking – disintegration of logic disintegration of logic structure and grammar. Language is consist of structure and grammar. Language is consist of withoutconnected words. During amentive disorder of withoutconnected words. During amentive disorder of consciousness.At acute psychosis, exogenic psychosis.consciousness.At acute psychosis, exogenic psychosis.


Productive disorders of thinking.Productive disorders of thinking. Obsessive, delusionlike ideas, Obsessive, delusionlike ideas, overvalued ideas, delusions.overvalued ideas, delusions. ObsessiveObsessive could be thinking, fears (phobias), movements. could be thinking, fears (phobias), movements. Peculiarities:Peculiarities:

– Patients are critical to them, understand that its not normal, Patients are critical to them, understand that its not normal, but they could not do anything to get rid of them. O. Ideas but they could not do anything to get rid of them. O. Ideas can disappear and after that appear again with much more can disappear and after that appear again with much more strength. Its accompanied with feeling of anxious and internal strength. Its accompanied with feeling of anxious and internal tension.tension.

Delusionlike ideasDelusionlike ideas(pathological dreaming)(pathological dreaming). . Meets at Meets at teenagers, at psychopathic persons, infantile persons. Syndrome teenagers, at psychopathic persons, infantile persons. Syndrome of “fantastic pseudology, myphomania”. Their fantastic talking is of “fantastic pseudology, myphomania”. Their fantastic talking is not going over reality. Critical attitude to it is not fully lost.not going over reality. Critical attitude to it is not fully lost.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Overvalued ideas - Overvalued ideas - when for some fact a very special when for some fact a very special

meaning is given, but there must be a real beginning. meaning is given, but there must be a real beginning. Patients think that they are big stars, scientists; think that Patients think that they are big stars, scientists; think that

they are they are limited in their rights, actions. limited in their rights, actions. Dysmorphophobias which are comes into Dysmorphophobias which are comes into

dysmorphomanias – they are sure that have physical dysmorphomanias – they are sure that have physical insufficiency, bad smell, think that people are watching on insufficiency, bad smell, think that people are watching on them, discuss them, its accorded by bad mood. One of its them, discuss them, its accorded by bad mood. One of its syndroms is “anorexia nervosa”. Mostly at girls.syndroms is “anorexia nervosa”. Mostly at girls.

Delusions - Delusions - untruthful untruthful thinking, which could not thinking, which could not be corrected by any chance, appear on sick basis. be corrected by any chance, appear on sick basis. Delusions are most often defined as false fixed Delusions are most often defined as false fixed beliefs that cannot be corrected by reasoning.beliefs that cannot be corrected by reasoning.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: At first person is overwhelmed by anxiety and is not able to At first person is overwhelmed by anxiety and is not able to

distinguish what is inside (thoughts) from what is outside distinguish what is inside (thoughts) from what is outside (reality). Therefore, a delusion may stimulate behavior for (reality). Therefore, a delusion may stimulate behavior for dealing with confusion and the resulting anxiety.dealing with confusion and the resulting anxiety.

When delusional, a person truly believes what he or she When delusional, a person truly believes what he or she

thinks to be real thinks to be real isis real. real.

Ideas of referenceIdeas of reference – misconstruing trivial events and – misconstruing trivial events and remarks and giving them personal significance. Ex.: When remarks and giving them personal significance. Ex.: When Maria saw the doctor and nurse talking together, she Maria saw the doctor and nurse talking together, she believed they were talking against her. When she heard on believed they were talking against her. When she heard on the radio that a hurricane was coming she believed this to be the radio that a hurricane was coming she believed this to be a message that harm was going to befall her.a message that harm was going to befall her.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Ideas of persecutionIdeas of persecution – the false belief that someone is – the false belief that someone is

singled out for harm by others; this belief often takes the singled out for harm by others; this belief often takes the form of a plot by people in power against the person. Ex.: form of a plot by people in power against the person. Ex.: Same belief that the secret service was planning to kill Same belief that the secret service was planning to kill him. He became wary of the food he ate, since he him. He became wary of the food he ate, since he believed that the secret service was poisoning his food.believed that the secret service was poisoning his food.

Ideas of grandeurIdeas of grandeur – the false belief that one is a very – the false belief that one is a very powerful and important person. Ex.: Sally believed that powerful and important person. Ex.: Sally believed that she was Maria Magdalene and that Jesus controlled her she was Maria Magdalene and that Jesus controlled her thoughts and was telling her how to save the world.thoughts and was telling her how to save the world.

Somatic delusionsSomatic delusions – the false belief that the body is – the false belief that the body is changing in an unusual way, e.g., rotting inside. Ex.: changing in an unusual way, e.g., rotting inside. Ex.: David told that his brain was rotting away.David told that his brain was rotting away.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Thought broadcastingThought broadcasting, the belief that one’s thoughts , the belief that one’s thoughts

can be heard by others ( e.g., “My brain is connected to can be heard by others ( e.g., “My brain is connected to the world mind. I can control all heads of state thought the world mind. I can control all heads of state thought my thoughts.”).my thoughts.”).

Thought insertionThought insertion, the belief that thoughts have been , the belief that thoughts have been removed from one’s mind by an outside agency (e.g., removed from one’s mind by an outside agency (e.g., “They make me think bad thoughts and are rotting my “They make me think bad thoughts and are rotting my brain”.).brain”.).

Thoughts withdrawalThoughts withdrawal, the belief that’s thoughts has , the belief that’s thoughts has been removed from ones mind by an outside agency been removed from ones mind by an outside agency (e.g., “The devil takes my thoughts away and leaves me (e.g., “The devil takes my thoughts away and leaves me empty.”).empty.”).

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Delusions of being controlledDelusions of being controlled, beliefs that ones body , beliefs that ones body

or mind is controlled by an outside agency (e.g., “There or mind is controlled by an outside agency (e.g., “There is a man from darkness who controls my thoughts with is a man from darkness who controls my thoughts with electrical waves.”).electrical waves.”).

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Criteria:Criteria: They are sure that they are right, they will never They are sure that they are right, they will never refuse refuse

from their ideas, they are not corrected not logical not from their ideas, they are not corrected not logical not suggestive way. They have delusional behavior, actions, suggestive way. They have delusional behavior, actions, which respond to their delusional ideas.which respond to their delusional ideas.

Systematisation:Systematisation: Persecutive delusions.Persecutive delusions. Expansive d.Expansive d. Depressive d.Depressive d.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Persecutive d.Persecutive d. – ideas, where there is patients sure, – ideas, where there is patients sure,

that there is some threat outside for his life. It appears that there is some threat outside for his life. It appears on basis of fear, anxious, but sometimes ob basis of on basis of fear, anxious, but sometimes ob basis of increased mood. Idea of persecution – on beginning increased mood. Idea of persecution – on beginning phase patients tries to avoid persecutors, they run phase patients tries to avoid persecutors, they run somewhere, change their documents. After that they somewhere, change their documents. After that they become persecutors of their persecutors – they become become persecutors of their persecutors – they become dangerous;dangerous;

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Ideas of physical action – they are sure that some people Ideas of physical action – they are sure that some people

make some harm to their inner organs;make some harm to their inner organs; Ideas of psychic actions – with the help of telepathy, Ideas of psychic actions – with the help of telepathy,

biofields, noosphere act on their mind, behavior;biofields, noosphere act on their mind, behavior; Ideas of poisoning – sure, that they were poisoned or Ideas of poisoning – sure, that they were poisoned or

someone wants to poison them;someone wants to poison them; Ideas of jelous – “Othello syndrome” ; etc.Ideas of jelous – “Othello syndrome” ; etc. Expansive dExpansive d.- ideas, which are accompanied by .- ideas, which are accompanied by

overvaluation of their health, their look etc. overvaluation of their health, their look etc. Grandious ideasGrandious ideas – all nature processes are goes on their – all nature processes are goes on their

will;will; Immortality idea – Immortality idea – they always lived and will live forever;they always lived and will live forever;

Wealth ideasWealth ideas, high origin, strange parents etc., high origin, strange parents etc.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Depressive d. – Depressive d. – self-blaming (don’t have right self-blaming (don’t have right

on any attention)on any attention), blaming (, blaming (people blame them people blame them in somethingin something), ipochondric i.(), ipochondric i.(absence of absence of understanding that they are mentally illunderstanding that they are mentally ill), ), nihilistic nihilistic (sure in absence of inner organs, that (sure in absence of inner organs, that they will live forever, because they don’t deserve they will live forever, because they don’t deserve the death), the death), sin i.(sin i.(sure that they violated god sure that they violated god willswills); metamorphosis i.(); metamorphosis i.(they changed in they changed in animals or some objectsanimals or some objects).).

Fregoli symptom “+”,”-”. Positive –when strange people Fregoli symptom “+”,”-”. Positive –when strange people are reincarnated in relatives; negative – when relatives are reincarnated in relatives; negative – when relatives are reincarnated in bodies of strange people. are reincarnated in bodies of strange people.


Primary and secondary delusionsPrimary and secondary delusions– Primary delusions were described be Kurt Schneider Primary delusions were described be Kurt Schneider

– delusions appear by themselves, without – delusions appear by themselves, without connection with other spheres. Delusional perception connection with other spheres. Delusional perception appears, after – delusional ideas, delusional appears, after – delusional ideas, delusional memories and delusional awareness.memories and delusional awareness.

Secondary – in connection with other spheres.Secondary – in connection with other spheres. ““Induced delusion” or “delusion together”–Induced delusion” or “delusion together”– when when

someone, who has delusion makes to believe another someone, who has delusion makes to believe another person in it, but when we put these persons away, in person in it, but when we put these persons away, in normal person this delusion disappear and in sick normal person this delusion disappear and in sick

person this delusion will stay.person this delusion will stay.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Disorders of some kinds of thinking.Disorders of some kinds of thinking. Unlogical thinkingUnlogical thinking – process of abstracting, – process of abstracting,

generalisation, selection of main part is disordered.generalisation, selection of main part is disordered. Resonerstic thinkingResonerstic thinking – unposibbility to take important – unposibbility to take important

fact; appears in such cases, where person is fact; appears in such cases, where person is uncompatated, uncompatated, inclination to empty reasoning.inclination to empty reasoning.

Symbolic thinkingSymbolic thinking – some symbol becomes some sign – some symbol becomes some sign for patients, which are understandable only for them.for patients, which are understandable only for them.

NeologismsNeologisms – patients makes new words, which – patients makes new words, which are are understandable only for them.understandable only for them.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Concrete thinkingConcrete thinking – implies overemphasis on specific – implies overemphasis on specific

details and an impairment in the ability to use abstract details and an impairment in the ability to use abstract concepts. For ex.: during an assessment, you might ask what concepts. For ex.: during an assessment, you might ask what brought the client to the hospital. The client might answer “a brought the client to the hospital. The client might answer “a cab” rather than explaining the need for seeking medical or cab” rather than explaining the need for seeking medical or psychiatric aid. When asked to give the meaning of the psychiatric aid. When asked to give the meaning of the proverb “people in glass house shouldn’t throw stones”, the proverb “people in glass house shouldn’t throw stones”, the person might answer, “Don’t throw stones or the windows person might answer, “Don’t throw stones or the windows will break.” The answer is literal; the ability to use abstract will break.” The answer is literal; the ability to use abstract reasoning is absent.reasoning is absent.

EcholaliaEcholalia – is the pathological repeating of another’s word – is the pathological repeating of another’s word by imitation and is often seen in people with catatonia.by imitation and is often seen in people with catatonia.

Echolalia is the counterpart of Echolalia is the counterpart of echopraxia, echopraxia, mimicking the mimicking the movements of another, and is also seen in catatonia.movements of another, and is also seen in catatonia.

Disorders of thinkingDisorders of thinking:: Clang associationClang association – is the meaningless rhyming of – is the meaningless rhyming of

words, often in a forceful manner, “On the track…have words, often in a forceful manner, “On the track…have a Big Mac…or get the sack,” in which the rhyming is a Big Mac…or get the sack,” in which the rhyming is often more important that the context of the word.often more important that the context of the word.

Word saladWord salad – is a term used to identify a mixture of – is a term used to identify a mixture of phrases that is meaningless to the listener and perhaps phrases that is meaningless to the listener and perhaps to the speaker as well. It may include a string of to the speaker as well. It may include a string of neologisms, as in the following example: “Birds and neologisms, as in the following example: “Birds and fishes…framewoes…mud and stars and thumpbump fishes…framewoes…mud and stars and thumpbump going.”going.”

Disorders of thinking Disorders of thinking :: Flight of ideas – Flight of ideas – is a nearly continuous flow of is a nearly continuous flow of

accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic that are usually based on understandable topic that are usually based on understandable associations or plays on words. At times, the attentive associations or plays on words. At times, the attentive listener can keep up with the changes, even though listener can keep up with the changes, even though direction changes from moment to moment. Speech is direction changes from moment to moment. Speech is rapid, verbose, and circumstantial (including minute and rapid, verbose, and circumstantial (including minute and unnecessary details). When the condition is severe, unnecessary details). When the condition is severe, speech may be disorganized and incoherent.speech may be disorganized and incoherent.

Disorders of emotions Disorders of emotions :: Hypotymia, hypertymia, atymia, paratymia – depends on Hypotymia, hypertymia, atymia, paratymia – depends on

mood.mood. Hypopathia, hyperpathia – according to emotional background.Hypopathia, hyperpathia – according to emotional background. HyperpathiaHyperpathia – with pain tint, have unpleasant character, – with pain tint, have unpleasant character,

different from daily feelings..different from daily feelings.. HypopathiaHypopathia – in process of acknowledge, decreasing of – in process of acknowledge, decreasing of

feeling from inner receptors “became feeling from inner receptors “became insensitiveinsensitive””.. ApathiaApathia – absence of emotional accompaniment in feelings, – absence of emotional accompaniment in feelings,

dissappearing of social feelings, but they are not reflected in dissappearing of social feelings, but they are not reflected in patient’s complains.patient’s complains.

HypertymiaHypertymia is seen in form of various symptoms – is seen in form of various symptoms – euphoria euphoria – – without any reasonwithout any reason increased mood. Translated as “bring increased mood. Translated as “bring good”. It can be seen at progressive paralysis, narcomanias, good”. It can be seen at progressive paralysis, narcomanias, alcoholic psychosis. alcoholic psychosis.

Disorders of emotions Disorders of emotions :: Exsaltation – Exsaltation – accompanied with feeling of selfconsciousness. accompanied with feeling of selfconsciousness.

With aim of paiying attention to himself(hystery).With aim of paiying attention to himself(hystery). Manic condition (hyperthymia)-Manic condition (hyperthymia)- joyful, merry, happy joyful, merry, happy

condition, no bad emotions.condition, no bad emotions. 3 main signs : increased mood, increased will functions, 3 main signs : increased mood, increased will functions,

tachyphrenia – increasing of associations. Easy appearing of tachyphrenia – increasing of associations. Easy appearing of thoughts, sharpening of memory, anekdots, happy stories, real thoughts, sharpening of memory, anekdots, happy stories, real existing problems are going on second place.existing problems are going on second place.

Hyperbulia-Hyperbulia-higher activity, higher need in conversation, they higher activity, higher need in conversation, they are not tired, sleep is disturbed, main instincts are absent.are not tired, sleep is disturbed, main instincts are absent.

Moria – Moria – mood is a little bit increased, which is characterized mood is a little bit increased, which is characterized by by euphoria.euphoria.

Disorders of emotions Disorders of emotions ::

Disorders of emotions Disorders of emotions :: Depressive syndrome – Depressive syndrome – mood is decreased, bradyphrenia, mood is decreased, bradyphrenia,

hypobulia. If it’s endogenic – it gain vital character – disappearance hypobulia. If it’s endogenic – it gain vital character – disappearance of sleep, appetite, sexual functions; feeling of pain, pressure – of sleep, appetite, sexual functions; feeling of pain, pressure – mostly in heart. Feeling of quilt appear, they begin to remember mostly in heart. Feeling of quilt appear, they begin to remember their previous life, fixate their attention on negative things, self-their previous life, fixate their attention on negative things, self-appraisal decreased, they can’t concentrate, thinking and appraisal decreased, they can’t concentrate, thinking and associative functions are decreased. associative functions are decreased. “raptus melancholicus”“raptus melancholicus” can appear –strong excitement during which they can make can appear –strong excitement during which they can make suicide.suicide.

““Anaesthesia dolorosa psychica” – Anaesthesia dolorosa psychica” – emotions toward relatives, emotions toward relatives, work, intellectual work disappear, they understand it, but they work, intellectual work disappear, they understand it, but they cannot do anything with themselves.cannot do anything with themselves.

Anxiety – Anxiety – undifferential feelingundifferential feeling of of coming danger. Waiting of bad coming danger. Waiting of bad end.end.

Fear – Fear – general, projective on modern time on life threat.general, projective on modern time on life threat.

Disorders of emotions Disorders of emotions :: Depressive syndrome – Depressive syndrome – mood is decreased, bradyphrenia, mood is decreased, bradyphrenia,

hypobulia. If it’s endogenic – it gain vital character – disappearance hypobulia. If it’s endogenic – it gain vital character – disappearance of sleep, appetite, sexual functions; feeling of pain, pressure – of sleep, appetite, sexual functions; feeling of pain, pressure – mostly in heart. Feeling of quilt appear, they begin to remember mostly in heart. Feeling of quilt appear, they begin to remember their previous life, fixate their attention on negative things, self-their previous life, fixate their attention on negative things, self-appraisal decreased, they can’t concentrate, thinking and appraisal decreased, they can’t concentrate, thinking and associative functions are decreased. associative functions are decreased. “raptus melancholicus”“raptus melancholicus” can appear –strong excitement during which they can make can appear –strong excitement during which they can make suicide.suicide.

““Anaesthesia dolorosa psychica” – Anaesthesia dolorosa psychica” – emotions toward relatives, emotions toward relatives, work, intellectual work dissaper, they understand it, but they work, intellectual work dissaper, they understand it, but they cannot do anything with themselves.cannot do anything with themselves.

Anxiety – Anxiety – undifferential feelingundifferential feeling coming danger. Waiting of bad coming danger. Waiting of bad end.end.

Fear – Fear – general, projective on modern time on life threat.general, projective on modern time on life threat.

Disorders ofDisorders of will will spheresphere::

WillWill – – realized effort, which is directed on aim reaching. realized effort, which is directed on aim reaching. Will activity is typical only for a human being.Will activity is typical only for a human being.

Will of animals is manifested only by instincts, inner Will of animals is manifested only by instincts, inner needs.needs.

Human needs : necessity without which we cannot exist.Human needs : necessity without which we cannot exist. 3 needs according to Epicurus:3 needs according to Epicurus:

..Natural, necessary (food) Natural, necessary (food) ..Natural, which are not for 100% necessary Natural, which are not for 100% necessary

(sexual)(sexual) Unnatural, but necessary (wants of glory, prestige)Unnatural, but necessary (wants of glory, prestige)


Abulia – absence of motivation, passivity, motionless. It Abulia – absence of motivation, passivity, motionless. It can be manifested by incapability to make decision.can be manifested by incapability to make decision.

Hypobulia – is manifested with hypodynamia, Hypobulia – is manifested with hypodynamia, decreasing of impulses.decreasing of impulses.

Hyperbulia – condition of increased activity, aspiration Hyperbulia – condition of increased activity, aspiration to immediately reaching of aim.to immediately reaching of aim.

Dypsomania – impulsive drawing to drinking. Dypsomania – impulsive drawing to drinking. Dromomania – drawing to vagrancy, to change places.Dromomania – drawing to vagrancy, to change places. Pyromania – drawing to burn something.Pyromania – drawing to burn something. Kleptomania – aimless steeling.Kleptomania – aimless steeling.


Myphomania – need in lie.Myphomania – need in lie. Koprolalia – unbreakable using of slang (bad words).Koprolalia – unbreakable using of slang (bad words). Disorders of sexual instincts:Disorders of sexual instincts: Homosexuality – draw to the same sex;Homosexuality – draw to the same sex; Bisexuality – latent homosexulist;Bisexuality – latent homosexulist; Pedophilia – draw to children;Pedophilia – draw to children; Sadism – draw to making physical pain to sexual Sadism – draw to making physical pain to sexual

partner;partner; Mosahism – need of feeling of pain which comes from Mosahism – need of feeling of pain which comes from

sexual partner;sexual partner; Fetishism – sexual draw on some parts of body, cloth.Fetishism – sexual draw on some parts of body, cloth.


Narcissism – during watching his own body;Narcissism – during watching his own body; Transvestitism – eager to wear cloth of Transvestitism – eager to wear cloth of

opposite sex;opposite sex; Herontophilia – to old people;Herontophilia – to old people; Necrophilia – to dead people;Necrophilia – to dead people;

Sodophilia – to animals.Sodophilia – to animals.


Disorder of self preservation Disorder of self preservation instinct:instinct:

Aggression- behavior is directed on removal source of Aggression- behavior is directed on removal source of danger. Aggression could be affective, verbal, inductive.danger. Aggression could be affective, verbal, inductive.

Suicide – aggression, directed toward oneself. Inductive Suicide – aggression, directed toward oneself. Inductive – in cause of external factors.– in cause of external factors.

Altruistic s.- to rescue somebody.Altruistic s.- to rescue somebody. Demonstrative s. – at hysterical patients.Demonstrative s. – at hysterical patients.


– Eating instinct:Eating instinct: Bulimia – increased eating draw (patients with catatonic Bulimia – increased eating draw (patients with catatonic

symptoms, progressive paralysis, mental retardation);symptoms, progressive paralysis, mental retardation); Anorexia – loss of hunger feeling; real – at Simmonds Anorexia – loss of hunger feeling; real – at Simmonds

disease (tumor of hypophys), psychic anorexia(patients disease (tumor of hypophys), psychic anorexia(patients with depression, catatonic stupor, alcoholics);with depression, catatonic stupor, alcoholics);

Polyphagia – eating of various objects, which are not Polyphagia – eating of various objects, which are not food(patients with schizophrenia, progressive paralysis).food(patients with schizophrenia, progressive paralysis).


– Pathology of psychomotorics.Pathology of psychomotorics. Akinesia – absence of movements.Akinesia – absence of movements. Depressive stupor – connected with depressive Depressive stupor – connected with depressive

condition, weakness, absence of emotional component. condition, weakness, absence of emotional component. Psychogenic stupor – psychogenic trauma is taking Psychogenic stupor – psychogenic trauma is taking

place, affective – shock reaction on psychogenic factor.place, affective – shock reaction on psychogenic factor. Catatonic stupor – accompanied with mutism, increasing Catatonic stupor – accompanied with mutism, increasing

of vital muscle tonus.of vital muscle tonus. Negativism – is equivalent to resistance. In active

negativism, the person do the opposite of what they are told to do. When people do not do things they are expected to do – passive negativism.


– Pathology of psychomotorics.Pathology of psychomotorics. ““wax flexibilitywax flexibility ” or “catalepsy” – which posture we put ” or “catalepsy” – which posture we put

them – they will take it, doesn’t react on speech, them – they will take it, doesn’t react on speech, doesn’t to contradict on putting him in that posture, can doesn’t to contradict on putting him in that posture, can stay for a long time. Can be accompanied with stay for a long time. Can be accompanied with negativism – that he make opposite things.negativism – that he make opposite things.

Symptom of “air pillow”-patient lays in bed and his head Symptom of “air pillow”-patient lays in bed and his head is in the air, over a pillow, because of muscle tonus.is in the air, over a pillow, because of muscle tonus.

Hallucinative stupor – under hallucinations.Hallucinative stupor – under hallucinations. Automatic obedience – a catatonic patient may

perform, without hesitation, all simple commands in a robot-like fashion.

Disorders ofDisorders of will will spheresphere::– Pathology of psychomotorics.Pathology of psychomotorics.

Conditions of excitement.Conditions of excitement. Psychomotor excitement – organic ex. –repeating of the same Psychomotor excitement – organic ex. –repeating of the same

movements.movements. Depressive ex. –during “raptus melancholicus”Depressive ex. –during “raptus melancholicus” Manic ex. – with aim, increased movement activity.Manic ex. – with aim, increased movement activity. Catatonic ex. – doesn’t have any aim.Catatonic ex. – doesn’t have any aim. Parakinesias – very special talk,walk.Parakinesias – very special talk,walk. Pavlov symptom – patients with catatonic stupor closer to evening Pavlov symptom – patients with catatonic stupor closer to evening

begin to walk, eat. If we talk to them with begin to walk, eat. If we talk to them with whisper they will answer.whisper they will answer. Bumke symptom – absence of pupils on pain irritants.Bumke symptom – absence of pupils on pain irritants. Echopraxia – repeating of someones movements.Echopraxia – repeating of someones movements. Stereotypes - Stereotypes - monotony in behavior.monotony in behavior.

Disorders of intellect:Disorders of intellect:

Inborn:Inborn: ..Light mental retardation IQ – (debility)Light mental retardation IQ – (debility) ..Moderate (imbecility)Moderate (imbecility) ..Heavy (idiocy)Heavy (idiocy) ..SevereSevere

Acquired:Acquired: DementiaDementia

Thank you for attention!Thank you for attention!

disorde of thinking, intellect, memory, emotions

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