displacement lr
TRANSCRIPT
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Displacement-Based Design
Displacement-based design (DBD) has evolved as a way to implement PBSE in an
easy way and has been comprehensively studied for different researches. Each one has
suggested different ways to use this approach focusing on different aspects and types of
structures as explained next. The basic assumption behind the displacement-based methods is
that structural damage is better characterized by deformations. Thus, the deformations of the
structure (drift or displacement) are the starting point of the design and not the end product as
in the traditional force-based design methods. Then, the limit states established by the owner
and engineer are related to displacement or drift to design the structure.
Panagiotakos and F ardis (2001) proposed a modified displacement-based seismic design
(DBD) procedure for reinforced concrete buildings. Their approach differs from most other
DBD procedures mainly in that the displacement-based seismic design is integrated with the
ultimate state and while other loads such as winds are linked to the serviceability limit state.
Also, local seismic displacement and deformation demands are used directly for member
proportioning and detailing, without conversion to strength demands. They compared the
results of their designs with the Eurocode 8 (EC8). The main differences between a building
designed with the DBD procedures and design codes such as EC8 is that the seismic
reinforcement is concentrated only where it is needed to meet seismic deformation demands,
rather than being placed indiscriminately in all members.
Sul l ivan et al (2003)studied the limitations and performance of eight different displacement
based design methods applied to five different buildings. These methods include:
Freeman (1998)-Capacity Spectrum
This method is best for the assessment of existing structures. It uses a capacity spectrum of
the structure superimposed with demand spectra at different ductility/damping levels. This
approach is good for irregular structures, when a pushover analysis is used to compute the
yield displacement. It does not recommend a procedure to design new structures and develop
demand spectra for different damping levels.
Panagiotakos and Fardis (1999)-Initial Stiffness Deformation Control
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This method involves the calculation of an expected maximum displacement for an
already designed structure. This method was developed for frame type structures since it
provides factors to compute the elastic and inelastic chord rotations of this type of system.
Sullivan et al (2003) found this method appropriate also for wall type structures. The method
checks the target ductility at two different design levels, which could appears restrictive in
performance based design. The model recommends the use of an uncracked stiffness for the
elements in the structure in the initial elastic design. This causes that the design shear to be in
general higher that in the other methods.
SEAOC (1999)-Displacement Based Method a
This method designs the structure for target drift values while ductility demands are
not controlled. Four different risk scenarios and drift limits can be considered. Target
displacements are based on prescribed factors and assumed ductility demands. The method
cannot be used for flexible structures and has some limitations for wall structures.
Aschheim and Black (2000)-Yield Point Spectra
This procedure permits the design of a structure considering several levels of
performance in a relatively quickly way. The method defines permissible design regions
using a yield point spectra based on target drift and ductility values. After that the yield
displacement is determined, the strength of the structure to reach the selected ductility and
drift levels is obtained. This method relies on a good estimation of the yield displacement. It
is less accurate for irregular structures, since the yield displacement obtained from the spectra
is very sensible. Small changes in the yield displacement can cause large changes in the
design base shear.
Priestley and Kowalsky (2000)-Direct Displacement Based Design
This method designs the structures to satisfy pre-defined drift levels in a direct
manner. Code drifts and inelastic rotation capacities of the structure are part of the design
process. It also uses displacement profiles of the structures to determine system displacement.
These profiles have not been developed for irregular structures. However, Sullivan et al
(2002) proves the effectiveness of this method for the design of irregular structures.
Browning (2001)-Initial Stiffness Iterative Proportioning
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This method imposes a limit on the maximum displacement of the structure. Thus,
changes to the structural system are made to attain this limit by an interactive process. This
method was developed for regular reinforced concrete frame structures. It does not provide
any recommendation to obtain design base shears. Also, it uses uncracked stiffness properties
for the elements in the structure and acceleration amplification factors, which can result in
large design strengths.
Chopra and Goel (2001)-Inelastic Spectra
The method is based on the work done by Priestley and Calvi (1997) to determine the
target displacement and design ductility. Then, it uses an inelastic displacement spectrum to
obtain the period and initial stiffness of the system. This approach does not provide
recommendations for structures other than SDOF oscillators and does not recommend a
procedure to distribute the shear in the structure. Also, it is not appropriate for structures with
flexible foundations. The accuracy of this method depends on an accurate estimation of the
initial stiffness.
Kappos and Manafpour (2001)-Advanced Techniques with Time History
This method is complex in the sense that it requires the development of a detailed
model in which members are able to exhibit inelastic behavior. Then, the model is subject to
two different time history analyses corresponding to two earthquake hazard levels. Target
limits for these levels are checked and detailing for plastic rotations is provided. It is
recommended for irregular structures or when the inelastic response appears to be difficult to
predict because it is a time consuming method.
Abderrachid and Ahmed (2010) presented a comparison of the displacement based design of
reinforced concrete structures using spectra provided the Algerian seismic code. The study
was conducted on regular reinforced concrete frames, which consisted of four frames in each
direction and a maximum number of storeys taken equal to three. The study proposed the
need for appropriate displacement spectra for design purposes.
Gij i et al (2012)reviewed six displacement -based seismic design approaches for reinforced
concrete moment resisting frames, and compared their relative performance. The methods
were applied in the design of three reinforced concrete building frames (4-storeyed, 9-
storeyed and 15-storeyed). The performance of each method were assessed by comparing the
actual design parameters with parameters obtained through time history analysis. The paper
identifies the direct displacement based design (DDBD) proposed by Priestley and Kowalsky
(2000) to be the most promising.
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From above methods, this study is going to employ the direct displacement-based
method for frames developed by Priestley and Kowalsky (2000) and fully described in
Priestley et al. (2007) for the seismic design of reinforced concrete frame buildings.