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Disposal of LLW/ILW: The Extension of
the SFR-Repository
Börje Torstenfelt
Radioactive waste (IAEA GSG-1)
SFR
SFL
SFR after the extension
2015-02-09
Silo
2013-04-08
Rock vault for medium level waste - 1BMA
2013-04-08
Rock vault for medium level waste - 2BMA
2013-04-08
Rock vault for low level waste, 1BLA
2013-04-08
Rock vault for low level waste, 2 to 5BLA
2013-04-08
Rock vault for reactor pressure vessels - BRT
2013-04-08
Rock vault for reactor vessels - BRT
10
Rock vault for concrete tanks 2BTF
2013-04-08
Rock vault for ash drums 1BTF
2013-04-08
Elevation of the SFR
2013-04-08
Base Case – Boundary conditions
• Three repository positions relative to the shoreline
• Three flow fields representing time evolution of the groundwater flow
– Position 1, repository submerged
– Position 2, shoreline @ repository (ca 3000 AD)
– Position 3, repository well removed from shoreline (ca 5000 AD)
14
Modelling using Comsol Multiphysics
• The repository scale models for the SFR1 and SFR 3 are set up and
solved in Comsol Multiphysics
– Generate input for the radionuclide transport (Ecolego)
– Extend the system understanding of the SFR
15
Model example – Flow field calculations
• System understanding studies
– Degradation of concrete barriers and bentonite plugs
– Closure options
– Effects of land rise
– Permafrost effects
Degradation of bentonite plugs – SFR 3
17
• Long bentonite plugs
seal the vaults of the
SFR 3 (blue)
• When land rise has
moved the repository
above the shoreline of
the Baltic, water reaches
the repository from
above
Degradation of bentonite plugs – SFR 3
18
• Intact plugs of bentonite
–Flow is diverted from the
access tunnels and the
repository vaults
–Some groundwater
enters and leaves the
vaults vertically through
faults zones in the rock
Degradation of bentonite plugs – SFR 3
19
• Without the bentonite plugs
–Water travels along access
ramps
–The main flow is distributed
across the BLA vaults that
have no extra engineered
barriers except the plugs
–The concentration of flow to
the BLA vaults also
decreases transverse flow
from vault to vault
–BRT and 2BMA waste flows
are not significantly affected
Relative importance of the safety principles
Safety principles and corresponding safety
functions
Safety principle Breaks down into safety functions
Limitation of the activity of
long-lived radionuclides
Limited quantity of activity
Retention of radionuclides Low water flow
Good retention
Avoid wells in the direct vicinity of
the repository
Scenarios and associated uncertainties
Radiological consequence – Total risk
Total risk as a function of time
Gray areas represents time-
periods with permafrost.
Additional analysis, Risk per waste vault
Additional analysis, Risk per radionuclide
Radioactivity after 100 y vs free release limit
1E-09
1E-07
1E-05
1E-03
1E-01
1E+01
1E+03
Co-6
0
Eu
-15
4
H-3
Eu
-15
2
Pu
-24
1
Nb
-93
m
Cm
-24
4
Sr-
90
Cm
-24
3
Cs-
13
7
U-2
32
Pu
-23
8
Sm
-151
Ni-
63
Am
-24
2m
Am
-24
1
Ag
-10
8m
Ho
-16
6m
Mo
-93
Cm
-24
6
C-1
4
Pu
-24
0
Am
-24
3
Cm
-24
5
Nb
-94
Pu
-23
9
Ni-
59
Tc-
99
U-2
34
Cl-
36
Pu
-24
2
Zr-
93
Np
-23
7
Cs-
13
5
I-12
9
U-2
36
U-2
35
U-2
38
Ra
tio
bet
wee
n a
ver
ag
e co
nce
ntr
ati
on
in w
ast
e a
nd
cle
ra
nce
lev
els
1BLA
Radioactivity after 1000 y vs free release limit
1E-09
1E-07
1E-05
1E-03
1E-01
1E+01
1E+03
Co-6
0
Eu
-15
4
H-3
Eu
-15
2
Pu
-24
1
Nb
-93
m
Cm
-24
4
Sr-
90
Cm
-24
3
Cs-
13
7
U-2
32
Pu
-23
8
Sm
-151
Ni-
63
Am
-24
2m
Am
-24
1
Ag
-10
8m
Ho
-16
6m
Mo
-93
Cm
-24
6
C-1
4
Pu
-24
0
Am
-24
3
Cm
-24
5
Nb
-94
Pu
-23
9
Ni-
59
Tc-
99
U-2
34
Cl-
36
Pu
-24
2
Zr-
93
Np
-23
7
Cs-
13
5
I-12
9
U-2
36
U-2
35
U-2
38
Ra
tio
betw
een
av
era
ge c
on
cen
tra
tio
n
in w
ast
e a
nd
cle
ra
nce l
ev
els
1BLA
Radioactivity after 10000 y vs free release limit
1E-09
1E-07
1E-05
1E-03
1E-01
1E+01
1E+03
Co-6
0
Eu
-15
4
H-3
Eu
-15
2
Pu
-24
1
Nb
-93
m
Cm
-24
4
Sr-
90
Cm
-24
3
Cs-
13
7
U-2
32
Pu
-23
8
Sm
-151
Ni-
63
Am
-24
2m
Am
-24
1
Ag
-10
8m
Ho
-16
6m
Mo
-93
Cm
-24
6
C-1
4
Pu
-24
0
Am
-24
3
Cm
-24
5
Nb
-94
Pu
-23
9
Ni-
59
Tc-
99
U-2
34
Cl-
36
Pu
-24
2
Zr-
93
Np
-23
7
Cs-
13
5
I-12
9
U-2
36
U-2
35
U-2
38
Ra
tio
bet
wee
n a
ver
ag
e co
nce
ntr
ati
on
in w
ast
e a
nd
cle
ra
nce
lev
els
1BLA
Radioactivity after 100 y vs free release limit
1E-09
1E-08
1E-07
1E-06
1E-05
1E-04
1E-03
1E-02
1E-01
1E+00
1E+01
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
Co-6
0
Eu
-15
4
H-3
Eu
-15
2
Pu
-24
1
Nb
-93
m
Cm
-24
4
Sr-
90
Cm
-24
3
Cs-
13
7
U-2
32
Pu
-23
8
Sm
-151
Ni-
63
Am
-24
2m
Am
-24
1
Ag
-10
8m
Ho
-16
6m
Mo
-93
Cm
-24
6
C-1
4
Pu
-24
0
Am
-24
3
Cm
-24
5
Nb
-94
Pu
-23
9
Ni-
59
Tc-
99
U-2
34
Cl-
36
Pu
-24
2
Zr-
93
Np
-23
7
Cs-
13
5
I-12
9
U-2
36
U-2
35
U-2
38
Ra
tio
bet
wee
n a
ver
ag
e co
nce
ntr
ati
on
in
wa
ste
an
d c
lera
nce
lev
els
1BMA
Radioactivity after 1000 y vs free release limit
1E-09
1E-07
1E-05
1E-03
1E-01
1E+01
1E+03
Co-6
0
Eu
-15
4
H-3
Eu
-15
2
Pu
-24
1
Nb
-93
m
Cm
-24
4
Sr-
90
Cm
-24
3
Cs-
13
7
U-2
32
Pu
-23
8
Sm
-151
Ni-
63
Am
-24
2m
Am
-24
1
Ag
-10
8m
Ho
-16
6m
Mo
-93
Cm
-24
6
C-1
4
Pu
-24
0
Am
-24
3
Cm
-24
5
Nb
-94
Pu
-23
9
Ni-
59
Tc-
99
U-2
34
Cl-
36
Pu
-24
2
Zr-
93
Np
-23
7
Cs-
13
5
I-12
9
U-2
36
U-2
35
U-2
38
Ra
tio
bet
wee
n a
ver
ag
e co
nce
ntr
ati
on
in w
ast
e a
nd
cle
ra
nce
lev
els
1BMA
Radioactivity after 10000 y vs free release limit
Radioactivity after 100000 y vs free release limit
1E-09
1E-07
1E-05
1E-03
1E-01
1E+01
1E+03
Co-6
0
Eu
-15
4
H-3
Eu
-15
2
Pu
-24
1
Nb
-93
m
Cm
-24
4
Sr-
90
Cm
-24
3
Cs-
13
7
U-2
32
Pu
-23
8
Sm
-151
Ni-
63
Am
-24
2m
Am
-24
1
Ag
-10
8m
Ho
-16
6m
Mo
-93
Cm
-24
6
C-1
4
Pu
-24
0
Am
-24
3
Cm
-24
5
Nb
-94
Pu
-23
9
Ni-
59
Tc-
99
U-2
34
Cl-
36
Pu
-24
2
Zr-
93
Np
-23
7
Cs-
13
5
I-12
9
U-2
36
U-2
35
U-2
38
Ra
tio
bet
wee
n a
ver
ag
e co
nce
ntr
ati
on
in w
ast
e a
nd
cle
ra
nce
lev
els
1BMA
1E-09
1E-07
1E-05
1E-03
1E-01
1E+01
1E+03
Co-6
0
Eu
-15
4
H-3
Eu
-15
2
Pu
-24
1
Nb
-93
m
Cm
-24
4
Sr-
90
Cm
-24
3
Cs-
13
7
U-2
32
Pu
-23
8
Sm
-151
Ni-
63
Am
-24
2m
Am
-24
1
Ag
-10
8m
Ho
-16
6m
Mo
-93
Cm
-24
6
C-1
4
Pu
-24
0
Am
-24
3
Cm
-24
5
Nb
-94
Pu
-23
9
Ni-
59
Tc-
99
U-2
34
Cl-
36
Pu
-24
2
Zr-
93
Np
-23
7
Cs-
13
5
I-12
9
U-2
36
U-2
35
U-2
38
Ra
tio
bet
wee
n a
ver
ag
e co
nce
ntr
ati
on
in w
ast
e a
nd
cle
ra
nce
lev
els
1BMA
Thank you!