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WRITING DISSERTATION LITERATURE REVIEWWhat Theories & Models to be included WhileWriting Your Dissertation On WomenEntrepreneurs & Internationalization ProcessOf Firms – Theoretical View
An Academic presentation by Dr. Nancy Agens, Head, Technical Operations, Tutors India Group www.tutorsindia.comEmail: [email protected]
AbstractEconomic Entrepreneurship Sociological Entrepreneurship TheoryAnthropological Entrepreneurship Opportunity–Based Entrepreneurship Resource-Based Entrepreneurship Theories Conclusion
OUTLINE
Today's Discussion
AbstractThere has been an increased interest in women's entrepreneurshipresearch due to the changing sociocultural conditions in the global
marketplace. Despite this trend, there is still a lack of understandingabout the role of women entrepreneurs play in the internationalization
process of firms. The aim of this blog is to systematically review theliterature on women's entrepreneurship and internationalization byexamining the trends in the research. This blog shed light on latesttheories, models, research frameworks, and empirical studies on
women entrepreneurship and internationalization process of firmsfrom peer reviewed articles and industrial news perspective.
ClassicalNeo-classicalAustrian Market Process
Economic Entrepreneurship Theories
Assume the virtues of freetrade, specialization, andcompetition initiate entrepreneurship. The directing role of theentrepreneur in the contextof production anddistribution of goods in a competitive marketplace. Entrepreneurial successdepends on the internalability to judge andforecast a particularsituation.
Classical Theory
SpeculationFree tradeSpecializationand competition
Free tradeopportunities andcompetitiontriggerentrepreneurship.
Free tradeopportunity andcompetition
Identified Factors
Implications
Derived Factors
Economicphenomena could berelegated to instancesof pure exchange. The economic systemconsists of exchangeparticipants, exchangeoccurrences, and theimpact of results ofthe exchange onother market actors.
Neo-Classical Theory
Exchangecreatesenoughimpetus forentrepreneurship
Exchange createsenough impetus forentrepreneurship.
Free tradeopportunity andcompetition
Identified Factors
Implications
Derived Factors
Highlights theimportance of humanaction in the context ofan economy ofknowledge.Entrepreneurship isconsidered as a driver ofmarket-based systems.Three concepts of AMP:arbitraging market,alertness to profit-making opportunities,ownership is distinctfrom entrepreneurship.
Austrian Market Process
Exchange andmarginal utility Coordination,innovation,arbitration Uncertaintybearer
Free tradeopportunities &competition trigger entrepreneurship.
Free tradeopportunity andcompetition
Identified Factors
Implications
Derived Factors
SpeculationFree tradeSpecialization and competition
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Free trade opportunities andcompetition trigger entrepreneurship.
IMPLICATIONS
Free trade opportunity andcompetition
DERIVED FACTORS
Economic Entrepreneurship Theories
Assume the virtues of free trade,specialization, and competition initiateentrepreneurship. The directing role of theentrepreneur in the context of productionand distribution of goods in a competitivemarketplace.Entrepreneurial successdepends on the internal ability to judge andforecast a particular situation.
CLASSICAL THEORY
Exchange and marginal utilityCoordination, innovation, arbitrationUncertainty bearer
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Exchange creates enough impetus forentrepreneurship.
IMPLICATIONS
Exchange/export of goodsRisk-taking ability
DERIVED FACTORS
Economic phenomena could berelegated to instances of pureexchange. The economic systemconsists of exchange participants,exchange occurrences, and the impactof results of the exchange on othermarket actors.
NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY
Human actions in the knowledgeeconomy Arbitraging (searching) marketfor opportunities Alertness to profit-making opportunities.
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Opportunity seeking is important forentrepreneurial growth and expansion.
IMPLICATIONS
Knowledge as human capital; alertnessto profit-making opportunities
DERIVED FACTORS
Highlights the importance of human action inthe context of an economy of knowledge.Entrepreneurship is considered as a driver ofmarket-based systems. Three concepts of AMP:arbitraging market, alertness to profit-makingopportunities, ownership is distinct fromentrepreneurship.
AUSTRIAN MARKET PROCESS (AMP)
Personality Traits TheoryNeed for Achievement Theory
Psychological Entrepreneurship Theories
Entrepreneurs’characteristics give usa clue or anunderstanding ofthese traits or inbornpotentials. Personalitytraits help explainingor to make aninference frombehavior.
Personality Traits Theory
Locus of controlInternal locus ofcontrolExternal locus ofcontrol
Free tradeopportunities andcompetitiontriggerentrepreneurship.
Free tradeopportunity andcompetition
Identified Factors
Implications
Derived Factors
Entrepreneur’ssuccess comes fromhis/ her abilities andalso support fromoutside.Locus of control hadnegative influence onentrepreneurialinclination.
Support fromfamily andsocietyEntrepreneur’sabilities (locus ofcontrol)
Human beings needto succeed,accomplish, excel, orachieve.Entrepreneurs aredriven by this needto achieve and excel.
Need for Achievement Theory
Achievementmotivation
Risk-taking andinnovativeness, needfor achievement, andthe tolerance forambiguity have apositive andsignificant influenceon entrepreneurialinclination.
Need forachievement
Identified Factors
Implications
Derived Factors
Locus of controlInternal locus of control External locus of control
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Entrepreneur’s success comes from his/ her abilities andalso support from outside.Locus of control had negative influence onentrepreneurial inclination.
IMPLICATIONS
Support from family and societyEntrepreneur’s abilities (locus of control)
DERIVED FACTORS
Psychological Entrepreneurship Theories
Entrepreneurs’ characteristics give us a clue or anunderstanding of these traits or inborn potentials.Personality traits help explaining or to make an inferencefrom behavior.
PERSONALITY TRAITSTHEORY
Achievement motivation
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Risk-taking and innovativeness, need for achievement,and the tolerance for ambiguity have a positive andsignificant influence on entrepreneurial inclination.
IMPLICATIONS
Need for achievement
DERIVED FACTORS
Human beings need to succeed, accomplish,excel, or achieve.Entrepreneurs are driven by this need to achieveand excel.
NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENTTHEORY
Weber’s Sociological TheoryTheory of Withdrawal of Status RespectTheory of Moral Dimension of CultureSocial Contexts
Sociological Entrepreneurship Theory
Religious and socialvalues
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Religious beliefs andvalues influenceentrepreneurial actions.
IMPLICATIONS
Religious norms
DERIVED FACTORS
Sociological Entrepreneurship Theory
Religious imperatives ofCalvinism drive entrepreneursby giving moral energy.
WEBER’S SOCIOLOGICALTHEORY
Loss of status/Loss ofsocial recognition/Disrespect from society
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Disrespect from thedominant social grouptriggers a personality change(creativity) that encouragesentrepreneurial behaviors.
IMPLICATIONS
Need to gain social status
DERIVED FACTORS
Entrepreneurship is triggeredwhen a social group losesstatus as compared to othergroups in a society.
THEORY OF WITHDRAWALOF STATUS RESPECT
The moral dimension ofculture
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Commitments to tell thetruth, respecting otherpeople’s property andinterests, and obeying thelegal process may affectbusiness activities.
IMPLICATIONS
Social relationships and bondsExperiencesGovernment legislation
DERIVED FACTORS
The moral dimension of culturelegitimates general principles ofbusiness behavior and motivatesentrepreneurs to makecommitments of various kinds.
THEORY OF MORALDIMENSION OF CULTURE
Social relationships and bondsExperiences of peopleSociological background (identity)Government legislation, customers,employees, and competition
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Acts as a push/pull factor toan entrepreneurial decision.
IMPLICATIONS
Social relationships and bondsExperiences Sociologicalbackground (identity)Government legislationAvailability of customers andcompetitors
DERIVED FACTORS
Highlights four social contextsthat relate to entrepreneurialopportunity, (a) socialnetwork, (b) life course stage,(c) ethnic identification, (d)population ecology.
SOCIAL CONTEXTS
Transnationalism Theory
Anthropological Entrepreneurship Theory
Customs and beliefs of acommunity Culture
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Human transactions influence by the outcome of their biological,socio-linguistic, and intellectual experience. Culture reflects particularethnic, social, economic, ecological, and political complexities inindividuals through the customs and beliefs of a community. Culturalenvironments can produce attitude difference as well asentrepreneurial behavior differences.
IMPLICATIONS
Conservative customs, traditions, andbeliefs Cultural environments
DERIVED FACTORS
Anthropological Entrepreneurship Theory
Entrepreneurial success, depending on the social and culturalcontexts, should be examined or considered.
TRANSNATIONALISM THEORY
Opportunity–Based Entrepreneurship Theory
Opportunity–Based Entrepreneurship Theory
Opportunity–Based Entrepreneurship Theory
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Opportunity identification and exploitation significantly drive firms’behavior. Entrepreneurial alertness, in its turn, is a necessary condition forthe success of the opportunity identification triad: recognition,development, and evaluation.
IMPLICATIONS
Opportunity identificationInformation and knowledge
DERIVED FACTORS
The entrepreneur always searches for a change, responds to it, and exploitsit as an opportunity. The entrepreneur has a pursuit of opportunity withoutregard to resources currently controlled. Assumes the entrepreneur’spersonality traits, social networks, and prior knowledge as antecedents ofentrepreneurial alertness to business opportunities.
OPPORTUNITY–BASED ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY
Opportunity recognition and exploitation Resourcefulness and opportunity exploitation Entrepreneurial alertness
Resource-Based Entrepreneurship Theories
Resource-Based Entrepreneurship Theories
Human capitalSocial capitalFinancial capital
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
Human capital is comprised of knowledge, habits, social, and personalityattributes, such as creativity. Social capital can be a source of usefuleveryday information and of norms and sanctions, it can be restrictive.Financial capital helps people to exploit entrepreneurial opportunities.
IMPLICATIONS
Knowledge and experience as human capital Social obligations Socialconnections/ networks Social support and encouragement Financialilliteracy Financial information/advice.
DERIVED FACTORS
Resource-Based Entrepreneurship Theories
Firm-specific advantages are the result of superior information andcould drive high returns. Stresses the importance of financial, social,and human resources. Access to resources enhances the individual’sability to detect and act upon discovered opportunities.
RESOURCE-BASED ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORIES
Effectuation Theory
Recent Theory Related to Entrepreneurship
Recent Theory Related to Entrepreneurship
IDENTIFIED FACTORS
As this theory combines trait theory, resource-based theory,and social network theory, this theory is an effective one inassessing the firm’s international development.
IMPLICATIONS
Entrepreneur’s abilities Knowledge about foreign marketsNetworking with foreign partners
DERIVED FACTORS
Focuses on the entrepreneurs’ ability to create opportunities togetherwith network partners. Effectuation processes who the entrepreneur is(entrepreneur’s characteristics -traits, tastes, and abilities), what theyknow (knowledge corridors), and whom they know (social networks).
EFFECTUATION THEORY
Entrepreneur’s characteristics Knowledge corridorsSocial networks
All these theories are helpful for the women entreneurship tocontribution on social and economic development.
It also helps the women entreneurship to participate in small andmedium sized enterprises in international trade.
You can also identify the opportunities and also get clear vision.This article fills the gap in the literature of women entreneurship.
Conclusion
