dissolving landscape: a topological activation of the coast of havana, cuba

DISSOLVINGLANDSCAPEA topological activation of the coastal boundary of Havana, Cuba

Design thesis Victor Verhagen

26-01-2010

TUDelft, HollandBorder Conditions Havana Studio

tutors:Henriette Bier Oscar RommensSuzanne Groenewold

external examiner:Karel Vollers

Border Conditions Studio

Experimental architecture in asocio-political context.

MSc3 theoretical framework essay: emergent systems and intermediate places

mapping research in Havana, Cuba [group and individual] presented in border conditions HAVANA book

MSc4 individual design based on the mapping research

Mapping & research in Havana

11:37

LEGEND

Malecon wall 1.20 meters high

accessible reef at low tide

puddles of water on sidewalk

recently repaired area

sidewalk impossible to walk upon due to water and algea


distance of buildings to the sea

Malecon sidewalk

A 8 Km WALK ALONG THE MALECON Havana, Cuba21-10-0811:37-13.12

fishermen

X start / finish

high splashing waves

13:12X

X

HABANA

N

0 0,1 0.2 0,5 1km

Mapping the Malecon

11:37

LEGEND


accessible reef at low tide

puddles of water on sidewalk

recently repaired area

sidewalk impossible to walk upon due to water and algea


distance of buildings to the sea

Malecon sidewalk

A 8 Km WALK ALONG THE MALECON Havana, Cuba21-10-0811:37-13.12

fishermen

X start / finish

high splashing waves

13:12X

X

HABANA

N

0 0,1 0.2 0,5 1km

LEGEND

point of first ocean view in city

borderline of ocean viewpoints penetrating the city

conical views of the ocean from within the city

dead angles of the unfolded panoramic ocean view

+

maximum range of vision of horizon

construction lines of field of view

0

0,5

1

2,5

5km

N

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+ ++

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++ + +

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+ ++ +

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++++

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Miramar

Vedado

Centro Habana

A B C D E F G

A B

CD

G

F

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Visibility of the sea

LEGEND

point of first ocean view in city

borderline of ocean viewpoints penetrating the city

conical views of the ocean from within the city

dead angles of the unfolded panoramic ocean view

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maximum range of vision of horizon

construction lines of field of view

0

0,5

1

2,5

5km

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+ ++ + + +

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+ ++

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++ + +

++

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++ +

++

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++++

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++ + +++

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Miramar

Vedado

Centro Habana

A B C D E F G

A B

CD

G

F

E

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geometric pattern

measurable units

total population

old trees

new trees

no trees

incidents

revised model

wind / flood

influence

N

Legend

extremely high / obvious

low / to be neglected

speculation: influence of wind and water in urban context

varying / to be considered

old tree

no tree

young tree

diagrammatical analysis: measurable zone of infleunce

position of old tree

position of no tree

position of young tree

inventory of existing context: positions

0

20

40

100

200m

Wind influence in city

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geometric pattern

measurable units

total population

old trees

new trees

no trees

incidents

revised model

wind / flood

influence

N

Legend

extremely high / obvious

low / to be neglected

speculation: influence of wind and water in urban context

varying / to be considered

old tree

no tree

young tree

diagrammatical analysis: measurable zone of infleunce

position of old tree

position of no tree

position of young tree

inventory of existing context: positions

0

20

40

100

200m

Border condition: wall

Border condition: reef

Border condition: waves over wall

Border condition: flood

physical morphologicaltime-based

fixed

fluid

point

line

zone

gradient

permanent

periodical

seasonal

unpredictable

Mapping conclusion

SHOREZONES [landward boundary of sea]fluid unpredictable zone

water splashing over Malecon wall

SHOREZONES [landward boundary of sea]fluid unpredictable gradient

critical wind influence

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++++

+

+

+++++

+

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++++

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COASTLINES [seaward boundary of land]fixed permanent boundaries

point of coastview from within the city

Malecon seawall

+

edge of built city

SHORELINES [landward boundary of sea]fixed periodical boundaries

low tide

high tide SHOREZONES [landward boundary of sea]fluid seasonal zone

flooded area

Scenario

1. Recognition of the fact that seasonal floodings are unavoidable and hap-pening on a global scale across the whole coastline of Cuba, so the loca-tion at Havana has to be regarded as a local intervention.

2. Exacerbation of the paradoxal su-blime character of the sea, being both extremely beautiful and ex-tremely dangerous at the same time.

3. Recognition of the complixity and en-tanglement of all elements (water, wind, floods, rains) as a system ca-pable of producing emergent effects.

4. Site is considered as intermedi-air between city and sea, hand-ling flows of sea- and rainwa-ter as well as flows of people.

5. Utilizing flooding and salinity for creation of site specific experiences.

6. Creation of specific spaces that ena-ble one to reconsider and experience the relation between man and nature.

LOCATION: global scale

The chosen intervention site is located along the Malecon boulevard which runs continuously for 8 km connecting the Vedado, Centro Habana and Habana Vieja neighborhoods.

+

Infrastructural network

The Malecon boulevard is designed as a ringroad that is connected at certain points to a system of main secundairy roads. These connect to tertiary roads which open up the urban fabric of the city grid.

Along the 8 km Malecon ringroad, there are only 4 points where both lanes of the boulevard can be accessed from the secundairy roads, one of them being the intervention site. It is clear that the traffic connectivity is a force that can not be neglected in the design.

Malecon

Legend

secundairy road

tertiary road

open public space

intervention site

connection city-Malecon

both trac directions connected to city

city grid

LOCATION: glocal scale

The site lies in front of the hospital and is currently occupied by Parque Maceo. The boulevard running along the Hospital towards the coast is one of the main shopping and public facilities bou-levards of the city, dividing the Vedado and Centro Habana neighbourhoods.

Public artery

Boulevard Padre Varela is designed as the public artery that serves both Vedado and Centro Habana with public functions. Wal-king up the hill from the sea, the street provides shops for daily neccesities, school, cultural institutions, an occasi-onal bar, some Peso-food vending windows and most prominent, the towering Hospital.

5 m

3 m

10 m

15 m

20 m

22 m

2. Morphology1. Topography

3. Housing 4. Shops

5. Medical 6. Educational

7. Bar / Hotel 8. Cultural

LOCATION: local scale

The site is bounded by two main car ar-teries and is provided with a important bus stop making it a very public space within the city.

Inaccessible island

In the current situation, the plaza between the Malecon and San Lazaro is fenced off and only accessible via an underground tunnel underneath the Malecon. In order to acces, first you have to cross the road which makes the fenced off area act like an unaccessible open space, a boundary between the city fabric and the sea.

The site is bordered by two very busy roads which make it difficult to acces the space. Furthermore acces to the sea is blocked firstly by the Malecon road and secondly by the wall.

Non-representative design

Today, the architectural project is not

designed, but negotiated.2

Negotiating its way between forces and demands from the sea and the city, the desing will not draw its effect purely from its presence, but from its operative performance within its own context. In-stead of just a representative architec-ture, which is already completed by its own existence, this architecture is an active one, striving to produce effects out of itself. The aim of the design is to actualise virtual qualities inherent in the conditions that exist and the new blurred conditions that get created by the intervention, giving rise to a whole new realisation of becomings.

In this active model of coexistence, the fragile boundary between city and sea is not seen as a static line but reconside-red as a constantly shifting zone of di-vergence. It becomes the place where two extremes meet: one the uninhabitable, the unphatomable, the other the epitome of habitation, the pinnacle of human planning and appropriation. Openness versus density. Natural versus manmade. This intermediate place gets affected by forces from both sides, negotiating the demands of both entities into a single yet heterogeneous multiplicity.

2 Gausa, Manuel - Guallart, Vicente - Mller, Willy - Soriano, Federico - Porras, Fernando - Morales, Jos (2003)

The Metapolis Dictionary of Advanced Architecture: City,

Technology and Society in the Information Age, Barcelona,

ACTAR, p. 452.

Urban intervention

related to

sea conditions and

human behaviour

Wind behaviour

Winds are an expression of the weather system that produces different conditions that manifest themselves through fluctu-ations in winds but also in varying sea conditions, from very calm to the seasonal Hurricanes and floods.

Wind itself is invisible. Only its effects on dynamic mediation subjects like leaves of a tree or water that gets wrinkled can be seen. In other words, wind needs some-thing to act upon in order to make itself visible.

Water behaviour

Water is both a visible and a tactile me-dium that is essentially formless and pas-sive, only showing particular qualities when interacting with its surroundings.

By designing a fixed mediating substrate, potential virtual qualities inherent in water as a medium will get actualised at different moments and places. They will project themselves upon the mediating ar-chitecture in a symbiotic way, generating a blurred field of interaction between the design and the elements that is in a con-stant state of becoming rather than being.

Wind studies

Vertical zoning

Analogy with ocean tidal pool

1. Spray or splash zonethis is the most dry zone, receiving water spray or vapour from the breaking waves only at high tide. This zone oc-casionally gets flooded during storms in

2. High tide zonethis zone gets flooded only a few hours a day, when the tides reaches its peak.

3. Mid tide zonemostly submerged, this zone is the bio-tope of small plants and animals that rely on a continuous flow and ebb of the water. This zone is continually in

4. low tide zonealmost always submerged, this zone is the biotope of marine vegetation and bigger sealife that rely on water depth

Vertical zoning

Applied to Havana

Flood zone 2250 / 5700 + reef levelSpray zone 750 / 2250 + reef level Tidal zone - 150 / 750 + reef levelLow tide zone < 150 mm - reef level

4. Low tide -0,2m+0,8m+2,3m

+5,8m

3. Tidal zone2. Storm Spray zone

1. Flood zone

4. Low tide -0,2m+0,8m+2,3m

+5,8m

3. Tidal zone2. Storm Spray zone

1. Flood zone

Water morphology Inclined tide-flatCalm conditions: will get more and more covered with water as the tide rises. Water flowing up and down this surface creates a thin film that changes the physical appearance of the surface underneath it and shows effects made by sun and wind.

Stormy conditions: works as a wavebreaker when the tide lowers and the waveheight reaches 0,8 times the water depth (theoretical breaking point).

Inclined wavebreakerWaves will roll up and over this oblique surface and start to break with a forward motion, causing the zone behind this type of wavebrea-ker to flood with water.

Vertical wavebreakerThe vertical wall will make the wave splash up upon impact, cre-ating a salt vapour splash zone behind it, shaped by windspeed and winddirection. Spray gets produced during high tide, water will only splash over during storms.

Declined wavebreakerlocks up the wave and redirects it back into sea. No water and no va-pour behind this edge condition.

y1

x1

h

0,8 hy3y2

x2

x3

-0,2m+0,8m

-0,2m+0,8m

+2,3m

-0,2m+0,8m

+2,3m

+5,8m

+0,8m

+2,3m

texture surface condition

topology openness dispersion of obstacles

single surface condition

single/double surface condition

differentiated surface condition


surface - obstacles

obstacles on surface

obstacles, unclear surface

smooth surface

small surface irregularities

medium surface irregularities

big surface irregularities

irregular surface

chaotic surface

supersmooth almost no topological changes

fluid topologi-cal changes


open

open

open no obstacles

no obstacles

no obstacles

scattered grouped obstacles

orderly placed grouped obstacles

clusters of obstaclesclusters of open space

semi open obstaclesmedium permeable

semi closed obstacleshardly perme-able


closed obstaclesnot permeable

obstacles everywhere

occasional semi-hard topological changes

occasional semi-hard and hard topologi-cal changes

hard topologi-cal changes

extreme topological changes

section characteris-tics

plancharacteristics

smooth

landscape typologies

smoothly open

open

rough

very rough

closed

chaotic

sea snowcovered plain tide flat desert

beach pack ice morass snowcovered field

grass prairie farm field tundra heather

high crops varied height scattered trees hedges

mixed farmfields scattered buildingsforest clumps orchards

suburban housesvillagesmature forestslarge obstacles

city centertown center irregular forest scattered clearings

Windbehaviour and

landscape typology

The design is conceptually based on the Davenport Wieringa classification system that relates surface roughness to windbe-haviour. The different landscape typologies have each their own characteristic effect on windbehaviour and are the basis for the programmatic and architectural design descisions.

By translating the notion of different windbehaviour on different terrain typo-logy, a meaningfull architectural model is developed that bypasses the abstract notion of wind but incorporates it in its very fundamental internal logic.

texture surface condition

topology openness dispersion of obstacles

single surface condition

single/double surface condition



surface - obstacles

obstacles on surface

obstacles, unclear surface

smooth surface

small surface irregularities

medium surface irregularities

big surface irregularities

irregular surface

chaotic surface

supersmooth almost no topological changes



open

open

open no obstacles

no obstacles

no obstacles

scattered grouped obstacles

orderly placed grouped obstacles

clusters of obstaclesclusters of open space

semi open obstaclesmedium permeable



closed obstaclesnot permeable

obstacles everywhere

occasional semi-hard topological changes

occasional semi-hard and hard topologi-cal changes

hard topologi-cal changes

extreme topological changes

section characteris-tics

plancharacteristics

smooth

landscape typologies

smoothly open

open

rough

very rough

closed

chaotic

sea snowcovered plain tide flat desert

beach pack ice morass snowcovered field

grass prairie farm field tundra heather

high crops varied height scattered trees hedges

mixed farmfields scattered buildingsforest clumps orchards

suburban housesvillagesmature forestslarge obstacles

city centertown center irregular forest scattered clearings

Model studies

conceptual

scale 1:1000

scale 1:2000

Proposal

MERGING: seaty

Instead of this hard division, the city and the sea can be merged into one hy-brid, symbiotic entity: the seaty.

Seaty proposes a generative, adaptive way of dealing with the place where these two extreme landscapes meet. Its aim is to erase the distinction or boundary between infrastructure and reef, between city and landscape, ultimately between land and sea to create a new kind of blurred open space that supports the coexistence of multiple forces in one field. Its mixed, impure nature makes it capable of reacting to and creating di-vergent conditions.

DIVISION: sea vs. city

The current condition of the site can be regarded as sea versus city, man vs na-ture, in which the sea is seen as a hos-tile entity for which mankind needs to be protected. The chosen architectural arti-culation of this situation is obviously the Malecon wall. This very clearly arti-culated borderline separates the city from the sea in a defensive way. The morphology of the wall generates a kind of hostile pentration by the sea in the form of the high splashing waves which suddenly rise over the edge. Obviously, a fluid entity like the sea does not let itself be tamed by such a simplistic model of division.

Current condition

Multiple boundary lines

Boundary cut in pieces

By cutting the continuous line of the boundary between land and sea in smaller pieces which can be dispositioned, a wo-ven pattern of strips of land and strips of watter emerges which is at the same time heterogeneous and homogeneous, full and empty, regular and irregular, open and closed. This system of strips works as a code, which has an internal order that is based on their similar directionality. A system of strips is neither exact nor repetitive and is based on adaptation and evolution instead of repetition.

Blur boundaries per strip

Edge controlled per strip

Each strip can now be manipulated accor-ding to local conditions concerning wa-ter penetration / city expansion, crea-ting a complicated patchwork of land and water that is generated out of the line-air strips. Vertical zoning is the first step in the process of control over the penetration of the water in the city: the higher a place is relative to the seale-vel, the harder it is to get flooded.Accessability is the second major opera-tion.

Model studies landscape typologies

scale 1:200

Landscape 1 - smooth - urban masses - social - ACCESS

Landscape 2 - uneven - crowd - semi-social - URBAN BEACH

Landscape 3 - rough - group - semi-private - POOL AND WATER PLAZA

Landscape 4 - chaotic - personal - intimate - DRESSIGROOMS

Landscape 1 - smooth - urban masses - social - ACCESS

Landscape 2 - uneven - crowd - semi-social - URBAN BEACH

scale 1:500

Model studies masterplan

Beach morphology composed of inclined planes between diagonal pathways that step down to be lowest in the middle of the beach...

... dramatizing the effect of the rising tide on the usability of the space...

... untill the nodes themselves also get flooded during rough weather conditions with higher water levels and waves.

... resulting in a gradual flooding of the entire plain starting from the middle...

Morphological studies beach

The paths are composed in a diagonal connec-tivity whereby each component is put 150 mm higher then the other in order to generate a stepped...

... rhythm and to generate a patterned ef-fect with the rising water on the surfaces between the paths which all have slightly different slopes.

... causing the main connection path over the beach to dissapear slowly from the middle...

... leaving the connection nodes at both ends of the path above water but unconnected...

Design methodology Adaptive mesh refinement: hierarchy of levels of refinement, resolution.

Site as a field to operate upon

Striation, generating a unidirectional field op adjacent strips.

Deformation these strips by folding ac-cording to inherent and local iterations and singularities, creating a field of gradients that is composed from bottom-up, in a dispositioned way.

Disposition: the way in which something is placed or arranged, especially in relation to other things.

By dispositioning - a placement based on relation to other elements in a system rather then absolute coordinates - the design adresses contemporary notions of nonlineair processes and flux in sys-tems which modernist, rationalised sys-tems based on local position or classi-cist models based on composition and the hierarchy between parts, do not adress.

Design rules

A set of clear rules is implemented to generate a coherent design on all scales.

Width of the strip:Based on scale of the horizontal grid of the mesh refinement.

10.000 mm Global 5.000 mm Glocal 2.500 mm Local 1.250 mm Personal--------------------- 1.000 mm Detail 750 mm 500 mm 250 mm

Thickness of the strip: Responding to structural tectonics, based on a 150 mm vertical grid division.

Height of control points:Based on 150 mm vertical grid division.

Minimum angle:Ramp: 2500 mm / 150 mm = fixed 3

Design tools

Plan: voxeled disposition of strips

Section: folding, control points based on 2500 x 2500 x 150 mm grid

- Diagonal fold: ramp

- Pinched fold: structure

- Pull up: capture / release water

- Pull down: capture / release water

- Wrap: enclose

- Cut / bifurcate: 2nd layer

3D-grid: voxels and folds

The design is based on a three dimensional grid that guides all deformations into one coherent proportional system. The main deformation tools used are voxels in plan and folds in section.

Voxeled in plandispositioned strips based on a rectan-gular grid of 1,25 - 2,5 - 5 - 10 m.

Folded in sectiondivision in height: grid of 150 mm. ramp 2500 : 150 ratio

The result is a system of dispositioned elements that together form more than just the sum of their parts. The dialogue between two strips generates a difference in morpology that can be used to accomodat programmes like sitting, sheltering, ac-cessability or bordering.

2500 mm

2500

mm

150 mm

grggrid: 2500 x 2500 x 150 mm

adjacent strips get dispositioned in a voxeled manner in

plan and by a maximum heightdifference of 150mm for acces-

sability in the case of a path

the grid allows for flexibility in dispositioning which

results in evolution rather than repetition

the heightdifference between two strips acts as a dialogue

allowing for activities to take place and resulting in a

strong tectonic composition

widht, height and length of the strip based on grid inclined surfaces connect two flat surfaces in a fold

1. Excavation site

2. Main circulation

3. Urban beach

4. Tidal pool - comp. pool

5. Dressing rooms

6. Structural folds

7. 2nd layer: bridges

8. 2nd layer: diving pool

Basic mesh Urban scale grid: 10 x 10 m

Mesh refinement 1 Implementation of routing and programs on lower level

Mesh refinement 2 Implementation of routing and continu-ation of Malecon road and Padre Varela road on upper level

Strip deformation density

PLAN LOWER LEVEL[O - 2550 + LOW TIDE LEVEL]

scale 1 : 1000

PLAN UPPER LEVEL[2550 - 6000 + LOW TIDE LEVEL]

scale 1 : 1000

Plan lower level

scale 1:1000

Tidal wave pool

Contained pools

Dressing rooms

Multifunctinal covered space


scale 1 : 1000


scale 1 : 1000

Urban beach

Water plaza

Mangrove Park

Urban beach

Contained pools


scale 1 : 1000


scale 1 : 1000

Plan upper level

scale 1:1000


scale 1 : 1000


scale 1 : 1000

Sightlines

Striated model is unidirectional: open or closed in the lenght of the strip, almost always open in the width.

At low tide, the whole site is accessi-ble, by moving through the folded lands-cape, perspectives and vistas constantly change.

At high tide, only a small part of the site is accessible, the main circulation paths and nodes that give access to the programs.

Visitors do not have the luxury of moving through the landscape, so they have less visual experience.

The folds and main access nodes are dispo-sitioned in such a way that main viewli-nes to the open sea are maintained at all times. Views past the piers are important to understand the intervention as a smal-ler space in a bigger whole.

Construction

Concept of generative adaptive mesh re-finement: avoidance of any use of coded architectural elements like walls or co-lumns.

Structure is integral part of the system:formed from deformations of folded strips.

Differentiation of structural stresses generates morphogenetive singularities in the system.

By taking a width and thickness of the fol-ded construction strips that is not nor-mally associated with the width / length / thickness ratio of a structural element, the structural pleats and creases bond na-turally with the other folds and ramps in one coherent system.

Per main strip, the fold can happen in four substrips. The position of the structural fold is based on simple rules of priority.

Rules1. floating bridges need to be suppor-ted directly in the outermost strip.2. Additional construction will be placed in the second strip from the side with the longest distance to be spanned. This fold does not have to line up with the fold of the adjacent strip but should be dispositioned.3. Maximum span between folds is 25 m.4. Maximum span of floating bridges is 40 m (pretensioned concrete beams).

Model urban scale

scale 1:1000

Spatial organisation pools

Spatial organisation of the pool and beach landscape: site as a landscape rather than a building.

People can wander around in between the pools and puddles and if they feel like swimming they can decide to go to one of the changing facilities:- dressing rooms- lockers- toilets- baby facilities

distinction between the changing rooms that are connected directly to the con-tained pool area and those that serve the beach and tidal pools, to enhace the na-tural quality of the tidal pools vs. the manmade nature of the contained pool.

contained pools

foot rinse bath

changing rooms

entrance / exit facilities

entrance / exit facilities

circulation through landscape


street / bridge / Malecon

toilets

lockers

showers

storage

office

lifeguard

teachers

tidal pools

foot rinse bath

showers


diving pool

foot rinse bath

showers

Plan pool & dressing rooms

scale 1:200

PLAN DRESSINGROOMS & POOLS

scale 1 : 200

Sections pool scale 1:200

4

1 2 3

Impression pool area

seen from competition pool

Model pool area

scale 1:200

Dressing room components

morphogenetive evolution rather than re-petition.

Section dressing rooms components

scale 1 : 50

SECTIONS POOL AREAscale 1 : 50

2

1

SECTION 5: cross section dressingrooms and competition pools

entrance path, lockers and sitting area entrance to pool via foot rinse bath and showers competition pool

dressing rooms showersentrance via foot rinse bath under ramp lea-ding to diving pool and bridge deck

pump room

SECTION 6: section dressingrooms and urban connection

1


2

1




pump room



2

1




pump room


Section dressing rooms & pool

scale 1 : 50


2

1




pump room


2


seen from Malecon bridge


seen from Padre Varela street

Impression dressing rooms

scale 1:50

Unit morphology and landscape morphology interact.


scale 1:50

Strips of different scales: 5 - 2,5 - 1,25 - 1 - 0,75 - 0,5 - 0,25 m


scale 1:50

Radicalized topography generates multi-ple use possibilities without dictating a single condition.

Materialisation

Detailing and materialisation are prima-rily based on the perception of the forces that interact with the design - the wind and the water. Secondarily, they adress the usual notions of sensory experience.

The main concept behind the chosen materi-als and the way they are put toghether in the details is that the architecture as a whole - from the big tectonic scale of the strips down to the smallest scale of the attachment of a screen - will express the effects and flows of the forces which act upon the architecture.

The main materials that are used are:

- concrete in different finishes from rough to completely smooth- copper facade cladding strips- anodised aluminum railing systems- composite steel and polyester rope wire meshes in different densities according to different conditions- acrylic glass with a external cappilary void to capture marks of the tide cycle on the glass- ship rope railings- Azobe hardwood benches and stairs (soft materials in wet feet areas

Technical section dressing rooms

scale 1:20

Sedimentation / growth

The details correspond to the microscale of the slow processes of sedimentation, oxidation and crystallisation that will take over the architecture over time.

- Growth of algae on rough surfaces.

Oxidation / electrolysis The details correspond to the microscale of the slow processes of sedimentation, oxidation and crystallisation that will take over the architecture over time.

- Growth of algae on rough surfaces.- Oxidation of copper under influence of the salty and wet milieu.

Crystallization / evaporation The details correspond to the microscaleof the slow processes of sedimentation,oxidation and crystallisation that willtake over the architecture over time.

- Growth of algae on rough surfaces.- Oxidation of copper under influence of the salty and wet milieu. - Crystallisation of salt molecules on the wire meshes which move in the wind

Impression salt chrystallisation

scale 1:50

- salt crust will form on the meshes under influence of evaporation by the sun.

dissolving landscape: a topological activation of the coast of havana, cuba

Documents

malecon havana

coastal boundary of

low tidepuddles of water

legendmalecon wall

algeamalecon wall

meters highaccessible

cuba group

citydead angles