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Distracted Driving and
Crash Responsibility in
Fatal Collisions CARLINA MARCHESE
SACHA DUBOIS
BRUCE WEAVER
LYNN MARTIN
MICHEL BÉDARD
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Distracted Driving
What is it?
A secondary activity or behaviour
that affects the performance of
the primary task of driving
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Associated Factors
Mixed evidence for
sex
Younger age, more
distraction
3
Age
Dis
tra
ctio
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Negative Effects
Longer
response
time
Errors in lane
keepingStopping
Errors
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Negative Effects
Longer hands
off the wheel
time
Longer time
with eyes off
the road
Higher risk of
collisions
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6
Distraction & Fatalities
•Deaths associated with distracted driving 2016
• = 6.5 Boeing 747s3,450
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7
Distraction & Fatalities
•Studies in distracted driving meta-analysis focused on fatalities
3%
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Objectives
Examine prevalence of distraction & cell
phone distraction
Over time, and by age, sex
Most prevalent distraction (2010 – 2015)
Examine the role of driver distraction and
crash responsibility in fatal crashes
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Methods
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Methods – FARS
Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS)
Census level USA data
Fatal crashes
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
FARS Analysts
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Methods – Data 11
2010 – Present: Distract Data File
19 Distractions
Distraction Prior to 2010
Inattentive/CarelessCellular telephone in use
in vehicle (2002)
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Analysis – Prevalence
Sample
1991 – 2015
Aged 16+
Passenger type vehicles
Descriptive Statistics
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ResultsPrevalence
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Perc
enta
ge o
f D
rive
rsPercentage of Drivers Involved in
Fatal Collisions who were Distracted 1991 - 2015
Any Distraction Cell Phone Distraction
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Age
Age
Sex15
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16Distraction 1991 - 2015 Cell Phone Distraction
2002 - 2015
Male
Female
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Most Prevalent Distraction
2010 – 2015
Cell Phones = 14.6%
Talking or listening: 4.2%
Manipulating: 3.4%
Other cell phone related:
7.0%
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MethodsCrash
Responsibility
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Methods – Variables
Dependent Variable: Crash Responsibility
Unsafe Driver Actions (UDAs)
0 UDAs – Not contributed to crash
responsibility [Controls]
1 + UDAs – Contributed to crash responsibility
[Cases]
Exposure: Distracted Driving
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Analysis – Crash Responsibility
Sample
2010 – 2015
Aged 20 years and older
Passenger type vehicles
Exclusions: BAC>0, tested positive for illegal drugs
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Analysis – Crash Responsibility
Case-Control Design
Cases: 1 or more UDAs
Controls: 0 UDAs
Adjusted (sex, age, age2, age*distraction,
age2*distraction, driver history) odds ratios (OR)
via logistic regression
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ResultsCrash
Responsibility
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23
Adjusted Predicted Odds of Crash Responsibility P
red
icte
d O
dd
s (9
5%
CI)
Driver Age
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24
Driver Age
Ad
j. O
dd
s R
atio
(9
5%
CI)
Adj. Odds Ratio of Crash Responsibility
on the Log Scale
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Conclusions
Most coded distraction 2010 –
2015: Cell Phone
Being distracted approx.
doubles the odds of being
responsible for the crash after
adjustment
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Conclusions
Poor driving behaviours
leading to
crashes/fatalities
Health and safety issue
Danger to all road users
Preventable
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Conclusions
USA
Texting & driving banned in 47 states
Talking & driving banned in 16 states
Canada
All provinces/territories have cell phone legislation
except Nunavut
Nothing against hands-free cell phone
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Conclusions
Legal = Safe
No
Update laws and
regulations
Rapid development of
technology
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Conclusions
Phone apps
Insurance
discount
Education
Public Service
Announcements
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In honour of the Humboldt Broncos and their families
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References
Carney, C., Harland, K. K., & McGehee, D. V. (2016). Using event-triggered naturalistic data to examine the prevalence of teen driver distractions in rear-end crashes. Journal of Safety Research, 57, 47-52. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2016.03.010
Cramer, S., Mayer, J., & Ryan, S. (2007). College students use cell phones while driving more frequently than found in government study. Journal of American College Health, 56(2), 181-184. doi: 10.3200/JACH.56.2.181-184
Dingus, T. A., Klauer, S. G., Neale, V. L., Petersen, A., Lee, S. E., Sudweeks, J. D., ... & Bucher, C. (2006). The 100-car naturalistic driving study, Phase II-results of the 100-car field experiment (No. HS-810 593).
Distracted Driving Lows in Canda. CAA. Retrieved from: https://www.caa.ca/distracted-driving/distracted-driving-laws-in-canada/
Drews, F. A., Pasupathi, M., & Strayer, D. L. (2008). Passenger and cell phone conversations in simulated driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14(4), 392-400. doi:10.1037/a0013119
Ferdinand, A. O., & Menachemi, N. (2014). Associations between driving performance and engaging in secondary tasks: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 104(3), e39-e48. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301750
Gliklich, E., Guo, R., & Bergmark, R. W. (2016). Texting while driving: A study of 1211 US adults with the Distracted Driving Survey. Preventive Medicine Reports, 4(2016), 486-489. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.09.003
Hancock, P. A., Lesch, M., & Simmons, L. (2003). The distraction effects of phone use during a crucial driving maneuver. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(4), 501-514. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00028-3
Hill, L., Rybar, J., Styer, T., Fram, E., Merchant, G., & Eastman, A. (2015). Prevalence of and attitudes about distracted driving in college students. Traffic Injury Prevention, 16(4), 362-367. doi:10.1080/15389588.2014.949340
Horrey, W. J., & Wickens, C. D. (2006). Examining the impact of cell phone conversations on driving using meta-analytic techniques. Human Factors, 48(1), 196-205. doi:10.1518/001872006776412135
Horrey, W. J., Lesch, M., & Melton, D. F. (2010). Distracted driving: Examining the effects of in-vehicle tasks. Professional Safety, 55(1), 34-39.
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References Insurance Institutes for Highway Safety. Distracted Driving: Cellphones and texting. (May 2018). [Cited May 2018]. Retrieved from:
http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/laws/cellphonelaws
Klauer, S. G., Guo, F., Simons-Morton, B. G., Ouimet, M. C., Lee, S. E., & Dingus, T. A. (2014). Distracted driving and risk of road crashes among novice and experienced drivers. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(1), 54-59. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204142
Lamble, D., Rajalin, S., & Summala, H. (2002). Mobile phone use while driving: Public opinions on restrictions. Transportation, 29(3), 223-236.
McNabb, J., & Gray, R. (2016). Staying connected on the road: A comparison of different types of smart phone use in a driving simulator. PLoS One, 11(2), e0148555. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148555
Medeiros-Ward, N., Cooper, J. M., & Strayer, D. L. (2014). Hierarchical control and driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 953. doi:10.1037/a0035097
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2016). Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS): Analytical User’s Manual 1975-2015(DOT HS 812 315). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2017). Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview (DOT HS 812 456). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation.
Pickrell, T. M., Li, R., & KC, S. (2016). Driver electronic device use in 2015 (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 326). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Public Health Ontario (Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion), Berenbaum, E., Keller-Olaman, S., Manson, H. (2015). Texting while driving behaviour among Ontario youth and young adults (ISBN 978-1-4606-6851-1). Toronto, ON: Queen's Printer for Ontario.
Quisenberry, P. N. (2015). Texting and driving: Can it be explained by the general theory of crime? American Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(2), 303-316. doi:10.1007/s12103-014-9249-3
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References
Redelmeier, D. A., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1997). Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(7), 453-458. doi:10.1056/NEJM199702133360701
Rhodes, N., & Pivik, K. (2011). Age and gender differences in risky driving: The roles of positive affect and risk perception. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 923-931. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.015
Seo, D. C., & Torabi, M. R. (2004). The impact of in-vehicle cell-phone use on accidents or near-accidents among college students. Journal of American College Health, 53(3), 101-108.
Simmons, S. M., Hicks, A., & Caird, J. K. (2016). Safety-critical event risk associated with cell phone tasks as measured in naturalistic driving studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 87, 161-169. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.11.015
Strayer, D. L., & Drews, F. A. (2004). Profiles in driver distraction: Effects of cell phone conversations on younger and older drivers. Human Factors, 46(4), 640-649. doi:10.1518/001872006777724471
Stutts, J., Feaganes, J., Rodgman, E., Hamlett, C., Reinfurt, D., Gish, K., ... & Staplin, L. (2003). The causes and consequences of distraction in everyday driving. In Annual Proceedings/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (Vol. 47, p. 235). Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
Tucker, S., Pek, S., Morrish, J., & Ruf, M. (2015). Prevalence of texting while driving and other risky driving behaviors among young people in Ontario, Canada: Evidence from 2012 and 2014. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 84, 144-152. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.07.011
Weller, J. A., Shackleford, C., Dieckmann, N., & Slovic, P. (2013). Possession attachment predicts cell phone use while driving. Health Psychology, 32(4), 379-387. doi:10.1037/a0029265
Wilson, F. A., & Stimpson, J. P. (2010). Trends in fatalities from distracted driving in the United States, 1999 to 2008. American Journal of Public Health, 100(11), 2213-2219. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187179
Yannis, G., Laiou, A., Papantoniou, P., & Gkartzonikas, C. (2016). Simulation of texting impact on young drivers’ behavior and safety on motorways. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 41, 10-18. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2016.06.003
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Michel Bédard, Supervisor
Sacha Dubois, Committee Member
Dr. Lynn Martin, Committee Member
Bruce Weaver, Statistician
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Meta-Analyses
Secondary tasks while driving 1968 – 2012
350 analyses from 206 studies
47% cell phone distraction
80% of studies found detrimental relationship
Cell phone studies more likely to find harmful
relationship
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Methods – FARS
FARS Analysts
Over 100 FARS data elements
Police Accident Reports and other documents (Death Certificates, State Vehicle Registration Files, Coroner/Medical Examiner Reports, State Driver Licensing Files, State Highway Department Data, Emergency Medical Service Reports, Vital Statistics and other State Records)
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Methods – FARS
FARS established in 1975
Original Data Files
Accident (environment and crash)
Vehicle (each vehicle and its driver)
Person (drivers, passengers, pedestrians)
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Distraction data file added in 2010
19 distractions
Talking/listening to cell phone
Manipulating cell phone
Eating/drinking
Smoking related
Adjusting controls
Moving object in vehicle, etc.
Not Distracted, Not Reported, Unknown if distracted
Methods – Data 39
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Perc
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Percentage of Distracted Drivers Without Passengers
in Fatal Crashes 1991 - 2015
All Distractions Cell Phone Distraction
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Percentage of Distracted Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes Occurring on Rural Roadways 1991 - 2015
All Distractions Cell Phone Distraction
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42Variable B 95% CI
Distracted -0.40 (-0.96; 0.17)
Sex, male 0.15 (0.09; 0.20)
Age -0.06 (-0.07; -0.06)
Age2 0.00 (0.00; 0.00)
Distracted*Age 0.05 (0.03; 0.08)
Distracted*Age2 -0.00 (-0.00; 0.00)
Previous Driving History
Crashes = 1 -0.02 (-0.11; 0.07)
Driving While Intoxicated = 1 0.00 (-0.27; 0.28)
Speeding = 1 0.01 (-0.08; 0.09)
Suspensions = 1 0.26 (0.14; 0.39)
Other Convictions = 1 0.12 (0.03; 0.21)
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Age Odds Ratio 95% CI
20 1.53 [1.26, 1.86]
25 1.76 [1.52, 2.03]
30 1.97 [1.75, 2.21]
35 2.15 [1.92, 2.40]
40 2.28 [2.02, 2.56]
45 2.35 [2.06, 2.67]
50 2.36 [2.06, 2.71]
43Adjusted Odd Ratios –
Crash Responsibility
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Adjusted Odd Ratios –
Crash Responsibility
44
Age Odds Ratio 95% CI
55 2.31 [2.02, 2.65]
60 2.21 [1.93, 2.53]
65 2.05 [1.80, 2.34]
70 1.85 [1.61, 2.13]
75 1.63 [1.39, 1.91]
80 1.40 [1.14, 1.71]
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Strengths and Limitations
Strengths
Real-life crashes
Census level data
Controlled for driving
history
Limitations
Case-control design
Proxy measure of
responsibility
Not generalizable to
non-fatal collisions
45
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Distract Data File46
Distractions
Not Distracted No Driver Present/Unknown if Driver Present
Looked But Did Not See Distraction/Inattention
By Other Occupant(s) Distraction/Careless
By a Moving Object in Vehicle Careless/Inattentive
While Talking or Listening to Cellular Phone Distraction/Inattention, Details Unknown
While Manipulating Cellular Phone Distraction (Distracted), Details Unknown
While Adjusting Audio or Climate Controls Inattention (Inattentive), Details Unknown
While Using Other Component/Controls
Integral to Vehicle
Not Reported
While Using or Reaching For Device/Object
Brought Into Vehicle
Inattentive or Lost in Thought
Distracted by Outside Person, Object or Event Lost In Thought/Day Dreaming
Eating or Drinking Other Distraction
Smoking Related Unknown if Distracted
Other Cellular Phone Related
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Relative Risk
Typically used with cohort studies
or clinical trials
Binary outcome variable
Ratio of two probabilities
Relative Risk =
=
47
Risk of event in Tx group
Risk of event in Control group
A/(A+B)
C/(C+D)
Event No Event
Treatment A B
Control C D
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Odds Ratios
Typically used with case
control studies
Ratio of two odds
Odds =
Odds Ratio =
48
# of Events
# of Non-Events
Odds of Distraction in Cases
Odds of Distraction in
Controls
A/B
C/D
Distraction No Distraction
Case A B
Control C D
=