distribution and fate of energetics at the mmr impact … · tnt 6.3% rdx 37.0% hmx 20.3% 2,4-dnt...
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DISTRIBUTION AND FATE OF ENERGETICSAT THE MMR IMPACT AREA
Jay ClausenSenior Hydrogeologist/
Geochemist
Presented at SERDP/ESTCP Team Meeting for the Distribution and Fate of Energetics on DoD Test and Training Ranges, April 15, 2002, at CRREL in Hannover, NH.
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Introduction
• Military training ranges under scrutiny– Potential impacts to ecology and environment– Complex issues and problems
• Major ranges receiving attention– Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR) - ARNG– NoMan Island– Vieques, Puerto Rico - U.S. Navy
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Camp Edwards - Site History
• Training and Impact Areas used since 1911• Designed to house 30,000 troops during
WWII
• USEPA banned training in 1997 through an administrative order
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Site Lithology
LegendVC Sand & GravelF Sand & Silt
Till
Bedrock
Water Table
Well ScreenELE
VA
TIO
N IN
FE
ET
(MS
L)
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Sea Level Aquifer
UnsaturatedZone
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Hydrogeologic Model
• Groundwater flow is radial with the mound to the southeast of the Impact Area in the J Range Area
• Groundwater flow is approximately one foot per day
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Areas of Investigation
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Surface Soil Findings
TNT6.3%
RDX37.0%
HMX20.3%
2,4-DNT1.3%
aDNTs32.3%
Other2.7%
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Soil Results (explosives)
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Soil Results at Artillery Target 42
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Other Soil Results
• Elevated metals evident (0 – 3 inches below ground surface)- Al, Fe, Mo
• PAHs
• PCNs ?• Perchlorate ?
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Groundwater Findings (explosives)
RDX65.7%
HMX21.9%
aDNTs12.4%
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Plan View of RDX Detections in the Impact Area
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Inner Groundwater Transect within the Impact Area
210
160
110
60
10
-40
-90
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Longitudinal Cross-Section through the Impact Area
210
160
110
60
10
-40
-90
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Potential Source Area
• High-order detonations
• Low-order detonations
• UXO • EOD activities
at the J Range• Disposal/Burial
sites• Washout
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Explosive Fate-and-Transport Conceptual Model
• Deposition of particulates to ground surface• Slow dissolution of particulates• Rapid movement of dissolved explosives through
unsaturated zone, leaving little residual contamination (RDX and HMX)
• Introduction to groundwater results in rapid transport away from source
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Location of Perchlorate In Groundwater at MMR
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What is Perchlorate ?
• anion: ClO4-
• Ammonium perchlorate is in solid propellant for rockets and missiles
• Current MDL of 0.35 ug/L
Cl
O O
OO
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Health/Ecological Concerns
• Soluble - Mobile – Persistent – Clean-up Challenge
• Human Health - No exposures
– If exposed - disrupts normal thyroid function and uptake of iodine
• Ecological Risks – No exposures
– Little information available on ecological effects
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Where Is It ?
Groundwater – with explosives• Demo Area 1 (< 300 ppb)• Central Impact Area ( < 5 ppb)• Southeast Corner of Ranges (< 310 ppb)• Off-Post In Bourne WD Area (< 1 ppb)
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Where Did It Come From ?
• Demo 1 and J Range Primary source
Ø Disposal of rockets and propellants
Ø Burning of fireworks
• Central Impact Area Potential Sources
ØSpotting charges for artillery rounds
ØIllumination Rounds
ØFuzes for many munitions
ØPyrotechnics
ØGrenades
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Clean – up Standard ?
• No National or State Drinking Water Standard –Inter-agency Perchlorate Steering Committee
• Groundwater Study Program was using 4 to 18 ppb (EPA Provisional Action Level)
• July 27, 2001 EPA Letter –Groundwater Study Program should use 1.5 ppb
• October 4, 2001 Groundwater Study Program/ Department of Defense Letter – Concerns…use 4 to 18 ppb until national standard set
• April 16, 2002 MADEP recommends 1 ppb guideline
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Summary
• Perchlorate levels are a concern• Occurs in groundwater with explosives• Requires unconventional clean-up technologies• Working with EPA to establish national standard
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Conclusions
• RDX and HMX present in surface soil adjacent to artillery and mortar targets
• RDX and HMX present in groundwater downgradient of primary target area (i.e. Tank Alley) within the Impact Area
• TNT which is a component of the munitions appears to be degraded before reaching groundwater
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Conclusions (cont.)• Training using HE artillery and mortar rounds (UXO,
detonation, or both) appears to have resulted in an explosive impact to groundwater at MMR
• Some metals, PAHs, and pesticides/herbicides present in surface soil but no evidence of impacts to groundwater
• PCNs may be an issue for soil and perchlorate may be an issue for groundwater
• MMR findings are potentially applicable to other bombing ranges and battlefields
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Lessons Learned
• Compositing explosive soil samples is necessary• Modifications to explosive analytical methods may be
needed– expanded analyte list– changes to sample preparation– lower detection limits
• Perchlorate (OB/OD) and PCNs for ranges may be issues