diversity
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DIVERSITY. Christia Swan. TO COME. DIVERSITY RELATIONSHIP OF DIVERSITY & STABILITY DIVERSITY INDEX MICROCLIMATES USING QUADRANTS. DIVERSITY. DIVERSITY is all about how many different species there are in an ecosystem. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
DIVERSITYChristia Swan
TO COME DIVERSITY RELATIONSHIP OF DIVERSITY &
STABILITY DIVERSITY INDEX MICROCLIMATES USING QUADRANTS
DIVERSITY DIVERSITY is all about how many
different species there are in an ecosystem.
Diversity is the number and variety of organisms found within a specified geographic region.
In total about 1.5 million species have been described
However, the total number of species on Earth may be as high as 10 million
DIVERSITY AND STABILITY ECOSYSTEMS with a large diversity of
species tend to be more stable than those that are less diverse
Stable ecosystem1. Resistant to change2. If disrupted, return to original state quickly
1. I.E. Climate extremes, pest and disease over a long period
LOW DIVERSITY Predator species don’t have much
choice of prey Prey species is reduced or wiped out
› Predator species will be at risk
MONOCULTURES Agricultural areas where only one crop
is grown› COTTON FIELDS
Artificially low diversities
EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS TUNDRA, DESERTS, SALT MARSHES,
AND ESTUARIES› Low diversities
AREAS OF LOW DIVERSITY Plant and animal populations are
mainly affected by abiotic factors ABIOTIC FACTORS:
› Nonliving components that effect the living organisms
› For examples: Radiation Temperature Water
HIGH DIVERISTY Predator species will have a large
selection of possible prey species One of the prey species is wiped out
› Still plenty of other species that predators can eat
MATURE, NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS
Old, oak woodlands Environmental conditions aren’t too
hostile Affected by biotic factors BIOTIC FACTORS:
› Of or relating to life› For example:
Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
DIVERSITY INDEX How diversity is measured Could just count up the number of
species› This takes no account of the population
size of each species› Species that are in an ecosystem in very
small numbers shouldn’t be treated the same as those with bigger populations
DIVERSITY INDEX AN equation for diversity that takes
different population sizes into account. To calculate the diversity index of an
ecosystem› d = N(N-1) / ∑ n(n-1)› Where...
N= Total number of organisms of all species n= Total number of one species ∑= ‘Sum of’ (i.e. added together)
DIVERSITY INDEX Higher the number the more diverse
the area is› If all the individuals are of the same
species (i.e. no diversity) the diversity index 1
MICROCLIMATES Small areas where thee abiotic factor
are different from the surrounding area.› The underneath of a rock
Different microclimate than the top surface Cooler and more humid
Provides a slightly different habitat that will suit certain species
Variety of microclimates can support a high divesity
LET’S SEE IF YOU GET IT
•3 different species of flower•11 organisms altogether•3 red•5 yellow•3 purple•Diversity index•d=N(N-1) / ∑n(n-1)•d=11(11-1) / 3(3-1) + 5(5-1) + 3(3-1)•d=110/6+20+6•=3.44
When calculating the bottom half of the equation you need to work out the n(n-1) bit for each different species then add them all together.
MICROCLIMATES BASICALLY
› more microclimates = more species= higher diversity
YOU NEED TO KNOW HOW TO USE QUADRANTS
FACTORS TO CONSIDER ECOLOGISTS look at three key factors
when they’re working out diversities› Species frequency› Species richness› Percentage cover
SPECIES FREQUENCY
HOW ABUNDANT A SPECIES IS IN AN AREA
SPECIES FREQUENCY
TOTAL NUMBER OF DIFFERENT SPECIES IN AN AREA
PERCENTAGE COVER
HOW MUCH OF THE SURFACE IS COVERED BY A PARTICULAR PLANT
SPECIES› (NOT FOR ANIMALS THOUGH AS THEY MOVE AROUND TOO
MUCH)
USING QUADRANTS Measuring the three key factors use a
piece of equipment called a frame quadrant
FRAME QUADRANT› A square frame made from metal or wood
The area inside the square is the quadrant
QUADRANT FRAMES Laid on ground (or the river / sea/ pond
bed if it’s an aquatic environment) Total number of species in the quadrant
is recorded As well as the total number of
individuals of each species
RANDOM SAMPLING Not practical to collect data for a whole
area› Takes ages› Can be costly
Samples are taken instead Data samples are used to calculate the
figures for the entire area being studied
Random sampling avoids bias
AGAIN...SPECIES FREQUENCY
Measured by counting how many quadrants each species in and is given as a percentage
If a species was found in 5 out of 20 quadrant samples› The frequency would be 25%
PERCENTAGE COVER Measured by dividing the area inside
the quadrant frame into a 10x10 grid and counting how many squares each species takes up
Sometimes plants overlap so the percentage cover ends up being more than 100%
OH AND...SPECIES RICHNESS
Measured by counting up the total number of species found in all the samples
Assume that the number of different species in your sample is the same as the number in the whole area that you are studying
QUESTIONS FOR YOU What is meant by a ‘stable’
ecosystem? Give three examples of ecosystems
that are likely to be unstable? What is the difference between the
diversity index and species richness? Why do percentage cover
measurements sometimes add up to more that 100%?
QUESTIONS FOR ME
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