DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND

ABUNDANCE OF FIJIAN

FRESHWATER FISHES

Plate 1. A new (as yet unnamed) freshwater fish species in the subfamily Sicydiinae from Fiji

by

David Boseto

BSc Marine Science 2000

Postgraduate Diploma Marine Science 2001

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of

Marine Science at the University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji.

© April 2006

ii

DECLARATION

I, David Boseto certify that this thesis is my own work. Assistance and work by other people has

been properly acknowledged and cited.

3/04/06

_____________________ ____________________

David BOSETO (Date)

The research described in this thesis was performed under my supervision and to my knowledge

is the sole work of Mr. David BOSETO

3/04/06

_______________________________ _____________________________

Professor William G.L. Aalbersberg (Date)

You are encouraged to cite my thesis with proper citations and acknowledgements.

ABSTRACT

One of the poorly known aspects of the biodiversity of the Fijian Islands is the biodiversity of

freshwater fauna. Data collected from this study were used to compile a checklist of Fijian

freshwater and estuarine fish, determine the physical habitat factors influencing richness and

abundance and identify biogeographic patterns including fish communities and assemblages

found in different regions and habitat.

In this survey, gill net, cast net, beach seine net, fine mesh net, pole seine net, hand net, spear

gun, electro fisher machine, visual observation and hand gleaning were the techniques employed

to document freshwater fish during the period of October 20th 2002 to October 10th 2004.

Freshwater fish surveys were carried out in 66 sites in seven watersheds on the islands of Viti

Levu, Vanua Levu and Taveuni. There are 40 sites in Viti Levu, 5 sites in Vanua Levu and 21

sites on Taveuni.

The field surveys resulted in the collection of 2,615 fish specimens from 31 families and 76

species. Data from previous surveys and museum collections identified 151 species from 41

families. Taking into account overlap between field data and other collections, there are 89

known freshwater fish species from 26 families in Fiji. Furthermore, 72 estuarine fishes from 31

families were recorded from previous data and during this field survey which gives a total of 161

freshwater/estuarine fish species from 45 families in Fiji.

This study has contributed 11 new records and a new genus to the total number of brackish and

freshwater fishes of Fiji. The new species are Glossogobius sp., Redigobius sp., Sicyopus (c.f.

Juxtastiphodon) sp., Stenogobius sp., Stiphodon sp. 1, Stiphodon sp. 2 and Sicydiinae: new genus

and new species. One of the new species was already described by Jenkins and Boseto (2005) as

Schismatogobius vitiensis. The new records are Yirrkala gjellerupi, Gerres longirostris, Lentipes

kaaea and Belobranchus belobranchus.

The “Inter Quartile Range” and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data

collected from this survey. “Inter Quartile Range” analysis was used to describe how common

were the fish species caught from the different sites collected during this survey, other collections

and the combine collections. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationships

iii

between physical habitat characteristics and freshwater fish species richness and abundance.

SPSS Version 11.5 for Windows was used for all analyses and was set at 0.05 for all analyses.

Anguilla marmorata (Anguillidae) was the most common species collected during this survey.

The common species after combining all the collections are Anguilla marmorata (Anguillidae),

and Kuhlia rupestris (Kuhliidae). The moderate to occasionally common and the least common

fish species of the combined collections are in Appendix 6.

This study shows species richness depends on physical habitat factors, mainly water temperature

and river depth for total number of fish species and number of native species and distance from

the coast for endemic species. The number of introduced fish species decreased with distance

from the coast (p = 0.001). Species abundance depends on physical habitat factors such as water

temperature for the total number of fish species and number of native species.

In this survey it was found that there is greater species richness in the estuarine zone and lower

reaches of freshwater. Species richness decreases as one moves inland to the mid reaches and is

lowest in the headwaters.

Fiji has the Environment Management Act and is signatory to international conventions (CITES,

CBD, RAMSAR) that have legislation to protect Fiji’s biodiversity. Therefore, findings from this

survey should help decision makers to recognize the importance of the flora and fauna of the

rivers, streams, creeks and lakes, and protect them. Once care is given to the aquatic systems, it

will help take care of the whole ecosystem.

iv

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my beloved father the late Mr. David Pitisopa Boseto, who was called

to rest on December 22nd, 2004 by the Almighty GOD. This was six weeks before the completion

of the first draft of this thesis.

This is a product of your faith in me to allow me to continue with my studies. I wouldn’t have

come this far if it wasn’t for your commitment, in persuading me to be successful in whatever

things I do in life.

You have also taught me how to love and care for nature. Therefore, that’s one thing I’ll continue

to do and advocate to our people the importance of these creatures and how to look after them as

required by the Creator.

Thank you Dad for being my dear father and I thank GOD for your life. I’ll say bye to you for

now but my hope is “for in awhile” to see you again.

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study could not have been completed without the help of a considerable number of people,

friends and families whose help and support I must salute.

First and foremost I would like to thank GOD for the gift of life. I want to thank Him, Praise

Him, and give him all the credit for what He has done for me.

Secondly, to Professor William Aalbersberg, for securing funds from the University of Utah

(2001) and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (2002 – 2005) to fund my

studies. In addition, the University of the South Pacific for providing a research grant for

fieldwork and the Institute of Marine Resources for purchasing the electro fishing machine for my

study.

I would like to thank the Department of Forestry and Public Works Department for granting me

permission to do the work in Savura Creek, the Naitasiri Provincial Council, the Roko Tui of

Cakaudrove Provincial Council in Taveuni and the Turaga ni Koro of Korovou Village (Taveuni),

for allowing me to do the work in Tavoro Creek. Samplings at the other sites were made possible

through the arrangements between the South Pacific Regional Herbarium and the landowners.

My sincere thanks to Messrs, Marika Tuiwawa, Alivereti Naikatini, Isaac Rounds, Timoci

Koliyavu, Fred Pitisopa, Ms. Nunia Thomas and Dr. Clare Morrison from the South Pacific

Regional Herbarium in Suva and all the Marine Studies Programme and Institute of Applied

Sciences postgraduate students and staff for giving me valuable advice and company while

carrying out this study.

To Marine Studies Program and Institute of Applied Sciences secretaries and clerical officers,

Mesdames Nanise Bulai, Fulori Bulai, Susan Naco, Aisha Khan, Frances Lee and Reena Sagar, a

very big vinaka vaka levu to you all for giving me all the support and help with administration

and logistics, MSP drivers for transportations and workshop workers for their assistance: Messrs

Sunia Lavaka, Jone Lima and Shiv Sharma for field logistics, equipment and laboratory space. I

would also thank the late Mr. Peni Bulivakarua for making life more interesting while doing my

studies and also the late Mr. Suren Chand for sewing the fishing nets for me. Foeksia aka to Mr.

Sidney Malo for being my field assistant in Taveuni and the Tamavua River system.

vi

I am greatly indebted to the following people: Mr. Aaron Jenkins, Mr. Johnson Seeto and Dr.

Patricia Kailola for allowing me to use their fish books, their comments, advice and support

towards my work; Dr. Clare Morrison for her contribution in statistics, organization of my thesis

and reading the first drafts, Mr. Roger Jaensch (Wetlands International) for his comments on

chapters three, four and five. Dr. Patricia Kailola for mentoring, reorganization, and editing of the

whole thesis; Mr. Baravi Thaman (University of the South Pacific) and Ms. Leary Cokonasiga

(Wildlife Conservation Society) for maps.

I am also very thankful for the support that I received through corresponding with the following

people who provided me with electronic and hard copies of their published papers, Dr. R.M.

McDowall, Dr. Andrew W. Storey, Dr. Ronald Watson, Ms Roselyn Kumar, Mr. Gunnar Keppel

and Professor Randy Thaman. I would also like to extend my heartfelt thank you for people who

always help me out when I need their help by continuing to communicate my work with Dr Helen

Larson, Mr. Mark McGrouther and Dr. Ronald Watson.

I am indebted to the following specialists who provided assistance by identifying specimens and

confirming some of my identifications: Mr. Johnson Seeto, University of the South Pacific

(Lutjanidae and Crabs), Dr. Douglass F. Hoese, Australian Museum Sydney (Glossogobius

sp. 1 and Eleotridae), Dr. Helen Larson Northern Territory Museum, Darwin (Redigobius leveri),

Dr. Gerry Allen, Western Australia Museum, Perth (Schismatogobius vitiensis), Dr. John

McCosker, California Academic of Science, San Francisco, U.S.A. (Eels) and Dr. Ronald

Watson, Florida (Stenogobius sp. 1 and Sicydiinae). Dr. Patricia Kailola (Sydney) and Mr. Aaron

Jenkins (Wetlands International, Oceania) confirmed all the other fish species. I would also like

to thank Mr. James Teri, Institute of Marine Resources for identifying some of my crustaceans

and Dr. Alison Haynes, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific for

identifying the snails.

I would also like to thank the museum managers of the following museums; Australian Museum

Sydney, Queensland Museum, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, U.S.A., National

Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. and British Museum of Natural History who have

provided information on the holdings of Fijian freshwater fish in their collections.

vii

To my unofficial supervisors Dr. Patricia Kailola, Dr. Clare Morrison and Mr. Aaron Jenkins

thank you for your invaluable guidance in directing me to complete my study. I would also like to

thank Professor William Aalbersberg and Professor Leon Zann for giving me the push to

complete my studies.

A big vinaka vakalevu to the following families: Misinare and family of Wairua Village in Suva

for helping me out in my survey of the Tamavua River system, Mr Iowani Colaudolu and family

of Korovou Village (Taveuni) for providing accommodation and support in the field and not

forgetting Mr. Mikaele Colaudolu and Mr. Koinsteino Colaudolu for making all the arrangements

for my travels to Taveuni.

I also extend my heartfelt gratitude to my Fijian families, my church families, the Solomon Island

students and Solomon Islands community in Suva and my wantoks from Choiseul for their

support, encouragement and the joyous times that we spent together in Suva.

I would not come this far without the love and support of my mother Joy Betina Pitisopa; sisters

Caroline Qilabari Pitisopa, Althea Qolelalu Pitisopa; brother Davis Pesala Pitisopa; nephew

Terenz Atu and niece Betina Atu. Thank you for having faith in me by allowing me to continue

with my studies. I thank you all for your understanding and patience during the loss of our father

even though I did not come home for the funeral.

Last but not the least to the many friends although I may not mention all your names, thank you

for your support. I especially would like to thank Mr. Afease Manoa and family, Mr. John

Cocoran and family, the late Mr. Sam Hunt and family, Mr. Latchman Prasad and family, Mr.

Patrick Pikacha and family, Dr Tenneth Dalipanda and family, Mr and Mrs Calvin Rore, Ms

Freda Tuaveku, Messrs George Peter, Rex Valoa, Rex Willie, Jack Willie, Marson Lilopeza,

Haymond Posala, Kevin Kegar Toata, Zoleilo Paul Jama and Moffat Ghala Mamu for making my

stay in Fiji a home away from home. Thank you and GOD Bless.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration ......................................................................................................................... .iiAbstract ............................................................................................................................. .iii

Dedication.............................................................................................................................v

Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................. .vi

Table of Contents............................................................................................................... .ixList of Tables ...................................................................................................................... xi

List of Figures.................................................................................................................... xii

List of Plates ..................................................................................................................... xiii

Abbreviations and definitions ............................................................................................xvi

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1 1.1 Global freshwater .................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Biota of freshwaters – global overview ................................................................................ 1

1.3 Distribution and ecology of freshwater fishes....................................................................... 2

1.4 Utilisation of freshwaters – fishes and other biota................................................................ 3

1.5 Threats to freshwater communities ....................................................................................... 5

1.6 Freshwater fishes in Fiji ........................................................................................................ 7

CHAPTER 2 STUDY SITES AND SAMPLING METHODS ................................... 112.1 Sampling sites ..................................................................................................................... 11

2.2 Additional sources of information ...................................................................................... 14

2.3 Sampling ............................................................................................................................. 15

2.4 Site descriptions .................................................................................................................. 19

CHAPTER 3 FIJI FRESHWATER FISH CHECKLIST AND

BIOGEOGRAPHY…..................................................................................................... 50 3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 50

3.2 Methods............................................................................................................................... 51

3.3 Results................................................................................................................................. 53

3.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 59

3.5 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 102

CHAPTER 4 PHYSICAL HABITAT FACTORS INFLUENCING FIJI

FRESHWATER FISH DISTRIBUTION ................................................................... 103 4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 103

ix

4.2 Methods............................................................................................................................. 104

4.3 Results............................................................................................................................... 106

4.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 115

4.5 Chapter summary .............................................................................................................. 117

CHAPTER 5 FISH COMMUNITIES AND ASSEMBLAGES………………….…1185.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 118

5.2 Methods............................................................................................................................. 119

5.3 Results............................................................................................................................... 120

5.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 124

5.5 Chapter summary..................................................................................................... 128

CHAPTER 6 Conclusions and Recommendations……………………………….…129 6.1 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 129

6.2 Recommendations............................................................................................................. 131

CHAPTER 7 LITERATURE CITED........................................................................ 132

CHAPTER 8 APPENDICES ....................................................................................... 152 Appendix 1. Physical parameters, river measurements, fish and invertebrates collected... 152

Appendix 2. Fish list of species collected from the 66 sites during this study. .................. 173

Appendix 3. Freshwater fish from Fiji collected from other sources. ................................ 177

Appendix 4. Freshwater fishes collected from Fiji from other sources, identified only to

genus. .................................................................................................................................. 205

Appendix 5. Summary of Fijian estaurine and freshwater fishes. ...................................... 208

Appendix 6. Fish counted into the quartiles and representing common, moderate to

occasionally common and less common species. ............................................................... 213

Appendix 7. Fishes categorised into different water habitats namely freshwater,

freshwater/brackish, freshwater/brackish/marine and brackish/marine.............................. 216

Appendix 8. Gazetteer of fish collections in Fiji and other sources………………………218

Appendix 9. Habitat type preferences of Fiji fish............................................................... 224

Appendix 10. Some of the habit types surveyed during this study…………...……...……228

Appendix 11. Some freshwater and estuarine fishes caught during this study................... 234

.

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LIST OF TABLES

TITLE PAGE Table 3.1 Summary of the quartiles calculation for the common and less common species from

the two different collections and their combination. The first quartile is = > 75%, Inter

quartile = 25% to 75% and third quartile is = <25%.. .......................................................... 53

Table 3.2 Number of species found in each category. .................................................................. 56

Table 3.3 More common species in each collection. .................................................................... 56

Table 3.4 List of species and families that are present in the four zones within Fiji. ................... 57

Table 3.5 Fish collected from different water salinity. ................................................................. 58

Table 3.6 Total number of endemics and total freshwater fish fauna of Pacific Countries. ......... 59

Table 3.7 Goby species that are common between Fiji, Africa and Asia. ................................... .74

Table 5.1 Summary of the fish species collected from the different habitat types. ................... .120

Table 5.2 Fish species found in sand substrate habitat. .............................................................. 121

Table 5.3 Fish species found in silt habitat................................................................................. 122

Table 5.4 Fish species found in muddy habitat........................................................................... 122

Table 5.5 Fish species from three sub families of Gobiidae found in sand, gravel and boulders

habitat. ................................................................................................................................ 123

Table 5.6 Fish species found in fused rocks substrate and rock wall side. ................................. 123

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

TITLE PAGE Figure 1.1 The Fiji Islands. Source: Morrison, 2003...................................................................... 9

Figure 2.1 Water systems surveyed on Viti Levu......................................................................... 13

Figure 2.2 Water systems surveyed on Vanua Levu and Taveni.................................................. 13

Figure 2.3 Tamavua River, Savura and Vago Creeks sampling sites 1- 21. ................................ 48

Figure 2.4 Tavoro Creek sampling sites 22 – 34. ......................................................................... 49

Figure 3.1 Zonal distribution of the total number of fish in four zones from past and current

records. ................................................................................................................................. 57

Figure 4.1 Relationship between total number of fish species and physical habitat characteristics.

............................................................................................................................................ 107

Figure 4.2 Relationship between number of native fish species and physical habitat

characteristics. .................................................................................................................... 108

Figure 4.3 Relationship between number of endemic fish species and physical habitat

characteristics. .................................................................................................................... 109

Figure 4.4 Relationship between number of introduced fish species and physical habitat

characteristics. .................................................................................................................... 110

Figure 4.5 Relationship between total abundance of fish and physical habitat characteristics. . 111

Figure 4.6 Relationship between abundance of native fish and physical habitat characteristics.112

Figure 4.7 Relationship between abundance of endemic fish and physical habitat characteristics.

............................................................................................................................................ 113

Figure 4.8 Relationship between abundance of introduced fish and physical habitat types....... 114

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LIST OF PLATES

TITLE PAGE Plate 1. A new (as yet unnamed) freshwater fish species in the subfamily Sicydiinae from Fiji,

Tavoro Fall, site 34. Female specimen. Photo-Aaron Jenkins……….....................................i

Plate 2. A. Tamavua River, Site 1, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto).. .................................... 228

Plate 3. A. Tamavua River, Site 4, Viti Levu.. (Photo- David Boseto). .................................... 228

Plate 4. A. Savura Creek, Site 7, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto).. ....................................... 229

Plate 5. A. Vago Creek, Site 21, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto).......................................... 229

Plate 6. G. Wainivalau River, Site 50, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto).. .............................. 230

Plate 7. J. Wabu Creek, Site 54, Viti Levu(Photo- David Boseto)...………………………...230

Plate 8. L. Lower Wailotua River, Site 61, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto). ........................ 231

Plate 9. S. Nukunuku Creek, Site 64, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto).……………………...231

Plate 10. M. Tavoro Fall, Site 33, Taveuni.. (Photo- David Boseto)......................................... 232

Plate 11. O. Wailevu Creek, Site 38, Taveuni.. (Photo- David Boseto). ................................... 232

Plate 12. P. Waitavala Creek, Site 42, Taveuni. (Photo- David Boseto).. ................................. 233

Plate 13. Q. Savuqoro Creek below the fall, Site 58, Vanua Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)...... 233

Plate 14. Ambassis miops, 70.3 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo-

David Boseto)………………...….............……………………….…....…………………..234

Plate 15. Anguilla marmorata, 814.3 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

.............................………………...….............……………………….…....…………………..234

Plate 16. Aguilla megastoma, 420 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)....

.......................................................................................................................................... 235

Plate 17. Apogon amboinensis, 67 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

....................................................................................................................................... 235

Plate 18. Sardinella fijiensis, 150.2 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

.................................................................................................................................................... 236

Plate 19. Belobranchus belobranchus, 87.7 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David

Boseto).………........................................................................................................ .......... 236

Plate 20. Eleotris fusca, 72.9 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)........ 237

Plate 21. Giurus hoedti, 65 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- Aaron Jenkins).............237

Plate 22. Giurus margaritacea, 101.5 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto)

.……… ........................................................................................................................................ 238

xiii

Plate 23. Hypseleotris guentheri, 61 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- Aaron Jenkins)

.……… ........................................................................................................................................ 238

Plate 24. Gerres longirostris, 12.7 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

.……… ........................................................................................................................................ 239

Plate 25. Glossogobius sp. 1., 101.7 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

.……… ........................................................................................................................................ 239

Plate 26. Awaous ocellaris, 99.3 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto).. 240

Plate 27. Redigobius leveri, 38.7 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo-Aaron Jenkins).....240

Plate 28. Schismatogobius vitiensis, 34.5 mm SL, Nasekawa River, Vanua Levu (Photo- John

Pogonowski)... ............................................................................................................................ .241

Plate 29. Stenogobius sp. 1, 74.8 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto).. . 241

Plate 30. Lentipes kaaea, 37.2 mm SL, Waitavala Creek, Taveuni. (Photo-Aaron Jenkins)..... 242

Plate 31. Sicyopterus lagocephalus, 106 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto)

.……… ........................................................................................................................................ 242

Plate 32. Sicyopus zosterophorum, 85.4 mm SL, Wailevu Creek, Taveuni. (Photo-

Aaron Jenkins)……………………………………………………………….…………….243

Plate 33. Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp., 85.4 mm SL, Waitavala Creek, Taveuni. (Photo-

Aaron Jenkins).. .................................................................................................................. 243

Plate 34. Stiphodon rutilaureus, 31.8 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni. (Photo-Aaron Jenkins)..

......................................................................................................................................... 244

Plate 35. Stiphodon sp. 1. 35.1 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni. (Photo-Aaron Jenkins)......... 244

Plate 36. Stiphodon sp. 2, 25.3 mm SL, Waitavala Creek, Taveuni. (Photo-Aaron Jenkins). ... 245

Plate 37. Zenarchopterus dispar, 68.3 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

..................................................................................................................................................... 245

Plate 38. Kuhlia marginata, 98 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto) . ......246

Plate 39. Kuhlia munda, 67 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto) ...............246

Plate 40. Kuhlia rupestris, 135 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto) . ......247

Plate 41. Leiognathus equulus, 4.2 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

..................................................................................................................................................... 247

Plate 42. Leiognathus fasciatus, 135 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

..................................................................................................................................................... 248

Plate 43. Lutjanus argentimaculatus, 225.3 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo- David

Boseto)................................................................................................................................ 248

Plate 44. Lutjanus fulvus, 12.6 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto) ...........249

xiv

Plate 45. Lutjanus russellii, 12.6 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto) .......249

Plate 46. Monodactylus argenteus, 5.3 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

..................................................................................................................................................... 250

Plate 47. Liza subviridis, 15.9 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto)............250

Plate 48. Upeneus sulphureus, 89.1 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

..................................................................................................................................................... 251

Plate 49. Upeneus vittatus, 15.5 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto) ........251

Plate 50. Lamnostoma kampeni, 230 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto).

............................................................................................................................................ 252

Plate 51. Yirrkala gjellerupi, 150 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)... 252

Plate 52. Tetraroge niger, 4.4 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto) .......253

Plate 53. Siganus vermiculatus, 13.2 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

..........................................................................................................................................253

Plate 54. Sphyraena obtusata, 270.4 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

..................................................................................................................................................... .254

Plate 55. Microphis brachyurus brachyurus, 280 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni. (Photo- David

Boseto)................................................................................................................................ 254

Plate 56. Mesopristes kneri, 17.2 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto) .......255

Plate 57. Oreochromis mossambicus, 140.5 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David

Boseto) ........................................................................................................................................ 255

Plate 58. Barbonymus gonionotus, 88.6 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David

Boseto) ........................................................................................................................................ 256

Plate 59. Poecilia reticulata, 61.3 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)..256

xv

ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

AMS – Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia

BPBM – Bishop Museum, Hawaii, United States of America.

BMNH – British Museum of Natural History, London, United Kingdom

CAS – California Academy of Science, San Francisco, United States of America.

FIT – Fiji Institute of Technology

IAS – Institute of Applied Sciences, USP.

MSP – Marine Studies Programme, USP

NTM – Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Australia

PABITRA – Pacific Biodiversity Transect

PWD – Public Works Department, Suva

QM – Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia

SPRH – South Pacific Regional Herbarium, IAS

USNM – The Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C.,

United States of America

USP – University of the South Pacific

WAM – Western Australia Museum, Australia

WCS – Wildlife Conservation Society, Suva

WI – Wetlands International, Suva

INR – Institute of Natural Resources

CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity

RAMSAR – Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl

Habitat

% of clarity – percentage of clarity

asl – above sea level

cm – centimetre

E – east

ha – hectare

kg – kilogram

km – kilometre

km2 – square kilometre

m – metre

xvi

m/s – metres per second

Ma – million years ago

mg/l – milligrams per litre

mm – millimetre

Mt – mountain oC – degrees celsius

pH – potential of hydrogen

ppt – parts per thousand

S – south

SL – standard length

S – microsiemens

xvii

1

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Global freshwater

Water is the most abundant substance and it covers 71% of the earth’s surface (Thorpe et al.,

1995). Of this amount, the ocean comprises over 97% and the polar ice caps and glaciers

comprise an additional 2%. Less than 1% of the earth’s surface water therefore, is freshwater

(Nelson, 1994). This freshwater forms the rivers, lakes and actively exchanged groundwater.

Although water in lakes and rivers constitute less than one-hundredth of one percent of the

world’s total water volume (Lowe-McConnell, 1987), freshwater is the habitat for a large number

of species and these aquatic organisms and the ecosystems in which they exist represent a

substantial sector of the earth’s biological diversity (Kottelat and Whitten, 1996; Groombridge

and Jenkins, 1998). The freshwater system is one of the most productive ecosystems and

maintains large fisheries in different parts of the world (Lowe-McConnell, 1987; Allen, 1991;

McDowall, 1993; 1997; 2001; Keith, 2003).

1.2 Biota of freshwaters – global overview

Freshwaters provide habitats for an estimated 4,500 species of amphibians (Morrison, 2003),

approximately 75,000 species of aquatic insects (Dr. D. Polhemus, pers. comm., 2005), 5,000

species of freshwater snails (Abbott, 1950 in Supian and Ikhwanuddin, 2002), more than 10,000

species of freshwater crustaceans (Burukovskii, 1985; Holdich and Lowery, 1988), about 94

reptile species (Kottelat and Whitten, 1996) and 10,000 fish species, or 40% of the world’s

25,000 fish species (Nelson, 1994). Fish researchers believe that at least 5,000 more species await

collecting universally, a large amount of these within freshwaters (Kottelat and Whitten, 1996).

Pacific Island countries are made up of many isolated volcanic island (Nunn, 1994). This limits

larval dispersal and their isolation and irregularity of water levels has hindered some species from

completing their life cycle in the ocean. This causes many fish fauna to be sea-locked that can

cause the fish species to evolve quickly into a new species (Paulay, 1994). This is the case in Fiji

where seven new endemic species and a new genus were found during this study which are not

recorded from other continental and oceanic islands.

2

Hence, many freshwater fishes are vulnerable, endangered or extinct, mainly due to habitat

alteration (Nelson, 1994).

1.3 Distribution and ecology of freshwater fishes

1.3.1 GLOBAL PATTERNS

Lowe-McConnell (1987) listed the total number of freshwater fish species present in some rivers

and lakes of America and Africa. In the Amazon system, there are more then 1,300 species and in

the Congo (Zaire) almost 700 species. The Mississippi system of North America has 250 species,

and in the whole of Europe there are 192 species. The Great Lakes of eastern Africa (Victoria,

Tanganyika and Malawi) have over 200 fish species each, most of them endemic to a particular

lake (Lowe-McConnell, 1987).

Kottelat and Whitten (1996) compiled a list of the top ten countries in terms of numbers of

freshwater fish species that are actually recorded. These countries are Brazil (3,000 species),

Indonesia (1,300), Venezuela (1,250), China (1,010), Peru (855), Tanzania (800), United States of

America (790), India (750), Thailand (690) and Malaysia (600).

Kottelat and Whitten (1996) also compiled a list of the total number of freshwater fish species in

additional Asian countries. These countries are Vietnam (450 species), Philippines (330), Papua

New Guinea (329), Malaysia (300), Laos (262), Bangladesh (260), Cambodia (215), Pakistan

(159), Nepal (129), Taiwan (95), Sri Lanka (90), Korea (90), Mongolia (56), Brunei (55) and

Singapore (45).

1.3.2 PACIFIC PATTERNS

In the eastern Indo-Pacific region Indonesia has the highest recorded diversity of freshwater fish

with Papua New Guinea recording the second highest diversity (Allen, 1991; Kottelat and

Whitten, 1996). Freshwater fish diversity is much lower in neighbouring Pacific countries

including tropical and sub-tropical Australia (209 species: Allen et al., 2002), New Caledonia

(64 species: Marquet et al., 2003) and Vanuatu (62 species: Nimoho, 2000). Fish biodiversity

declines from eastern Indonesia to the outer Pacific countries (Myers, 1999). The pattern of

3

distribution of freshwater fishes in the eastern Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean is due to either

freshwater fish with marine larvae moving through ocean currents (Briggs, 1999), geological

processes such as movement of tectonic plates (Zink et al., 1996; Yap, 2002), intolerance of

species to different climatic events, and vicariance.

Most freshwater fish species that are distributed in the Pacific are amphidromous (Lowe-

McConnell, 1987; McDowall, 1993; 2004a) which means the adults live and breed in freshwater

and larvae are washed into the sea where they develop into juvenile fish before swimming back

into the rivers and continuing upstream where they complete their life cycles (Parenti, 1991;

McDowall, 1993; Keith 2003). Most of the freshwater biota of the Pacific islands represents

secondary species derived from marine ancestors (Springer, 1982; Kinzie, 1988).

1.3.3 FIJI PATTERNS

One of the poorly known aspects of the biodiversity of the Fijian Islands is the biodiversity of

freshwater fauna. Ryan (1980) reported 75 native species of fresh and brackish water fishes from

Fiji, and later (Ryan, 1991) listed a total of 80 species representing 28 families. Other collections

by individuals and organizations have added to these numbers. Although more collections of

freshwater fishes have been made in Fiji than in other Pacific countries, the knowledge of the

freshwater fish fauna in Fiji is still insufficient.

Fiji is blessed with many freshwater ecosystems. These are described by Southern et al. (1986)

and Gray (1993). The Fijian freshwater ecosystems conform to those described by Polhemus et

al. (1992) for tropical Pacific islands. Therefore, Fiji should have a more diverse freshwater fish

fauna compared to what has been reported so far.

1.4 Utilisation of freshwaters – fishes and other biota

Freshwater fishes and other freshwater biota are widely utilised around the globe. As well as

being used for food, fish and other aquatic biota are used as fertilizers, medicines and pets and are

an integral part of a dynamic food chain (Kottelat and Whitten, 1996). For example, in Indonesia,

the clown loach Botia macracanthus is collected for the aquarium fish trade. This is the most

important wild caught pet fish in the world, in terms of biomass, with an estimated 10 million

4

exported each year (Kottelat and Whitten, 1996). In Vietnam a total of 240,000 freshwater turtles

valued at US$2.4 million are traded annually. In Bangladesh during the late 1980s, freshwater

turtles and their eggs worth almost US$1 million were traded (Das, 1990 in Kottelat and Whitten,

1996).

In peninsular Malaysia, there are 327 species of aquatic plants of which 64 species have a socio-

economic value: 15 plants for food, five plants for livestock food, 30 plants for medicine, three

for fertilizers and another 11 plants for the aquarium trade, ornaments, magic, dyes, baskets, mats

and strings (Khan, 1990 in Kottelat and Whitten, 1996).

In 1994, global commercial freshwater fisheries harvested from aquaculture and culture-based

fisheries was roughly 97 million metric tonnes valued at USD $82 billion (Thorpe et al., 1995), of

which 71% was consumed by humans.

Freshwater fish and other freshwater fauna are amongst the most nutritious of foods (English et

al., 1996; Gadgil, 2001). Almost everywhere along rivers in the Indo-Pacific region, people catch

fish. Large fish are generally brought to the market and sold and smaller fishes are usually eaten

locally. In rivers and streams children catch frogs, tadpoles, snails, mussels, beetles, bugs, and

almost everything is eaten (Nelson, 1994; Thorpe et al., 1995; Kottelat and Whitten, 1996). The

aquatic biotas are the main sources of protein for many of the world’s poorer populations.

The over-harvesting of the aquatic flora and fauna for food and trade was evident in the Asian

countries reported above. Hence, the formation of the Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in the 1960s should help to protect the

survival of the wild animals and plants. Furthermore, countries have to become parties to the

CITES and species have to be listed by CITES in order for the conventions to protect the species

from exploitation.

Fish are also used as indicators of river health. In the Murray River, South Australia, carp

gudgeons (Hypseleotris klunzingeri, Eleotridae) are used to assess the environmental health of the

river system (Bertozzi et al., 2000; Berra, 2001). This native fish species is used as an indicator

because it was probably abundant in the healthy water system of eastern Australia. The overall

biodiversity in terms of species present in a fish community or ecosystem also can indicate water

quality (Bertozzi et al., 2000). For example, small gobies like Sicyopus, Lentipes and Stiphodon

5

can be used as species indicators of a healthy water system. This was observed during these

surveys: the Sicydiinae are more diverse and abundant in the most undisturbed environments.

1.4.1 FIJI

Fijians, like most people in other Pacific countries, depend on fish as their staple protein diet

while others use it as a vital dietary supplement. People with lower income depend largely on fish

as a major source of their protein.

Most of the villagers reported having fish and prawns about once a week as part of their diet.

Although fish consumption by these villagers is relatively low, due to limited and inadequate

alternative protein sources which are available, fish and prawns represent a very important dietary

component of these people. It is also likely that consumption has decreased due to lower

availability.

The harvest of freshwater fishes is generally ignored by authorities who do not discriminate

between aquaculture, reservoir production, and subsistence capture. In Fiji there is the

Environmental Management Act that is in place to safeguard the over harvesting of the aquatic

fauna and flora.

1.5 Threats to freshwater communities

1.5.1 HABITAT AND HUMAN POPULATION

Freshwater systems worldwide are under threat (Bräutigam, 1999). These threats are due to

human activities such as poor land use practices as a result of logging and mining; catchment

alteration primarily for irrigation, weirs or hydropower dams; pollution from urban areas, industry

and mines; and invasion of exotic species such as water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) and

tilapia (Oreochromis mossambica) (Jenkins, 1999; Berkamp et al., 2000; Thaman et al., 2002).

Poor agricultural and mining practices often result in erosion of soil and increased turbidity which

may disrupt feeding success of fishes (Gratwicke et al., 2002). Dams or weirs reduce or block

flow to the extent that lower reaches of waterways can no longer support aquatic life and

6

migratory species such as eels and amphidromous species lose their migratory paths and cannot

complete their life cycles (Berkamp et al., 2000; Keith, 2003).

Increased world population raises the volume demands of water use in the agricultural sector and

industrial processes on which economic development depends. According to a United Nations

report (1997) in Groombridge and Jenkins (1998) inevitable per capita shares of water for human

use are increasing and water stress is becoming more widespread. Industrial untreated chemicals

from increased agricultural practices are often washed into the water by heavy rain (Clark, 1997).

These pollutants pose a major threat by significantly altering the chemical and biophysical

characteristics of the water, making the habitat non-conducive to aquatic life.

Other threats to freshwaters include habitat loss due to land reclamation, overfishing and the pet

trade. Loss of fish habitat through development can cause a major loss to the biodiversity of the

local area that has been affected.

1.5.2 INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC ORGANISMS

Introduced species often affect native species indirectly through competition for space and food

resources or directly by feeding on native species and their eggs and fry (Crossman, 1991;

Wilcove, 1994; Howe et al., 1997; Englund and Filbert, 1999; Ivantsoff and Aarn, 1999). Species

such as the popular tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus and O. niloticus) and carp (Cyprinus

carpio) often create turbid conditions in formerly clean waterways and badly overcrowd native

fauna due to their prolific breeding (Allen, 1991). Some of the major under-recognized impacts

are introduction of pathogens, hybridization, and broad scale environmental and socio-economic

effects (Eldredge, 2000).

Introducing exotic species such as carp can also influence water quality. Some examples of this

have been documented in the lakes and ponds in Europe and the USA, showing that high

densities of carp increase turbidity and play a role in increasing phytoplankton biomass by

altering nutrient availability in the water column (King et al., 1997).

7

1.6 Freshwater fishes in Fiji

1.6.1 HABITAT DIVERSITY

The Fiji Islands are located in the south-west of the Pacific Ocean, roughly central to most of the

other Pacific Island countries (Figure 1.1). Fiji is located between latitudes 15 oS and 21o South

and longitudes 177o West to 175o East. The Fiji Islands are made up of 320 islands. The two

largest islands are Viti Levu (10,386 km2) and Vanua Levu (5,535 km2), which make up 87% of

the total land area. In addition, two small islands, Taveuni (435 km2) and Kadavu (408 km2),

account for a further 4.6% of the land area. Most of the remaining islands are very small, less

than 100 km2 on average (Gray, 1993; Figure 1.1).

The Fiji Islands comprise a group of high islands of volcanic origin, with barrier reefs, atolls,

sand cays and raised coral islands. The larger islands are well watered by rivers and streams. Viti

Levu alone is drained by five large rivers (the Rewa, Navua, Sigatoka, Nadi and Ba rivers) and on

Vanua Levu there are several short rivers, with the Dreketi River the largest, 55 km long.

There are four main types of freshwater ecosystems in Fiji. They are rivers, creeks, peat swamps

and lakes. Most of them are on the two main islands and the largest peat swamp is Bonatoa (870

ha) in Viti Levu. The freshwater lakes are generally restricted to mountainous regions. The largest

lake is Lake Tagimaucia located on Taveuni Island, covering 213 ha. Other fresh water systems

include human-made impounded reservoirs. In Viti Levu, there are two major dams: the small

dam is Vaturu Dam (160 ha), which provides water for the western division of Viti Levu, and the

larger Monasavu Dam (670 ha), which provides water and hydro-electricity for the whole island

of Viti Levu. Recently a new dam (80 ha) has been built at Wainikavika Creek near Navua to

provide water for rice irrigation (Gray, 1993).

Fijian streams and rivers are highly variable in size and length. The variability in streams and

rivers size and environmental factors are likely to influence the diversity and the distribution of

both the indigenous and the introduced fishes of Fiji. On the larger islands, many short coastal

streams have very small catchment areas and few side-branches. Further inland, many streams are

branches of much larger systems with collective catchments covering thousands of hectares. On

some of the smaller steep-sided islands, e.g. Taveuni, the streams are short and unbranched and

8

also relatively steep, often being interrupted by high waterfalls that may act as barriers to fish

dispersal.

The nature of the catchments is also highly variable. Many have been deforested and repeatedly

burned and grazed, others have been over-planted with exotic trees such as pine (Pinus sp.) and

mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), yet in a few cases the indigenous forest of the catchments

has been largely left intact (Cabaniuk, 1987). Many streams drain from limestone and

sedimentary rocks, while others drain from acidic volcanic rocks.

Freshwater streams provide a wide range of microhabitats for fishes. Observations from this study

show that climbing gobies of the subfamily Sicydiinae are adapted to live in fast flowing habitats

while other fishes are adapted to slow flowing zones. Deeper bodied mid-water dwellers, for

example Kuhlia sp. and Lutjanus sp., tend to live in a deeper area of the stream while others, for

example Schismatogobius vitiensis, live in the shallow zone. Several species spend a great deal of

time on the river edge under the overhanging plants and grasses, for example Microphis sp. and

Ambassis sp. This is an ideal habitat for shelter from predators and a generally safer zone for egg

deposition (Welcomme, 2002).

Freshwater ecosystem habitats are discontinuous. Freshwater fish biodiversity can be highly

localized and even small lake or stream systems may harbour unique locally evolved forms of

life. The numbers of different species in any given freshwater habitat can be high even if the

population numbers of the individual species are low (Thaman et al., 2002).

9

Figure 1.1. The Fiji Islands. Source: Morrison, 2003.

1.6.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES

Raj and Seeto (1984) reported the history of fish collections in Fiji. Of those collections, the

following included freshwater fishes: Jordan and Dickerson 1908, Whitley 1927, Fowler 1928,

Fowler 1931, Fowler 1932, Fowler 1934, Seale 1935, Herre 1936, Fowler 1940, Fowler 1949,

Whitley 1950 and Fowler 1953.

Based on these past collections and publications Fowler compiled a book in 1959, “Fishes of

Fiji,” reporting 545 species of which most were marine and estuarine species. However, he listed

75 freshwater and brackish water fish. Patrick Ryan in 1980 published the first checklist of the

native brackish and freshwater fishes of Fiji, and some new records (Ryan, 1981), based on

previous reports and several personal collections made in creeks near Suva and creeks in Lavena

in Taveuni in 1979.

10

A list of introduced aquatic species was produced in 1985 (Andrews, 1985); Beumer (1985)

carried out a study on the freshwater eel resources of Fiji; then a revised list of freshwater and

estuarine fishes was published in 1986 (Lewis and Pring, 1986). Current research on freshwater

fish in Fiji is being carried out by University of the South Pacific, Wetlands International,

Wildlife Conservation Society and the Fiji Institute of Technology’s freshwater fauna research

group. Knowledge of the true level of diversity and distribution of Fiji freshwater fishes and their

ecology is still inadequate. Therefore, the purposes of this study are to further explore the

freshwater fish in Fiji and to provide information on the variations that are to be expected in fish

distribution in Fiji by comparing the fish biotas from different stream types.

1.6.3 AIMS OF STUDY

Throughout the tropical Pacific much conservation attention focuses on terrestrial species and on

the destruction of rainforest and coral reef habitats (Thaman, 1994; Nishimoto and Fitzsimons,

1999). The increased pace of the development in many of the islands of the tropical Pacific have

resulted in an increased threat to the fauna of their inland, aquatic habitats; therefore, there is an

urgent need for ecological information of these ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to survey

the freshwater fish resources of Fiji now before they are destroyed by the effects of land

development, deforestation, mining and exotic species (Bräutigam, 1999; Jenkins, 1999; Ryan,

2000). This study is intended to improve our understanding of the diversity, distribution and the

abundance of Fiji’s freshwater fish fauna.

The research aims of this study were to:

(i) describe and record the diversity, distribution and abundance of freshwater fishes in

Fiji;

(ii) compare and contrast fish species composition in different habitats, and correlate the

results with environmental characteristics and habitat diversity;

(iii) explain freshwater species distributions, abundance and habitat preferences in Fiji.

Whereas data from all freshwater studies to date conducted in Fiji will be referred to,

emphasis will be given to information on waterways in southeastern Viti Levu,

interior Viti Levu, Taveuni and north-eastern Vanua Levu; and

(iv) compare the freshwater fish species diversity of Fiji with those in other Pacific

countries.

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CHAPTER 2 STUDY SITES AND SAMPLING METHODS

Freshwater fish surveys were carried out in 66 sites in seven watersheds on the three largest

islands in Fiji (Figure 2.1 and 2.2). Different sampling methods were used at each site depending

on the substrate type and location of the site. Seven different types of fishing methods were used

in total.

Sampling in this survey was biased towards the island of Viti Levu and Taveuni. The original aim

of the thesis was to compare two systems; difficulties in design caused the focus to change to

more general surveying, including a single stream in Vanua Levu and collections by individuals

and other research organizations (See section 2.2.3 on page 14) from Vanua Levu, Ovalau, Gau,

Kadavu and Lau.

2.1 Sampling sitesThe Tamavua System in Viti Levu (Figure 2.3) and Tavoro Creek in Taveuni (Figure 2.4) are the

main study sites. The creeks were chosen because of their differences in geological formation.

The Tamavua System is within the older geological island of Viti Levu (Rodd, 1993) and Tavoro

Creek is on the younger geological island of Taveuni (Nunn, 1994). The fish collected from the

Tamavua System and Tavoro Creek cannot represent the biodiversity and abundance expected in

Fijian fresh water fishes. Therefore, other coastal creeks and rivers in Fiji were surveyed to

complement the collection from the two main study sites.

The additional sites were chosen to represent disturbed and undisturbed coastal and inland water

systems. The water systems selected were the

Upper Navua River, in Viti Levu

Watershed of the Sovi Basin (Sovi River, Wainavobo River, Wainadi Creek, Wainasa

Creek, (Wainivalau River and Waibasaga Creek) in Viti Levu,

Wabu watershed (Waiveikove Creek and Wabu Creek) in Viti Levu,

Headwaters of the Sigatoka River and Ba River (Upper Ba River, Nukunuku Creek,

Nadala Creek and Qaliwana Creek) in Viti Levu,

Wailotua System (Wairoko Creek and Wailotua River) in Viti Levu,

Navaka Creek, Wailevu and Waitavala creeks in Taveuni, and

Waisali System (Waisali Creek and Savuqoro Creek) in Vanua Levu.

12

The watersheds on Viti Levu are labelled A to L and R to U (Figure 2.1). The watersheds on

Vanua Levu and Taveuni are labelled M to Q (Figure 2.2). A survey of freshwater fish and other

biota was carried out in the 66 sites within 21 watersystems over the period October 2002 to

October 2004.

13

Figure 2.1. Water systems surveyed on Viti Levu. A – Tamavua River system, B – Navua River,

C – Sovi River, D – Wainavobo River, E – Wainadi Creek, F – Wainasa Creek, G – Wainivalau

River, H – Waibasaga Creek, I – Weiveikovi Creek, J – Wabu watershed, K – Wairoko Creek,

and L – Wailotua River. R– Upper Ba River, S – Nukunuku Creek, T – Nadala Creek and U –

Qaliwana Creek. Source: Jenkins and Boseto, 2003.

Figure 2.2. Water systems surveyed on Vanua Levu and Taveuni. M – Tavoro Creek,

N – Navaka Creek, O – Wailevu Creek, P - Waitavala Creek, Q – Waisali Water system.

Source: Jenkins and Boseto, 2003.

14

2.2 Additional sources of information

Museum holdings, published materials and recent collections of Fijian brackish and freshwater

fishes were also utilized.

2.2.1 MUSEUMS

Searches for fish collections of Fiji freshwater fishes and brackish water were made through

several Pacific Rim natural history museums and the British Museum, with the assistance of

collection managers. These museums were the Australian Museum, Sydney (AMS); Queensland

Museum, Brisbane (QM); California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS); the

Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington (USNM); the British

Museum of Natural History, London (BMNH); and the Bishop Museum, Hawaii (BPBM).

2.2.2 LITERATURE

Most literature sources consulted included Jordan and Dickerson 1908, Whitley 1927, Fowler

1928, Fowler 1931, Fowler 1932, Fowler 1934, Seale 1935, Herre 1936, Fowler 1940, Fowler

1949, Whitley 1950 and Fowler 1953. Fowler’s (1959) book “Fishes of Fiji” and papers by

Paddy Ryan (1980, 1981 and 1991) recording his collections from creeks near Suva and

Wainibau Creek in Lavena, on the island of Taveuni in 1979 and 1980. Other publications

consulted are Lewis and Pring (1986) who published a revised list of freshwater and estuarine

fishes, and Andrews (1985) who published a list of aquatic species introduced to Fiji.

2.2.3 RECENT FISH COLLECTION

Unpublished data on recent collections of freshwater and brackish water fishes in Fiji have been

kindly made available for comparison. The Fiji Institute of Technology (FIT, Suva) research

group surveyed the freshwater fauna of three major river systems (Wainimala and Wainibuka in

Viti Levu and Dreketi River in Vanua Levu) in 2002. John Pogonowski (AMS) surveyed

waterways in Viti Levu and Vanua Levu which was reported in Jenkins (2003), Salote Waqairatu

collected material from the lower Savura Creek and Nalase Creek in 2003 and the Wildlife

Conservation Society (South Pacific, Suva) collected freshwater fishes in Kadavu Island and the

Lau Islands in 2003.

15

The information obtained from museums, literature and recent collections by other individuals,

institutions and organisations are incorporated in Chapter 3 to Chapter 5.

2.3 Sampling

2.3.1 METHODS

2.3.1.1 Fishing gearSeveral types of fishing gear were used in this survey. They included gill nets of three different

mesh sizes, a throw/cast net, beach seine net, a fine mesh net, pole seine net, a small hand net, a

spear gun and a L-R 24 electro fisher.

(a) Gill nets

The three types of gill nets were made of monofilament material and have different lengths,

widths and mesh sizes. The gill nets were 10 m x 1.5m x 3.75 cm, 12 m x 1.5m x 3.75 cm and 30

m x 2 m x 5 cm respectively. The gill nets were weighted with lead on the bottom (lead line) and

had floats on the top (float line). When they were stretched to their full lengths the nets were tied

onto two rods at each end of the net when sealing off a mangrove passage, or the terminal reaches

of the creek, then allowed time to soak before being checked.

(b) Cast net

The cast net was made of a nylon cord and had a mesh size of 2 cm. It was circular in shape,

approximately 3 m diameter, and is weighted around the circumference. This net was used only at

Site 1, the Tamavua River (A). The net was thrown so that it spreads out into a circle before it

enters the water, and then it sinks down quickly to trap the fishes inside before they can swim

away. The fish caught are then pulled back into the canoe or to shore, before being taken out of

the net.

(c) Beach seine net

This net, which measured 2 m x 7 m, 0.4 cm2, was pulled in a rough circle, with the bottom edge

down as close as possible to the substrate and forward of the top floating edge of the net. This

technique was carried out with care to lessen the number of fleeing fishes. It is commonly used

only in slow moving or still waters.

16

(d) Fine mesh net

This net was made of 3-ply mending twine. The length of this net was 10 m, and the width was

2 m, and mesh was 3 cm. One person had to stand at one end of the net while another person

pulled it in a circle. The bottom of the net was weighted and is kept close to the substrate. The net

was pulled onto the river’s edge. This technique was used on slow moving and oxbow pools,

especially those beside the Wailotua River.

(e) Pole seine net

This net is made of 2-ply mending twine with a length of 2 m and width of 3 m. It was used in

three ways. Firstly, it was held by two people downstream as another two people kicked, splashed

and removed rubble upstream and swam towards the net. Secondly, the net was submerged under

over-hanging vegetation and the vegetation was disturbed to chase the fish into the net and then

the net was thrust upwards. Finally, the net was set behind a person with the electric fishing

machine to catch the fish that had been stunned.

(f) Hand net

This net was used to scoop fish that were stunned by the electric fishing machine and were

floating on the surface of the water. This hand net was made of 1-ply mending twine with a mesh

size of 1cm and was tied to a wire ring at the end of a wooden rod of 30 cm length. The

circumference of the ring was 15 cm.

(g) Spear gun

This is a long thin iron rod used with an elastic rubber band. It was very useful in collecting fast

moving fish and fish hiding under tree roots or under big rocks in a pool. The spear gun was used

while swimming with mask and snorkel.

(h) Electric fishing machine

This is a LR -24 Smith – Roote Electric Fishing Machine. This machine was used extensively in

shallow waters of the creeks and rivers including along the banks of the deeper areas. A fine mesh

net was attached to the wand and two other persons were positioned behind the person with the

electric fishing machine with a fine mesh net and hand net each to collect the stunned fishes.

17

(i) Visual observation

This was used in big clear pools while swimming underwater with a mask and a snorkel. A tape

measure was used to run a transect line and fish within a metre distance from each side of the line

were counted from one end of the pool to the other.

(j) Hand gleaning

This was used in pools where prawns are dominant. Prawns were collected by hand from under

stones and rocky substrate.

2.3.1.2 Physical parameter equipment A portable Global Positioning System (GPS) (Garmin 8 – hand held) was used to take the

position and altitude of the sampling sites. Water turbidity was measured by estimating the water

clarity in percentage ranging from 0 to 100%, with 100% denoting pristine freshwater. River flow

was measured by calculating the flow of an object from point A to point B over a length of one

meter using the formula Velocity = distance (metres)/time (seconds). Other equipment used to

measure the water parameters were:

YSI meter 85, model # 85/10 FT to measure the dissolved oxygen, conductivity, salinity

and temperature

YSI meter 83 model #63/10FT to measure the pH

100 m tape measure to measure the length, width and depth of the sampling site

2.3.2 PROCESSING

At each of the sampling sites, the physical parameters were measured and recorded before the fish

survey began. The site location, substrate type, the creek and river type and the flow rate

determined the fishing method used at a particular site.

During field collections all known fish species were counted, measured and returned to the water.

Unidentified specimens were brought back to the laboratory. The fish specimens were fixed in 10

% formalin, stored in sampling bottles and labeled with site and date of collection. Later the fish

were changed over to 70 % ethanol.

In the laboratory, all fish collected were counted, identified and their standard length recorded.

They were registered and are kept in the USP Marine Reference Collection.

18

2.3.2.1 FishAll fishes were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using available literature. This

included Munro (1967), Dawson (1984, 1985), Allen (1985), Allen and Burgess (1990), Allen

and Leggeh (1990), Allen (1991), Watson (1991), Watson (1991a), Allen, Parenti and Coates

(1992), Allen (1997), Carpenter, K.E. and Niem, V.H eds (1998, 1999), Myers (1999), Kuiter

(2000), Fishbase (2004), Larson and Murdy (2001), Allen, Midgley and Allen (2002) and

Gloerfelt-Tarp and Kailola (no date).

Help was also sought from fish taxonomists to identify or verify some identifications. These

included Aaron Jenkins (WI), Johnson Seeto (USP) and Patricia Kailola (Sydney), John

McCosker (CAS), Douglass Hoese and Sally Reader (AMS), Helen Larson (NTM) and Ronald

Watson (Florida).

Aquatic invertebrates caught were also collected as a means of determing relative biodiversity

and also food availability. Furthermore, the plants alone the water systems were recorded as a

way of identifying habitats.

2.3.2.2 Invertebrates All invertebrates collected such as snails, prawns, crabs and freshwater insects were identified to

the lowest possible taxonomic level using available literature. This was Burukovskii (1983) and

Haynes (2001).

2.3.2.3 FloraThe plant materials from sampling sites were identified on site by Alifereti Naikatini and Marika

Tuiwawa (SPRH) or from specimens brought back to the SPRH. Not all plants have common

names. Hence, the plants that have common names are put in brackets beside the

scientific names.

19

2.4 Site descriptions2.4.1 (A) TAMAVUA SYSTEM- SAVURA CREEK, TAMAVUA RIVER AND VAGO

CREEK (Sites 1-21).

The Tamavua System was chosen as it represents a coastal lowland tropical rainforest in Viti

Levu (Figure 2.3). This system comprises three different water courses (Vago Creek, Savura

Creek and Tamavua River), which run through two forest reserves (Vago and Savura catchments)

and a disturbed area in the Tamavua River. Therefore, it could provide a comparison between the

fish fauna of a forest reserve and a disturbed area. The final reason for choosing this site was that

it would provide information on the fish fauna of an old (ancient) geological island formation

(Viti Levu) (Nunn, 1994).

The Savura Forestry Reserve Catchment is located in the province of Naitasiri and includes two

adjacent forest reserves, Vago and Savura, catchments for the Tamavua River system. The Vago

Forest Reserve was established in 1959 and comprises 24.7 ha of lowland rainforest, while the

Savura Forest Reserve was established in 1963 and comprises 396.5 ha (Keppel et al., 2003). The

Savura and Vago Creeks provide much of Suva’s water supply (Figure 2.3) and drain into the

Tamavua River, which then flows into the sea. The Savura Forestry Reserve Catchment is located

on the western perimeter of Suva and has its headwaters at an altitude of 29 m at the top of Vago

Waterfall.

2.4.1.1 General description of Tamavua River System. (a) Vegetation

The Tamavua System is an example of a tropical lowland rainforest in South-eastern Viti Levu.

The forest is dominated by trees of the species Balaka microcarpa and Cyathea hormei (tree

fern). The creek is overshadowed by tall riparian trees such as Dolicholobium macgregorii,

woody shrubs such as Ficus bambusifolia and tree shrubs such as Syzygium seemannianum and

Acalypha rivularis. Other riparian plants that are common along the creek edge and the creek

banks at the middle upper section of the Savura and Vago Creeks are vines and creepers such as

Derris malaccensis (New Guinea Creeper), herbs such as Elatostema vitiense and E. australe,

woody shrubs such as Ficus vitiensis, small trees such as Ficus theophrastoides and Astronidium

robustum, and big forest trees such as Dillenia biflora, Geniostoma ternate, Atuna racemosa and

Geniostoma macrophyllum. The banks of the lower middle section of the Savura Creek are

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covered with paragrass meadow of Brachira mutica. The Tamavua River estuary is dominated by

mangrove forest of Rhizophora stylosa and R. samoensis.

(b) Climate

The Savura Forestry Reserve Catchment records an average monthly rainfall of 230 mm (Fiji

Meteorology Service, 2004). The monthly rainfall ranges from 104 mm in July to 366 mm in

January. Monthly mean temperature ranges from 22.8 0C in August to 27.2 0C in February. The

average temperature from June 2002 to October 2004 was 28.7 0C and the average minimum

temperature of the same period was 22.2 0C (Fiji Meteorology Service, 2004).

(b) Geology

The geology of the Savura Forestry Reserve Catchment was first described by Skiba in 1953. He

found that the major rocks are igneous, and include andesites with tuffs and andesitic

agglomerates, rhyolites and rhyolitic tuffs, and dacites. The youngest rocks are basalts.

Vago Creek flows within 50 m of the embedded Tawavatu Tuff above the first waterfall (Skiba,

1953). Above and below the falls are large boulders, gravel and sand in the creek bed. A further

50 m downstream, where Vago Creek joins Savura Creek, the creek flows through another

exposed 20 m stretch of embedded Tawavatu Tuff. The bed of Savura Creek is mainly

characterised by large metamorphic boulders, whereas the Tamavua River bed downstream

comprises smaller gravel until near the river mouth where silt and mud cover most of the river

bed.

2.4.1.2 Description of sites and sampling techniques used in Sites 1 to 21 within

Tamavua catchment.The Tamavua catchment was sampled during the wet and dry seasons. The sites denoted with (a)

refers to wet season sampling (b) refers to the dry season sampling.

A. Site 1a. Mouth of Tamavua River (Appendix 10, Plate 2) (at 180 06’.92”S, 1780 25’.80”E), 3

February 2003, at sea level. Substrate mainly of silt, mud and rubble on sides and sand in middle

of river. Lower reach of river, including this site, mainly in mangrove forest of Rhizophora

stylosa and R. samoensis. Cast net thrown randomly on both sides of the canoe when canoe was

paddled upstream and downstream on either side of river. Gill net (10 m x 1 m x 2.75 cm) was

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used to seal off the river mouth from 1050 to 1500 hours. Sampling time 1100 till 1530 hours.

Tidal range from high to 1.60 m at 0804 hours to low 0.50 m 1402 hours.

A. Site 1b. Same site and method as 1a. Date: 5 October 2004; gill net set: 1050 to 1500 hours,

tide 1.51 m at 1128 hours to 1.01 m at 1656 hours.

A. Site 2a. Tamavua River. Small mangrove passage opposite lower Tamavua-i-Wai village (at

180 06’.15”S, 1780 26’.01”E), 3 - 4 February 2003, at sea level. Substrate of silt and mud. Passage

in mangrove forest of Rhizophora stylosa and R. samoensis. Gill net (10 m x 1.5 m x 3.75 cm),

used to seal small passage overnight (2000 to 0400 hours). Tidal range from high 1.70 m at 2000

to low 0.30 m at 0230 hours.

A. Site 2b. Same site and method as 2a. Date: 8 October 2004; gill net set: 0100 to 0800 hours,

tide 1.64 m at 0130 hours to 0.72 m at 0800 hours.

A. Site 3a. Tamavua River. Small mangrove passage 5 m away from site 2 (at 180 06’.23”S,

1780 26’.02” E), 3 - 4 February 2003, at sea level. Substrate of silt and mud. Passage in mangrove

forest of Rhizophora stylosa and R. samoensis. Gill net (12 m x 1.5 m x 3.75 cm), used to seal off

this passage overnight (2000 till 0400 hour). Tidal range from high 1.70 m 2000 hours to low

0.30 m at 0230 hours.

A. Site 3b. Same site and method as 3a. Date: 8 October 2004; gill net set: used 0100 to 0800

hours, tide 1.64 m at 0130 hours to 0.72 m at 0800 hours.

A. Site 4a. Tamavua River. Larger mangrove passage compared to that of sites 2 and 3, about 80

m away from site 3 (Appendix 10, Plate 3) (at 180 06’.10”S, 1780 26’.02”E), 4 February 2003, at

sea level. Substrate of silt and mud. Vegetation type dominated by mangrove forest of

Rhizophora stylosa and R. samoensis. Two gill nets used in site 2 and 3 joined together and set

during the day (0800 to 1420 hours). Tidal range from high 1.6 m at 0844 hours to low 0.50 m at

1445 hours.

A. Site 4b. Same site and method as 4a. Date: 4 October 2004; two gill nets used in site 2 and 3

joined together set: 1100 to 1500 hours, tide 1.57 m at 1020 hours to 0.94 m at 1600 hours.

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A. Site 5a. Tamavua River. 200 m upstream from site 4 and the Tamavua-i-Wai Village (at 180

05’.80”S’, 1780 26’.81”E), 5 February 2003, at sea level. Substrate within passage mostly silt and

mud. Passage in mangrove forest of Rhizophora stylosa and R. samoensis. Gill net (12 m x 1.5 m

x 3.75 cm), set from 0900 am to 1355 hours. Tidal range from high 1.60 m at 0800 to low 0.50 m

at 1414 hours.

A. Site 5b. Same site and method as 5a. Date: 6 October 2004; gill net set: 1130 to 1630 hours,

tide 1.50 m at 1230 hours to low 1.04 m at 1800 hours.

A. Site 6a. Tamavua River. 600 m away from site 5 (at 180 05’.53”S 1780 25’.59”E), 6 February

2003, 1 m above sea level. Substrate of silt and mud. Passage enclosed in mangrove forest of

Rhizophora stylosa and R. samoensis. Gill net (10 m x 1.5 m x 3.75 cm) used to seal mangrove

passage from 1400 to 1800 hours. Tidal range from high 1.60 m 0840 hours to low 0.50 m 1452

hours.

A. Site 6b. Same site and method as 6a. Date: 6 October 2004; gill net set: 1230 to 1730 hours,

tide 1.50 m at 1230 hours to low 1.04 m at 1800 hours.

A. Site 7a. Lower Savura Creek. 50 m away from confluence of Savura Creek and Tamavua

River and 400m away from Wailoku Public Works Department Pump Station (Appendix 10,

Plate 4) (at 180 05’.45”S, 1780 25’.98”E), 10 February 2003, 2 m above sea level. This is where

the freshwater begins. Substrate of sand and rubble in centre and mud on edge where grasses

overhang creek. Vegetation type dominated by paragrass, Brachiaria mutica. Electro fisher, hand

net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and towards centre of

creek. Sampling took place between 0900 and 0930 hours and tide rising from 0.70 m at 0632 to

1.50 m at 1309 hours. Sampling abandoned then due to heavy rain.

A. Site 7b. Same site as 7a. Date: 6 October 2004; beach seine net and pole seine net used for 30

minutes to shovel along both sides under overhanging vegetation and towards centre of creek.

Sampling from 1000 to 1030 hours during rising tide from 0.77 m at 0603 hours to 1.50 m at

1240 hours.

A. Site 8a. Savura Creek. 300 m away from site 7 (at 180 05’.43”S, 1780 26’.09”E), 11 February

2003, 3 m above sea level. Substrate of sand and rubble at side and towards centre and mud on

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edge where grasses overhang creek. Vegetation dominated by paragrass, Brachiaria mutica.

Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along

both sides and towards centre of creek. Sampling time from 0830 to 0900 hours, during rising tide

from 0.70 m at 0723 hours to 1.50 m at 1403 hours.

A. Site 8b. Same site as 8a and method as in 7b. Date: 7 October 2004; beach seine net and pole

seine net used from 1230 to 1300 hours, during rising tide from 0.76 m at 0713 hours to 1.54 m at

1345 hours.

A. Site 9a. Savura Creek. 200 m away from site 8 (at 180 05’. 41”S, 1780 26’. 22”E), 11 February

2003, 4 m above sea level. Substrate type mainly has sand and rubble on side and towards centre

and mud on edge where grasses overhang creek. Vegetation dominated by paragrass, Brachiaria

mutica. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps

along both sides and towards centre of creek. Sampling time from 0915 to 0945 hours, during

rising tide from 0.70 m at 0723 hours to 1.50 m at 1403 hours.

A. Site 9b. Same site as 9a and method as in 7b. Date: 7 October 2004; beach seine net and pole

seine net used from 1320 to 1350 hours, during high tide; 1.54 m at 1345 hours.

A. Site 10a. Savura Creek. 200 m away from site 9 (18o 05’.29”S, 178o26’.26” E), 11 February

2003, 5 m above sea level. Substrate of sand and rubble in centre and mud on edge where grasses

overhang creek. Vegetation dominated by paragrass, Brachiaria mutica. Electro fishing machine,

hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and towards

centre of creek. Sampling time from 1000 to 1030 hours, during rising tide from 0.70 m at

0723 hours to 1.50 m at 1403 hours.

A. Site 10b. Same site as 10a and method as in 7b. Date: 7 October 2004; beach seine net and

pole seine net used from 1400 to 1430 hours, during falling tide from 1.54 m at 1345 hours to

1.00 m at 1930 hours.

A. Site 11a. Savura Creek. 200 m above last site (at 180 06’.93”S, 1780 26’.46”E), 11 February

2003, 6 m above sea level. Substrate of sand and rubble in centre and mud on edge where grasses

overhang creek. Vegetation dominated by paragrass, Brachiaria mutica. Electro fishing machine,

hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and towards

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centre of creek. Sampling time from 1045 to 1115 hours, during rising tide from 0.70 m at 0723

hours to 1.50 m at 1403 hours.

A. Site 11b. Same site as 11a and method as in 7b. Date: 7 October 2004; beach seine net and

pole seine net from 1450 to 1520 hours, during falling tide from 1.54 m at 1345 hours to 1.00 m

at 1930 hours.

A. Site 12a. Savura Creek. 200 m away from site 11. (at 180 05’.07”S, 1780 26’.44”E), 11

February 2003, 8 m above sea level. This site is within the forest reserve. Substrate of sand and

rubble in centre and mud on edge where ferns and creepers overgrow sides of creek. Vegetation

dominated by forest cover forming understorey shrubs and ferns along edges of creek Electro

fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides

and towards centre of creek. Sampling time from 1130 to 1200 hours, during rising tide from

0.70 m at 0723 hours to 1.50 m at 1403 hours.

A. Site 12b. Same site as 12a and method as in 7b. Date: 8 October 2004; beach seine net and

pole seine net used from 0900 to 0930 hours, during rising tide from 0.72 m at 0813 hours to

1.62 m at 1438 hours.

A. Site 13a. Savura Creek. 200 m below water dam (at 180 05’. 08”S, 1780 26’.54”E), 28 January

2003, 9 m above sea level. Substrate of sand and rubble in centre and mud on edges where ferns

and creepers overhang creek. Vegetation dominated by forest cover forming understorey shrubs

and ferns along edges of creek. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30

minutes for five sweeps along both sides and towards centre of creek. Sampling time from 1015

to 1045 hours, during rising tide from 0.50 m at 0843 hours to 1.70 m 1510 hours.

A. Site 13b. Same site as 13a and method as in 7b. Date: 8 October 2004; beach seine net and

pole seine net were used from 0950 to 1020 hours, during rising tide from 0.72 m at 0813 hours

to 1.62 m at 1438 hours.

A. Site 14a. Savura Creek. Deep pool below water dam, 10 m away from site 13 (at 180 04’.59”

S, 1780 26’.36”E), 28 January 2003, 10 m above sea level. Substrate of sand and rubble; few

scattered small boulders. Vegetation dominated by mosses and paragrass, Brachiaria mutica.

Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along

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the pool edge. Visual observation used at this site using a transect line along length of pool.

Sampling time from 1100 to 1130 hours, during rising tide from 0.50 m at 0843 hours to 1.70 m

1510 hours. Sampling discontinued due to rain starting to fall.

A. Site 14b. Same site as 14a. Date: 8 October 2004; visual observation used at this site using a

transect line along length of pool and beach seine net was used dragged along side of pool from

1040 to 1110 hours, during rising tide from 0.72 m at 0813 hours to 1.62 m at 1438 hours.

A. Site 15a. Vago Creek. Sampling at confluence of Vago Creek and Savura Creek, 50 m away

from site 14 (at 180 05’.94”S, 1780 26’.56”E), 29 January 2003, 13 m above sea level. Substrate

of sand, rubble and boulders and in some parts of creek substrate comprises fused rock.

Vegetation dominated by mosses on fused rock, and grasses, Commelina sp., along creek edges.

Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along

both sides and towards centre of creek. Sampling time from 0900 to 0930 hours.

A. Site 15b. Same site as 15a. Date: 8 October 2004; beach seine net and pole seine net used for

30 minutes. Two people dislodge the rocks and pebble to chase the fish into net from 1130 to

1200 hours.

A. Site 16a. Vago Creek. 10 m upstream from site 15 (at 180 04’.89”S, 1780 26’.59”E), 29

January 2003, 14 m above sea level. Substrate of sand, rubble and boulders. Vegetation

dominated by small trees and grasses, Commelina sp. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole

seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and towards centre of creek.

Sampling time from 0945 to 1015 hours.

A. Site 16b. Same site as 16a and method as in 15b. Date: 10 October 2004; beach seine net and

pole seine net were used from 0930 to 1000 hours.

A. Site 17a. Vago Creek. 10 m from site 16 (at 180 04’.52”S, 1780 26’.32”E), 29 January 2003,

15 m above sea level. Substrate of sand, rubble and boulders. Vegetation dominated by forest

cover forming understorey shrubs and ferns along edges of creek. Electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and towards centre of

creek. Sampling time from 1025 to 1055 hours. Sampling discontinued due to heavy rain.

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A. Site 17b. Same site as 17a and method as in 15b. Date: 10 October 2004; beach seine net and

pole seine net were used from 1025 to 1055 hours.

A. Site 18a. Vago Creek. 20 m from site 17 (at 180 04’.03”S, 1780 27’.22”E), 31 January 2003,

at 17 m above sea level. Substrate of sand, rubble and boulders. Vegetation dominated by forest

cover forming understorey shrubs and ferns along edges of creek. Electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and towards centre of

creek. Sampling time from 0900 to 0930 hours.

A. Site 18b. Same site as 18a and method as in 15b. Date: 10 October 2004; beach seine net and

pole seine net were used from 1115 to 1145 hours.

A. Site 19a. Vago Creek. 20 m from site 18 and also below Vago Waterfall (at 180 04’.83”S,

1780 26’.51”E), 31 January 2003, 18 m above sea level. Substrate type of with sand on pool

bottom, and fused rock wall surrounding pool. Vegetation of a few ferns, creepers and grasses

over fused rock. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five

sweeps along the pool edges. Visual observation used at this site using a transect line along length

of pool. Sampling time from 1015 to 1045 hours. Sampling discontinued due to heavy rain.

A. Site 19b. Same site as 19a and method as in 15b. Date: 10 October 2004; beach seine net and

pole seine net were used from 1205 to 1235 hours.

A. Site 20a. Vago Creek. At top of Vago Waterfall (at 180 04’.49”S, 1780 26’.26”E), 12

February 2003, 27 m above sea level. Substrate comprises of fused rock. Vegetation dominated

by forest cover forming understorey shrubs and ferns along edges of creek. Electro fishing

machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and

towards centre of creek. Sampling time from 0830 to 0900 hours.

A. Site 20b. Same site as 20a and method as in 15b. Date: 10 October 2004; beach seine net and

pole seine net were used from 1300 to 1330 hours.

A. Site 21a. Vago Creek. Above Vago Falls, 200 m from its edge (Appendix 10, Plate 5) (at 180

04’.45”S, 1780 26’.26”E), 12 February 2003, 29 m above sea level. Substrate of sand, rubble,

boulders and fused rocks in some parts. Vegetation dominated by forest cover forming

27

understorey shrubs and ferns along edge of creek. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole

seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and towards centre of creek.

Sampling time from 0915 to 0945 hours.

A. Site 21b. Same site as 21a and method as in 15b. Date: 10 October 2004; beach seine net and

pole seine net were used from 1350 to 1420 hours.

2.4.2 (B) UPPER NAVUA RIVER (SITES 43 and 44)

The Upper Navua River was chosen because of its unique substrate type. This river is within the

Navua Gorge where interesting formations of limestone rocks form the gorge on both sides of the

river. It was anticipated that this habitat would contain a unique variety of fishes.

2.4.2.1 General description of the Upper Navua River (a) Vegetation

The forest type represents a lowland tropical forest type. The riparian plants of the Navua Gorge

were studied by Keppel et al. (2004) who compiled a plant list for the gorge. Some of the

common riparian plants that they listed are Acalypha rivularis, Ficus bambusifolia, Syzygium

seemanianum, Ophiorrhiza peploides, and ferns Plesioneuron prenticei and Pronephrium

rubinerve. Introduced species are also common on the river bank. They are Piper aduncum

(Honolulu), Vernonia cinera (Little iron weed) and Arundo donax (Giant reed).

(b) Climate

The meteorology station closest to the Navua Gorge is the Namosi Copper Mine. The average

monthly rainfall is 261 mm and range from 162 mm in July to 398 mm in April. Mean monthly

maximum temperature ranges from 23.1 oC in August to 27.2 oC in March (Fiji Meteorology

Service, 2004).

(c) Geology

The limestone rock formation at the Navua Gorge is from the Namosi Andesites (Kumar, 2003).

2.4.2.2 Description and sampling techniques used in Sites 43 and 44. B. Site 43. Upper Navua River (at 18 0 07’.43”S, 1770 56’.73”E), 10 April 2003, at 50 m above

sea level. Substrate mostly dominated by rubble, boulders and rocks. Vegetation beside river of

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mosses and grasses. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for

five sweeps along both sides and into centre of creek. Sampling time from 0950 to 1020 hours.

B. Site 44. Upper Navua River. Side stream flowing into Navua River (at 180 07’.49”S, 1770

56’.83”E), 10 April 2003, 45 m above sea level. Substrate of stream pools mainly sand, rubble

and boulders; sometimes edges of rock walls. Vegetation dominated by tropical rainforest,

mosses and grasses along stream edge. Pole seine net used at confluence of Navua River and a

tributary. Visual observation made in several small pools of tributary side creek, by using face

mask and sitting submerged in each pool to observe and record fish species present. Sampling

time from 1040 to 1110 hours.

2.4.3 (C – H) SOVI BASIN (SITES 45 – 52)

The Sovi Basin was picked to represent an undisturbed lowland tropical rainforest (less then 600

m) in the interior of Viti Levu. This site has a unique landform feature of a bowl shape. Two

major rivers, the Wainavobo River and the Wainivalau River, flow through the basin and join to

form the Sovi River. Many side tributaries flow into the rivers. These three rivers and the

following selected side creeks were surveyed within the Sovi Basin: the Wainadi Creek, Wainasa

Creek, Waibasaga Creek and Waiveikovi Creek.

2.4.3.1 General description(a) Vegetation

Along the banks of the three rivers and three creeks surveyed, typical riparian vegetation was

found. Common species included the three endemic riverine species of Acalypha rivularis,

Syzygium seemannianum and Ficus bambusifolia. Other species commonly found here include

Dipplazium sp., Acalypha insularis and Glochidion cordatum. There are introduced species such

as Kyllinga polymorpha (Nama sedge) and Piper aduncum (Honolulu) that are common along the

rivers and creeks. Keppel (2003) compiled the plant list of the lower Sovi Basin.

(b) Climate

The meteorology station closest to the Sovi Basin is Namosi Copper Mine. The average monthly

rainfall is 289 mm and ranges from 173 mm in July to 441 mm in April. Mean monthly maximum

temperature ranges from 22.4 oC in August to 26.6 oC in March (Fiji Meteorology Service, 2004).

29

(c) Geology

The Sovi Basin is composed of the Namosi Andesite and the Nubuonaboto Volcanic

Conglomerate. The Namosi Andesite belongs to the Medrausucu Group which consists mostly of

coarse epiclastic strata ranging from sedimentary rocks to andesitic tuff. The Nubuonaboto

Volcanic Conglomerate belongs to the Wainimala group, and is composed completely of coarse

volcanic clastic rocks, mostly conglomerate and breccia, basalt to dacite in composition (Kumar,

2003).

2.4.3.2 Description and sampling techiques used in Sites 45 – 52C. Site 45 Sovi River. Camp base (at 170 55’.38”S, 1780 15’.23”E), 6 May 2003, 65 m above

sea level. Substrate mainly rubble and sand. No vegetation close to river edge: open area exposed

to sunlight. Riparian vegetation further upstream and downstream of ferns, grasses and creepers.

Visual observation with face mask and snorkel while submerged at one position, counting and

recording all fish species passing reference point. Sampling carried out from 1600 to 1630 hours.

D. Site 46. Lower Wainadi Creek (at 180 04’.52”S, 1780 26’.26”E), 7 May 2003, 125 m above

sea level. Substrate in some pools of sand, rubble and boulders; in other places substrate of fused

rock and rock walls. Creek well covered by tropical rainforest. Creek sampled by visual

observation in pools along it, and with spear gun in pools and under rocks. Visual observation

made by using face mask and sitting submerged in each pool, observing and recording fish

species present in each pool. Sampling time from 0905 to 0935 hours.

D. Site 47. Mid Wainadi Creek (at 180 04’.49”S, 178o 26’.26”E), 8 May 2003, 131 m above sea

level. Substrate of sand in pool centre, rock wall on one side, boulders on other side. Creek

covered by tropical rainforest, and small ferns and grasses along side dominated by rock wall.

Visual observation made using transect line along length of pool. Sampling time from 0950 to

1020 hours.

D. Site 52. Upper Wainadi Creek. Upper section of creek (at 180 04’.45”S, 1780 26’.26”E), 15

May 2003, 139 m above sea level. Substrate dominated by rubble and sand. Creek covered by

tropical rainforest; ferns and mosses along both sides of creek. Visual observation made in small

pools of creek by using face mask and sitting submerged, observing and recording fish species

present in each pool. Sampling time from 0945 to 1015 hours.

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E. Site 48. Wainavobo River. Lower to mid Wainivobo River (at 170 55’.64”S, 1780 14’.12”E), 8

May 2003, 75 m above sea level. Substrate of rubble and sand at centre of river and soft mud

along both sides. River dominated by riparian plants, with bamboo patches at river edge. Visual

observation in pools along creek, and with spear gun in pools and under rocks. Visual observation

by using face mask and sitting submerged in each pool, observing and recording fish species

present in each pool. Sampling time from 1320 to1350 hours.

F. Site 49. Wainasa Creek. Lower section of creek (at 170 33’.07”S, 1780 13’.25”E), 9 May 2003,

79 m above sea level. Substrate of rubble and sand at creek centre; some pools of fused rock

walls with sand at bottom. Creek well shaded under thick tropical rainforest; small ferns and

creepers along edges of creek.Visual observation and spear gun used to observe and collect fish

specimens from pool along creek. Visual observation by using face mask and sitting submerged

in each pool observing and recording fish species present. Sampling time from 1035 to 1105

hours.

G. Site 50. Wainivalau River. Upper section of creek (Appendix 10, Plate 6) (at 170 35’.64”S,

1780 14’.85”E), 13 May 2003, 81 m above sea level. Substrate dominated at centre by rubble and

sand; large boulders at sides. River exposed to sunlight; riparian plants of mosses, creepers and

grasses present. Sampling by visual observation in pools along creek, and with spear gun in pools

and under rocks. Visual observation made by using face mask and sitting submerged in each pool,

observing and recording fish species present. Sampling time from 1130 to1200 hours.

H. Site 51. Waibasaga Creek. Lower section of creek (at 170 54’.46”S, 1780 13’.41”E), 14 May

2003, 80 m above sea level. Substrate dominated at centre by rubble and sand; soft mud along

creek edges. Creek covered by thick tropical rainforest ferns and understorey shrubs along edges

of creek. Sampling by visual observation in pools along creek, and with spear gun in pools and

under rocks. Visual observation made by using face mask and sitting submerged in each pool,

observing and recording fish species present. Sampling time from 1515 to 1545 hours.

2.4.4 (I – J) WABU WATERSHED (SITES 53 and 54)

Wabu is one of the three main forest reserves in Fiji located on the north-west of Viti Levu. This

site was chosen as it represents a highland to cloud montane rainforest. Two creeks, Waiveikovi

and Wabu, were surveyed in this site, from one of the headwaters of the Wainimala River.

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2.4.4.1 General description(a) Vegetation

The common riparian vegetation that is found on banks of the Wabu Creek include the three

endemic riverine species of Acalypha rivularis, Syzygium seemannianum and Ficus bambusifolia.

Other species commonly found here include Dipplazium sp. and Dolicholobium macgregorii.

Tuiwawa and Naikatini (2004) compiled the plant list of the Wabu Forest Reserve.

(b) Climate

The meteorology station closest to the Wabu area is the Monosavu Dam. The average monthly

rainfall is 399 mm and the monthly rainfall ranges from 190 mm in July to 670 mm in March.

Mean monthly maximum temperature ranges from 18.1 oC in August to 22.5 oC in March (Fiji

Meteorology Service, 2004).

(c) Geology

The Wabu site is dominated by the Vatukoro Grey wacks, Nakorotubu Basalt and

undifferentiated basalt flow belonging to the Ba Volcanic Group (Rodda, 1966). In the Wabu

area, the formation is dominated by volcanic conglomerate, pillow basalts and flow (Kumar,

2003).

2.4.4.2 Description and sampling techniques used in Sites 53 and 54 I. Site 53. Waiveikovi Creek (at 170 35’.13”S, 1780 02’.13”E), 17 November 2003, 862 m above

sea level. Main substrate of fused rock, rubble and pebbles. Creek in undisturbed montane forest.

Riparian vegetation of understorey shrubs and thick moss layers along edges. Electro fishing

machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and

into centre of creek. Sampling time from 0900 to 0930 hours.

J. Site 54. Wabu Creek (Appendix 10, Plate 7) (at 170 35’.27”S, 1780 02’.16”E), 17 November

2003, 848 m above sea level. Substrate varies along creek: large boulders, rock wall, fused rock,

sand and rubble. Creek within montane tropical rainforest. Creek flows through large rock

boulder and thick moss layers, ferns and in some parts, vines and creepers, along overhanging

bank. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps

along both sides and into centre of creek. Sampling time from 1000 to 1030 hours.

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2.4.5. (K –L) WAILOTUA RIVER (SITES 60-62)

This site was chosen as it represents a river and a side creek on the south-eastern side of Viti

Levu. It also represents a disturbed lowland rainforest area because of human settlement, road

construction and food gardens. The river and the creek flow through an uplifted reefal substrate

near the Wailotua Cave, which is a big uplifted limestone cavern in Fiji.

2.4.5.1 General description of Wailotua(a) Vegetation

The common riparian vegetation that is found on the banks of the Wailotua Creek include the

three endemic riverine species of Acalypha rivularis, Syzygium seemannianum and Ficus

bambusifolia. Other species commonly found here include Dipplazium sp. and Dolicholobium

macgregorii.

(b) Climate

The meteorology station closest to the Wailotua Creek is the Korovo Town. The average monthly

rainfall is 325 mm and monthly rainfall ranges from 165 mm in July to 635 mm in March. Mean

monthly maximum temperature ranges from 19.7 oC in August to 24.1oC in March (Fiji

Meteorology Service, 2004).

(c) Geology

The geology of the Wailotua area was first formed by the uplifting of the reefal rock due to

tectonic activity. These rocks were covered by soil and vegetation, but due to weathering they had

become exposed.

2.4.5.2 Description and survey techniques used in Sites 60 – 62 K. Site 60. Wairoko Creek (at 170 45’.40”S, 1780 24’.50”E), 1 April 2004, 142 m above sea level.

Rock wall in some places, substrate on sides muddy where vegetation overhangs creek. Boulders,

rubble and sand in middle of creek. Common vegetation of ferns, moss, bamboo, shrubs;

Merremia sp. (creeper) covers creek banks. Pole seine net used with chasers who dislodged rocks

and chased the fish into the net. Visual observation also made in small pools along creek with

face mask and snorkel, recording fish species. Sampling time from 1005 hours to 1035 hours.

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L. Site 61. Wailotua River. Lower Wailotua River (Appendix 10, Plate 8) (at 170 45’.34”S, 1780

24’.01”E to 170 45’.32”S, 1780 24’.18”E), 1 April 2004, 4 m above sea level. Substrate of rubble,

sand and mud at sides of river; substrate of soft mud in oxbow pools along section of river

sampled. Common vegetation along creek and in pools is paragrass, Brachiaria mutica and water

hyacinths, Eichhornia crassipes; ferns on pool edges and sides of river. Fine seine net used in

three oxbow pools formed from bending of river. Fine seine net rounded to seal opening to

Wailotua River and then pulled towards pool and onto dry land. Sampling time from 1405 to

1435 hours.

L. Site 62. Mid Wailotua River (at 170 45’.36”S, 1780 24’.29”E to 170 45’33” S, 1780 24’.27” E),

2 April 2004, 8 m above sea level. Substrate type varies along river; rock walls on some sides,

mud at sides where vegetation overhangs river; mainly boulders, rubble and sand in river middle.

Common vegetation of ferns, grasses such as Brachiaria mutica, Kyllianga sp and Commelina sp.

and water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, beside river; algae common on river edges. Spear gun

fishing and visual observations used in this river. Fish counts taken from two reference points 10

m apart along river, while sitting submerged. Sampling time from 0845 to 0915 hours.

2.4.6 (R) UPPER BA RIVER (SITE 63)

Upper Ba River represents a montane forest zone. This site was chosen with respect to its

substrate types, which have some parts with fused rock wall where water runs through.

2.4.6.1 General description (a) Vegetation

On each side of the river was grassland and weedy plants such as Wedelia biflora (Wedelia),

Vernonia cinerea (Little iron weed), Stachytarpheta urticaefolia (Blue rat tail), Nephrolepis

biserrata, Sporobolus diander (Indian dryseed) and Pennisetum polystachion (Buffel grass).

(b) Climate

The meteorology station closest to the Upper Ba River is from the Nadarivatu Forestry Station.

The average monthly rainfall is 279 mm and monthly rainfall ranges from 77 mm in July to 704

mm in March. Mean monthly maximum temperature ranges from 14.6 0C in August to 24.5 0C in

January (Fiji Meteorology Service, 2004).

34

(c) Geology

Refer to section 2.4.4.1 (b) of the Wabu watershed. This site is close to the Wabu watershed; the

geology formation is the same.

2.4.6.2 Description and sampling techniques used in Site 63R. Site 63. Upper Ba River (1770 54’.31”S, 170 42’.53”E), 26 August 2004, 740 m above sea

level. Substrate rock wall fused in the centre of the river on both sides and large boulders at

centre of river. River exposed to sunlight; riparian plants of mosses, creepers and grasses present.

Spear gun fishing and visual observations used in this river. Hand gleaning for prawns also

carried out in small pools in creek. Sampling time from 1100 to 1130 hours. Questionnaires were

used to gather additional fish information from the villagers.

2.4.7 (S) NUKUNUKU CREEK (SITE 64).

Nukunuku Creek represents a montane forest zone. This site was chosen to look at the different

habitats and altitudes fish may inhabit. This creek is one of the headwaters of the Sigatoka River.

It has a unique substrate with rock wall on one side of the creek.

2.4.7.1 General description (a) Vegetation

The plants on the river side are Wedelia biflora (Wedelia), Cyperus rotundas (Nut sedge),

Hedychium gardneriamum (Yellow ginger), Psidium guajava (Guava), Lantana camara

(Lautana), Spathodea campunulata (African tulip), Piper aduncum (Honolulu), Mikania

micrantha and Clidemia hirta.

(b) Climate

Refer to section 2.4.6.1 (b) of the Upper Ba River. These sites are close together therefore

experience similar climatic factors.

(c) Geology

Refer to section 2.4.4.1 (c) of the Wabu watershed. The geology formation is the same as of the

Wabu area.

35

2.4.7.2 Description and survey techniques used in Site 64 S. Site 64. Nukunuku Creek (Appendix 10, Plate 9) (1770 56’.30”S 170 38’.36”E), 25 August

2004, 835 m above sea level. Substrate dominated at centre by rubble and sand; large boulders at

sides and centre of the creek. River exposed to sunlight; riparian plants, mosses, creepers and

grasses present. Handline and visual observations used in river. Sampling time from 1345 to 1415

hours. Questionnaires were used to gather additional fish information from the villagers.

2.4.8 (S) NADALA CREEK (SITE 65)

2.4.8.1 General description. Nadala Creek represents a montane forest zone. The forest there is secondary as the original

forest was logged ten years ago. Now there are reforestation activities taking place at this site.

(a) Vegetation

The common plants along the creek edge were Syzygium seemannii, Acalypha rivularis,

Podocarpus neriifolius, Piper aduncum (Honolulu), Hedychium gardnerianum, Kyllinga

polymorpha (Nama sedge) and Arundo donax (Giant reed).

(b) Climate

Refer to section 2.4.4.1 (b) of the Wabu watershed. This site is close to Wabu watershed;

therefore, it has a similar rainfall.

(c) Geology

Refer to section 2.4.4.1 (c) of the Wabu watershed. This site is close to Wabu watershed; the

geology formation is the same.

2.4.8.2 Description and sampling techniques used in Site 65 T. Site 65. Nadala Creek (1770 57’.24”S 170 36’.18”E), 31 August 2004, 920 m above sea level.

Substrate dominated at centre by rubble and sand; large boulders at sides. River exposed to

sunlight; riparian plants of mosses, creepers and grasses present. Spear gun fishing and visual

observations used in river. Sampling time from 1347 to 1417 hours. Questionnaires were used to

gather additional fish information from the villagers.

36

2.4.9 (U) QALIWANA CREEK (SITE 66)

Qaliwana Creek represents a montane forest zone. It was within a disturbed area where

settlements, farming and pastures lie along the creek edge.

2.4.9.1 General description (a) Vegetation

The plants on the creek edge are Syzygium seemannii, Acalypha rivularis, Podocarpus neriifolius,

Piper aduncum (Honolulu), Hedychium gardnerianum, Kyllinga polymorpha (Nama sedge),

Arundo donax (Giant reed) and Wedelia biflora (Wedelia).

(b) Climate

Refer to section 2.5.4.1 (b) of the Wabu watershed. This site is close to Wabu watershed;

therefore, it has a similar rainfall.

(c) Geology

Refer to section 2.5.4.1 (b) of the Wabu watershed. This site is close to Wabu watershed; the

geology formation is the same.

2.4.9.2 Description of Site 66 Site 66. Qaliwana Creek (1770 59’.57”S, 170 37’.13”E), 31st August 2004, 933 m above sea level.

Substrate dominated at centre by boulders and rubbles; rock wall at sides. River exposed to

sunlight, riparian plants, creepers and grasses present on the creek edge. Spear gun fishing and

visual observations used in river. Sampling time from 1115 to 1145 hours. Questionnaires were

used to gather additional fish information from the villagers.

2.4.10 (M) TAVORO CREEK, BOUMA (SITES 22 –34)

Tavoro Creek was chosen because it is a short coastal river system within a forest reserve

draining into a marine reserve area. The creek has a series of five waterfalls between its

headwaters and the coast. Tavoro Falls, one of the waterfalls, is a well-known tourist destination,

and is visited by an average of 21,000 tourists every year. Apart from the waterfall and the

marine reserve, Tavoro Creek is on a young geological island (Taveuni). It was surveyed to

provide information on the fish fauna of the creek for comparison with the fish fauna of the older

geological island of Viti Levu.

37

Taveuni is the third largest island in the Fiji group. It is one of the most recent (800 years ago)

volcanically active islands in the Fiji group. It has a total landmass of 435 km2 (Woodhall, 1985;

Cabaniuk, 1987). The island’s mountainous backbone is essentially a line of ancient volcanic

cones, which forms a ridge some 10 miles long from north to south, with the highest elevation of

1241m at Mt Uluiqalau. A flooded crater floor forms Lake Tagimaucia, which is located at the

northern end of the ridge (Southern et al., 1986 and Cabaniuk, 1987). This is Fiji’s largest

freshwater lake.

Taveuni is characterised by a landscape of deeply dissected valleys. Waterfalls, cascades and

associated pools are a common feature of this mountainous and forested environment. There are

a large number of swift flowing streams which run roughly parallel, in a west to east direction to

the coast (Cabaniuk, 1987).

The Bouma (or Tavoro) Waterfall (24m high) is located at 160 49’ S and 1790 52’ W on Taveuni

within the locally managed Bouma Forestry Reserve Park (Figure 2.4). The waterfall is about

500 m away from Korovou Village. Tavoro Creek has five major waterfalls, each associated with

deep natural pools at their base. Tavoro Creek is surrounded by 80% pristine forest comprising

the 15,000 ha Forest Reserve Park. In 1996, the adjacent Korovou Village had a total of 293

people within 46 households (Bureau of Statistics, 2003).

2.4.10.1 General description of Tavoro Creek. (a) Vegetation

The Bouma Forestry Reserve comprises a lowland tropical rainforest habitat. A riparian plant

survey of Tavoro Creek within the reserve was carried out by Naikatini (2003). In the upper

reaches the riparian trees are Agathis macrophylla (Fiji kauri), Sauraria rubicunda and Parinari

insularum, the shrubs are Ficus vittiensis, Syzygium seemannianianum, Cordyline sp., Ficus sp.

and Polyscias sp., and the vines and climbers are Merremia sp., Mikania micrantha, Dioscorea

sp., Ipomoea sp., Freycinetia sp., Entada phaseoloides (Water vine). The herbs are Clidemia

hirta, Heliconia sp. and Cyathea sp., and the ferns are Nephrolepis biserata and Marattia smithii.

The following plants were most common in the middle reaches. The trees Inocarpus fagifer

(Tahitian chestnut), Syzygium sp., Citrus sp., Dendrocnide harveyii, Sauraria rubicunda,

Mangifera indica (Mango), Agathis macrophylla (Fiji kauri), Artocarpus altilis (Breadfruit),

Pometia pinnata; shrubs Ficus vitiensis, Syzygium seemannianianum, Ficus bambusifolia,

38

Psidium guajava, vines and climbers Merremia sp., Mikania micrantha, Freycinetia sp.,

Epipremnum sp., herbs Clidemia hirda, Heliconia sp., Alpinia sp., Hedycanium sp., Cyrtosperma

sp., and ferns Nephrolepis biserrata and Marattia smithii.

The terminal reach vegetation is dominated by the tree species Syzygium malaccense (Malay

apple), Hibiscus tiliaceus, Spondias dulcis, Atuna raceamosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza,

Rhizophora samoensis and Cocos nucifera, and shrubs of the species Ficus vitiensis, Carica

papaya and Leucaena leucocephala. The non-coastal forest is generally above 350 m elevation

and is comprised of Calophyllum vitiense, Syzygium sp., Mysristica gillespieana, Dendrocnide

sp., Endospermum macrophyllum and Fulvo pilosa or F. greenwood (Shepherd and Neall, 1991).

Coastal forest clearings usually occur near the middle to lower reaches of the creeks. Yam

(Dioscorea sp.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), dalo (Colocasia sp.), coconut trees (Cocos nucifera)

and yagona (Piper methysticum) plants are planted in these clearings. Cattle are grazed in farms at

lower elevations close to the root crops and often within the coconut plantations.

(b) Climate

Taveuni experiences tropical conditions year round. The meteorology station closest to the

Tavoro Creek is from the Matei Airport. It records an average monthly rainfall of 226 mm. The

monthly rainfall ranges from 100 mm in July to 349 mm in January, mean monthly maximum

temperature ranges from 24.1 oC in August to 28.3 oC in February and the minimum monthly

temperature is 22.2 o C (Fiji Meteorology Service, 2004).

Taveuni records the highest rainfall of the Fiji group, averaging in excess of 12 m per year. The

higher slopes of eastern Taveuni can experience even higher rainfall of more than 30 m per year

(Cabaniuk, 1987). This high rainfall can be explained by the island’s full exposure to the

moisture-laden south-east trade winds.

(c) Geology

Taveuni is the largest Pleistocene dormant volcano in Fiji. It is a basaltic eruption centre and the

island is dominantly constructed of lava flows with intercalated lava beccia and tephra

depositions (Cronin, 1999).

39

The age of the Taveuni volcanic group is from 0.01 - 0.02 Ma to 0.8 - 1.8 Ma. The whole island

is covered with the Somosomo Basalt of a parent rock known as the Olivine Basalt. The island

itself is dominated by basaltic lava with scoria cones all over the island.

Almost 80% of the upper Bouma Reserve was covered with the Somosomo Basalt, halite and

occasional benmoneite lava, whereas the lower Bouma Reserve to the coast is covered with

Somosomo Basalts and occasional hawiite lava (Woodhall, 1985).

Above the falls the Tavoro Creek substrate is mostly large metamorphic boulders with

interspersed gravel. The creek water flows through a conglomerate embedded rock wall substrate

before it drops off the waterfall into a big pool. The pool is surrounded by a rock wall and in the

centre of the pool sand and gravel dominate. The substrate of the middle reach of the creek is

more rubble and sand near the middle of the creek and mud and silt close to the banks. The lower

reaches of the creek are mainly mangrove swamps with silt near the banks and silt, sand and

scattered pebbles in the middle of the creek. The substrate of the creek mouth is intermittently

dominated by sand and silt.

2.4.10.2 Description and survey techniques used in Sites 22–34M. Site 22. Tavoro Creek. At mouth of Tavoro Creek (at 16o 49’.50”S, 179o 52’.31”W), 10

March 2003, at sea level. Main substrate type at mouth of silt and mud at sides, sand with some

gravel in middle. Vegetation of mangrove forest of Rhizophora stylosa and some Bruguiera

gymnorrhiza. Gill net (30 m x 2 m x 5 cm) used to seal off creek mouth (1135 to 1600 hours).

Tidal range from 1.40 m at 1121 hours to 0.60 m at 1747 hours.

M. Site 23. Tavoro Creek. 50 m away from mouth, (at 16o 49’.50”S, 179o 52’.28”W), 10 - 11

March 2003, at sea level. Gill net (30 m x 2 m x 5 cm) used to seal off part of creek. Substrate of

lower part of creek mostly silt and mud on sides, small rocks in middle. Vegetation mainly

mangrove forest of Rhizophora stylosa and some creepers edges of creek. Gill net set overnight

(1630 to 1800 hours). Tidal range from 1.30 m at 2400 hours to low tide 0.70 m at 0545 hours.

M. Site 24. Tavoro Creek. 50 m away from site 23 and 10 m below a bridge (at 16o 49’.50”S,

179o 52’.28”W), 12 March 2003, at sea level. Substrate mostly of large boulders on one side, mud

on other side, rock and rubble in middle of creek. Vegetation of grasses on one side and creepers

40

and grasses on other side of creek. Gill net (30 m x 2 m x 5 cm) used to seal off site (1250 to

1800 hours). Tidal range from 1.40 m at 1314 hours to 0.60 m at 1946 hours.

M. Site 25a. Tavoro Creek. Above bridge (at 16o 49’.58”S, 179o 52’.38”W), 21 October 2002, 2

m above sea level. Substrate mainly sand, rubble and boulders, mud at edge. Vegetation mainly

grasses and ferns along creek with bamboo on one side. Electro fishing machine, hand net and

pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and towards centre of creek.

Sampling time from 0815 to 0845 hours, during falling tide from 1.50 m at 0624 hours to 0.40 m

at 1230 hours.

M. Site 25b. Same site and method as 25a. Date: 4 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 0800 to 0830 hours, during falling tide from 1.60 m at 0730

hours to 0.50 m at 1336 hours.

M. Site 26a. Tavoro Creek. 50 m upstream of bridge (at 160 49’.56”S, 1790 52’.42”W), 21

October 2002, 2 m above sea level. Substrate mainly sand, rubble and boulders; mud at edges of

creek. Vegetation of grasses and ferns along both sides and overhanging creek. Electro fishing

machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and

towards centre of creek. Sampling time was from 0855 to 0925 hours, during falling tide from

1.50 m at 0624 hours to 0.40 m at 1230 hours.

M. Site 26b. Same site and method as 26a. Date: 4 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 0840 to 0910 hours, during falling tide during falling tide from

1.60 m at 0730 hours to 0.50 m at 1336 hours.

M. Site 27a. Tavoro Creek. 100 m above bridge (at 160 49’.57”S, 1790 52’.44”W), 21 October

2002, 4 m above sea level. Substrate dominated by sand, rubble and boulders, mud at sides of

creek. Vegetation of grasses and ferns along both sides, some grasses and ferns spreading into

creek. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps

along both sides and towards centre of creek. Sampling time 0935 to 1005 hours, during falling

tide from 1.50 m at 0624 hours to 0.40 m at 1230 hours.

41

M. Site 27b. Same site and method as 27a. Date: 4 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 0920 to 0950 hours, during falling tide from 1.60 m at 0730

hours to 0.50 m at 1336 hours.

M. Site 28a. Tavoro Creek. 100 m upstream of site 27 (at 160 49’.57”S, 1790 52’.47”W), 22

October 2002, 6 m above sea level. Substrate mainly sand, rubble and boulders, mud at edges.

Vegetation of grasses and ferns along both sides, some grasses and ferns overhanging creek.

Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along

both sides and towards centre of creek. Sampling time is 0900 to 0930 hours, during falling tide

from 1.50 m at 0701 hours to 0.50 m at 1301 hours.

M. Site 28b. Same site and method as 28a. Date: 4 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 1000 to 1030 hours, during falling tide during falling tide from

1.60 m at 0730 hours to 0.50 m at 1336 hours.

M. Site 29a. Tavoro Creek. At confluence of Nakabuka and Tavoro creeks (at 160 49’.57”S, 1790

52’.47”W), 22 October 2002, 7 m above sea level. Substrate mainly sand, rubble and boulders,

mud at edges. Vegetation of grasses and ferns along sides, some grasses and ferns overhanging

creek. Dead tree fallen into creek, tree roots on side of creek. Electro fishing machine, hand net

and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides of creek and towards

centre of creek. Sampling time from 0940 to 1010 hours, during falling tide from 1.50 m at 0701

hours to 0.50 m at 1301 hours.

M. Site 29b. Same site and method as 29a. Date: 4 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 1040 to 1110 hours, during the falling tide during falling tide

from 1.60 m at 0730 hours to 0.50 m at 1336 hours.

M. Site 29c. Same site and method as 29a. Date: 10 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 0830 to 0900 hours, during rising tide from 0.40 m at 0459 hours

to 1.40 m at 1121 hours.

M. Site 30a. Tavoro Creek. 100 m upstream of site 29 (at 160 49’.60”S, 1790 52’.53”W), 22

October 2002, 8 m above sea level. Substrate mainly sand, rubble and boulders, mud at edges.

Vegetation of grasses and ferns on sides, some grasses and ferns spreading into creek. Small dead

42

tree laying in creek and on one side a small tree overhangs creek. Electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and towards centre of

creek. Sampling time from 1020 to 1040 hours, during falling tide from 1.50 m at 0701 hours to

0.50 m at 1301 hours.

M. Site 30b. Same site and method as 30a. Date: 4 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 0910 to 0940 hours, during rising tide during falling tide from

1.60 m at 0730 hours to 0.50 m at 1336 hours.

M. Site 31a. Tavoro Creek. 100 m downstream from waterfall pool (at 160 49’.60”S, 1790 52’.62”

W), 21 October 2002, 9 m above sea level. Substrate dominated by thick layer of sediment

washed down creek during recent flood. Vegetation of grasses and ferns on sides with small

bushy shrubs overhanging one side of creek. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net

used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both and towards centre of the creek. Sampling time

was from 1400 to 1430 hours, during rising tide from 0.40 m at 1230 hours to 1.60 m at

1840 hours.

M. Site 31b. Same site and method as 31a. Date: 4 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 1335 to 1405 hours, during the low tide 0.30 m at 1320 hours.

M. Site 31c. Same site and method as 31a. Date: 11 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 0905 to 0935 hours, during rising tide from 0.7 m at 0545 hours

to 1.4 m at 1215 hours.

M. Site 32a. Tavoro Creek. 50 m downstream of waterfall (at 160 49’.59”S, 1790 52’.70”W), 21

October 2002, 10 m above sea level. Substrate mainly sand, rubble and boulders, mud at edges.

Dead tree lying in creek, roots overhanging creek. Vegetation of grasses and ferns on sides, some

grasses and creepers overhanging creek. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net

used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and towards centre of creek. Sampling time

from 1415 to 1445 hours, during rising tide from 0.40 m at 1230 hours to 1.60 m at 1840 hours.

M. Site 32b. Same site and method as 32a. Date: 11 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 0945 to 1015 hours, during rising tide from 0.70 m at 0545 hours

to 1.40 m at 1215 hours.

43

M. Site 33a. Tavoro Creek. Waterfall pool (Appendix 10, Plate 10) (at 160 49’.59”S, 1790

52’.72”W), 21 October 2002, 11 m above sea level. Substrate mainly sand and small gravel in

centre and large boulders on sides. Vegetation of grasses and ferns on both sides. Electro fishing

machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 20 minutes for five sweeps along both sides of edge

of pool outlet to creek. Visual observation also used at this site using a transect line along length

of pool. Ten minutes spent on visual observation. Sampling time from 1455 to 1525 hours, during

falling tide from 0.40 m at 1230 hours to 1.60 m at 1840 hours.

M. Site 33b. Same site and method as 33a. Date: 4 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 1415 pm to 1445 pm, during rising tide 0.50 m at 1336 hours to

1.60 m at 1932.

M. Site 34a. Tavoro Creek. Above Tavoro Falls, 400m from edge (at 160 49’.63”S, 1790 52’.90”

W), 22 October 2002, 91 m above sea level. Substrate mainly sand, fused rock and boulders.

Vegetation of mosses and vines on sides, few creepers on one side of creek. Electro fishing

machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and

into centre of creek. Sampling time from 1300 to 1330 hours.

M. Site 34b. Same site and method as 34a. Date: 4 March 2003; electro fishing machine, hand

net and pole seine net used from 0825 to 0855 hours.

2.4.11 (N) NAVAKA CREEK (SITES 35 and 36)

The Navaka Creek is the neighbouring creek to Tavoro Creek. It is a disturbed lowland coastal

creek, and it was sampled to provide a comparison with the undisturbed Tavoro Creek. This is a

disturbed area due to dalo and yaqona farming on both side of the creek.

2.4.11.1 General description The general description is similar to that of Tavoro. Therefore, refer to section 2.4.10.1

2.4.11.2 Description and sampling techniques used in Sites 35 and 36 N. Site 35. Navaka Creek. Lower Navaka Creek (at 160 49’.46”S, 1790 52’.81”W), 5 March 2003,

3 m above sea level. Substrate mainly sand, rock and boulders. Vegetation of mosses and vines

on sides of creek, moss and grasses on creek edges. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole

44

seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and into centre of creek. Sampling

time from 1400 to 1430 hours.

N. Site 36. Navaka Creek. Upper Navaka Creek, (at 160 49’.43”S, 1790 53’.06”W), 5 March

2003, 6 m above sea level. Substrate mainly sand, rock and boulders. Vegetation of mosses on

creek edges and creepers and grasses along sides. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole

seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and into centre of creek. Sampling

time from 1445 to 1515 hours.

2.4.12 (O) WAILEVU CREEK (SITES 37 – 40)

Paddy Ryan in 1979 collected at Wainibau Creek near Lavena village. Therefore, I decided to

survey Wailevu Creek, Lavena (which is adjacent to Wainibau Creek) and then compare the fish

species collected from the two creeks. Wailevu Creek also represents a disturbed lowland forest.

2.4.12.1 General descriptionThe general description is similar to that of Tavoro. Therefore, refer to section 2.4.10.1

2.4.12.2 Description and survey techniques used in Sites 37 – 40O. Site 37. Mouth of Wailevu Creek (at 160 51’.25”S, 1790 53’.06”W), 6 March 2003, at sea

level. Substrate mainly sand and rubble, mud near edges. Vegetation of mangrove forest of

Rhizophora stylosa on one side of creek, creepers and grasses on other side under coconut trees.

Visual observation with face mask on and sitting submerged at one point, making record of all

fish passing reference point. Pole seine net also used to survey creek. Sampling time from 0835

to 0905 hours, during high tide at 1.60 m at 0840 hours.

O. Site 38. Mid Wailevu Creek (Appendix 10, Plate 11) (at 160 51’.09”S, 179 0 53’.08”W), 6

March 2003, 2 m above sea level. Substrate mainly rubble and boulders. Vegetation of big forest

trees, mosses and few creepers under forest on sides of creek. Electro fishing machine, hand net

and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides of and into centre of

creek. Sampling time from 0920 to 0950 hours.

O. Site 39. Small pool tributary to Wailevu Creek (at 160 50’.97”S, 1790 53’.39”W), 6 March

2003, 50 m above sea level. Substrate of pool dam-like: mainly rock wall at one end and

boulders at other end, creating pool. Vegetation of big forest trees and shrubs around pool,

45

mosses and creepers on edges. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30

minutes for five sweeps along both sides and into centre of creek. Sampling time from 1120 to

1150 hours.

O. Site 40. Upper Wailevu Creek (at 160 50’.96”S, 1790 53’.38”W), 6 March 2003, 42 m above

sea level. Substrate along creek mainly rubble and boulders. Vegetation of forest trees and

understorey shrubs along some parts of creek, mosses and creepers on sides of creek. Electro

fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides

and into centre of creek. Sampling time from 1255 to 1325 hours.

2.4.13 (P) WAITAVALA CREEK (SITES 41 and 42)

Waitavala Creek is on the north-west coast of Taveuni Island, opposite Bouma Creek. It was

selected due to its unique fused volcanic rock substrate, which the creek flows over and into a big

pool. Waitavala Creek is also a well-known site in Taveuni, with a lot of tourists utilising the

creek in various ways. This creek also represents a disturbed coastal creek.

2.4.13.1 General descriptionThe general description is similar to that of Tavoro. Therefore, refer to section 2.4.10.1

2.4.13.2 Description and survey techniques used in Sites 41 and 42P. Site 41. Waitavala Creek. Lower Waitavala Creek (at 160 47’.73”S, 1790 59’.46”W), 7 March

2003, 21 m above sea level. Substrate mostly boulders in centre, rubble on one side, huge fused

rock wall on other side. Dead tree in small pool. Vegetation of mosses and ferns, some tree roots

also in creek. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five

sweeps along both sides and into centre of creek. Sampling time from 0900 to 0930 hours.

P. Site 42. Waitavala Creek. Pool at base of water slide (Appendix 10, Plate 12) (at 160 47’.78”S,

1790 59’.43”W), 7 March 2003, 58 m above sea level. Substrate of fused volcanic rock.

Vegetation type mainly big forest trees, few mosses on rocks beside pool. Visual observation

used at this site using a transect line along length of pool. Sampling time from 1045 to 1115

hours.

46

2.4. 14 (Q) WAISALI SYSTEMS (SITES 55-59)

Waisali Creek was chosen as it represents an interior disturbed lowland tropical rainforest. This

river flows beside a forest reserve; therefore, it was thought it would provide a good

comparison of the fish fauna in adjacent disturbed and undisturbed areas. Savuqoro Creek

is within the Waisali Forest Reserve in North-west of Vanua Levu. It is a tributary of the

Waisali Creek. This creek flows through embedded basaltic rock before a great slope

forms a waterfall. Below the fall is a wide range of pools.

2.4.14.1 General description (a) Vegetation

The forest system within the area is typical of a lowland to mid-elevation tropical forest. The

common riparian vegetation found on banks of the Savuqoro Creek and Waisali Creek include the

three endemic riverine species of Acalypha rivularis, Syzygium seemannianum and Ficus

bambusifolia.

(b) Climate

The meteorology station closest to the Waisali System is from the Savusavu Airport The mean

annual rainfall is 3000 - 5000 mm and the mean temperature is 22.1 0C (Fiji Meteorology Service,

2004).

(c) Geology The geology and soils of the Waisali Forest Reserve is mainly highly weathered rocks and clays

of moderate to low fertility.

2.4.14.2 Description and survey techniques used in Sites 55 – 59 Q. Site 55. Upper Waisali. Upper section of Waisali Creek (at 160 33’.24”S, 1790 14’.13”E), 3

March 2004, 49 m above sea level. Substrate dominated by boulders, rubble and sand.

Vegetation of tropical rainforest forming understorey shrubs with fern, Merremia sp., covering

river edges; mosses on boulders in river. Electro fishing machine, hand net and pole seine net

used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and into centre of creek. Sampling time from

1230 to 1300 hours.

47

Q. Site 56. Confluence of Waisali and Savuqoro Creeks (160 33’.33”S, 1790 14’.11”E), 3 March

2004, 36 m above sea level. Substrate dominated by large boulders, sand and rubble. Lower

section of site exposed to sunlight, upper section under tropical rainforest. Electro fishing

machine, hand net and pole seine net used for 30 minutes for five sweeps along both sides and

into centre of creek. Sampling time from 1355 to 1425 hours.

Q. Site 57. Lower Savuqoro Creek (160 33’.30”S, 1790 14’.06”E to 160 33’.33”S, 1790 14’.06”E),

3 March 2004, 50 m above sea level. Substrate of sand, rubble and fused rock in pools along

creek. Creek flows through thick, tropical rainforest and understorey shrubs; ferns and mosses on

edges of creek. Visual observation and hand gleaning for prawns carried out in four small pools

along creek. Visual observations made by using facemask and sitting submerged in each pool for

an average of seven minutes per pool. Sampling carried out from 1445 to 1515 hours.

Q. Site 58. Savuqoro Creek below waterfall (Appendix 10, Plate 13) (160 33’.24”S, 1790 13’.27”E

to 160 33’.24”S, 1790 13’.27”E), 4 March 2004, 190 m above sea level. Substrate mainly of large

rocks, gravel and sand. Below waterfall a huge rock wall surrounded by ferns and creepers. Forest

forms understorey shrubs, ferns and mosses on edges of creek. Visual observation, hand net and

hand gleaning for prawns carried out in one big pool and two small pools below Savuqoro Creek.

Visual observations made by using facemask and sitting submerged in each pool for an average

of ten minutes each. Sampling carried out from 1115 to 1145 hours.

Q. Site 59. Savuqoro Creek, above waterfall (160 33’.19”S, 1790 13’.20” E to 160 33’.19”S, 1790

13’.20”E), 4 March 2004, 364 m above sea level. Substrate mainly of large rocks, rubble and

sand. Ferns, Merremia sp. (creeper) and mosses on sides of creek. Visual observation, hand net

and hand gleaning for prawns carried out in six pools surveyed along creek above Savuqoro

Waterfall. Visual observations made by using facemask and sitting submerged in each pool for an

average of five minutes each. Sampling carried out from 1210 to 1240 hours.

The best photography of habitats and fish species are illustrated in Appendix 10 and Appendix

11.

48

Figure 2.3 Tamavua River, Savura and Vago Creeks sampling sites 1- 21.

Source: Baravi Thaman, (Unpublished).

49

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re 2

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reek

sam

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50

CHAPTER 3 FIJI FRESHWATER FISH CHECKLIST AND

BIOGEOGRAPHY

3.1 Introduction Springer and Williams (1990) found that fish richness decreased eastward due to loss of habitats

and cooler sea temperatures causing the extinction of Indonesian-Malayan population but giving

rise to endemic fish on the Pacific Plate. Furthermore, the island nature of river systems limits

the possibility of dispersal in the freshwater fish (McGlashan and Hughes, 2002). See also section

1.3.2.

In insular Pacific islands, freshwater streams and rivers are dominated by seven families of

freshwater fishes (Andrews, 1985; Lewis and Pring, 1986; Ryan, 1980; 1991; Watson, 1991;

McRae, 2001; Jenkins, 1999; Fitzsimons et al., 2002; Allen 2003). These families are: Gobiidae,

Eleotridae, Kuhliidae, Syngnathidae, Mugilidae, Anguillidae and Poeciliidae. A number of

marine fish families are usually found in estuarine areas including the Carangidae, Chanidae,

Muraenidae, Carcharhinidae and Toxotidae (Fitzsimons et al., 2002).

Unfortunately most of the earlier collecting expeditions (see 1.6.2) barely ventured inland and

freshwater systems remained almost unknown until recently. One exception was MacDonald

(1869, in Fowler 1959), he described Gonostomyxus loaloa, a synonym of Cestraeus plicatilis,

based on material he collected from the Wai Manu (=Waimanu) River, a tributary of the Rewa

River. MacDonald (1869 in Fowler 1959), also reported Eulamia gangetica, a synonym of

Carcharhinus leucas, 40 miles into Raiva (= Rewa) River. The works of Ryan (1980 and 1981),

Andrews (1985) and Lewis and Pring (1986) have partly addressed that problem. But it was

believed that the freshwater fishes of Fiji had been underreported, and the true status of this fauna

remained undetermined.

Freshwater fish collections by the author and Aaron Jenkins from 2001 to 2004, the freshwater

fauna research group from the Fiji Institute of Technology in 2002, Waqairatu in 2003, and the

Wildlife Conservation Society in 2003 provided new information. The FIT and the WCS have

given permission for information on their collections to be used in this study; in addition, some of

their information was reported by Jenkins (2003).

51

The aims of this chapter are:

1. To produce an updated freshwater fish species list for Fiji

2. To compare this update list with what is known from other Pacific Countries and

3. To analyse occurrence of fish due to overall commonness, geographical zone, and salinity

zone.

3.2 Methods

Information on the sites surveyed (1-66) and collecting methods used at each site are presented in

Chapter 2 (Figure 2.1 and 2.2).

To measure how common the fish species were one could analyse the total number of each

species obtained and/or the number of sites at which a given species was found. Given the

different intensity of effort at different water systems and different methods/technologies used it

was determined more reliable to use the latter method.

The “Inter Quartile Range” analysis was used to describe how common were the fish species

caught from the different sites collected during this survey, other collections and the combined

collections. The Inter Quartile Range used in this analysis was sourced from the Department of

Statistics, Yale University (http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/199798/101/numsum.htm).

Common fish species that are presented in this report were based on those found in the top

quartile in order of number of sites where they were observed. Least common fish species are

those which found in the lower quartile. There are other fish species that are between the lower

and top quartile which are known as the “inter quartile range (IQR).” The fish species that are

within the IQR can be termed as ocassionally to moderately common because they are not most

common or least common in their occurrence from the different water systems of collection.

Collections from this study and the other collections from Fiji sourced from literature, books,

museums and student reports were used to determine most common and least common fish

species. The analysis was done for this thesis collection, other collections and then the combined

collection.

The calculation of the quartiles is presented on the next page.

52

First multiply the percentage of interest p by the total number of observations plus one (n + 1).

In this case p = 25 % or 0.25 for the first quartile and 75 % or 0.75 for the third quartile

Therefore 0.25*(n+1) = y

The y value is the observation value used to calculate the first quartile.

Therefore the first quartile is calculated by;

1st quartile = 0.25*y1 + 0.75*y2, where y1 + y2, are the whole number above and below y if it is a

fraction.

The third quartile may be calculated similarly: 0.75*(n+1) = Z

The Z value is the observation value used to calculate the third quartile.

3rd quartile = 0.75*z1 + 0.25*z2, where z1 + z2, are the whole number above and below z if it is a

fraction.

The first quartile is a group of values that falls at or below the 25 % and the third quartile of a

group of values that falls at or below the 75 %. The observation values are placed in ascending

order. The distance between the first and the third quartile is referred to as “Inter quartile range”

(IQR).

For example;

From this thesis’ collections there were 21 water systems, so n = 21

(n + 1) = (21 + 1) = 22

0.25*22 = 5.5, it falls between 5 and 6.

Therefore, 1st quartile = 0.25*5 + 0.75*6 = 1.25 + 4.5 = 5.75 (rounded off to the nearest whole

number equals to 6).

0.75*22 = 16.5, it falls between 16 and 17

Therefore, 3rd quartile = 0.75*16 + 0.25*17 = 12 + 4.25 = 16.25 (rounded off to the nearest whole

number equals to 16).

The Inter quartile range is 16.25 – 5.75 = 10.5 (rounded off to the nearest whole number equals to

11).

So if a fish species occurred in at least 17 water systems it is classed as common whereas

occurrence at 5 or less systems makes it less common. Between 6 and 16 systems makes it

occasionally to moderately common. A similar analysis was performed for all other collections

and then a total combination including collections from this thesis. Note there was overlap in

53

some of the other water systems. The summary of the fish calculated are presented in Table 3.1

below and the fish species lists are in Appendix 6.

The outcome of this analysis shows that there is a greater widespread of the freshwater fih in Fiji

despite most of the past collections and the collections from this survey are biased towards the

island of Viti Levu.

Table 3.1 Summary of the quartiles calculation for the common and less common species from

the two different collections and their combination. The first quartile is = > 75%, Inter quartile =

25% to 75% and third quartile is = <25%.

Different collections

Quartiles This thesis collection

Othercollections

Combinedcollections

First quartile 6 species 5 species 11 species

Inter quartile range 11 species 10 species 18 species

Third quartile 16 species 15 species 28 species

Total water systems sampled

21 19 37

3.3 Results

3.3.1 CURRENT FIELD SURVEY COLLECTION

The list of collection sites, their description and the fish collected are listed in Appendix 1. A total

of 76 freshwater and estuarine species from 31 families were found during field surveys

(Appendix 2).

Seven species and one genus believed new to science were found during this survey. These new

taxa are from two subfamilies within the family Gobiidae. Glossogobius sp. 1, Schismatogobius

vitiensis and Stenogobius sp. 1 are in the subfamily Gobionellinae and Sicyopus (c.f.

Juxtastiphodon) sp., Stiphodon sp.1, Stiphodon sp. 2 and a believed new species (new genus) are

in subfamily Sicydiinae.

Glossogobius sp.1 (Appendix 11, Plate 25) was collected from Tavoro Creek was confirmed by

Dr Douglass Hoese (AMS) as a new species. Dr Hoese reports that this species was previously

identified as Glossogobius celebius, which has been reported as widely distributed from Australia

54

to Japan and east to Fiji and New Caledonia. However, the real Glossogobius celebius

(Valenciennes, 1837) is confined to the Indian Ocean (Hoese and Allen, in press). The Pacific

Glossogobius is a new species. It differs from G. celebius in position of head pores and has one

more dorsal ray. In Fiji, this species was found only in clear, slow flowing rivers with a sand to

gravel substrate type.

Schismatogobius vitiensis Jenkins and Boseto, 2005 (Appendix 11, Plate 28) was collected from

Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and Taveuni. It can be distinguished by the following combination of

features: 8 or 9 anal rays, dorsal fins with seven dorsal fin spines and 9 – 10 dorsal fin rays with

diagonal black band. Females have a thin dark band crossing the chin, and a triangular dark patch

in the region of isthmus in juveniles. See Jenkins and Boseto (2005) for a full description.

Stenogobius sp.1 (Appendix 11, Plate 29) was called S. genivittatus by earlier authors (e.g.

Fowler, 1959; Ryan, 1980; Lewis and Pring, 1986) but S. genivittatus (Valenciennes, 1837) is a

species endemic to the Society Islands (Watson, 1991). Stenogobius genivittatus is different by

having fewer rows of teeth and more trunk bars in males. Stenogobius sp.1 has seven to ten trunk

bars on its body and a naked predorsal area. Usually it inhabits clear water with sandy substrate in

a slow flowing part of the stream.

Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp. (Appendix 11, Plate 33) appears similar to S.(J.) nigripinnis

(Parenti and Maciolek, 1993) from Pohnpei and Kosrae (Federated States of Micronesia) but

differs in having some teeth recurved and lateral teeth more widely spaced (Dr. R. Watson, pers.

comm., 2004). In addition, there is considerable difference in colouration. This species inhabits a

unique substrate composed of a fused rock wall. More specimens are needed before it can be fully

ascertained that it is a new species.

Stiphodon sp. 1 (Appendix 11, Plate 35) is very similar to S. elegans (Steindachner, 1879) from

the Central Pacific (French Polynesia to Samoa) but is not conspecific with it (Dr. R.Watson,

pers. comm., 2004). The characteristics distinguishing the new species from other species of

Stiphodon include: nine second dorsal fins, 32 – 38 total lateral scales that extend close to the

pectoral fin base except in small specimens. Additional specimens of males and females are

needed to validate the status of this species (Dr. R. Watson, pers. comm., 2004). In Fiji, this

species was usually found in a clear pool where large boulders and rocks were surrounded with

gravel.

55

Stiphodon sp. 2 (Appendix 11, Plate 36) is another probable new species of miniature goby that

differs from the other Stiphodon species (Dr. R. Watson, pers. comm., 2004). Females have the

following characteristics: nine second dorsal fins, 19 – 30 total lateral scales that do not extend

close to the pectoral fin base; predorsal midline without scales; belly naked; scales below first

dorsal fin cycloid; widely separated upper jaw teeth 34 – 42; tricispid teeth present on each side

of symphysis; and females have no conical or canine like teeth in the lower jaw. This species was

collected from a clear pool where large boulders and rocks occur with gravel in the bottom.

The new genus, new species (Front cover, Plate 1) differs from Stiphodon species by lacking head

pores K and L and by the associated length of the oculoscapular canal (Dr. R. Watson, pers.

comm., 2004). The species has a tongue that is broadly free. It closely resembles a new genus and

new species from Vanuatu in which the females have upper jaw teeth that are always tricuspid,

but in males the posterior tricuspid teeth in the upper jaw are replaced with conical teeth. The

species from Vanuatu has ctenoid scales laterally while specimens from Fiji have cycloid scales.

The new genus, new species in Fiji is immediately separated from Lentipes in having a broadly

free tongue. Specimens of this species were collected from sites above the Tavoro Falls and from

Waitavala Creek (both places in Taveuni). This fish lives in the rapid zone where large boulders

and rocks occur or where rocks are fused (e.g. Site 41).

Four new records for Fiji were collected from this survey. These were Yirrkala gjellerupi, Gerres

longirostris, Lentipes kaaea and Belobranchus belobranchus. However, Yirrkala gjellerupi and

Belobranchus belobranchus collected during this survey were reported in Jenkins and Boseto

(2003).

3.3.2 PREVIOUS COLLECTIONS

A total of 151 species from 41 families had been recorded from Fiji’s fresh and estuarine waters,

or are held in collections (Appendix 3).

Redigobius specimens collected from a single site in the Lekutu River in Vanua Levu by John

Pogonowski in 2003 have been confirmed as representing a new species (Dr. H. Larson, pers.

comm., 2004). Some specimens held in overseas collections are incompletely identified

(Appendix 4). Some of these specimens may also represent new species, or new records for Fiji.

56

3.3.3 COMBINED COLLECTIONS

There are 161 species from 45 families of freshwater and estuarine fish in Fiji known to date.

There are still many more species to be found. See Appendix 5 for complete fish list.

3.3.4. ANALYSES

3.3.4 a. Commoness

The summary of fish commonness is presented in Table 3.2 and Table 3.3. The detail results of

the moderate and less common species are presented in the Appendix 6.

Table 3.2 Number of species found in each category.

Collections

Category This collection Other collections Combined collections

Most common 1 4 2

Moderate 6 26 17

Less Common 69 121 142

Table 3.3 More common species in each collection.

This collections Other collections Combined collections

Anguilla marmorata Hypseleotris guentheri Eleotris fusca Kuhlia rupestris Anguilla marmorata

Anguilla marmorata Kuhlia rupestris

3.3.4 b. Geographical distribution

Fijian estuarine and freshwater fish distributions were also sub divided into the government zones

of Fiji. This was done as they have characteristics that might influence what fish occur there and

to look at the fish distribution in relation to the different habitats that are within the different

zones. The Western and Central zones are both of the main island of Viti Levu, the former being

the dry side and latter the wet side of the island. These have marked rainfall, river flow and

vegetation differences. The Northern zone contains Vanua Levu, which has similar

characteristics overall to Viti Levu and Taveuni, the third largest island but much younger

volcanically. The Eastern zone is mainly the smaller outer islands, some low-lying but also some

small volcanic ones. The fish distribution and composition of each of the four zones are presented

in Figure 3.1.

57

0

50

100

150

Zones

Tota

l num

ber

Families 10 37 20 18

Species 22 137 57 53

Western Zone Central Zone Eastern Zone Northern Zone

Figure 3.1. Zonal distribution of the total number of fish in four zones from past and current

records.

There were some fish that occurred in all four divisions. These are listed in Table 3.4 below.

Table 3.4 List of species and families that are present in the four zones within Fiji.

ANGUILLIDAE Anguilla marmorata Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Anguilla obscura Günther, 1872

ELEOTRIDAEEleotris fusca (Forster, in Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker, 1852 Giurus hoedti (Bleeker, 1854)Hypseleotris guentheri (Bleeker, 1875)

GOBIIDAE GOBIONELLINAE

Awaous guamensis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837),Awaous ocellaris (Broussonet, 1782) Stenogobius sp.1

SICYDIINAE Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Commerson, in Lacepède, 1800)

HEMIRAMPHIDAE Zenarchopterus dispar (Valenciennes, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847)

KUHLIIDAE Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829)Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepède, 1802)

SYNGNATHIDAEMicrophis brachyurus brachyurus (Bleeker, 1853)

TERAPONIDAE Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775)

58

3.3.4 c. Salinity

The fish collected from this survey and the other collections were also categorised based on water

salinity. There are fish that are found in the freshwater and species that are present in both the

freshwater and estuarine zone. There are species that are found in the freshwater, estuarine and

marine water. Finally there are species that are present in only estuarine and marine that are found

in the estuarine collection areas. The summary of the total number of fish collected from the

different water salinity are in Table 3.5 below.

Examples of fish that present in different water salinity are as follows: freshwater (Hypseleotris

guentheri), freshwater/brackish (Apogon amboinensis), freshwater/brackish/marine (Ambassis

miops) and brackish/freshwater (Sardinella fijiense). The fish species collected from the different

water salinity are presented in Appendix 7.

Table 3.5 Fish collected from different water salinity.

Salinity Total fish collected from preferred salinity

Freshwater 14

Freshwater/Brackish 20

Freshwater/Brackish/Marine 55

Brackish/Marine 72

3.3.5 FRESHWATER FISH OF FIJI COMPARED TO OTHER PACIFIC COUNTRIES

The ten endemic freshwater species of Fiji are Glossogobius sp.1, Redigogius leveri, Redigobius

sp.1, Schismatogobius vitiensis, Stenogobius sp.1, Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp., Stiphodon

sp.1, Stiphodon sp. 2, the Sicydiinae: new species (new genus) and Mesopristes kneri (but this

number may increase). A summary of the total number of endemic and total number of freshwater

and estuarine fish fauna in some Pacific countries are presented in Table 3.6.

59

Table 3.6 Total number of endemics and total freshwater fish fauna of Pacific Countries.

Country Endemics Total Fauna % Total Sources Australia 65 209 31.1 Allen et al. 2002;

Fishbase 2004 Palau Island 2 40 5 Bright and June, 1981;

Fishbase 2004 Guam 0 17 0 Fishbase 2004 PNG 60 329 18.2 Allen 1991; Allen

2003; Fishbase 2004 Solomon Islands 3 84 3.6 Gray 1974; Allen and

Boseto (unpublished report);

Fishbase 2004 New Caledonia 10 64 15.6 Marquet et al. 2003;

Fishbase 2004 Vanuatu 5 60 8.3 Ryan 1986; Nimoho

2000; Fishbase, 2004 Fiji 10 89 11.2 This study Samoa 3 31 9.7 Ryan 1991; Fishbase

2004; Dr. R. Watson, pers. comm., 2004

Cook Islands 0 7 0 Ryan 1991; Fishbase 2004

Hawaii 3 59 5.1 Fitzsimons et al. 2002; Fishbase 2004

French Polynesia 12 46 26.1 Marquet and Mary 1999; Fishbase 2004

Low numbers of endemics and freshwater fish fauna in some of the insular Pacific countries can

be attributed to lack of freshwater fish research being carried out there and therefore, may not

reflect true numbers.

3.4 Discussion3.4.1 TOTAL FISH CHECKLIST

By carrying out surveys in 66 sites, analyzing published and unpublished reports, and accessing

collection data from several large international institutions, the number of freshwater and

estuarine fish species known from Fiji has been raised from 80 species (in 28 families) in Ryan

(1991), the most recent checklist, to 161 species (in 45 families) in this study. Even so, it is

unlikely that this will be the final number.

60

Why were new taxa found?

The new taxa reported in this thesis were made possible through:

i. the use of a mixture of fishing gears (including electrofisher);

ii. collecting at different places; and

iii. accessing a wide range of information.

The development of the Fiji National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (1999) has raised

new interest in biodiversity assessments. In addition several international biodiversity

conservation organizations have set up offices in Fiji in the last ten years.

Why were some old records not repeated?

There are three possible reasons:

i. most previous studies covered different zones and habitats that were not covered in

this survey;

ii. different fishing methods may have been used; and

iii. some species may have been incorrectly identified earlier.

There are very few common species and the majorities are less common species observed from

this collection, other collections and combined collections. In general freshwater fish have fairly

specific habitat requirements (Gehrke and Harris, 2000; Keith, 2003). This was the case in Fiji

where only a few fish were found everywhere whereas the majority of the fish are found in only a

few places. The lack of study and comparability of methods (for example electrofisher) has not

been used for scientific collections are other possible reasons.

Earlier expeditions by Wilkes in 1842, Challengers in 1874 and collections from this studies

shows that most of the freshwater fish sampling in the central zones of Fiji where 85 % of fish

species have been found. The fewer numbers of species from the western and northern zones may

reflect reduced habitat diversity, or insufficient collecting.

The exotic species of the family Cichlidae are present in three zones of the Fiji group except for

the eastern zone. The central zone recorded the highest number of exotic species (11 species from

four families) (refer Appendix 3).

61

In general, there are only a few species that spend their entire life cycle in fresh water. However,

there are certain species that are equally at home either in fresh water or marine water and most of

the species have entered fresh water at a certain stage of their life cycle. For example, in this case

there are 72 species that are not of fresh water but enter the lower reaches of streams. A similar

trend was also reported from Australia and PNG by Allen (1991 and Allen et al., 2002).

The species richness in the estuarine water is probably due to the seagrass beds and mangrove

habitats of that zone (Mumby et al., 2004). In addition, the proximity of coral reefs to the

sampling areas (Quinn and Kojis, 1985; Mumby et al., 2004) also increases fish species richness

in the estuarine zone.

3.4.2 BIOGEOGRAPHY PATTERN

The number of freshwater fish species reported from different Pacific Island countries is likely

under reported because of the lack of freshwater fish surveys. For example, the freshwater fish

reported from Solomon Islands is a result of three collections made by Gray (1974) on the island

of Guadalcanal and a preliminary survey by G. R. Allen in 2004 and G. R. Allen and David

Boseto in 2005 (Unpublished report). Once collections are conducted throughout all Pacific

Islands countries the true number of the freshwater fish of the region will be better known.

From Table 3.6 it is seem that the highest numbers of fish species are reported from Australia and

PNG, the western most Pacific countries. However, Fiji, which is east of New Caledonia,

Vanuatu and Solomon Islands, has more than double the reported species of these countries. This

is likely due to the greater effort that has taken place in Fiji. Another factor may be the bigger

islands, longer rivers and more varied habitats of Fiji compared to these other three island groups.

The regional trend in fish diversity generally declines from the west to the east (Randall, 1998).

Biogeographical studies of freshwater fish show historical links between the geological and biotic

evolution of the region (Sivasundar et al., 2001) and there is a positive relationship between

geographical range size that is associated with body size, local abundance and habitat breadth

(Randall, 1998 and Pyron, 1999).

In the last 100 million years tectonic development of the Southwest Pacific Plate has occurred.

Plate motions shift from the hotspot frame, which involves rifted continental margins and oceanic

62

plateaus, to move towards the subduction zones with associated island arcs and marginal basins

(Springer, 1982; Nunn, 1994; Kroenke, 1996; Polhemus, 1996). Hotspots and volcanic activity

are more common in the Western Pacific which leads to more habitat types and larger islands.

Springer (1982) emphasizes the andesite line because it is an important faunaistic boundary that

describes the easternmost limits of the distribution of Indo-Pacific species. The andesite line

around the Pacific and its continuation around the Indonesian Arc is one of the fundalmental

geological boundaries of the earth (Springer, 1982). It was through the different geological

boundaries and plates that perform an integral part on the distribution of the fish species from the

western to the eastern Pacific.

In general, endemism increases with isolation. Species differeniation depends on the ability of the

taxon to be isolated (Paulay, 1994). Although this seems to be true of French Polynesia, there is

no general pattern moving across the Pacific. There must be many factors involved, including the

degree of study that has been done.

3.4.3 DISTRIBUTION OF FRESHWATER FAMILIES WITHIN FIJI

The information given here is based on Fowler, 1959; Gray, 1974; INR Report, 1979; Ryan,

1980; Beumer, 1985; Allen, 1991; Watson, 1991; Allen and Burgess, 1990; Allen and Coates,

1990; Allen and Leggeh, 1990; Nimoho, 2000; Allen et al., 2000; Berra, 2001; Allen et al., 2002;

Allen, 2003; Marquet et al., 2003; Jenkins 2004; Randall, 2005; Hoese and Allen (in press) and

Fishbase, 2004, unless otherwise stated. See Appendix 5 for a complete list of Fiji freshwater and

estuarine fishes so far recorded.The fish distribution in countries was sourced from the Fishbase,

2004 and other sources stated beside the fish species.

ALBULIDAE (Bonefishes)

A single specimen of Albula glossodonta (Forsskål, 1775) was collected in the Rewa River

reported by Fowler (1959). This species inhabits estuarine water but also travels upstream.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea to Hawaii, Japan, Lord Howe Island and

throughout Micronesia (Fowler, 1959 and Fishbase, 2004).

63

AMBASSIDAE (Glassfishes)

Three species of Ambassis have been recorded from freshwater systems in Fiji: A. miops Günther,

1872, A. urotaenia Bleeker, 1852 and A. vaivasensis Jordan & Seale, 1906. The only species

collected during this study was A. miops (Appendix 11, Plate 14) from the Tamavua River system

(including Savura Creek). Ambassis urotaenia was collected from an unspecified site in Fiji by

Kendall and Goldsborough 1911 reported in (Fowler 1959) and in Suva by Fowler 1928. A.

vaivasensis was reported by Fowler (1959) and Ryan (1980) from rivers and creeks near the

Tamavua River system. However, these two species were not collected in this survey.

Ambassis urotaenia is distributed from East Africa to the Papua New Guinea and as far as Japan,

so it is likely that Fiji specimens were wrongly identified. However, there are no specimens of A.

urotaenia in the USP collection to verify their identification. Ambassis vaivasensis has been

reported from five different sites within Fiji. These are a river flowing into Suva, Naikorokoro

Creek, lower Nasavu River and Bureta River (Ryan, 1980; Andrew, 1985; Jenkins and Boseto,

2003; and CAS material). The type locality of Ambassis vaivasensis is reported from Upolu

Island in Samoa; and that may be why Fiji specimens have been identified as that species. There

are no materials at the USP collections except for the A. vaivasensis specimen collected from

lower Nasavu River and reported by Jenkins and Boseto (2003). This specimen was wrongly

identified and was re–identified by myself and Patricia Kailola as A. miops. It is probable that all

A. vaivasensis records in Fiji are misidentified specimens of A. miops.

Ambassis miops inhabits freshwater systems. It is widely distributed in the Indo-west Pacific from

India to New Guinea, New Caledonia and north to Ryukyu Island (Allen, 1991). It is also

reported from New Caledonia, Samoa and now in Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

ANGUILLIDAE (Freshwater Eels)

Six species of Anguilla have been recorded from Fiji. These are Anguilla australis Richardson,

1841, A. bicolor bicolor McClelland, 1844, A. marmorata Quoy & Gaimard, 1824, A. megastoma

Kaup, 1856, A. obscura Günther, 1872 and Anguilla sp. In this study, only A. bicolor bicolor, A.

marmorata (Appendix 11, Plate 15) and A. megastoma (Appendix 11, Plate 16) were collected. A.

bicolor bicolor is collected in Fiji by (Ege 1939 in Beumer, 1985), Jenkins and Boseto (2003). It

was widespread in the tropical Indian Ocean and western Pacific.

64

Anguilla marmorata is widespread through the Fiji Islands. Anguilla marmorata is distributed in

the Indo-Pacific from East Africa to French Polynesia and north to southern Japan (Gray, 1974;

Ryan, 1980; Nimoho, 2000; Marquet et al., 2003 and Fishbase, 2004). Anguilla megastoma is

distributed in the western and central Pacific Ocean from Sulawesi in Indonesia to the Society

Islands, and Pitcairn Island (Beumer, 1985 and Fishbase, 2004). Anguilla megastoma (Appendix

11, Plate 20) was collected from Tamavua River system during this study. It was also reported

from Viti Levu by (Ege, 1939 in Beumer, 1985) and Kanathea (=Kanacea) by Fowler (1959).

Some of Anguilla obscura specimens reported (Appendix 3) were collected from creeks near the

Tamavua River system; however it was not encountered during this survey. Anguilla obscura is

reported from the Society Islands and is also present as far west as New Guinea and Queensland

(Allen et al., 2002). It should also be present in Fiji, but since it was not caught in this survey, it

is believed that has to do with the limited sampling. It can be clearly be differentiated from A.

marmorata and A. megastoma.

Anguilla australis was recorded from Samoa by Wass (1984). Ege (1939, in Beumer, 1985)

reported it from Viti Levu. However, its presence in Fiji needs to be verified.

Anguilla sp. was recorded from Nadi River on the island of Viti Levu by Anon (1983 in Beumer,

1985).

APOGONIDAE (Cardinalfishes)

There are two species of Apogon in Fiji freshwaters: These are A. amboinensis Bleeker, 1853 and

A. lateralis Valenciennes, 1832. Sphaeramia orbicularis Cuvier, 1828 has also been recorded

from creeks and rivers near the Tamavua River system (Appendix 3). This family was only

recorded from Viti Levu where most of the survey was carried out. These fish are usually found

in estuarine waters, and enter fresh water at times for feeding.

Apogon amboinensis (Appendix 11, Plate 17) was collected from the Tamavua River system in

this survey. This species is widely distributed from Africa to Oceania, including Palau,

Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and now Fiji (Gray, 1974; Allen and

Burgess, 1990; Marquet et al., 2003 and Fishbase, 2004).

65

Apogon lateralis was collected from the Tamavua River system during this survey and has been

collected from Naqara, Kubuna and Suva reported from the USNM collection. It is widely

distributed in the Indo-west Pacific from East Africa to Samoa, north to Taiwan, Marianas,

Micronesia, and Lord Howe Island (Fishbase, 2004).

Sphaeramia orbicularis has been collected in the Wainadoi River (USNM specimens). It is

widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific from East Africa to Kiribati, and the Ryukyu Islands, the

Caroline and Mariana Islands, and New Caledonia (Fiahbase, 2004).

BALISTIDAE (Triggerfishes)

A single specimen of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Rewa River mouth is in

the USNM collection. This marine species must have wandered into fresh water at the time it was

collected. It is distributed in the Indo-west Pacific and Atlantic oceans (Fishbase, 2004).

CARANGIDAE (Jacks)

Four species of Caranx, C. ignobilis (Forsskål 1775), C. papuensis Alleyne & Macleay, 1877, C.

sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 and C. tille Cuvier 1833, and a specimen of Scomberoides

tol (Cuvier, 1832) were recorded from Fijian fresh and brackish waters. Only C. sexfasciatus was

collected during this study. Most of these species are marine and brackish water inhabitats and

only occasionally enter fresh water. In this survey, only three estuaries were surveyed and less

time was spent in this habitat, hence the opportunity of catching Carangidae species was low.

Caranx ignobilis was reported by Lewis and Pring (1986) from an unspecified location from

within Fiji Islands. This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from Red Sea and the east coast

of Africa to the Hawaiian and Marquesas Islands, north to southern Japan and south to northern

Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

Caranx papuensis (CAS material) was collected from Kubuna Creek. This species is distributed

in the Indo-Pacific from Africa to the Caroline Islands, the Ryukyu Islands and Australia

(Fishbase, 2004).

Caranx sexfasciatus was collected from the Tamavua River system and Wailotua and Tavoro

Creeks. The CAS has a specimen from Kubuna Creek, the USNM has material from Suva; Lewis

66

and Pring (1986) reported it from Viti Levu, Waqairatu (2003) collected it from the Tamavua

River system, Herre (1936) recorded it from the mid Rewa River and the FIT research group

collected it from the Waimanu River. This species is distributed from the Red Sea and East Africa

to Hawaii, southern Japan, Australia and New Caledonia. It also occurs in the Eastern Pacific

(Ryan, 1980; Allen, 1991 and Fishbase, 2004).

There is a specimen of Caranx tille from Suva in the USNM collection. This species is distributed

in the Indo-West Pacific from Africa to Okinawa, Australia and Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

Scomberoides tol was reported from an unidentified location in Fiji by Lewis and Pring (1986). It

is a marine and estuarine species that is distributed in the Indo-west Pacific (Fishbase, 2004).

CARCHARHINIDAE (Requiem Sharks)

Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839) has been collected from three of Fiji’s river

systems. These are the Sigatoka, Rewa and Nasavu rivers Ryan (1980) and Lewis and Pring

(1986). Carcharhinus leucas is usually present in major river systems and lakes. It is also

globally distributed from Western Atlantic, Indo-West Pacific and Eastern Pacific (Berra, 2001).

In Fiji it was reported by MacDonald (1869 in Fowler 1959), as Eulamia gangetica 40 miles into

Raiva (= Rewa) River. It was reported in Viti Levu by Günther (1870 in Fowler, 1959) as

Carcharias gangeticus. It was reported in Fiji by (Fowler, 1928) as Eulamia gangeticus and

Whitley (1927) as Carcharinus gangeticus.

CENTRARCHIDAE (Sunfishes)

Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802) was reported from the Vaturu dam by Andrews (1985)

and collected in the upper Nadi River by Mr. J. Pogonowski in 2003. No specimens were

collected during this survey. This species is known from North America (Fishbase, 2004). It has

been widely introduced to cosmopolitan countries as a game fish.

CENTROPOMIDAE (Giant Perches)

Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) was reported to be in Fiji by Sukhavisidh, P. and D. Eggleston,

1974. However, the distribution of L. calcarifer is in the Indo-West Pacific: from the eastern edge

Arabian Gulf to Taiwan and southern Japan, southward to southern Papua New Guinea and

northern Australia (Fishbase, 2004). Therefore, the status of this species in Fiji is incorrect.

67

CHANIDAE (Milkfishes)

Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775) has been collected in Fiji from Viti Levu by the FIT researchers

and records from CAS and USNM. The USNM material from Lau Island (Appendix 3). It is an

inshore species in Fiji. It was not collected during this study. Chanos chanos is widely distributed

in the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea and South Africa, to South-east Asia and east to Hawaii and

the Marquesas Islands (Allen and Coates, 1990 and Fishbase, 2004). It also occurs in the eastern

Pacific (Randall, 2005).

CHIROCENTRIDAE (Wolf Herrings)

Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775) was collected from an unspecified site in Fiji by Lewis and

Pring (1986) and there is material from the Rewa River in the USNM collection. Herre (1936)

recorded it from Ovalau Island. It is an estuarine species that usually penetrates the lower reaches

of rivers. Distributed in the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea and East Africa to Solomon Islands,

and north to Japan (Fishbase, 2004).

CICHLIDAE (Cichlids)

There are three species of Oreochromis and a species of Tilapia were introduced in Fiji. These are

O. aureus (Steindachner, 1864), O. mossambicus (Peters, 1852), O. niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

and Tiliapia zilli (Gervais, 1848). In this study O. mossambicus (Appendix 11, Plate 57) was

collected from the upper Navua River, Upper Ba River, Nukunuku Creek, Nadala Creek and

Qaliwana Creek. It was collected from upper and mid Ba River, Nadi River and lower Sigatoka in

Viti Levu and from mid–upper Nakawakawa River in Vanua Levu by Pogonowski in 2003. It is

also recorded from the interior of Viti Levu at 705 m (BMNH specimen) and from Waimanu

River by the FIT research group and from the confluence of Wainivodi and Wainasavulevu River

by an INR report (1977). Oreochromis mossambicus is widely favoured by locals as a source of

protein, making it common in aquaculture ponds near villages and in big river systems in the

islands of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu (Andrews, 1985). Oreochromis mossambicus is an east

African species that has been widely introduced in the world for aquaculture, but it has escaped

and established itself in the wild in many countries and out-competes native species, thus having

an ecological impact (Eldredge, 2000).

68

Oreochromis niloticus was reported from Waimanu River by the FIT research group, Monasavu

Reservoir by Lewis and Pring (1986), Waisai Creek by Jenkins (2004), in Vanua Levu and in

lower Wainikoro, upper Dreketi and Mid-Upper Navonu rivers by John Pogonowski (Appendix

3). It was not collected in this study, although it occurs in several tributaries of the Rewa River

(Ms. S. Waqairatu, pers. comm., 2005). It so far does not occur in Taveuni. This Nile River

(Africa) species has been widely introduced into Fiji from Malaysia for aquaculture (Uwate et al.,

1984). Several countries have reported adverse ecological effects after introduction (Eldredge,

2000).

Oreochromis aureus was introduced for aquaculture at Raviravi in 1975 and 1976 and Tilapia

zilli have also been introduced to an unknown location for unknown purpose however, both

species were unestablished in Fiji (Andrew, 1985 and Eldredge, 2000).

CLUPEIDAE (Herrings and Sardines)

Sardinella fijiense (Fowler & Bean, 1923) was collected from the Tamavua River system in this

study. Also collected by Waqairatu (2003) from the Tamuvua River, from an unspecified location

in Fiji by Lewis and Pring (1986), and Naikorokoro Creek (USNM collection). A species that is

usually found in the estuarine ecosystem and the mangroves. Sardinella fijiense (Appendix 11,

Plate 18) is generally found in the Western Pacific, from New Guinea to New Caledonia and Fiji

(Fishbase, 2004). It has also been reported from Vietnam (Fishbase, 2004).

CYPRINIDAE (Carps)

There are six species of this exotic family in Fiji. These are Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson,

1845), Barbonymus gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850), Ctenophyaryngon idella (Valenciennes, in

Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844), Cyprinus carpio carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Hypophthalmichthys

molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) and Rhodeus ocellatus (Kner 1866).

Yet, in this study Barbonymus gonionotus (Appendix 11, Plate 58) was the only species collected

despite the other species having been recorded from the same catchments. These are introduced

species that compete with native species for habitat. Whenever Barbonymus gonionotus and

Oreochromis mossambicus were collected, no other exotic species were collected; therefore they

might out compete the other introduced species. Most of these species were introduced to Fiji for

various reasons such as food, aquaculture, pituitary donor for grass carp, ornamental and

69

biological control with little thought of their possible effects on native aquatic biota and on

freshwater ecosystems (Uwate et al., 1984; Andrews, 1985; Lewis and Pring, 1986; Eldredge,

2000).

Aristichthys nobilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix were introduced into Fiji for pond culture

and control of vegetation. Aristichthys nobilis was imported from Malaysia and China.

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix was imported from Malaysia and New Zealand. These species were

placed at the fisheries station in Lami for further studies into their feeding abilities to control the

weeds. They were later transfer into the Rewa River in wired netting to assess their ability to

control the weeds. This was very success however, it was destroyed by flooding and the fish

escped into the Rewa River.

Barbonymus gonionotus is an Asian species and was collected from Wailotua River during this

survey and from Rewa River and tributaries of the Rewa River by Lewis and Pring (1986).

Ctenophyaryngodon idella is reported from an unidentified site by Andrews (1985) and collected

from the Waimanu River by the FIT research group. It is native to China and eastern Siberia, but

is widely transported around the world. Several countries have reported adverse ecological impact

(Allen, 1991; Eldredge, 2000).

Cyprinus carpio carpio was introduced into Fiji for pond culture and as a source of pituitary. It

was first introduced from New Zealand and later from Malaysia. This was later abandoned after

Americans have imposed import restrictions on this species therefore, initial stock was destroyed.

Rhodeus ocellatus was reported from Naduruloulou Research Station ponds by Lewis and Pring

(1986). It has been introduced to several countries from its native China, Korea and Japan

(Fishbase, 2004).

DIODONTIDAE (Porcupinefishes)

A single specimen of Diodon liturosus Shaw, 1804 was collected during this study from Tavoro

Creek. It is a marine species which occasionally enters the lower reaches of freshwater systems.

This species is widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific from East Africa to Society Islands

(French Polynesia) (Allen and Leggeh, 1990 and Fishbase, 2004).

70

ELEOTRIDAE (Sleepers)

Sixteen species from 11 genera are reported from Fiji. Amblyeleotris guttata (Fowler, 1938)

(CAS collection) is known from a single site on the island of Kadavu. It is a marine species which

usually enters the lower reaches of creeks. Distributed in the Western Pacific from Philippines to

Samoa, including Ryukyu Islands, the Great Barrier Reef and Micronesia (Fishbase, 2004).

Belobranchus belobranchus (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837) (Appendix 11,

Plate 19) was collected during this study from the Sovi Basin (in the interior of Viti Levu) using

spear gun, and the Tavoro, Navaka and Wailevu creeks in Taveuni using a portable electro fisher.

A speciemen was collected during this study and Jenkins (2003) reported it as a new record for

Fiji. This species was previously reported from Indonesia, Philippines, and New Guinea (Allen,

1991).

Bostrychus sinensis Lacepède, 1801 was collected from three different sites in Fiji. During this

study it was collected from the Tamavua River system and records from Bureta River on Ovalau

Island and Kanacea Island in the Lau Islands come from Fowler (1959). Bostrychus sinensis

inhabits fresh waters and is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from India to Indonesia, Australia,

Vanuatu, Bougainville (PNG) and Samoa (Ryan, 1980 and Fishbase, 2004).

Bunaka gyrinoides (Bleeker, 1853) was collected from the Tamavua River system and Wailotua

River during this study and in Waimanu River by the FIT research group and the Naduruloulou

Research Station ponds by (Wetlands International training group). Then BMNH has material

from the interior of Viti Levu and Boren collected a specimen from Nayarabale River in 1986. In

Fiji these fish usually inhabit freshwaters from the coastal zone to inland. Widely distributed in

Oceania and Asia from Sri Lanka to Philippines, PNG, Micronesia, Australia, New Caledonia and

Fiji (Allen et al., 2000).

There are two species of Butis in Fiji. These are Butis amboinensis (Bleeker, 1853) and B. butis

(Hamilton, 1822). Butis amboinensis was collected from Kubuna Creek (USNM collection) and

Butis butis was reported from Naikorokoro Creek by Ryan (1980) and Nalase Creek by

Waqairatu (2003). Although the sites are close to the Tamavua River system neither of these

species was collected during this survey. Butis amboinensis has been recorded from Palau Island

and New Caledonia, while B. butis has been recorded from Palau Island and Fiji. It is distributed

in the Indo-West Pacific from India to Solomon Islands (Gray, 1974 and Ryan, 1980).

71

There are two species of Eleotris in Fiji. These are Eleotris fusca (Forster, in Bloch & Schneider,

1801) (Appendix 11, Plate 20) and E. melanosoma Bleeker, 1852. Both species are widely

distributed in Fiji and inhabit an ecosystem where there is overhanging riparian plants near

streams that have soft muddy edges. The fish live in mud substrates. E. fusca ranges from East

Africa to French Polynesia, and E. melanosoma is distributed from East Africa to the Society

Islands and north to Japan (Ryan, 1980; Allen, 1991 and Fishbase 2004)

There is a two species of Giurus in Fiji. These are G. hoedti (Bleeker, 1854) (Appendix 11, Plate

21) and G. margaritacea (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valencienne, 1837) (Appendix 11, Plate

22). Giurus hoedti is widely distributed in Fiji and is present in Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and

Taveuni (Appendix 3). Giurus hoedti inhabit an ecosystem where there are overhanging riparian

plants, dead trees and tree roots in the river or streams, that have soft muddy edges. Giurus hoedti

is distributed from Molucca Islands to New Guinea and Fiji (Allen et al., 2000).

The Giurus margaritacea (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valencienne, 1837). Previous collections

in Fiji called it as Ophieleotris aporos has been reported from the Sovi River by Lewis and Pring

(1986), Waimanu River (FIT research group), Naikorokoro Creek by Ryan (1980), and Suva and

Kanacea by Fowler (1959, as Ophiocara aporos). In this survey, it was collected in Viti Levu,

Vanua Levu and Taveuni (Appendix 2). Giurus margaritacea is distributed from Madagascar to

northern Australia, Palau, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

Lairdina hopletupus was recorded by Fowler (1955) as a Fijian endemic freshwater species.

However, (Dr. D. Hoese, pers. comm., 2003) identifies that this species is a synonym of Giurus

margaritacea. Therefore, this species is no longer an endemic species to Fiji but a widely

distributed species.

Hence, the Emperor of Japan is reviewing this group (Dr D. Hoese, pers. comm., 2004). It is

anticipated that the differentiation of Giurus margaritacea will be resolved at the end of his

review.

Hypseleotris guentheri (Bleeker, 1875) (Appendix 11, Plate 23) is widely distributed in Fiji. It is

usually common in fresh waters with overhanging vegetated habitats. Distributed from Indonesia

to New Guinea, New Ireland, Caroline Islands, New Caledonia, Fiji and Samoa (Ryan, 1980 and

Allen and Coastes, 1990).

72

Two species of Ophiocara have been recorded from Fiji. These are Ophiocara macrolepidotus

(Bloch, 1792) and O. porocephala (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valencienne, 1837). Ophiocara

macrolepidotus was reported by Whitley (1927) and Fowler (1927, 1931 and 1934) from Fiji,

Günther (1880, as Eleotris macrolepidota) from Ovalau Island, and Herre (1936, as Ophiocara

porocephala) reported it from Suva. Other earlier records that reported in Fowler (1959) are Kner

(1868), Schmeltz (1869), Pöhl (1884) as Eleotris cantoris then later called it as Eleotris

ophiopcephalus by Schmeltz (1879) from (Kanathia = Kanacea) and Viti Levu.. However,

Fishbase (2004) reports that O. macrolepidotus is an endemic species on the east coast of

Madagascar. Therefore, this species is likely to be wrongly identified; Perhaps O. porocephala

was intended.

Ophiocara porocephala was found in the lower reaches of the Tamavua River system during this

survey. Waqairatu (2003) also collected it from the Tamavua River system, it was reported from

Suva by Herre (1936), Kanacea by Fowler (1959) and from the Wainadoi River (USNM

collection). This species usually lives in fresh and estuarine (mangrove) ecosystems. Distributed

in the Indo-West Pacific from East Africa to high volcanic islands of Oceania (Fishbase, 2004).

Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852) has been reported by Whitley (1927) and Fowler (1928

and 1931) in Fiji. Other earlier records in Fowler (1959) by Schmeltz (1865, as Eleotris

marmorata) from (Neva River = Rewa River), Pöhl (1884, as Eleotris marmorata) from Viti.

Ryan (1980) reported it from Rewa River, Waqairatu (2003) reported it from the Tamavua River

system and the FIT research group recorded it from the Waimanu River. However, no specimens

were collected during this study. According to Fishbase (2004), Oxyeleotris marmorata occurs

only in Asia (Vietnam to Indonesia). The records for Fiji need to be verified therefore.

ENGRAULIDAE (Anchovies)

Two species in two genera were collected from the mouth of the Tamavua River in Fiji during

this survey; however, other species of this family which are found in the marine habitat were

reported by Baldwin (1984). The two species collected during this survey are Stolephorus indicus

(van Hasselt, 1823) and Thryssa baelama (Forsskål, 1775). Both species usually penetrate the

lower reaches of freshwater systems. Stolephorus indicus was collected from the mouth of the

Tamavua River system during this study, and there is a record of Thryssa baelama from Kubuna

Creek (USNM collection). It is also reported from an unspecified location by Lewis and Pring

(1986). Stolephorus indicus occurs through the Indo-West Pacific and Thryssa baelama is

73

distributed from the Rea Sea and Madagascar, east to Samoa and north to Philippines and

Marianas Islands (Fishbase, 2004).

EPHIPPIDAE (Spadefishes)

Platax orbicularis (Forsskål, 1775) was collected from Toberua Island (USNM collection). No

specimens were collected during this study although it is a species which usually penetrates the

lower reaches of freshwater creeks. Distributed in the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea and East

Africa to the Tuamotu Islands, including southern Japan, Australia and New Caledonia (Fishbase,

2004).

GERREIDAE (Silver Biddies)

Gerres longirostris (Lacepède, 1801) (Appendix 11, Plate 24) was collected from the mouth of

the Tamavua River system during this survey. A brackishwater species which usually penetrates

lower reaches of the rivers. This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific (Fishbase, 2004).

GOBIIDAE (Gobies)

There are four subfamilies of Gobiidae (Nelson, 1994). These are Gobiinae, Gobionellinae,

Oxudercinae and Sicydiinae. All subfamilies are represented in Fiji.

Species of the family Gobiidae are common throughout the Indo-Pacific, Africa, Asia and

America (Berra 2001) and they are among the most structurally diverse and numerically speciose

fish (Miller, 1986). Twelve species belonging to the family Gobiidae are common between Africa

and Fiji (Daget et al., 1986 and Fishbase, 2004). There are twenty three species that are found in

Fiji and also in Asia (Fishbase, 2004) and twenty two species that are common between Fiji and

the other Pacific countries (Table 3.7).

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Table 3.7 Goby species that are common between Fiji, Africa and Asia. “X” denotes their

presence in the locality.

Countries

Gobiidae Fiji Africa Asia Other Pacific Islands Acentrogobius caninus x x x x Acentrogobius suluensis x x x Bathygobius fuscus x x x x Bathygobius hongkongensis x x Bathygobius padangensis x x Caragobius urolepis x x x Ctenogobiops aurocingulus x x x Glossogobius bicirrhosus x x x Glossogobius sp.1 x Oplopomus oplopomus x x x x Palutrus scapulopunctatus x x Psammogobius biocellatus x x x x Yongeichthys nebulosus x x x x Awaous guamensis x x x Awaous melanocephalus x x x Awaous ocellaris x x x Mugilogobius notospilus x Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema x x x x Oxyurichthys tentacularis x x x x Redigobius bikolanus x x x x Redigobius leveri x Redigobius roemeri x x x Redigobius sp.1 x Schismatogobius vitiensis x Stenogobius sp.1 x Stigmatogobius sadanundio x x Periophthalmus argentilineatus x x x x Periophthalmus kalolo x x x x Lentipes kaaea x x Sicyopterus lagocephalus x x x x Sicyopterus hicklingi x Sicyopus zosterophorum x x x Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp. x Stiphodon rutilaureus x x Stiphodon sp. 1 x Stiphodon sp. 2 x New genus, new species x

75

Gobiidae are the most abundant fish in freshwater on insular Pacific islands (Nelson, 1994; Ryan,

1991). They are present in a wide range of aquatic habitats from the ocean into the head waters of

rivers (Nelson et al., 1997; Marquet and Mary, 1999). This study is only on the estuary and the

freshwater systems of Fiji and will compare goby distribution with other Pacific Islands.

There are 37 species of gobies known to inhabit freshwater and estuarine zone in Fiji known to

date, 10 species in Vanuatu, 18 species in Samoa, five species in Cook Islands, 23 species in

Palau, five species in Cape York in Australia, 61 species in Papua New Guinea (Ryan 1991;

Fishbase 2004), 23 species in the Solomon Islands (Allen and Boseto, unpublished), 18 species in

New Caledonian fresh waters (Marquet and Mary, 1999) and four species in Hawaiian

freshwaters (Fitzsimons et al., 2002). Singleton (1997) also recorded Gobiidae species present in

estuaries of tropical Pacific countries.

Nevertheless, recent discoveries of additional Goby species in the countries mentioned above

should increase the number of the gobies present in each country. This survey produced seven

new Gobiidae species to Fiji and there is another new species from John Pogonowski’s

collections reported in Jenkins (2003) that gives a total of 37 species of Gobiidae recorded for Fiji

to date. This does not limit the number of gobies that are still waiting for discovery in the

waterways of Fiji and the other Pacific Island countries.

GOBIINAE

Fourteen species from nine genera in this subfamily have been recorded from Fiji. Most of these

species are estuarine species. However, no specimens were collected during this study because of

the limited number of estuaries surveyed.

There are two species of the genus Acentrogobius in Fiji. These are A. caninus (Valenciennes in

Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837) and A. suluensis (Herre, 1927). Acentrogobius caninus was

reported from Namusi (=Namosi) by Fowler (1959, as Gobius caninus) and Naqara (USNM

collections). The species is distributed through the Indo-West Pacific as far west as Madagascar

(Fishbase, 2004).

Acentrogobius suluensis is recorded from South Draunibota Island and Nadroga (USNM

collection). The species is distributed throughout the western Pacific from the Ryukyu Islands,

Philippines, Indonesia to Papua New Guinea and Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

76

There are three species of the genus Bathygobius that were reported in the freshwater of Fiji.

These are B. fuscus (Rüppell, 1830), B. hongkongensis Lam, 1986 and B. padangensis (Bleeker,

1851). Bathygobius fuscus was reported from Suva and Ovalau Island by Fowler (1959, as

Gobius fuscus) and B. hongkongensis is collected from Naqara (USNM collection). Bathygobius

fuscus is distributed from Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Thailand. It also occurs in the New

Guinea to Samoa and the Micronesia Islands (Fishbase, 2004).

Bathygobius padangensis was reported from Namusi (=Namosi) by Fowler (1959, as Gobius

petrophilus var. ocellatus). It is distributed over the Western Pacific from Japan, Taiwan,

Indonesia and New Guinea, Solomon Islands and also to Christmas Island in the eastern Indian

Ocean (Fishbase, 2004).

Caragobius urolepis (Bleeker, 1852) has been collected from Naqara (USNM collection). It is

distributed over the Western Pacific from India to the Philippines and Papua New Guinea

(Fishbase, 2004).

Ctenogobiops aurocingulus (Herre, 1936) was reported from Ovalau Island by Herre (1936 as

Apparius aurocingulus). Fowler (1959) reported it as Gobius aurocingulus. It is distributed

through the Indo-West Pacific from the Philippines and Ryukyu Islands to Fiji, Samoa, Caroline

Islands, and Marshall Islands (Fishbase, 2004).

There are two species of Glossogobius. These are G. bicirrhosus (Weber, 1894), and

Glossogobius sp.1. Glossogobius bicirrhosus has been collected from Naikorokoro Creek

(USNM collection). It is distributed from Indonesia, Philippines, and Japan to Palau. Also

reported from southern Taiwan, Australia and Papua New Guinea (Fishbase, 2004).

Glossogobius sp.1 is a new species widely distributed in Fiji collected from during this survey.

Previously reported from Fiji as G. celebius (Valenciennes, 1837) by Ryan (1980), and also

recorded from the Solomons, New Caledonia and Palau. However, a closer examination of the

species Glossogobius in the Pacific has concluded that these species from the Pacific are a new

species as it differs in the position of head pores and has one more dorsal ray than the true G.

celebius (Dr. D. Hoese, pers. comm., 2004) and Hoese and Allen (in press).

77

Oplopomus oplopomus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837) was reported from South

Draunibota Island (USNM collections). This is a marine species that penetrates the lower reaches

of the freshwater streams. This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from East Africa to the

Society Islands and north to the Ryukyu Islands (Fishbase, 2004).

Palutrus scapulopunctatus (de Beaufort, 1912) reported from an unidentified location in Fiji by

Fowler (1959, as Gobius scapulopunctatus). A brackishwater species that penetrates the lower

reaches of the freshwater streams. This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from Arabia to

Indonesia and Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

Psammogobius biocellatus (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837) was collected from

Tamavua River system and the Tavoro Creek during this survey, Herre (1936, as Glossogobius

biocellatus) and Fowler (1959, as Glossogobius giurus) reported it from a river flowing into the

Suva Harbour, from the Naikorokoro Creek, Naqara and Kadavu (USNM collection) and

Pogonowski collected it from lower Nala (Natewa) and upper Lekutu in Vanua Levu (Appendix

3). A brackish water species that penetrates the lower reaches of freshwater streams. This species

is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from south to East London and South Africa (Fishbase, 2004).

Yongeichthys nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775) was recorded from Namusi (=Namosi) by Fowler (1959,

as Gobius nebulosus). This species is distributed from East Africa through Indonesia east to

Micronesia, north to China and the Ryukyus and Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

GOBIONELLINAE

There are 13 species from seven genera in this subfamily in Fiji. Each genus and species will be

discussed.

Three Awaous species are recorded in Fiji; these are Awaous guamensis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier

& Valenciennes, 1837), A. melanocephalus (Bleeker, 1849) and A. ocellaris (Broussonet, 1782).

Awaous guamensis and A. ocellaris (Appendix 11, Plate 26) are widely distributed throughout

Fiji while on the other hand A. melanocephalus was collected from Viti Levu by Lewis and Pring

(1986). A. ocellaris was reported by Herre (1936) from Rewa River and Fowler (1959) reported it

from Fiji.

78

Awaous guamensis was reported from Neva (= Rewa River) as Gobius ocellaris by Godeffroy

(1865 in Fowler 1959), in Fiji as Chonophorus ocellaris by Whitley 1927, in Namusi (= Namosi),

Kanathia (= Kanacea) and Ovalau as Gobius crassilabris by Godeffroy (1869 and 1877 in Fowler

1959). Pöhl (1884 in Fowler 1959) reported it from Kanathia (=Kanacea) and in Narokorokoyawa

Creek by Fowler (1959, as Chonophorus guamensis). It is distributed in Oceania from Hawaiian

and Mariana Islands, south to Vanuatu, New Caledonia and Fiji and A. ocellaris is distributed

from India to the Philippines and north to Japan, Fiji and French Polynesia: Awaous

melanocephalus is distributed from Asia to Solomon Islands and Fiji (Lewis and Pring, 1986 and

Watson, 1991).

Mugilogobius notospilus (Günther, 1877) was reported from Viti Levu by Koumans (1953 in

Fowler 1959, as Stigmatogobius hoevenii) however, reported from Namusi (=Namosi) in Fowler

(1959, as Gobius notospilus). The type locality of this specimen is in Fiji.

There are two species of the genus Oxyurichthys in Fiji. These are Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema

(Bleeker, 1856-57) and O. tentacularis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837).

Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema was reported from Kubuna Creek (USNM collections). Fowler

(1959 as O. ophthalmonemus) reported it from Fiji and Oxyurichthys tentacularis was reported

from Naqara (USNM collections). These are brackish water species which only penetrate the

lower reaches of the creeks.

Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific and Oxyurichthys

tentacularis is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from Transkei northwards, Zanzibar,

Madagascar to the tropical West Pacific (Fishbase, 2004).

There are four species of Redigobius in Fiji. These are R. bikolanus (Herre, 1927), R. leveri

(Fowler, 1943), R. roemeri (Weber, 1911) and Redigobius sp. 1 in Jenkins (2003).

Redigobius bikolanus was collected during this survey and reported from a river flowing into

Suva harbour (CAS collection). Redigobius bikolanus extend to the east as far as Fiji from Asia

and Oceania; Japan southward to the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia and Samoa.

Reported from South Africa and Seychelles (Fishbase, 2004).

79

Redigobius leveri (as Vaimosa leveri in Fowler, 1943 and Gobius leveri in Fowler, 1959)

(Appendix 11, Plate 27) is an endemic species of Fiji. It is widespread in Fiji on the island of Viti

Levu, Vanua Levu and Taveuni. R. roemeri was reported from a river near Suva by Fowler (1959,

as Gobius roemeri) but no specimen of R. roemeri was collected from this survey even though

survey was carried out in Tamavua River. The species R. roemeri is distributed from Philippines,

Indonesia, New Guinea, Fiji, Australia and New Caledonia. John Pogonowski collected a

Redigobius species from a single site in the Lekutu River in Vanua Levu which represents a new

species (Dr. H. Larson, pers. comm., 2003).

Schismatogobius vitiensis Jenkins and Boseto, 2005 was collected from the upper Navua River,

Sovi River and Tavoro Creek during this survey, and John Pogonowski collected it from lower

Nala, mid Buca and upper Lekutu River in Vanua Levu (Appendix 3). This species is endemic to

Fiji and is widely distributed from the coast to lowland forest.

Another new species is Stenogobius sp.1 Previously Fowler (1959) called it Stenogobius

genivittatus. However, it was wrongly identified. Refer to section 3.3.1 on page 54 for more

description of this species. This species is widely distributed in the three main islands of the Fiji

group as far as the Lau Island group (Appendix 3).

Stigmatogobius sadanundio (Hamilton, 1822) was collected from Viti Levu and Kanathia (=

Kanacea Island) reported by Fowler (1959 as Gobius sadanundio). This species is distributed in

South-east Asia (Fishbase, 2004). The status of this species in Fiji is uncertain.

OXUDERCINAE

There are three species from three genera in this subfamily in Fiji. These are all estuarine species

which are widespread over Fiji’s four main islands. These are Viti Levu, Taveuni, Kadavu and

Ovalau Island. Most of these species are also very difficult to catch.

Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus, 1766) was reported by Fowler (1959, as Periophthalmodon

barbarus) based on Whitley (1927), Fowler (1928), Fowler (1934) and Herre (1936). This species

is an African species. The status of Fowler’s species is uncertain.

Periophthalmus argentilineatus Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837 was reported

from Ellington Penang, Naikorokoro Creek and Kadavu (USNM collection). No specimens were

80

collected during this survey. This species is distributed along continental margins and high

islands of the tropical Indo-West Pacific Ocean from East Africa to Samoa (Fishbase, 2004).

Periophthalmus kalolo Lesson, 1831 was collected during this survey from Tavoro Creek by

using the cast net. Specimens from Naqara and Kadavu, Naikorokoro creeks were collected by

Ryan (1980) and from Rewa River by Fowler (1959, as Periophthalmus koelreuteri). This

species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from East Africa to Samoa (Fishbase, 2004).

SICYDIINAE

My study revealed 15 species from five genera from this subfamily in Fiji. By collaborating with

international goby experts (Dr. D. Hoese, Dr. H. Larson, Dr. R. Watson and Mr. A. Jenkins pers

comm., 2004), we have determined eight proposed new species and a new genus. This includes

Glossogobius sp. Redigobius sp., Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp., Stenogobius sp., Stiphodon

sp. 1, Stiphodon sp. 2 and Sicydiinae: new genus and new species. One of the new species was

already described by Jenkins and Boseto (2005) as Schismatogobius vitiensis.

Lentipes kaaea Watson, Keith and Marquet, 2002 (Appendix 11, Plate 30) was collected from

Waitavala Creek in Taveuni during this survey and collected from Nakoronawa Creek in Kadavu

by the WCS (Appendix 3). It was initially, reported from Vanuatu and New Caledonia and now in

Fiji. Lentipes kaaea has broken the trend of a remarkably high degree of endemism even to the

point that they restricted to a single pool to widely distributed (Dr. R. Watson, pers. comm.,

2004).

There are two species from Sicyopterus reported from Fiji. These are S. lagocephalus (Pallas,

1770) (Appendix 11, Plate 31) and S. hicklingi (Whitley, 1950). Sicyopterus lagocephalus is

widely distributed throughout the Islands of Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and Kadavu (Appendix 3).

Sicyopterus lagocephalus is common and widespread through Fiji ranging from the coast to the

montane forest from this survey. Fowler (1959) reported it from Fiji as Sicydium laticeps as a

junior synonym of S. lagocephalus. This species is distributed from East Africa; Reunion and

Mauritis with few records from Comores and Madagascar (Fishbase, 2004).

Sicyopterus hicklingi is known from a single specimen collected from Rewa River by Dr.

Hickling in 1947 (Whitley, 1950). However, this species is now known as a junior synonym of

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Sciyopterus lagocephalus. Therefore, there is only a single species of the genus Sicyopterus that

is known in Fiji to date.

There are two species of Sicyopus reported from Fiji. These are S. zosterophorum (Bleeker, 1857)

and Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp. S. zosterophorum (Appendix 11, Plate 32) was first

recorded by Ryan (1991) from Wainibau Creek on Taveuni and later collected from Vago,

Wailevu, Waitavala and Waisali creeks during this survey, on Vanua Levu by Pogonowski

(Appendix 3) and on Kadavu by Kini Koto of Wildlife Conservation Society (Appendix 3).

Therefore, it is found on all four larger island of the Fiji group. It is also reported in the Western

Pacific including Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea and New Caledonia, and Japan (Allen,

2003 and Fishbase, 2004).

For Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp. refer to section 3.3.1 on page 54.

There are three species from the genera Stiphodon reported from Fiji. These are S. rutilaureus

Watson, 1996, Stiphodon sp. 1 and Stiphodon sp. 2. Stiphodon rutilaureus (Appendix 11, Plate

34) was widely distributed on the four main islands of the Fiji groups. It was collected from 21

sites from the island of Viti Levu and Taveuni while John Pogonowski and Kini Koto collected

them from Vanua Levu and Kadavu (Appendix 3). Stiphodon rutilaureus is distributed through

out the Indo-Australia Archipelago from Waigeo and Batanta to Vanuatu and Fiji. Herre (1936)

and Fowler (1959) reported Sicydium elegans as a junior synonym of Stiphodon elegans in Fiji.

However, collaborating with goby expert it was said that Stiphodon elegans does not distributed

as far as Fiji (Dr. R. Watson, pers. comm., 2004).

For Stiphodon sp. 1, Stiphodon sp. 2 and Sicydiinae: new genus and new species refer to section

3.3.1 on page 54 and 55 for more descriptions.

HAEMULIDAE (Grunts)

Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853) was collected in Tavoro Creek during this

survey and reported from Kubuna Creek from the USNM collection. This is a marine species but

juveniles inhabit the lower reaches of the fresh water in the mangrove. This species is distributed

from Red Sea to South Africa, Persian Gulf eastward to Samoa, north to the Ryukyu Islands,

Australia, Caroline and the Mariana Island (Fishbase, 2004).

82

HEMIRAMPHIDAE (Garfishes)

There are three species from this family in Fiji. These are Hyporhamphus dussumieri

(Valenciennes, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847), Zenarchopterus buffonis (Valenciennes, in

Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847) and Zenarchopterus dispar (Valenciennes, in Cuvier and

Valenciennes, 1847) (Appendix 11, Plate 37). Hyporhamphus dussumieri was reported from

Bureta River (CAS collection) and Fowler (1959, as Hemirhamphus erythrorichus). It is a

marine species that enters the lower reaches of the freshwater streams therefore, must be caught at

that time it is moving upstream. On the other hand the equipment used may not be suitable for

collecting Hyporhamphus dussumieri. This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from

Seychelles through the eastern Indies, Borneo, Philippines, and New Guinea to Hong Kong and

Okinawa, and as far as the Tuamotu Islands (Fishbase, 2004).

Zenarchopterus buffonis was reported from Suva by Fowler (1959) cited from his old records

from Fowler (1928, as Zenarchopterus maculosus) and Garman (1903 in Fowler 1959, as

Zenarchopterus maculosus). It was also reported from Fiji as Zenarchopterus maculosus by

Whitley 1927. It is a marine species that enters the lower reaches of the freshwater streams. This

species distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from India, to East Indies, Philippines, Taiwan, New

Guinea and northern Australia (Ryan, 1980 and Fishbase, 2004).

Zenarchopterus dispar is a common species in Fiji as it is widespread in Viti Levu, Vanua Levu,

Taveuni, Kadavu and Ovalau Island (Appendix 3). Fowler (1959) reported it from Suva and

Nggawa in Vanau Levu. A marine to freshwater species that is common in brackish water and

lower reaches of the freshwater streams. It is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from Kenya,

Seychelles, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiji and Samoa

(Fishbase, 2004).

KUHLIIDAE (Flagtails)

There are three species from the genera Kuhlia that were collected during this survey that enter

freshwater in Fiji. These are Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829)

(Appendix 11, Plate 38), K. munda (De Vis, 1884) (Appendix 11, Plate 39) and K. rupestris

(Lacepède, 1802) (Appendix 11, Plate 40). However, Fowler (1959) reported five species of this

genus in Fiji. The other two species reported are Dules sandvicensis (Steindachner, 1876) now

known as Kuhlia sandvicensis and Dules taeniurus (Cuvier, 1829) now known as Kuhlia petiti

83

Schultz, 1943 (Randall and Randall, 2001). However, they are marine species and therefore will

not be discussed here.

Kuhlia marginata was widely distributed in the four main islands of the Fiji group. Günther

(1859, in Fowler 1959) and Fowler (1931, 1934 and 1959) reported it as Dules marginatus from

Fiji. Boulenger (1895, in Fowler 1959), Whitley (1927) and Fowler (1928) reported it as Kuhlia

marginata in Fiji. Schmeltz (1865, in Fowler 1959) reported it from Rewa River and Pöhl (1884,

in Fowler 1959) reported it from Viti as Dules malo. Boulenger (1895, in Fowler 1959) and

Whitley (1927) reported it from Viti Levu as Kuhlia malo. They are freshwater species found

interior of Viti Levu at 705 m. This species is distributed from Taiwan, Philippines and Indonesia

to Japan, to Rapa, Palau, Marshall and Mariana Islands (Allen, 1991; Nimoho, 2000; Marquet et

al., 2003 and Fishbase, 2004).

Kuhlia munda is an estuarine species which is usually found in the lower reach of freshwater

streams. Ryan (1980 and 2000) also reported it from Fiji as Kuhlia bilunulata. Herre (1936, as

Kuhlia bilunulata) reported it from small rivers flowing into Suva Harbour. Whitley (1927) and

Fowler (1928) reported it as Kuhlia munda in Fiji. Fowler (1931, 1934 and 1959) reported it as

Dules munda from Fiji. Regan (1913, in Fowler 1959) reported it as Kuhlia humilis in Fiji.

Boulenger (1859, in Fowler 1959) reported it as Kuhlia malo in Fiji. Kendall and Goldsborough

(1911, in Fowler 1959) reported a type locality in Fiji as Kuhlia proxima. They are widely spread

throughout the lower reaches of the main islands and are collected from as far as the Lau Islands

by Kini Koto of WCS. This species is distributed in the Western Pacific, in tropical estuarine

waters and in fresh waters in New Caledonia (Fishbase, 2004).

Kuhlia rupestris is a common jungle perch species widely distributed throughout the Fiji Islands

from the coast to the montane forest. Günther (1880 and 1859, in Fowler 1959) reported it from

Fiji and Ovalau, Schmeltz (1874, in Fowler 1959) reported it from Viti Levu and Fowler (1931,

1934 and 1959) reported it as Dules rupestris from Fiji. Boulenger (1895, in Fowler 1959),

Whitley (1927) and Fowler (1928) report it from Fiji and Herre (1936) reported it from Rewa

River as Kuhlia rupestris. Kner (1868, in Fowler 1959) reported in from Kandavu (=Kadavu) and

Whitley (1928, in Fowler 1959) reported it from Fiji as Therapon unicolor. This species is

distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from East Africa to Melanesia (Allen, 1991; Nimoho, 2000;

Marquet et al., 2003 and Fishbase, 2004).

84

LACTARIIDAE (False trevallies)

Lactarius lactarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) was collected from the mouth of the Rewa River

(USNM collection). This is a marine species which migrates to the lower reaches of the

freshwater streams. This species is distributed from Indo-West Pacific from East Africa and

eastern Indian Ocean extending eastward to Southeast Asia, north to Japan, south to Queensland,

Australia and Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

LEIOGNATHIDAE (Ponyfishes)

There are four species collected from this family in Fiji during this survey. These are Gazza

minuta (Bloch, 1795), Leiognathus equulus (Forsskål, 1775) (Appendix 11, Plate 41), L. fasciatus

(Lacepède, 1803) (Appendix 11, Plate 42) and L. splendens (Cuvier, 1829).

Gazza minuta is a marine and estuarine species which usually enters the mouth of the river. One

was caught at the mouth of the Tamavua River system during this survey and the other specimen

was reported by Lewis and Pring (1986) from an unknown site in Fiji. Fowler (1959) reported it

also from Fiji. This species is distributed from Red Sea and the east Africa Coast to Australia and

Tahiti (Fishbase, 2004).

Leiognathus equulus is a marine and estuarine species. It was collected from the Tamavua River

system during this survey and collected from Nalase near Rewa River by Waqairatu (2003) and in

Suva by Fowler (1959, as Leiognathus equula). This species is distributed from Red Sea, Persian

Gulf, and East Africa to Fiji, to the Ryukyus Islands and Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

Leiognathus fasciatus was collected from Tavoro Creek during this survey. Fowler (1959)

reported it from Suva. Leiognathus fasciatus is a marine species which usually enters the

freshwater system. This species is distributed from Seychelles, Mauritius, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden,

Indian and Sri Lanka to Japan, China, north eastern Australia, Samoa and Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

Leiognathus splendens is a marine and brackish species which also penetrates the lower reaches

of fresh water. This species was caught at the mouth of Tamavua River system during this survey.

Fowler (1959) reported it from Fiji. It was first caught in Fiji during a deep sea trawling at

Laucala Bay (Mr. J. Seeto, pers. comm., 2005). This species is distributed from the Red Sea,

Madagascar and Mauritius to India and Sri Lanka, Australia and Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

85

LETHRINIDAE (Emperors)

There are two species from this family that enters fresh water in Fiji. These are Lethrinus harak

(Forsskål, 1775) and L. reticulatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830). Both species

came from Kubuna Creek (USNM collection).

Lethrinus harak is an estuarine and marine species. Fowler (1959) reported this species from Fiji

citing it from his previous records of Fowler 1928, 1931, 1933 and other earlier collectors. It was

reported from Suva by Jordan and Dickerson (1908) and in Fiji also by Whitley 1927. This

species is distributed from the Red Sea, East Africa, Maldives, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan,

Australia, Papua New Guinea, Caroline Islands, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji

and Samoa (Fishbase, 2004).

Lethrinus reticulatus is a marine species. Fowler (1959) reported this species from Fiji citing it

from his previous records Fowler 1928, 1931, 1933 and reported from Kadavu by Günther (1880

in Fowler 1959, as Lethrinus moensi). It is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from Chagos,

Thailand, Ryukyu Island and the Philippines to Indonesia and Samoa (Fishbase, 2004).

LUTJANIDAE (Snappers)

There are eight species from the genera Lutjanus that enters fresh water in Fiji. These are

Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775) (Appendix 11, Plate 43), L. fulviflamma (Forsskål,

1775), L. fulvus (Forster, in Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (Appendix 11, Plate 44), L. gibbus

(Forsskål, 1775), L. johnii (Bloch, 1792), L. lunulatus (Park, 1797), L. rivulatus (Cuvier, in

Cuvier & Valencinnes, 1828) and L. russellii (Bleeker, 1849) (Appendix 11, Plate 45). Three

species of the eight that were collected during this study were L. argentimaculatus, L. fulvus and

L. russellii. Most of the Lutjanus species listed above are marine species that enter the estuarine

and the lower reaches of the stream in their juvenile stages for rearing ground except for Lutjanus

fuscescens which was not reported from Fiji as the true freshwater species.

Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Appendix 11, Plate 28) is a common mangrove jack and young ones

often inhabit mangroves and the lower reaches of rivers. This species was collected from

Tamavua River system and Tavoro from this collection and (USNM collection) from eastern Viti

Levu. John Pogonowski collected L. argentimaculatus from Vanua Levu. Herre (1936) reported it

from Suva and Fowler (1959) citing it from his previous records of Fowler 1928, 1931 and 1934

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reported it from Fiji.This species is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from East Africa to

Samoa and the Line Islands, north to the Ryukyu Islands and south to Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

Lutjanus fulviflamma is known from Kubuna Creek (USNM collection). This species was

reported from Nukulau Island by Herre (1936, as Lutianus fulviflamma) and Fowler (1959)

reported it from Fiji from his previous records of Fowler 1928, 1931 and 1934. It was also

reported from Suva by Jordan and Dickerson (1879 in Fowler 1959, as Lutianus aureovittatus). It

was also reported from Fiji by Whitley (1927, as Lutianus aureovittatus). An estuarine and

marine species which usually penetrates the lower reaches of the river. It is distributed throughout

the Indo-Pacific; Red Sea, east Africa to Samoa, north to the Ryukyu Islands, south to Australia

(Fishbase, 2004).

Lutjanus fulvus was collected from the Tamavua River system, Wailevu Creek and Tavoro Creek

from this survey and from the eastern side of Viti Levu in Fiji Islands, Wainadoi and Kubuna

Creek (USNM collection). This is a marine species but juveniles are often common at the mouth

of the freshwater creeks and rivers. Distributed from East Africa to the Marquesas and Line

Islands, southern Japan and Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

Lutjanus gibbus is known from the Rewa River mouth (USNM collections). It was reported from

Fiji by Whitley (1927, as Lutianus gibbus) and from Suva by Fowler (1959) cited from his

previous records of Fowler 1928, 1931 and 1934. A marine species. This species is distributed in

the Indo-West Pacific from the Red Sea and East Africa to Society and Line Islands, north to

Japan and south to Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

Lutjanus johnii was collected by Waqairatu (2003) while carrying out her survey from the

Tamavua River system. It was reported from Fiji by Whitley (1927, as Lutianus johnii) and

Fowler (1959) cited from his previous records in Fowler 1928 and 1934. An estuarine and marine

species which usually penetrates the lower reaches of the freshwater stream. Distributed from

East Africa to the Fiji Islands, the Ryukyu Islands and Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

Lutjanus lunulatus is recorded by the USNM from Naikorokoro Creek. A marine species. This

species is distributed in the Indo-west Pacific from northeastern Arabian Sea to Philippines and

Vanuatu (Fishbase, 2004).

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Lutjanus rivulatus (USNM collection) from the Wainadoi River, just upstream. A marine species.

This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from East Africa to Tahiti, Japan and Australia

(Fishbase, 2004).

Lutjanus russellii was collected from Tamavua River system and Tavoro Creek during this survey

and the USNM collection from the Wainadoi River and Kubuna Creek. L. russellii is an estuarine

and marine species that enters the lower reaches of the freshwater system. This species is

distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from East Africa to the Fiji Islands, Ryukyu Islands and

Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

MEGALOPIDAE (Tarpons)

Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782) was reported in Suva and Ovalau Island by Günther

(1880, in Fowler 1959), in Fiji by Whitley (1927) and Fowler (1959) from his previous records of

Fowler 1928 and 1931, in Suva by Herre (1936), Naduruloulou Research Station ponds and an

unidentified location in Suva by Lewis and Pring (1986). These species inhabitat estuarine areas

in the mangroves and freshwater systems. No specimens were collected from this survey. This

species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from South Africa, east to the Society Island and

southern Korea (Fishbase, 2004).

MONODACTYLIDAE (Silver Moonfishes)

Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Appendix 11, Plate 46)was collected from the

Tamavua River system and Tavoro Creek during this survey and from Ovalau Island (BMNH

collection) and from Wainadoi (USNM collection). It was reported from Levuka by Günther

(1880, as Psettus argenteus) and in Fiji by Whitley (1927) and Fowler (1959) from his previous

records from Fowler 1928, 1931 and 1934. Monodactylus argenteus can be found in freshwater,

estuarine and marine ecosystems. This species is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from Red

Sea and East Africa to Samoa, New Caledonia and Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

MORINGUIDAE (Worm Eels)

Two species of Moringua have been in entering fresh waters in Fiji. These are Moringua

abbreviata (Bleeker, 1863) and M. macrocephalus (Bleeker, 1863). Moringua abbreviata was

collected from Tamavua River during this survey and reported from Namusi (=Namosi) by

Fowler (1959) cited from his previous records of Fowler (1928, as Rataboura abbreviata).

Schmeltz (1879, in Fowler 1959) reported it from Viti Levu, from Fiji by Whitley (1927) and

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from Nukulau Island by Herre (1936, as Aphthalmichthys abbreviatus). Moringua abbreviata is a

marine species that penetrates the lower reaches of freshwater streams. This species is distributed

throughout the Indo-Pacific from Laccadives, Ryukyu Islands, Philippines, Marshall Island to

Samoa (Fishbase, 2004).

The Moringua macrocephalus record is from Kanathea (=Kanacea) by Günther (1910 in Fowler

1959, as Moringua macrocephala), in Fiji by Herre (1936, as Moringua macrocephala) and

Fowler (1959, as Moringua macrocephala) citied from his previous record in Fowler (1928, as

Aphthalmichthys macrocephalus) and Fowler (1934, as Rataboura macrocephala). It is a

freshwater and estuarine species. This species is distributed from China to New Guinea, Palau,

Fiji and Cook Islands (Fishbase, 2004).

Neoconger tuberculatus (Castle, 1965) is based on Johnson Seeto’s collection from Rewa River

in 1987 and from the specimens collected from Tavoro Creek in Taveuni during this survey. It

was believed to be endemic to Australia, however, now that it has been collected in Fiji, its

distribution extends eastward as far as Fiji. This is a very rare animal (Dr. J. McCosker, pers.

comm., 2004).

MUGILIDAE (Mullets)

There are 11 species from five genera reported in the estuarine and freshwater of Fiji. These are

Cestraeus plicatilis Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836, Liza macrolepis (Smith,

1846), Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskål, 1775), Liza melinoptera (Valenciennces, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1836), L. subviridis (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836) (Appendix

11, Plate 47), L. vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825), Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758, Valamugil

buchanani (Bleeker, 1853), V. cunnesius (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836), V.

engeli (Bleeker, 1858) and V. seheli (Forsskål, 1775). Six of the species recorded from Fiji were

collected during this survey. These are Liza macrolepis, Liza subviridis, Mugil cephalus,

Valamugil buchanani, V. cunnesius and. V. engeli.

Cestraeus plicatilis was reported from Fiji by Fowler (1959) citing it from his previous records in

Fowler 1928, 1931 and 1934 and the collections from the Wai Manu (=Waimanu) River by

MacDonald (1869 in Fowler 1959, as Gonostomyxus loa-loa), in Viti by Schmeltz (1881 I Fowler

1959, as Agonostoma plicatile) and in Fiji by Whitley (1927, as Agonostomus loaloa). Lewis and

Pring (1986) and the Rewa River by Andrews (1985). No specimens were collected during this

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survey. This species usually inhabitats the freshwater and estuarine zone. Distributed in the

Western Pacific from Celebes, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

Crenimugil crenilabis is known from the USNM collection from the Lau Islands. It was reported

by Fowler (1959, as Mugil tade) from his previous in Suva Fowler (1928) and in Nukulau Island,

Fowler (1949). Schmeltz (1869, in Fowler 1959) and Pöhl (1884, in Fowler 1959) reported it

from (Kandavu = Kadavu) as Mugil decimradiatus. Whitley (1927, as Mugil kandavensis) also

reported it from Fiji and Herre (1936, as Mugil kandavensis) reported it from Kandavu = Kadavu

Island). It usually lives in the estuarine and marine water. No specimens were collected from this

survey. This species is distributed from Red Sea and East Africa, South Africa, southern Japan,

south to Lord Howe Island and Micronesia (Fishbase, 2004).

Liza macrolepis was collected during this survey at Tamavua River system and Vakano Creek in

Lakeba by Kini Koto (Appendix 3). It was reported from Suva by Fowler (1928, 1931, 1934 and

1949, as Mugil macrolepis). It was also reported from Fiji by Whitley (1927, as Liza troscheli), in

Suva by Seale (1935, as Liza troscheli) and in Suva harbour by Herre (1936, as Liza troscheli).

This is a marine and estuarine species that is also present in fresh water. This species is

distributed from east coast of Africa, to Indonesia, China, Philippines, Japan, Marshall Islands,

New Guinea, Vanuatu and Samoa (Fishbase, 2004).

Liza melinoptera is reported by the FIT research group from Waimanu River and from Kadavu

(BMNH collection). It was reported from Suva by Jordan and Dickerson (1908) and Herre

(1936). Lewis and Pring (1986) reported the species from the Rewa delta. It was reported from

Fiji by Whitley (1927, as Liza melinopterus). Fowler (1928, 1931, and 1934) reported it as Mugil

vaigiensis and later in Fowler (1949 and 1959) reported it as Mugil melinopterus from Suva. This

is a marine and estuarine species that enters freshwater. This species is distributed from East

Africa to Samoa, Philippines, Tonga, Australia, Palau Island and Marquesa Islands (Fishbase,

2004).

Liza subviridis was collected from the Tamavua River system and the Tavoro Creek during this

survey and reported from Nalase Creek by Waqairatu (2003). Fowler (1928, 1931 and 1959)

reported it as Mugil dussumieri in Fiji and reported from Suva Harbour by Herre (1936, as Mugil

dussumieri). This is an estuarine and marine species that enters the lower reaches of fresh water.

Distributed from South Africa to Samoa, and north to Japan (Fishbase, 2004).

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Liza vaigiensis was collected from the Rewa River mouth and the Lau Islands from the USNM

collection. It was reported from Fiji by Whitley (1927) and a reef between Suva and Nukulau

Island by Herre (1936). Fowler (1928, 1931, 1934 and 1959) reported it from Suva as Mugil

vaigiensis. Fowler (1949, as Ellochelon vaigiensis) reported it from Suva. This is an estuarine and

marine species that enters the lower reaches of fresh water. No specimens were collected during

this survey. This species is distributed from South Africa to the Tuamotu Islands, southern Japan,

and Samoa (Fishbase, 2004).

Mugil cephalus is reported from a river flowing into the Suva Harbour (CAS collection) and

collected from Vakano, Tobou and Nukunuku creeks from the Lakeba Island by Kini Koto of

WCS (Appendix 3). No specimens were collected during this survey. This is a marine, estuarine

and freshwater species. It is distributed between 42°N and 42°S, in coastal waters; a cosmopolitan

species (Fishbase, 2004).

Valamugil buchanani was collected from the Tamavua River during this survey and from

Waimanu River by the FIT research group. A marine and estuarine species. This species is

distributed throughout Indo-West Pacific from South Africa through Philippines, parts of

Indonesia, Micronesia and Melanesia; north to Mariana Islands and southern Japan (Fishbase,

2004).

Valamugil cunnesius was collected from Tamavua River system during this survey. This is a

marine and estuarine species. This species is distributed from South Africa to the Western Pacific

(Fishbase, 2004).

Valamugil engeli was collected from Tamavua River during this survey. It is a marine and

estuarine species. This species is distributed throughout Indo-West Pacific from East Africa to

Madagascar and Tuamotu Island, Marshall and Mariana Islands in Micronesia.

Valamugil seheli was collected from a river flowing into Suva harbour reported by Ryan (1980).

It was reported from Suva as Liza caeruleamaculata by Jordan and Dickerson (1908) and Whitley

(1927). Fowler (1928, 1931, 1934, 1949 and 1959) reported it from Suva as Mugil seheli. It was

reported from Suva Harbour by Herre (1936, as Liza seheli). No specimens were collected during

this survey. This species is distributed from the Red Sea, South Africa and east to Samoa;

southern Japan, New Caledonia and Norfolk Island, Madagascar and Hawaii (Fishbase, 2004).

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MULLIDAE (Goatfishes)

There are three species from two genera collected in the freshwaters of Fiji during this survey.

These are Parupeneus indicus (Shaw, 1803), Upeneus sulphureus (Cuvier, in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1829) (Appendix 11, Plate 48) and U. vittatus (Forsskål, 17750 (Appendix 11,

Plate 49).

Parupeneus indicus (USNM collection) was collected from the mouth of the Rewa River. It was

also reported from Fiji by Whitley (1927) and Fowler (1959) as Pseudupeneus indicus. It is a

marine species that penetrates into the estuaries. No specimens were collected during this survey.

This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific region from East Africa to Samoa and Tonga,

Philippines, Ogasawara Island, New Caledonia, Palau Island and Micronesia (Fishbase, 2004).

Upeneus sulphureus was collected from Tamavua River system during this survey and

Waqairatu’s 2003 survey and in Kubuna Creek (USNM collection). It was reported in Suva by

Kendall and Goldsborough (1911 in Fowler 1959, as Upeneoides sulphureus). Whitley (1927)

reported it from Fiji and Fowler (1932, 1934 and 1959) reported it from Suva. It is an estuarine

and marine species that penetrates estuaries. This species is distributed from Africa to south-east

Asia, northward to China and southward New Caledonia and Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

Upeneus vittatus was collected from the Tamavua River system during this survey and reported

from Naikorokoro Creek, Wainadoi River and Kubuna Creek (USNM collection) and from

Ovalau Island (BMNH collection). Whitley (1927) reported it from Fiji and Fowler (1932, 1933,

1934 and 1959) reported it from Suva. Initially Fowler (1928 and 1931) reported it as Upeneoides

vittatus from Suva. It is an estuarine and marine species that penetrates estuaries. This species is

distributed from the Red Sea and South Africa and to Micronesia, Hawaii, Society Islands, north

to Japan and New Caledonia (Fishbase, 2004).

MURAENESOCIDAE (Pike congers)

Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål, 1775) was collected from an unknown location near Suva

reported by Jordan and Dickerson (1908) and reported in Fiji by Whitley (1927). Fowler (1934

and 1959) reported it as Muraenesox arabicus in Fiji. It is a marine, estuarine, and freshwater

species. No specimens were collected during this survey. This species is distributed from Red

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Sea, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Japan and Korea, northern Australia (Fishbase, 2004). It is also

reported from Fiji and Tuvalu (Fishbase, 2004).

MURAENIDAE (Moray Eels)

There are five species from two genera reported from the estuarine and freshwater systems in Fiji.

These are Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch and Schneider, 1801), G. pictus (Ahl, 1789), G.

polyuranodon (Bleeker, 1853), G. undulata (Lacepède, 1803) and Uropterygius concolor

Rüppell, 1838. All these eels are marine species except for G. polyuranodon that lives in fresh

water.

Gymnothorax favagineus was collected by Herre (1936) from Suva Harbour. Fowler (1959, as

Lycodontis favaginea) from his 1931 and 1934 report collected from Narokorokoyawa Creek.

This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from Red Sea and East Africa to Papua New

Guinea, southern Japan and Australia; also Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

Gymnothorax pictus was reported from the Rewa River mouth (USNM collection). Jordan and

Dickerson (1908) collected it from Suva and Herre (1936) collected it from Nukulau Island. It

was also reported from Fiji by Whitley (1927, as Gymnothorax (Siderea) pictus). Fowler (1959,

as Lycodontis picta) from his 1928 report collected from Suva Point. Distributed in the Indo-

Pacific from East Africa to the Cocos, and Clipperton Islands; north to the Hawaiian and Ryukyu

Islands, Australia and throughout Micronesia (Fishbase, 2004).

The only freshwater species of this genus is Gymnothorax polyuranodon collected from the

Tamavua River system, upper Navua River, Wainivobo River, Wainasa Creek, mid Wailotua

River and Tavoro Creek during this survey. It is also collected from the Waimanu River by the

FIT research group, from Ovalau Island (BMNH collection), from an unspecified site in the Fiji

Islands by Fowler (1959, as Lycodontis polyuranodon) from his 1928 and 1931 reports and from

the mid-upper Nakawakawa River by Pogonowski. Whitley (1927) also reported it from Fiji. This

species is distributed from Sri Lanka, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines and Fiji (Allen, 1991

and Fishbase, 2004) It is also reported from Palau, Australia and New Caledonia (Fishbase,

2004).

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Gymnothorax undulata was reported by Fowler (1959, as Lycodontis undulata) from his 1928,

1931 and 1934 report collected from Suva. Whitley (1927, as Gymnothorax undulates and G.

stellatus) reported it from Fiji. Herre (1936, as Gymnothorax undulates) reported it from Suva

and Nukulau Island. This species is distributed from Red Sea and East Africa to French

Polynesia, north to Japan, and the Hawaiian Islands and throughout the whole of Micronesia

(Fishbase, 2004).

The other species of this family is Uropterygius concolor, collected at the Tamavua River system

by Waqairatu (2003). This is a marine and estuarine species that usually penetrates the lower

reaches of the freshwater stream. No specimens were collected during this survey. This species is

distributed from Rea Sea and East Africa to the Marquesan and Society Islands, Japan, south to

New Caledonia and the Caroline Islands in Micronesia. Fowler (1959) recorded Uropterygius

marmoratus and U. fijiensis from Fiji. However, they were collected during this survey as they

are marine species.

OPHICHTHIDAE (Snake Eels)

There are five species from three genera in this family that are reported from estuarine and

freshwater systems in Fiji. These are Lamnostoma bicolor (Kaup, 1856), Lamnostoma kampeni

(Weber & de Beaufort, 1916) (Appendix 11, Plate 50), Pisodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson,

1848), Yirrkala gjellerupi (Weber & de Beaufort, 1916) (Appendix 11, Plate 51) and Yirrkala

lumbricoides (Bleeker, 1853).

Lamnostoma bicolor was reported in Namusi (=Namosi) by Fowler (1959, as Caecula bicolor)

from his 1928 and 1931 reports that he based it from Schmeltz (1869 in Fowler 1959, as

Sphagebranchus bicolor). It was also reported in Fiji by Whitley (1927, as Ophichthys bicolor).

The status of this species in Fiji is uncertain

Lamnostoma kampeni (Appendix 11, Plate 29) was collected from the Tamavua River system and

the upper Navua River during this survey and also collected by Lewis and Pring (1986, as

Achirophichthys kampeni) from Dobuilevu River near the research station and Sovi River, and the

FIT research group reported it from Waimanu River. This is a freshwater species that is

distributed from Philippines, northern New Guinea and New Caledonia (Fishbase, 2004).

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Pisodonophis cancrivorus was reported by Fowler (1928, 1931, 1934 and 1959) based from

Schmeltz (1869, as Pisodonophis schapii) in Namusi (=Namosi). Whitley (1927) also reported it

from Fiji. This is a marine, estuarine and freshwater species. No specimens were collected during

this survey. This species is distributed from Rea Sea and East Africa to French Polynesia, north to

the Ogasawara Islands and south to Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

Yirrkala gjellerupi (Appendix 11, Plate 30) is an extremely poorly known animal, previously

known from a single specimen collected in the early 1800’s in Dutch Northern New Guinea,

presently west Papua. This eel was collected from sites 13 and 14 in the middle of Savura Creek

in Viti Levu. While it is probably more widespread than collections suggest it is nonetheless a

very rarely encountered animal (Dr. J. McCosker, pers. comm., 2003).

Yirrkala lumbricoides is a marine species. The type locality is from Indonesia. However, it was

reported in Fiji by Fowler (1928 and 1959, as Caecula lumbricoides) based on Schmeltz (1869 in

Fowler 1959, as Sphagebranchus lumbricoides) in Namusi (=Namosi). It was also reported from

Suva by Seale (1935). This species is reported from Indonesia and is distributed into the Indo-

Pacific therefore is likely to be in Fiji also (Fishbase, 2004).

POECILIIDAE (Livebearers)

There are four species from three genera that have established in the wild in this family in Fiji.

These are Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853), Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863, P.

reticulata Peters, 1859 (Appendix 11, Plate 59) and Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848.

Gambusia affinis is common in streams on the island of Viti Levu. This species was introduced as

a biological control agent to eliminate mosquitoes, however, it became a pest in the waterways. It

was introduced to Fiji and the Pacific Island countries from the USA and Mexico (Andrews,

1985).

Poecilia mexicana was reported from the confluence of the Wainivodi and Wainsavulevu rivers

from an INR (1977) and reported from Suva by Ryan (1980), Andrews (1985) and Lewis and

Pring (1986). No specimens were collected during this survey despite the facts that the sites

where P. mexicana was collected by the others was close to the sites of this survey. This species

was introduced as an ornamental species and is becoming established in a few waterways in Fiji.

It is known from the Atlantic coast of Central America, from Texas border, through Yucután into

Guatemala and Costa Rica and introduced to the Pacific Island countries (Fishbase, 2004).

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Poecilia reticulata was collected from the Tamavua River system and the Wailotua River during

this survey. It was also collected from Suva by Ryan (1980), Andrews (1985) and Lewis and

Pring (1986). This species was introduced as an ornamental species which became established in

the freshwater system. It was introduced from Western Atlantic and South America, now

widespread in Pacific Island countries (Fishbase, 2004).

Xiphophorus hellerii is known as the American sword tail fish and was reported in Suva by Lewis

and Pring (1986) and reported from a pond at Tamavua by Ryan (1980). No specimens were

collected during this survey. It is also an ornamental species which was introduced to Fiji and

became established in the waterways. It is known from Central America: Belize, Guatemala,

Honduras, Mexico and introduced widely to the Pacific (Fishbase, 2004).

POLYNEMIDAE (Threadfins)

There are two species in the genera Polydactylus in Fiji. These are Polydactylus microstoma

(Bleeker, 1851) and P. plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polydactylus microstoma is reported from an

unspecified location in Fiji by Lewis and Pring (1986) and P. plebeius was reported from the

mouth of the Rewa River from the USNM collection. It was also reported from Suva by Jordan

and Dickerson (1908) and in Fiji by Fowler (1928, 1931, 1934 and 1959). It was also reported

from Fiji by Whitley (1927, as Polynemus plebeius). Both are marine and estuarine species. No

specimens were collected during this survey. Polydactylus microstoma is distributed in the Indo-

West Pacific from India to New Caledonia and Polydactylus plebeius is distributed in the Indo-

Pacific from East Africa including Madagascar and Mauritius and the northern Indian Ocean,

Indonesia, to Korea and Japan, New South Wales and New Guinea east to Polynesia (Fishbase,

2004).

SCATOPHAGIDAE (Scats)

Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766) collected from the Tamavua River system during this survey

and from Naikorokoro Creek by Ryan (1980) and the USNM collection and from Dravo Village

(CAS collection). This species usually lives in the marine and estuarine mangroves habitat and

the young ones inhabitats the lower reaches of the freshwater system. This species is distributed

from Arabia to the Society Islands (Fishbase, 2004).

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SCORPAENIDAE (Scorpionfishes)

In the family Scorpaenidae there are four species in three genera known from estuarine zone and

freshwater in Fiji. These are Dendrochirus brachypterus (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1829), D. zebra (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829), Scorpaenopsis macrochir Ogilby,

1910 and Tetraroge niger (Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829) (Appendix 11, Plate 52).

Dendrochirus brachypterus was reported from the mouth of the Rewa River (CAS collection). It

was reported from Fiji by Fowler (1928, 1931 and 1934) and later Fowler (1959, as Brachyrus

brachypterus) based on Schmeltz (1879 in Fowler 1959) from Kandavu (=Kadavu). It was

reported from Suva by Jordan and Dickerson (1908, as Pterois sausualele) and in Fiji by Whitley

(1927, as Pterois (Brachirus) sausualele). This is a marine species. No specimens were collected

during this survey. This species is distributed in Indo-West Pacific from Red Sea and East Africa

to Samoa and Tonga to Micronesia and Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

Dendrochirus zebra was collected from the mouth of the Rewa River (CAS collection) and

reported from Kadavu (USNM collection). It was also reported from Fiji by Fowler (1928 and

1931) and later Fowler (1959, as Brachyrus zebra) based on Schmeltz (1879 in Fowler 1959)

from Viti Levu. It was also reported in Fiji by Whitley (1927, as Pterois (Brachirus) zebra). This

is a marine species. No specimens were collected during this survey. This species is distributed in

the Indo-West Pacific from Red Sea and East Africa to Samoa north to southern Japan and south

to Australia and Lord Howe Island (Fishbase, 2004).

Scorpaenopsis macrochir was collected from the mouth of the Rewa River (USNM collection). A

marine and estuarine species. No specimens were collected during this survey. This species is

distributed in the West-Central Pacific from northwest Australia, Philippines to Marquesas and

Society Islands, north to Ryukyu Islands, western Australia, and Tonga and Mariana Islands in

Micronesia (Fishbase, 2004).

Tetraroge niger was collected from the Tamavua River system during this survey and from

Kubuna Creek (CAS collection). This is a marine and brackish water species but also enters the

lower reaches of freshwater systems. This species is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from

India to Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea and Japan; also Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

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SERRANIDAE (Groupers)

There are two species from this family enters the lower reaches of the freshwater system in Fiji.

These are Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) and Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch &

Schneider, 1801).

Epinephelus lanceolatus was reported from an unidentified location in the Fiji Island by Lewis

and Pring (1986). It was also reported in Fiji by Whitley (1921 in Fowler 1959) and Fowler

(1959) as Promicrops lanceolatus. Fowler (1928 and 1931) reported it from Fiji as Serranus

lanceolatus. This is a marine and estuarine species. No specimens were collected during this

survey. This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from the Rea Sea and South Africa,

eastward to the Hawaiian to Pitcairn Islands, southern Japan and Australia (Fishbase, 2004).

Epinephelus malabaricus is a brackish and marine species which was reported from the Wainadoi

Creek (USNM collection). Whitley (1927) also reported it from Fiji as Ephinephelus pantherinus

and Fowler (1931 and 1934, as Serranus malabaricus). No specimens were collected during this

survey. This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea and East Africa to Tonga,

north to Japan and Micronesia (Fishbase, 2004).

SIGANIDAE (Rabbitfishes)

Siganus vermiculatus (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1835) (Appendix 11, Plate 53)

was collected from the Tamavua River system and the Tavoro Creek during this Survey, reported

from the Tamavua River system by Waqairatu (2003) and from the Wainadoi River, Kubuna

Creek and the mouth of the Rewa River (USNM). It was reported from Fiji by Whitley (1927)

and by Fowler (1928 and 1931). Fowler (1932, 1934 and 1959) reported it from Suva. It was also

reported from Kandavu (=Kadavu) by Schmeltz (1869 in Fowler 1959, as Tenthis vermiculata)

and Schmeltz (1879 in Fowler 1959, as Tenthis vermiculatus). This is an estuarine and marine

species. This species is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from India and Sri Lanka, to

Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and Marshall Islands

(Fishbase, 2004).

SPHYRAENIDAE (Barracudas)

Sphyraena obtusata (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) (Appendix 11, Plate 54) was

collected from the mouth of the Tamavua River system during this survey. It was reported in Fiji

98

by Günther (1877 in Fowler 1959) and Whitley (1927). Fowler (1928 and 1959) reported it from

Suva. This is a marine and estuarine species. This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from

the Red Sea and East Africa to the Philippines; from Samoa north to Ryukyus, south to Lord

Howe Island; Kapingamarangi and Marianas in Micronesia (Fishbase, 2004).

SYNGNATHIDAE (Pipefishes)

There are seven species from two genera in Fiji. There are two species in the genus Hippichthys

reported from Fiji. These are Hippichthys cyanospilus (Bleeker, 1854) and H. spicifer (Rüppell,

1838). In this survey no Hippichthys were collected.

Hippichthys cyanospilus was collected from South Draunibota Island (USNM collection) and in

Fiji by Dawson (1985) and Kuiter (2000). This is a marine, estuarine and freshwater species. This

species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from the northern Rea Sea and East Africa to Fiji

(Fishbase, 2004).

Hippichthys spicifer was collected from Naikorokoro Creek, Kubuna Creek, Kadavu and Lau

Island (USNM collection) and in Suva by Herre (1953, as Micrognathus suvensis in Kuiter,

2000). It was also reported from Suva by Fowler (1959, as Syngnathus spicifer) cited from earlier

records including Fowler 1928, 1932, 1934 and Seale 1935.This is a marine and estuarine species.

This species is distributed from Indo-Pacific from Rea Sea and East Africa to Sri Lanka and

Samoa (Fishbase, 2004).

There are five species collected in the genus Microphis in Fiji. These are Microphis argulus

(Peters, 1855), M. brachyurus brachyurus (Bleeker, 1853), M. brevidorsalis (de Beaufort, 1913),

M. leiaspis (Beeker, 1853) and M. retzii (Bleeker, 1856).

Microphis argulus was collected from Wailevu Creek, in Taveuni from this survey and also from

Wainibau Creek, in Taveuni by Ryan (1980 and 1981) and in Fiji by Kuiter (2000). This is a

freshwater fish species and is distributed from Mauritius and the Comoros to Indonesia, the

Marquesan Islands, north to New Guinea, and south to the Society Islands (Fishbase, 2004).

Microphis brachyurus brachyurus (Appendix 11, Plate 55) was collected from the Tamavua

River system, Tavoro Creek and Wailevu Creek during this Survey and was collected from the

lower Sigatoka River by Pogonowski, Naikorokoro Creek by Ryan (1980) and from Ovalau

99

Island by Fowler (1959, as Microphis brachyurus). This is a fresh and estuarine water fish species

and is distributed from Sri Lanka and southern India, to Japan and the Society Islands (Fishbase,

2004).

Microphis brevidorsalis was collected from Tavoro Creek during this survey and from the middle

of the Rewa River and Naikorokoro Creek (USNM collection). It was also reported from Suva by

Herre (1936, as Micrognathus brevidorsalis) and in Fiji by Fowler (1959, as Micrognathus

brevidorsalis). Kuiter (2000) also reported this species from Fiji. This is a freshwater species and

is distributed from Indonesia, western Caroline Islands and southeast ward to Fiji (Fishbase,

2004).

Microphis leiaspis was collected from the Tamavua River system and Tavoro Creek during this

survey, from lower Wainikoro Creek, lower Nasavu, lower Nala, and mid-upper Nakawakawa

River by Pogonowski, from Suva by Fowler (1959, as Coelonotus leiaspis) cited from his earlier

records of Fowler 1928, 1931 and Seale 1935 and from Waimanu River at Sawani by Ryan

(1980) and Lewis and Pring (1986). It was also reported from Fiji by Dawson (1985) and Kuiter

(2000).This is a freshwater and estuarine water species distributed from eastern Africa to

Madagascar, Southeast Asia and from Japan to Indonesia, New Caledonia and Fiji (Fishbase,

2004).

Microphis retzii was collected from the Tamavua River system and Tavoro Creek during this

survey, from Tavuki Creek from Kadavu (WCS collection), from lower Wainikoro, lower Nala

(Natewa) and mid upper Nakawakawa Creek by Pogonowski, from Wainibau Creek in Taveuni

by Ryan (1980) and Waisere Creek in Tailevu from a WI training collection (Appendix 3). This is

a freshwater species that is distributed from Indonesia and the Philippines to Pohnpei and Samoa

(Fishbase, 2004).

Patricia Kailola has identified another species of Microphis in collections held at the USP. The

specimens are from Savura Creek, Ba River and Waidina River.

TERAPONIDAE (Grunters)

There are two species in this family in Fiji. These are Mesopristes kneri (Bleeker, 1876)

(Appendix 11, Plate 56) and Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775).

100

Mesopristes kneri is an endemic species to Fiji which was collected from the Tamavua River

system and the Tavoro Creek during this survey. It was also collected from Naikorokoro Creek,

Naqara Creek, Suva, Kadavu and Lau Island from the USNM collection and from Suva by Ryan

(1980), reported from a river flowing into Suva (CAS collection), from Tamavua River and

Nalase Creek by Waqairatu (2003) and from the mouth of the Rewa River (AMS collection). It

was also reported as Therapon argenteus from Fiji by Whitley (1927) and Fowler (1931) and in

Suva Harbour by Herre (1936). Fowler (1928, as Therapon kneri) reported it from Suva based

from Kendall and Goldsborough (1911 in Fowler 1959, as Therapon maculates). Later Fowler

(1931 and 1959) reported it as Terapon Kneri based on his previous reports from Suva.

Mesopristes kneri is usually found in estuarine mangroves habitats.

Terapon jarbua was sighted in Tavoro and Wailevu Creek in Taveuni during this survey. They

are very difficult to catch as they can avoid the nets that are set up to catch them. J. Pogonowski

collected a specimen from the lower Sigatoka River (Appendix 3), and other collections are from

Lau, South Draunibota Island and Kubuna Creek (USNM collection). Fowler (1931, 1932, 1934

and 1959) reported it from Suva. It was also reported as Therapon jarbua from Suva by Jordan

and Dickerson (1908) and in Fiji by Whitley (1927) and Fowler (1928). It was reported from

Suva Harbour by Herre (1936, as Therapon jarbua). This is a marine and estuarine species which

can also utilize the freshwater habitat. This species is distributed in the Indo-Pacific from the Rea

Sea and East Africa to Samoa, north to southern Japan, Australia and Lord Howe Island

(Fishbase, 2004).

TETRAODONTIDAE (Puffers)

There are two species of Arothron and a species of Lagocephalus in freshwater in Fiji. These are

Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), A. reticularis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) and

Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801).

Arothron immaculatus was collected from three different localities that are close to the sampling

sites at the Tamavua River system. They were not collected during this survey. This species was

reported from Wainadoi River (USNM collection), from a small creek at Laucala Bay by Ryan

(1980). It was reported from Fiji as Tetraodon immaculatus by Whitley (1927) and in Suva by

Herre (1936). Fowler (1928, 1931, 1934 and 1959) reported it from Suva as Tetrodon

immaculatus. This is a marine and estuarine species. This species is distributed in the Indo-West

101

Pacific from the Rea Sea and East Africa to Indonesia, north to southern Japan, and east to Samoa

(Fishbase, 2004).

Arothron reticularis was collected from the Tamavua River system during this survey and

Waqairatu (2003). It was also reported from Suva as Tetrodon reticularis by Fowler (1928, 1934

and 1959) and from creeks behind Orchid Island, Pacific Harbour by Ryan (1980). Herre (1936)

reported it from Suva as Tetraodon reticularis. This is a marine and estuarine fish species. This

species is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific and north to Ryukyu Islands (Fishbase, 2004).

Lagocephalus lunaris was reported in Suva by Seale 1935 and Fowler (1928 and 1959) as

Sphoeroides lunaris. This is a marine and estuarine species (Fishbase 2004). No specimens were

collected during this survey. This species is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from the south

coast of South Africa to Japan, PNG and Fiji (Fishbase, 2004).

TRICHIURIDAE (Cutlassfishes)

Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 was collected from an unspecified location within the Fiji

Islands by Lewis and Pring (1986). No specimens were collected during this survey. This is a

marine and estuarine species. This species is distributed globally in tropical and temperate waters

(Fishbase, 2004).

102

3.5 Chapter Summary

A total of 76 freshwater and estuarine species from 31 families were found during this survey in

Fiji. A total of 151 species from 41 families had been previously recorded and held in museum

collections. The total of known freshwater/estuarine fishes in Fiji is now 161 species from 45

families. This report should give an updated list of freshwater and estuarine species in Fiji

(Appendix 5).

There are 15 species from seven families that are present in all four geographical zones. More

species were found in the central zone while the western zone has the least number of species.

This is due to fewer collections that have been carried out in the western zone during the past and

current surveys and also perhaps less diverse habitats.

There are a total of 14 species that live in fresh water, 20 species that moved between freshwater

and estuarine zones and 55 species that general moved between freshwater, estuarine and marine

water (Appendix 7). This gives a total of 89 freshwater and estuarine fish species that are known

to this date from Fiji.

Fiji has the second highest known freshwater fish diversity in the Pacific after Papua New Guinea

and the third highest level of endemism behind Australia and PNG in the Pacific (Table 3.6).

However, if more intense surveys carried out in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu should record

higher estuarine and freshwater fish species than that of Fiji, this would confirm the regional

trend of fish diversity which is generally declines from the west to the east Pacific

The common species after combining all the collections are Anguilla marmorata (Anguillidae),

and Kuhlia rupestris (Kuhliidae). And the moderate to occasionally common species of the

combined collections are Sicyopterus lagocephalus, Kuhlia marginata, Eleotris fusca,

Hypseleotris guentheri, Awaous ocellaris, Glossogobius sp.1, Stiphodon rutilaureus, Eleotris

melanosoma, Stiphodon sp. 1, Stiphodon sp. 2, Kuhlia munda, Stenogobius sp.1, Oreochromis

mossambicus, Awaous guamensis, Ambassis miops, Redigobius leveri and Zenarchopterus dispar.

The least common fish species of the combined collections are in Appendix 6.

103

CHAPTER 4 PHYSICAL HABITAT FACTORS INFLUENCING

FIJI FRESHWATER FISH DISTRIBUTION

4.1 Introduction

Physical water parameters and habitat types are important factors influencing freshwater species

richness and abundance (Reash and Pigg, 1990; Jenkins, 1997). Local factors such as water

quality and stream morphology directly influence the distribution of different fish size classes

within a stream (Holmguen and Appeberg, 2000). Most species that are common in large rivers

are more abundant in shallow, slow to moderate velocity areas such as river margins (Jowett and

Richardson, 1994). The abundance of a few species like Anguilla marmorata, Kuhlia marginata,

K. rupestris and species of the family Gobiidae is higher in riffles than in runs, probably because

of the spaces in the substrate rather than because of any velocity preference (Jowett and Richard,

1994). The substrate and water parameters will also help to determine the type of fish present at

different sites (Pusey et al., 1993). Therefore, healthy water bodies with high habitat diversity

will support a more diverse freshwater fauna (Pusey and Kennard, 1996).

The riparian plants on stream edges play an important role in the trapping of terrestrial sediments

and nutrients along the riparian zone and can therefore influence the aquatic fauna by maintaining

habitat structure, water clarity and food web structure (Pusey and Arthington, 2003). A study

carried out in Australia by Pusey and Arthington (2003) found that freshwater fish consume

terrestrial plant matter directly, this plant matter providing a very important source of energy

under certain circumstances.

Previous studies by Haynes (1994) reported that the run-off soil that covers stream bottoms

during forest logging, road making and dam building affects all freshwater invertebrates. Major

environmental changes are caused by dam building which alters and blocks the natural flow of

the river, and subsequently interferes with fish migration and destroys native fish populations

(Grossman, 1997). Changes to water temperature, damage to riparian plants, poor water

chemistry and water quality will also have serious impacts on freshwater invertebrates (Reash and

Pigg, 1990).

104

In the Sepik River in New Guinea, Allen and Coates (1990) did not catch any fish when sampling

900 km upstream. However, studies on the Ramu River in New Guinea show that river distance

from the coast does not affect fish distribution (Allen et al., 1992). There have been reports of

altitudinal variation in fish abundance within different reaches of rivers (Jowett et al., 1996).

Furthermore, Haynes et al. (1989) and McDowall (1991) found that elevation and distance from

the sea were closely related to fish distribution.

Despite many previous studies, there is still considerable debate in recent literature as to the

relative importance of physical and biological factors in structuring fish assemblages in streams

and rivers. Habitat complexity, physiochemical characteristics, competition and predation have

been used as significant regulatory factors (Pusey et al., 1993).

To date there has been no study which documents the relationship between physical parameters

and freshwater fish in Fiji. Therefore, the specific aims of this chapter were:

1. To determine physical habitat characteristics that affect freshwater fish species richness

in Fiji; and

2. To determine physical habitat characteristics that affect freshwater fish species

abundance in Fiji.

4.2 Methods

4.2.1 FIELD METHODS

The study sites and field methods used are described in Chapter 2.

The freshwater fish collections in the Tamavua Water System and the Tavoro fall were carried

out in different seasons. This is the wet and dry season. However, fish collections from the other

sites were carried out only once and the physical parameters were measured at the time of survey

and not monitored over a period of time.

This is due to the poor experimental design that was originally planned for this survey. However,

from the data that were collected during this survey, multiple regression analysis was used to

determine the relationship between the freshwater fish richness and abundance and the physical

habitat characteristic.

105

4.2.2 STATISTICAL METHODS

SPSS Version 11.5 for Windows was used for all analyses and was set at 0.05 for all analyses.

Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between physical habitat

characteristics and freshwater fish species richness and abundance. Definitions of the terms used

are presented below:

Richness – refers to the total number of fish species.

Abundance – refers to the total number of fish

Native – these are local fish that have established without deliberate/accidental introductions by

humans.

Endemic – these are local species that are only found in one country

Introduced – these are fish that are brought in from different countries and now are established in

the watershed.

A total of eight multiple regression models (dependent variables: total species richness, native

species richness, endemic species richness, introduced species richness, total species abundance,

native species abundance, endemic species abundance and introduced species abundance) were

tested against six physical parameters: water temperature, pH, river width, river depth, velocity of

water and distance from the coast.

Model 1 – Total species richness:

Total number of species = temperature + pH + river width + river depth + velocity of water +

distance from the coast.

Model 2 – Native species richness:

Total number of native species = temperature + pH + river width + river depth + velocity of water

+ distance from the coast.

Model 3 – Endemic species richness:

Total number of endemic species = temperature + pH + river width + river depth + velocity of

water + distance from the coast.

Model 4 – Introduced species richness:

Total number of introduced species = temperature + pH + river width + river depth + velocity of

water + distance from the coast.

106

Model 5 – Total species abundance:

Total species abundance = temperature + pH + river width + river depth + velocity of water +

distance from the coast.

Model 6 – Native species abundance:

Abundance of native species = temperature + pH + river width + river depth + velocity of water +

distance from the coast.

Model 7 – Endemic species abundance:

Abundance of endemic species = temperature + pH + river width + river depth + velocity of

water + distance from the coast.

Model 8 – Introduced species abundance:

Abundance of introduced species = temperature + pH + river width + river depth + velocity of

water + distance from the coast.

4.3 Results 4.3.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL HABITAT FACTORS AND FISH

SPECIES RICHNESS.

The total number of species was significantly related to physical habitat characteristics (p =

0.033, r2 = 0.136, Figure 4.1). However, of the physical habitat characteristics, water temperature

was the only significant factor (p = 0.001, Figure 4.1A) with total species richness increasing

with water temperature. Note: Figures 4.1 to 4.8 are all partial plots and therefore values are not

real. Partial plots display the relationship between the dependent variable and one independent

variable after removing the confounding influence of the other independent variables.

107

Temperature (partial)

6420-2-4-6-8

Tota

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3020100-10

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20

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Figure 4.1. Relationship between total number of fish species and physical habitat characteristics.

E F

C D

AB

108

Native species richness was significantly related to physical habitat characteristics

(p = 0. 011, r2 = 0.161, Figure 4.2). Native fish species richness increased with temperature

(p < 0.001, Figure 4.2A) and decreased with river depth (p = 0.049, Figure 4.2 D).

Temperature (partial)

6420-2-4-6-8

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12

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2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0

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spec

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tial)

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8

6

4

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3020100-10

Num

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fish

spec

ies

(par

tial)

10

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

Figure 4.2. Relationship between number of native fish species and physical habitat

characteristics.

FE

DC

A B

109

The endemic species richness was not significantly related to overall physical habitat

characteristics (p = 0. 335, r2 = 0.700, Figure 4.3). However, it did increase with distance from the

coast (p = 0.040, Figure 4.3F).

Temperature (partial)

6420-2-4-6-8

Num

ber o

f end

emic

fish

spe

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(par

tial)

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2

1

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3020100-10

Num

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fish

spe

cies

(par

tial)

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

.5

0.0

-.5

-1.0

-1.5

Figure 4.3. Relationship between number of endemic fish species and physical habitat

characteristics.

A B

C D

E F

110

The introduced species richness was significantly related to physical habitat characteristics (p <

0.001, r2 = 0.310, Figure 4.4). The number of introduced fish species decreased with distance

from the coast (p = 0.001, Figure 4.4F).

Temperature (partial)

6420-2-4-6-8

Num

ber o

f Int

rodu

ced

fish

spec

ies

(par

tial)

2.0

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tial)

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tial)

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spec

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(par

tial)

2.0

1.5

1.0

.5

0.0

-.5

Figure 4.4. Relationship between number of introduced fish species and physical habitat

characteristics.

A B

C D

E F

111

4.3.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL HABITAT FACTORS AND FISH

SPECIES ABUNDANCE.

Total freshwater fish abundance was not significantly related to overall physical habitat

characteristics (p = 0.143, r2 = 0.097, Figure 4.5). However, total abundance did increase with

water temperature (p = 0.007, Figure. 4.5A).

Temperature (partial)

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Tota

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Figure 4.5. Relationship between total abundance of fish and physical habitat characteristics.

E F

C D

BA

112

The abundance of native fish was not significantly related to overall physical habitat

characteristics (p = 0.105, r2 = 0.106, Figure 4.6). It did however, increase with water temperature

(p = 0.005, Figure. 4.6A).

Temperature (partial)

6420-2-4-6-8

Num

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fish

(par

tial)

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-100

River depth (partial)

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0

Num

ber o

f nat

ive

fish

(par

tial)

200

100

0

-100

Velocity of water (partial)

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0

Num

ber o

f nat

ive

fish

(par

tial)

200

100

0

-100

Distance from the coast (partial)

3020100-10

Num

ber o

f nat

ive

fish

(par

tial)

200

100

0

-100

Figure 4.6. Relationship between abundance of native fish and physical habitat characteristics.

E F

C D

A B

113

Endemic species abundance was not significantly related to overall physical habitat

characteristics (p = 0.340, r2 = 0.70, Figure 4.7), nor to any of the specific habitat characteristics.

Temperature (partial)

6420-2-4-6-8

Num

ber o

f end

emic

fish

(pa

rtial

)

40

30

20

10

0

-10

pH (partial)

1.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0

Num

ber o

f end

emic

fish

(pa

rtial

)

40

30

20

10

0

-10

River width (partial)

20100-10

Num

ber o

f end

emic

fish

(pa

rtial

)

40

30

20

10

0

-10

River depth (partial)

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0

Num

ber o

f end

emic

fish

(pa

rtial

)

40

30

20

10

0

-10

Velocity of water (partial)

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0

Num

ber o

f end

emic

fish

(par

tial)

40

30

20

10

0

-10

Distance from the coast (partial)

3020100-10

Num

ber o

f end

emic

fish

(pa

rtial

)

40

30

20

10

0

-10

Figure 4.7. Relationship between abundance of endemic fish and physical habitat characteristics.

BA

CD

E F

114

Introduced species abundance was not significantly related to overall physical habitat

characteristics (p = 0. 503, r2 = 0.055, Figure 4.8), nor to any of the specific habitat

characteristics.

Temperature (partial)

6420-2-4-6-8

Num

ber o

f int

rodu

ced

fish

(par

tial)

200

100

0

-100

pH (partial)

1.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0

Num

ber o

f int

rodu

ced

fish

spec

ies

(par

tial)

200

100

0

-100

River width (partial)

20100-10

Num

ber o

f int

rodu

ced

fish

(par

tial)

200

100

0

-100

River depth (partial)

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0

Num

ber o

f int

rodu

ced

fish

(par

tial)

200

100

0

-100

Velocity of water (partial)

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5-1.0

Num

ber o

f int

rodu

ced

fish

(par

tial)

200

100

0

-100

Distance from the coast (partial)

3020100-10

Num

ber o

f int

rodu

ced

fish

(par

tial)

200

100

0

-100

Figure 4.8. Relationship between abundance of introduced fish and physical habitat types.

A B

C D

E F

115

4.4 Discussion4.4.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL HABITAT FACTORS AND SPECIES

RICHNESS

4.4.1.1 Total species richness Total species richness was affected by physical water characteristics, in particular water

temperature. Total species richness in this study increased with water temperature. A study by

Pusey et al., (1993), in Mary River in south-eastern Queensland, Australia shows canopy cover

helps to keep the water temperature cool, therefore, give rise to the total species richness. The

higher species richness of total species in warm waters in Fiji may be due to the large number of

lowland waterways surveyed during this study. (majority of sites were lowland, warmer water

sites).

4.4.1.2 Native species richnessNative species richness was affected by physical water characteristics, in particular water

temperature and stream depth. Native species in this study increased with water temperature and

decreased with stream depth.

Bhat (2004) reported that in the central Ghats of India stream depth and altitude are the important

parameters determining fish richness. This may be due to the likelihood that streams are more

polluted and disturbed in lower reaches in India. The higher species richness of native fish in

shallow warmer waters in Fiji may be due to the less polluted and disturbed lowland water

systems surveyed during this study.

4.4.1.3 Endemic species richness Endemic species richness was not affected by overall physical water characteristics. However,

this study found that there are more endemic fish species when moving inland away from the

coast. Likewise, Keith (2003) reported that there are more endemic fish living in the headwaters

of streams. However, Jowett et al., (1996) suggested that elevation, rather than distance from the

sea or average gradient between the site and sea appeared to limit the distribution of diadromous

species. In Fiji it appears that the high number of endemic species is inland headwater sites are

due to combination of both distance to the ocean and altitude.

116

4.4.1.4 Introduced species richness Introduced species richness was not affected by physical water characteristics. However, during

this study it was found that there are more introduced species found near the coast than in the

headwaters of the streams. This is because more people are living on coast therefore, more likely

to introduce alien species. Furthermore, introduced species can tolerate a wide range of water pH

and salinity (Howe et al., 1997). Therefore the high richness of the introduced species near the

coast was due to their ability to survive in high salinity and disturbed habitat.

4.4.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL HABITAT FACTORS AND SPECIES

ABUNDANCE

4.4.2.1 Total and native fish abundance Total fish and native fish abundance increased with water temperature. However, other studies for

example, Rowe et al., (1999) found that fish were more abundant in sites associated with forest

canopy that formed the understorey that kept the stream cooler. The high abundance of fish in

warmer water in this study may be due to the fact that most of the sites were coastal therefore,

had a high abundance of estuarine species.

4.4.2.2 Endemic and Introduced fish abundance In this study the abundance of endemic and introduced fish was not influenced by physical site

and water characteristics. This could be due to very low variation in the number of endemic and

introduced fish caught in each site except for site 41 and site 61 respectively.

Endemic fish species are associated with different substrate composition characteristics (Pusey et

al., 1993) furthermore, their abundance can occur in areas with greater habitat type (Gehrke and

Harris, 2000). Generally in Fiji, there was less variety of substrate composition and habitat types

in the watersystems surveyed during this study.

In this survey, most of the introduced species are abundant in disturbed areas. This result is not

surprising given that introduced species often thrive in disturbed areas (Rosecchi et al., 2001).

117

4.5 Chapter Summary

Despite the poor experimental design the following conclusions were reached. Species richness

depends on physical habitat factors, mainly water temperature and river depth for total number of

fish species and number of native species and distance from the coast for endemic species. The

number of introduced fish species decreased with distance from the coast (p = 0.001).

Species abundance depends on physical habitat factors such as water temperature for the total

number of fish species and number of native species. However, long-term monitoring of a single

stream in Fiji should clearly show how useful physical parameters and habitat variables will

determine which factors are affecting the fish community.

An additional observation made during this survey is that the endemic fish were more common in

undisturbed habitats while introduced fish were more common in disturbed areas.

118

CHAPTER 5 FISH COMMUNITIES AND ASSEMBLAGES

5.1 Introduction

Fish communities are adapted to different zones and habitat types in freshwater systems (Almiron

et al., 2000). Pusey and Arthington (2003) stated that riparian zones in a freshwater system

promote a diversity of fish.

Berra et al. (1975), from a study carried out in the Laloki River in New Guinea, showed that the

lower reaches of the main channels contained more species.

The type of coarse organic matter drained into streams from the riparian zone can greatly

influence the stream habitat which can also affect the aquatic biodiversity and a range of

processes such as fish reproduction and predation (Pusey and Arthington, 2003). The lower

elevation systems are often inhabited by more fish species which are adapted to warmer, more

turbid, fine-sediment-rich and nutrient-rich conditions (Scott and Helfman, 2001).

Biological monitoring of fishes in the Fly River system in New Guinea showed that the overall

decline in fish catches was due to both mine-related and non-mine related factors. The mine-

related factors caused the loss of fish habitat through increased riverbed aggradation (from mine

waste rocks). Non-mine factors may include natural climatic phenomena, such as El Nino

droughts, introduced species and increased commercial and artisanal fishing; these also

contributed to the declining fish catches (Swales et al., 1998; Swales et al., 2000).

Common land use practices, such as deforestation, degrade stream habitats and reduce habitat

diversity, and are often negatively correlated with taxonomic and ecological diversity (Hicks and

Barrier, 1996 and Scott and Helfman, 2001). Such activities lead to shifts in the structure of

stream fish assemblages as they disturb fish breeding and feeding areas (Jones et al., 1999).

Canopy cover, substrate types and changes with stream elevations are the main determinant

factors of the distributions and densities of tropical stream gobies (Nelson et al., 1997; Keith,

2003). A study of Eleotris sandwicensis in Hawaii showed that it was associated with coarse

substrate (Corkum, 2002). The other factors to take into account are behaviour of recruiting

119

juveniles, the natural ebb and flow of streams in response to rainfall, stream locations in entering

the ocean and, in one species, the timing of the spawning migration (Nishimoto and Fitzsimons,

1999).

Marquet and Mary (1999) carried out a study in New Caledonia in order to better understand the

ecology of some freshwater fish in the families Anguillidae, Kuhliidae and Mugilidae. However,

there has been no research on the fish communities and assemblages of freshwater fish in Fiji.

Therefore, the specific aim of this chapter is to: determine whether the freshwater fishes of Fiji

form distinct fish communities based on habitat.

5.2 Methods The study sites and field methods used are described in Chapter 2.

The fish caught in this survey were divided into six main combinations of river location and bank

vegetation stream where fish were collected: These are:

a. mouth of creeks with sand substrates with coastal plants on the bank,

b. mouth of creeks with silt in substrate mangrove forest

c. midreach of river with muddy substrate and riparian plants overhanging on the stream

edge usually slow flowing and often dead logs and tree roots in the creek

d. midreach of river with sand, gravel and boulders substrate with riparian plants on banks

usually fast flow and riffle

e. riffles, fast flowing water with fused rocks substrate and rock wall sides and

f. deep pools with sand and gravel substrate and riparian plants on side.

Note that in all the different habitats there are certain sites that are exposed to the sunlight without

any forest cover and there are sites that are under the forest cover without being exposed to the

sunlight. For more description of each site see Appendix 1.

120

5.3 Results The 76 fish species recorded during this survey can be grouped into 6 distinct

groups/communities based on habitat (see Appendix 9 and Tables 5.1) for the summary of the

fish species collected from the different habitat types.

Table 5.1 Summary of the fish species collected from the different habitat types. Whereby a -

mouth of creeks with sand substrates with coastal plants on the bank, b - mouth of creeks with silt

in substrate mangrove forest, c - midreach of river with muddy substrate and riparian plants

overhanging on the stream edge usually slow flowing and often dead logs and tree roots in the

creek, d - midreach of river with sand, gravel and boulders substrate with riparian plants on banks

usually fast flow and riffle, e - riffles, fast flowing water with fused rocks substrate and rock wall

sides and f - deep pools with sand and gravel substrate and riparian plants on side. Note there are

some species that overlapped into more than two different habitat types.

Habitattypes

Total number of families Total number of fish species

a 10 12 b 10 15 c 7 9 d 1 5 e 1 2 ab 3 4 ac 1 1 af 1 1 bc 2 2 cd 7 9 cf 4 8 de 1 1 df 1 3 abc 2 2 bdef 1 1 cdef 1 1

Some fish species can be found in more than one habitat type whereas there are species that were

only collected from a single habitat and are known to be restricted to a certain habitat.

121

5.3.1 ESTUARINE ZONE

In the estuarine zone there are two distinctive habitat types that are denoted as a and b. There are

a total of 12 species from 10 families that are restricted to the habitat a and there are 15 species

from 10 families restricted to habitat b. There are four species from three families that were found

in both the habitats a and b. Therefore, there are a total of 31 species from 20 families that are

restricted to the estuarine zone. There are seven species from six families that were collected from

the estuarine zone and at the same time were collected from non-estuarine area and 37 species

from 14 families are non-estuarine species (Table 5.1 and Appendix 9).

5.3.2 RATE OF WATER FLOW (SLOW WATER/FAST WATER/POOLS)

In a habitat which is characteristised by rate of waterflow, there are 54 species from 30 families

that are restricted to the slow water, there are eight species from a single family, mainly gobies,

that are found in the fast waters and there are 14 species from eight families that moved between

the slow water, fast water and pools. There are no fish species that are restricted to pools (Table

5.1 and Appendix 9). The riffles, runs and pool habitats used in this survey closely follow the

description of Jowett (1993).

5.3.3 SUBSTRATE TYPES (SAND, SILT, MUDDY, GRAVEL, BOULDERS,

FUSED ROCKS AND ROCK WALL SIDES)

There were eight species from seven families that were found in sand substrate (Table 5.2).

Table 5.2 Fish species found in sand substrate habitat.

Family Species Family Species

Engraulidae Stolephorus indicus Haemulidae Plectorhinchusgibbosus

Gerreidae Gerres longirostris Sphyraenidae Sphyraena obtusataLeiognathidae Gazza minuta Teraponidae Terapon jarbuaLeiognathidae Leiognathus

splendensTetraodontidae Arothron reticularis

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There are 16 species from 11 families that were found in silt habitat (Table 5.3).

Table 5.3 Fish species found in silt habitat.

Family Species Family Species

Apogonidae Apogon amboinensis Mugilidae Liza macrolepis

Apogonidae Apogon lateralis Mugilidae Valamugil buchanani

Clupeidae Sardinella fijiense Mugilidae Valamugil cunnesius

Eleotridae Bostrychus sinensis Mullidae Upeneus vittatus

Eleotridae Ophiocaraporocephala

Scorpaenidae Tetraroge niger

Gobiidae;Oxudercinae

Periophthalmus kalolo

Siganidae Siganus vermiculatus

Lutjanidae Lutjanus fulvus Syngnathidae Microphis

brevidorsalis

Lutjanidae Lutjanus russellii Teraponidae Mesopristes kneri

There were 11 species from seven families found in the muddy habitat (Table 5.4).

Table 5.4 Fish species found in muddy habitat.

Family Species Family Species Anguillidae Anguilla megastoma Moringuidae Neoconger

tuberculatusCyprinidae Barbonymus

gonionotusScatophagidae Scatophagus argus

Eleotridae Bunaka gyrinoides Syngnathidae Microphis brachyurus brachyurus

Eleotridae Giurus margaritacea Syngnathidae Microphis brevidorsalis

Gobiidae;Gobiinae

Psammogobius biocellatus

Syngnathidae Microphis leiaspis

Moringuidae Moringua abbreviata

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There were five species from three sub-families of Gobiidae found in sand, gravel and boulders

habitat (Table 5.5).

Table 5.5 Fish species from three sub families of Gobiidae found in sand, gravel and boulders

habitat.

Family Species Family Species

Gobiidae;Gobiinae

Glossogobius sp. 1 Gobiidae;Gobionellinae

Stenogobius sp. 1

Gobiidae;Gobionellinae

Redigobius bikolanus Gobiidae;Sicydiinae

new genus, new species

Gobiidae;Gobionellinae

Schismatogobius vitiensis

There were two species from a single family found in fused rock substrate and rock wall sides

(Table 5.6).

Table 5.6 Fish species found in fused rock substrate and rock wall side.

Family Species

Gobiidae;Sicydiinae

Lentipes kaaea

Gobiidae;Sicydiinae

Sicyopus (c.f.Juxtastiphodon) sp.

5.3.4 VEGETATION TYPES (COASTAL PLANTS/ MANGROVES/ GRASSES

AND SHRUBS OVERHANGING INTO THE STREAM AND FOREST COVER). The vegetation types and forest cover were not measured as one of the variables for consideration

during this survey. Hence, it was just noted in describing the sites of collections. However, at the

end of the survey it was clear that vegetation types and forest cover also influence the fish habitat

and their distribution to some extent. This was similar to the findings in a tropical ecosystem in a

Venezuelan piedmont stream where streams with forest cover has a higher number of fish

richness and abundance (Wright and Flecker, 2004). The vegetation of the different sites

surveyed during this study was described in Appendix 1. Therefore, the fish found in relation to

the different vegetation types will be presented in the discussion on section 5.4.1 and 5.4.2.

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5.4 Discussion

5.4.1 INDICATORS OF FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE

5.4.1.1 Estuarine zone There are 31 species from 20 families recorded from this habitat. This is a higher diversity in

terms of the fish families present compared to the other zones. Salinity, temperature, and current

speed are the factors that influence fish distribution in estuaries (Segar, 1998). Most species in the

estuarine zone have marine ancestors and have developed an ability to tolerate a wide range of

salinities (Castro and Huber, 1997). Estuaries are incredibly productive and are the residence of a

large numbers of organisms, some of which are very marketable (Jellyman et al., 1997). The

estuarine zone provides an avenue for breeding and feeding for many birds, fishes and other

animals (Kathiresan and Bingham, 2001).

Estuarine fish species are usually associated with the mangrove ecosystem for breeding and

feeding (Ro¨nnba¨ck, 1999). Mangrove habitats rate among one of the most productive

ecosystems on earth (Singleton, 1997). They are considered important feeding sites for juvenile

fish because of increased productivity of detritivorous benthic and plantonic prey organisms,

providing an important food source (Grenouillet et al., 2002). Studies by March et al. (2002) have

shown that juvenile prawns are more abundant in mangroves than adjacent habitats. Prawns

provide an important food source for a number of juvenile fish species such as Caranx

sexfasciatus and Gerres sp. (Storey et al., 2000).

The mangrove ecosystem is referred to as the nursery spot for the marine and freshwater species

(Vidy, 2000). Therefore, the mangrove forest has a great influence in the fish community

structure (Mumby et al., 2004). The flushing of ocean water and the river discharge have

contributed to the biodiversity of the fish community of any lower reach of any water system

because it is usually dominated by estuarine, marine and coral reef fish species (Loneragan, 1999;

Dankwa and Gordon, 2002).

In this study eight species from seven families were collected at the mouth of the streams. These

have marine ancestors and are now colonizing the mouth of the streams and so are called

estuarine fishes. They are established along the shoreline for feeding and refuge from larger

predators (Ro¨nnba¨ck, 1999; Allen et al., 2002).

125

There are eight species from seven families that are found between the estuarine and freshwater

water system. These species’ movements are governed by the current fluctuations. They move up

and down the streams following the tidal movement that flushes food inland therefore fish species

are swimming upstream for feeding. Most of these species that overlap are estuarine species,

therefore, they are moving following the tide. The movement between the sea and fresh water is

an important factor for the life cycle of these fish that also determines their distribution within a

stream (Jowett et al., 1996).

5.4.1.2 Water Rate (Slowwater/fastwater/pools) Combining all the sites with slow water rates during this survey gives a higher diversity. The

higher diversity in terms of species in the slow water can be attributed to the availability of food

and habitats (Grenouillet et al., 2002).

Site 8 in Savura Creek is a riffle with sand, gravel and boulders substrate. A total of 18 fish

species and 72 individual fishes were found there. This site is also exposed to the sunlight,

therefore, algae growth is evident on the substrate, attracting the Gobiidae and the herbivores

species for feeding (Keith, 2003). It is evident from this study that the abundance of species like

A. marmorata, Kuhlia marginata and K. rupestris are higher in riffles due to preference for higher

water velocity. This is similar to what Jenkins (1997) found in Upper Yuat River, in Madang,

Papua New Guinea where only few species are found in high current speed of larger water

bodies.

Site 33b, a pool below the Tavoro falls of Tavoro Creek, recorded a total of ten species and 23

individual fishes. The pool in Tavoro Creek recorded the highest number of species since it was

the largest pool that was surveyed in this study. This probably shows that the larger pools

provided a wide range of habitat types where fish species can partition themselves within the pool

(Jowett, 1993).

5.4.1.3 Substrate types (Sand, silt, muddy, gravel, boulders, fused rocks and rock wall

sides)

There are Gobiidae species such as the Awaous guamensis, A. ocellaris, Schismatogobius

vitiensis, Stenogobius sp. 1 and Sicyopus zosterophorum that are restricted to sand, gravel and

boulders substrate habitat type because of the coarseness in substrate type, food availability and

refuge from their predators (Haynes et al., 1989).

126

The Waitavala Creek is a unique habitat type with fused rock and rock wall side, which yielded a

new record, and a new species for Fiji. These were Lentipes kaaea and Sicyopus (c.f.

Juxtastiphodon) sp. from the sub family Sicydiinae that are more speciose throughout the insular

tropical Pacific (Marquet and Mary, 1999).

5.4.1.4 Vegetation types (coastal plants/mangroves/grasses and shrubs overhanging into the

stream and forest cover).

There are 16 species from 11 families that were collected from the areas near the coastal plant

area and mangrove habitat in this survey which are similar to families and species reported by

Allen (1991) and Allen et al. (2002) from New Guinea and Australia. There are more fish

families reported in the mangrove habitat compared to the lowland and montane forest zones

despite the limited number of mangrove habitats that were surveyed.

The mangrove forest provides shelter for the fish. This is evident with the mangrove habitats in

the lower reach of the Savura Creek, which provide increased protection from piscivores by

providing habitat complexity.

In this study, native fish abundance was highest for the Sicydiine gobies in catchments with the

least forest cover where streams were exposed to sunlight which enhanced the growth of algae for

food and breeding (Keith, 2003). The Eleotridae, Syngnathidae and Poeciliidae were most

abundant in streams with shrubs and overhanging riparian vegetation on the edge of the lower

reaches which provided cover for spawning and feeding (Welcomme, 2002).

It was observed during this study that the forest reserve areas and the disturbed areas also

influence the fish distribution and abundance. The forest canopy is to provides the conditions that

allow the under stories to develop and these then affect the stream habitat for fish (Rowe et al.,

1999).

Sampling intensity was high in Savura and Tavoro creeks, however field observation of the under

developed grassland was an important discriminator of the fish distribution. The sites 7 to 11 of

the Savura Creek were meadow grassland and from sites, 12 to 21 were in the Savura Forest

Reserve. The other sites with understorey of grass into the creeks, understorey shrubs, ferns and

riparian vegetation from this survey are sites 8 to 14 and sites 25 to 33. These sites recorded an

abundance of fish species.

127

5.4.2 FISH CHARACTERISTICS

The fish size, shape and colour are components of the fish themselves that also determine what

types of habitat they lived in. Freshwater streams provide a wide range of habitats for fishes.

Body size and morphology contribute to the selection of habitats and also seasonal variation in

habitats will determine the community structure.

Several species spend most of their time on the river edge under the overhanging plants and

grasses, for example Eleotridae, Kuhliidae, Syngnathidae and Poeciliidae. This is an ideal habitat

for shelter from predators and a generally safer zone for egg deposition (Welcomme, 2002).

Eleotris fusca, E. melanosoma, Giurus hoedti, Hypseleotris guentheri and Giurus margaritacea

of the family Eleotridae and Poecilia reticulata (Poeciliidae) were the species that were

commonly more abundant in the creek edges with overhanging vegetations. These species are

carnivores with big eyes and mouth which hide in their habitat and wait for their prey to come

near or pass by and they attack to feed. At times Kuhlia marginata and K. rupestris were

associated with dead logs and tree roots in the streams and species from the family Syngnathidae

were also collected under the over hanging riparian plants besides the streams.

There are six species from six families that were caught in the upper reaches during this survey.

They are the eel Anguilla marmorata which usually extends as far as the headwaters from the

lower reaches. The introduced Oreochromis mossambicus are stocked into some major freshwater

system of Fiji as an alternative protein food source (Andrews, 1985) and are widely distributed in

the lower and montane zones of a few streams. The sicydiine gobies such as Sicyopterus

lagocephalus move upstream to complete their life cycles (Keith, 2003). The jungle perch Kuhlia

rupestris can swim upstream in rivers and creeks without barriers such as the waterfalls and are

found at above 600 m asl in the upper Ba River. Awaous guamensis in Fiji was similar to what

was observed in New Caledonia: it was common along the entire length of the rivers because it

preys on insects (Marquet and Mary, 1999). Poecilia reticulata was introduced as an agent for

biological control of mosquitoes (Eldredge, 2000) and is becoming very extensive in the Fijian

streams and is distributed in the lower and montane zones.

The sicydiine gobies were found in a single creek where they stuck into the crevices of the fused

rock to hide from their prey and feed from the algae that are growing on the substrate. Moreover,

they are amphidromous species that spawn in the freshwater and their eggs are washed down

128

stream for development before returning to the freshwater system to complete their life cycle

(McDowall, 1997; McDowall, 2004).

Fish that overlapped into other habitat types and distribution trend. There were 29 species fron 15 families that were found in more than one habitat (Table 5.1 and

Appendix 9). Sicyopterus lagocephalus and Anguilla marmorata were the most widespread

species. The above species are widespread and use a variety of habitat. This can be attributed to their

ability to adapt to different habitats or habitat preferences that are influenced by factors like

undisturbed catchment vegetation or pristine streams (Chadderton and Allibone, 2000).

Furthermore, fish distribution in this study compares well with fish distribution in the Indo–

Pacific, where the number of fish species declines in an upstream direction (McDowall and

Taylor, 2000; Joy and Death, 2001).

5.5 Chapter summary In summary, it was found out during this survey that the freshwater fishes in Fiji form distinct

fish communities based on the habitat. The fish distribution and diversity were determined by

accessing the different indicators that will help to determine the fish species that are likely to be

found in the different habitat types.

Therefore, in this survey it was found that there is a family diversity of fish species at the

estuarine zone, there is species diversity at the lower and mid reaches of the river and a lower

diversity at the upper reaches of the river. The fish species are grouped into these habitats in

declining trends of diversity and distribution from the mouth to the headwaters of the streams that

were surveyed. Furthermore, there are 29 species from 15 families that can be found in more then

one habitat types.

Most of all, it is evident from this study that habitat preference is an indicator of biodiversity and

abundance of Fijian fresh water fish. Furthermore, fish species live together in a preferred habitat

for feeding, breeding and refuge from their predators.

129

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusions Seventy six species were collected during this survey. An additional 151 species are recorded in

literature, recent unpublished reports and are listed in museum collection records. This total

includes seven undescribed fish species (one from John Pogonowski’s collection) and four fish

species that were not previously recorded from the estuaries and fresh waters of Fiji. Therefore,

this work has contributed 11 new records and a new genus to the total number of brackish and

freshwater fishes of Fiji. The new species are Glossogobius sp. Redigobius sp., Sicyopus (c.f.

Juxtastiphodon) sp., Stenogobius sp., Stiphodon sp. 1, Stiphodon sp. 2 and Sicydiinae: new genus

and new species. One of the new species was already described by Jenkins and Boseto (2005) as

Schismatogobius vitiensis. The new records are Yirrkala gjellerupi, Gerres longirostris, Lentipes

kaaea and Belobranchus belobranchus. The combined record produced a total of 161 species

from 45 families of Fijian freshwater fishes.

The common species after combining all the collections are Anguilla marmorata (Anguillidae),

and Kuhlia rupestris (Kuhliidae). The moderate to occasionally common species of the combined

collections are Sicyopterus lagocephalus, Kuhlia marginata, Eleotris fusca, Hypseleotris

guentheri, Awaous ocellaris, Glossogobius sp.1, Stiphodon rutilaureus, Eleotris melanosoma,

Stiphodon sp. 1, Stiphodon sp. 2, Kuhlia munda, Stenogobius sp.1, Oreochromis mossambicus,

Awaous guamensis, Ambassis miops, Redigobius leveri and Zenarchopterus dispar. The least

common fish species of the combined collections are in Appendix 6.

Some of the least common species are Lentipes kaaea, Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp.,

Neoconger tuberculatus and Yirrkala gjellerupi which were collected during this survey from a

single site or creek.

More species were found in the central zone of Fiji while the western zone was least diverse. Fiji

has the second highest known freshwater fish diversity in the tropical Pacific after Papua New

Guinea and the third highest level of endemism behind Australia and PNG in the Pacific (Table

3.6). This is valid at the date this thesis was submitted. However, the species richness in Solomon

Islands and Vanuatu could surpass Fiji’s record if more estuarine and freshwater fish surveys

were carried out.

130

It was ascertained during this survey that the freshwater fishes in Fiji form distinct fish

communities based on the habitat. The fish distribution and diversity were determined by

accessing the different indicators that will help to determine the fish species that are likely to be

found in the different habitat types.

Most of all, it is evident from this study that habitat preference is an indicator of the biodiversity

and abundance of Fijian fresh water fish. Furthermore, fish species live together in a preferred

habitat for feeding, breeding and refuge from their predators.

The common preferred habitat types are the overhanging grasses in the creeks, understorey

shrubs, ferns and riparian vegetation and fine (muddy) to gravel substrate type. The other habitat

that is well populated with fish species is the mangrove forest at the lower reaches of the creeks

where there are mostly marine and estuarine fishes.

In addition to habitat preferences, it was noted that the conserved terrestrial and marine

ecosystems like that of the Tavoro Reserve Forest and the Waitabu Marine Park complement each

other with a high diversity of freshwater, estuarine and marine species.

The present study shows that it is possible to identify broad habitat associations of several

principal species, although the importance of cover cannot be separated from that of other

parameters such as salinity. This is evident from the preference for middle reach areas shown by

Eleotris fusca, E. melanosoma, Giurus hoedti and Giurus margaritecea. These species prefer the

greater availability of cover offered by water depth, tree roots, understorey shrubs, ferns, riparian

vegetation and associated debris.

Freshwater fish species richness patterns are important biodiversity indicators, therefore, they

should be given equal treatment to that given to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Legislation

should be put in place to avoid freshwater biodiversity losses associated with human actions, such

as the extent of human alterations of freshwater ecosystems here in Fiji, and globally.

The present study has provided the most comprehensive and detailed description of Fijian

freshwater fishes yet made. The sampling methods used gave an adequate and detailed

description of the freshwater fish community structure and composition in systems surveyed. It is

hoped that the information gathered in this study will be used as a baseline to further enhance the

131

knowledge of the Fijian freshwater fish fauna in future studies in Fiji, and facilitate the

development of protective legislation for the fresh water systems of Fiji. However, still more

places and streams must be surveyed before we can fully understand the Fijian freshwater flora

and fauna.

The use of new technology such as the electrofisher has also assisted with new species discovery.

It is also imported to check identifications with known experts

6.2 Recommendations At the end of this study there are four main recommendations to be made:

1. Although Fiji still retains most of its original fresh water resources and lacks the economic and

industrial pressures of many Asian countries, its small size and isolation makes its freshwater

ecosystem and fauna very vulnerable to destruction and degradation. Therefore, if Fiji is to

retain its freshwater fauna, legislation and environmental laws are needed. Freshwater

ecosystems are as important as the terrestrial and the marine ecosystems because they make

the link between the land and the sea. Therefore, stakeholders from the Lands, Forestry and

Fisheries Departments should work with other stakeholders for effective management.

2. Long term monitoring of the abiotic and biotic factors that influence the fish assemblages in

Fijian streams is required for further understanding of the fish fauna.

3. Proper assessments of the freshwater systems must be carried out first before any development

should take place, to avoid destroying the endemic fish fauna that might be restricted to

particular sites.

4. Forest and freshwater parks should be established in priority forest areas where new genera and

new species have been collected. Furthermore, when setting up a marine reserve, the

freshwater system and the forest adjacent to it should also be reserved so that they can

complement each other in their species biodiversity.

132

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CHAPTER 8 APPENDICES Appendix 1. Physical parameters, river measurements, fish and invertebrates collected. Note the

sites which marked with site 1a or 1b or 1c denotes the number of sampling taking places at that

same site in different times of the year.

A. Site 1a. Mouth of Tamavua River. Physical water parameters measured: current speed

0.1 ms-1, temperature 29 0C, DO 4.3 mg/L, turbidity 60 %, conductivity 31.3 S, salinity 19.3 ppt

and pH 6.3. River measurements: maximum width 25 m, maximum depth 1.2 m, length sampled

100 m. Finfish species caught: Stolephorus indicus (1), Zenarchopterus dispar (2), Ambassis

miops (16), Caranx sexfasciatus (7), Leiognathus equulus (1), Lutjanus argentimaculatus (1),

Liza subviridis (1), Valamugil engeli (1), and Psammogobius biocellatus (1).

A. Site 1b. Mouth of Tamavua River. Physical water parameters measured: current speed

0.3 ms-1, temperature 27.7 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 40 %, conductivity 50.7 S, salinity

29.3ppt and pH 6.2. River measurements: maximum width 25 m, maximum depth 1.2 m, length

sampled 100 m. Finfish species caught: Sardinella fijiense (2), Gazza minuta (1), Leiognathus

equulus (3), Leiognathus splendens (3), Lutjanus argentimaculatus (1), Liza macrolepis (1),

Valamugil buchanani (4), Valamugil engeli (1), Upeneus sulphureus (2), Gerres longirostris (1),

Sphyraena obtusata (2) and Siganus vermiculatus (1).

A. Site 2a. Tamavua River. Small passage opposite lower Tamavua-i-Wai village. Physical water

parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 29.1 0C, DO 3.9 mg/L, turbidity 60 %,

conductivity 44.8 S, salinity 26.3 ppt and pH 6.3. Passage measurements: maximum width 4.8

m, maximum depth 1.2 m, length sampled 20 m. Finfish species caught: Arothron reticularis (1).

A. Site 2b. Tamavua River. Small passage opposite lower Tamavua-i-Wai village. Physical water

parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 26.6 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 40

%, conductivity 42.9 S, salinity 25.9ppt and pH 6.3. Passage measurements: maximum width

4.8 m, maximum depth 1.2 m, length sampled 20 m. Finfish species caught: Valamugil buchanani

(1).

A. Site 3a. Tamavua River. Small passage 5 m upstream from Site 2. Physical water parameters

measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 29.1 0C, DO 3. 7 mg/L, turbidity 40 %,

conductivity 41.4 S, salinity 25.2 ppt and pH 6.3. Passage measurements: maximum width 8.2

153

m, maximum depth 1.1 m, length sampled 25 m. Finfish species caught: Valamugil cunnesius (1)

and Ophiocara porocephala (1).

A. Site 3b. Tamavua River. Small passage 5 m upstream from Site 2. Physical water parameters

measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 25.9 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 50 %,

conductivity 37.6 S, salinity 25.4 ppt and pH 6.5. Passage measurements: maximum width 8.2

m, maximum depth 1.1 m, length sampled 25 m. Finfish species caught: Zenarchopterus dispar

(6), Poecilia reticulata (9), Tetraroge niger (3), Mesopristes kneri (1), Ambassis miops (23),

Apogon amboinensis (7), Apogon lateralis (16), Leiognathus equulus (5), Leiognathus splendens

(4), Liza subviridis (28), Psammogobius biocellatus (4) and Siganus vermiculatus (29).

Crustaceans: Scylla serrata (1) and Macrobrachium sp 1 (11).

A. Site 4a. Tamavua River. Larger passage compared to that of Sites 2 and 3, about 80 m

upstream from Site 3. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature

29.4 0C, DO 3. 4 mg/L, turbidity 40 %, conductivity 8.2 S, salinity 4.7 ppt and pH 6.4. Passage

measurements: maximum width 9.1 m, maximum depth 0. 8 m, length sampled 30 m. Finfish

species caught: Poecilia reticulata (1), Mesopristes kneri (1), Gerres longirostris (2), Lutjanus

argentimaculatus (7), L. russellii (1), L. fulvus (2), Monodactylus argenteus (2), Valamugil

cunnesius (1), Bostrychus sinensis (2), Ophiocara porocephala (1) and Siganus vermiculatus

(10). Crustaceans: Scylla serrata (3), Uca vocans (1) and Macrobrachium sp 1 (2).

A. Site 4b. Tamavua River. Larger passage compared to that of Sites 2 and 3, about 80 m

upstream from Site 3. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature

27.1 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 30 %, conductivity 40.5 S, salinity 26 ppt and pH 6.0.

Passage measurements: maximum width 9.1 m, maximum depth 0. 8 m, length sampled 30 m.

Finfish species caught: Sardinella fijiense (134), Leiognathus equulus (50), Upeneus sulphureus

(3), Lutjanus argentimaculatus (3), Valamugil buchanani (1) and Siganus vermiculatus (2).

A. Site 5a. Tamavua River, 200 m upstream from Site 4 and Tamavua-i-Wai village. Physical

water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 27.2 0C, DO 5.0 mg/L, turbidity

60 %, conductivity 8.2 S, salinity 4.7 ppt and pH 6.4. Passage measurements: maximum width

9.1 m, maximum depth 1.1 m, length sampled 35 m. Finfish species caught: Ophiocara

porocephala (1).

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A. Site 5b. Tamavua River, 200 m upstream from Site 4 and Tamavua-i-Wai village. Physical

water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 26.60C, DO (No reading),

turbidity 40 %, conductivity 37.0 S, salinity 15.4 ppt and pH 6.1. Passage measurements:

maximum width 9.1 m, maximum depth 1.1 m, length sampled 35 m. Finfish species caught:

Lutjanus fulvus (2).

A. Site 6a. Tamavua River, 600 m upstream from Site 5. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 25.5 0C, DO 5.2 mg/L, turbidity 50 %, conductivity 18.6 S,

salinity 11.3 ppt and pH 6.3. Passage measurements: maximum width 4.2 m, maximum depth 0.5

m, length sampled 24 m. Finfish species caught: Poecilia reticulata (1), Tetraroge niger (1),

Ambassis miops (3), Apogon amboinensis (6), A. lateralis (3), Caranx sexfasciatus (2),

Leiognathus equulus (5), Lutjanus argentimaculatus (1), Upeneus vittatus (3), Liza subviridis (1)

and Siganus vermiculatus (10).

A. Site 6b. Tamavua River, 600 m upstream from Site 5. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 26.6 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 30 %, conductivity 24.9

S, salinity 15.4 ppt and pH 6.0. Passage measurements: maximum width 4.2 m, maximum depth

0.5 m, length sampled 24 m. Finfish species caught: none.

A. Site 7a. Lower Savura Creek, 50 m upstream from confluence of Savura Creek and Tamavua

River and 400 m away from Wailoku Pump Station. Physical water parameters measured: current

speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 26.7 0C, DO 6.2 mg/L, turbidity 40 %, conductivity 93 S, salinity 0

ppt and pH 5.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 12 m, maximum depth 0.6 m, length

sampled 18 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (1), Lamnostoma kampeni (2),

Poecilia reticulata (1), Ambassis miops (13), Eleotris melanosoma (1), Giurus hoedti (5) and

Hypseleotris guentheri (5).

A. Site 7b. Lower Savura Creek, 50 m upstream from confluence of Savura Creek and Tamavua

River and 400 m away from Wailoku Pump Station. Physical water parameters measured: current

speed 0.2 ms-1, temperature 25.1 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 70 %, conductivity 195.9 S,

salinity 0.1 ppt and pH 6.0. Creek measurements: maximum width 12 m, maximum depth 0.6 m,

length sampled 18 m. Finfish species caught: Ambassis miops (3) and Eleotris fusca (1).

Crustaceans: Macrobrachium sp. 1 (2)

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A. Site 8a. Savura Creek, 300 m upstream from Site 7. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.11 ms-1, temperature 26.1 0C, DO 7.0 mg/L, turbidity 40 %, conductivity 82.5 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 14 m, maximum depth 0.6 m,

length sampled 81 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (2), A. megastoma (1),

Gymnothorax polyuranodon (1), Poecilia reticulata (6), Microphis brachyurus brachyurus (3),

Ambassis miops (9), Kuhlia marginata (1), K. rupestris (1), Caranx sexfasciatus (1), Scatophagus

argus (1), Awaous ocellaris (1), Glossogobius sp. 1 (1), Stenogobius sp. 1 (1), Bunaka gyrinoides

(1), Eleotris fusca (7), E. melanosoma (9), Giurus margaritacea (13) and Hypseleotris guentheri

(11).

A. Site 8b. Savura Creek, 300 m upstream from Site 7. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 26.3 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 70 %, conductivity 186.8

S, salinity 0.1 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 14 m, maximum depth 0.6

m, length sampled 81 m. Finfish species caught: Eleotris fusca (2) and Hypseleotris guentheri

(2). Crustacean: Macrobrachium sp. (3)

A. Site 9a. Savura Creek, 200 m upstream from Site 8. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.25 ms-1, temperature 29.9 0C, DO 8.0 mg/L, turbidity 40 %, conductivity 74.9 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 10 m, maximum depth 0.5 m,

length sampled 45.4 m. Finfish species caught: Poecilia reticulata (1), Ambassis miops (4),

Awaous ocellaris (1), Stenogobius sp.1 (7), Eleotris fusca (18), E. melanosoma (15), Giurus

margaritacea (12) and Hypseleotris guentheri (5).

A. Site 9b. Savura Creek, 200 m upstream from Site 8. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.2 ms-1, temperature 25.1 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 65 %, conductivity 122.4

S, salinity 0.1 ppt and pH 6.1. Creek measurements: maximum width 10 m, maximum depth 0.5

m, length sampled 45.4 m. Finfish species caught: Zenarchopterus dispar (1), Ambassis miops

(1), Eleotris fusca (2), Hypseleotris guentheri (4) and Giurus margaritacea (1). Crustaceans:

Varuna litterata (1), Macrobrachium sp. 1 (1), Macrobrachium sp. 2 (3) and Macrobrachium sp.

3 (1)

A. Site 10a. Savura Creek, 200 m upstream from Site 9. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 27.4 0C, DO 7. 9 mg/L, turbidity 40 %, conductivity 77.3 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 6 m, maximum depth 0.2 m,

156

length sampled 102 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (5), Moringua abbreviata (1),

Microphis leiaspis (5), Ambassis miops (3), Kuhlia marginata (5), K. rupestris (1), Awaous

ocellaris (1), Psammogobius biocellatus (1), Stenogobius sp. 1 (1), Eleotris fusca (10), E.

melanosoma (10), Hypseleotris guentheri (3) and Giurus margaritacea (9).

A. Site 10b. Savura Creek, 200 m upstream from Site 9. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 25.3 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 70 %, conductivity 106.2

S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.1. Creek measurements: maximum width 6 m, maximum depth 0.2 m,

length sampled 102 m. Finfish species caught: Ambassis miops (2), Eleotris fusca (2),

Hypseleotris guentheri (4) and Giurus margaritacea (1). Crustaceans: Macrobrachium sp. 1 (3).

A. Site 11a. Savura Creek, 200 m upstream from Site 10. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 27.5 0C, DO 8.0 mg/L, turbidity 40 %, conductivity 67.3 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 6 m, maximum depth 0.4 m,

length sampled 98 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (8), Poecilia reticulata (1),

Kuhlia marginata (3), K. rupestris (7), Awaous ocellaris (1), Redigobius leveri (2),

Schismatogobius vitiensis (1), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (13), Stenogobius sp. 1(1), Eleotris fusca

(12), E. melanosoma (1), Hypseleotris guentheri (2) and Giurus margaritacea (2).

A. Site 11b. Savura Creek, 200 m upstream from Site 10. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.2 ms-1, temperature 23.7 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 85 %, conductivity 81.5

S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.1. Creek measurements: maximum width 6 m, maximum depth 0.4 m,

length sampled 98 m. Finfish species caught: Poecilia reticulata (1), Kuhlia marginata (1),

Stenogobius sp. 1 (5), Eleotris fusca (2), Hypseleotris guentheri (4) and Giurus margaritacea (1).

Crustaceans: Macrobrachium sp. 1 (6), Caridina sp. (2). Molluscan species collected: Melanoides

tuberculata (4).

A. Site 12a. Savura Creek, 200 m upstream from Site 11. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 28.6 0C, DO 7.0 mg/L, turbidity 50 %, conductivity 76.2 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 14 m, maximum depth 0.5 m,

length sampled 105 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla megastoma (1), A. marmorata (6),

Ambassis miops (1) Kuhlia marginata (8), K. munda (2), K. rupestris (1), Glossogobius sp. 1 (1)

Eleotris fusca (29), E. melanosoma (16), Giurus hoedti (1), Hypseleotris guentheri (12) and

Giurus margaritacea (3).

157

A. Site 12b. Savura Creek, 200 m upstream from Site 11. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 23.0 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 90 %, conductivity 77.0

S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 14 m, maximum depth 0.5

m, length sampled 105 m. Finfish species caught: Stenogobius sp. 1 (3) and Hypseleotris

guentheri (3). Crustaceans: Macrobrachium sp. 1 (5).

A. Site 13a. Savura Creek, 200 m below water dam. Physical water parameters measured: current

speed 0.4 – 1.2 ms-1, temperature 25.7 0C, DO 8.1 mg/L, turbidity 50 %, conductivity 58.1 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 14.2 m, maximum depth 0.7 m,

length sampled 28 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (2), Yirrkala gjellerupi (1),

Poecilia reticulata (1), Microphis retzii (1), Kuhlia marginata (3), Schismatogobius vitiensis (2),

Stenogobius sp. 1 (1), Eleotris fusca (12), E. melanosoma (5), Giurus margaritacea (1) and

Hypseleotris guentheri (6).

A. Site 13b. Savura Creek, 200 m below water dam. Physical water parameters measured: current

speed 0.2 – 1.0 ms-1, temperature 24.3 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 80 %, conductivity 84.7 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 14.2 m, maximum depth 0.7 m,

length sampled 28 m. Finfish species caught: Poecilia reticulata (3), Kuhlia marginata (2),

Eleotris fusca (1) and Hypseleotris guentheri (1).

A. Site 14a. Savura Creek. Deep pool below water dam, 10 m upstream from Site 13. This site is

disturbed due to building of dam; therefore, trees near dam cleared. Physical water parameters

measured: current speed 0 – 1.2 ms-1, temperature 25.7 0C, DO 8.1 mg/L, turbidity 50 %,

conductivity 58.1 S, salinity 0 and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 14.2 m,

maximum depth 1.4 m, length sampled 10 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (3),

Yirrkala gjellerupi (3), Microphis retzii (1), Kuhlia marginata (3), Caranx sexfasciatus (1),

Eleotris fusca (19), E. melanosoma (1), Giurus hoedti (1) and Hypseleotris guentheri (6).

Crustaceans: Thalamita sp. (1) and Varuna litterata (1). Mollusca species collected: Melanoides

tuberculata (4).

A. Site 14b. Savura Creek. Deep pool below water dam, 10 m upstream from Site 13. Physical

water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 – 1.2 ms-1, temperature 23.5 0C, DO (No reading),

turbidity 95 %, conductivity 81.6 S, salinity 0 and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum

width 14.2 m, maximum depth 1.4 m, length sampled 10 m. Finfish species caught: Poecilia

158

reticulata (6), Kuhlia marginata (3), Eleotris fusca (4), E. melanosoma (1), Hypseleotris

guentheri (13) and Stenogobius sp. 1 (7).

A. Site 15a. Vago Creek. Sampling at confluence of Vago Creek and Savura Creek, 50 m

upstream from Site 14. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.2 – 0.8 ms-1,

temperature 24.5 0C, DO 7. 9 mg/L, turbidity 80 %, conductivity 47.8 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH

6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 11 m, maximum depth 0.8 m, length sampled 37 m.

Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (5), Poecilia reticulata (7), Stiphodon sp. 2 (1),

Stiphodon rutilaureus (1), Eleotris fusca (2) and E. melanosoma (5).

A. Site 15b. Vago Creek. Sampling at confluence of Vago Creek and Savura Creek, 50 m

upstream from Site 14. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.2 – 1.0 ms-1,

temperature 23.0 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 90 %, conductivity 77.0 S, salinity 0 ppt and

pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 11 m, maximum depth 0.8 m, length sampled 37

m. Finfish species caught: Poecilia reticulata (5) and Stiphodon sp. 1 (1). Molluscan species

collected: Melanoides tuberculata (6).

A. Site 16a. Vago Creek, 10 m upstream from Site 15. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.3 – 0.6 ms-1, temperature 25.1 0C, DO 7.6 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity

48.6 s, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 15.5 m, maximum

depth 0.6 m, length sampled 36.7 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (5), Poecilia

reticulata (3), Kuhlia rupestris (1), Eleotris fusca (7) and E. melanosoma (3).

A. Site 16b. Vago Creek, 10 m upstream from Site 15. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 – 0.5 ms-1, temperature 23.10C, DO (No reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity

40.2 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 15.5 m, maximum

depth 0.6 m, length sampled 36.7 m. Finfish species caught: Redigobius leveri (2) and

Sicyopterus lagocephalus (5).

A. Site 17a. Vago Creek, 10 m upstream from Site 16. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.3 – 0.6 ms-1, temperature 25.1 0C, DO 7.6 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity

48.6 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 15.3 m, maximum

depth 0.6 m, length sampled 10 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (4), Sicyopterus

lagocephalus (4), Eleotris fusca (3) and E. melanosoma (5).

159

A. Site 17b. Vago Creek, 10 m upstream from Site 16. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.2 – 0.4 ms-1, temperature 23.3 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity

32.4 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 15.3 m, maximum

depth 0.6 m, length sampled 10 m. Finfish species caught: Sicyopterus lagocephalus (2) and

Stiphodon sp. 1 (1). Molluscan species collected: Melanoides tuberculata (3).

A. Site 18a. Vago Creek, 20 m upstream from Site 17. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 23.7 0C, DO 7.8 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 52.6 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.4. Creek measurements: maximum width 13.7 m, maximum depth 0.4 m,

length sampled 50 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (4), Redigobius leveri (7),

Sicyopterus lagocephalus (4), Stiphodon rutilaureus (2) and Eleotris melanosoma (21).

A. Site 18b. Vago Creek, 20 m upstream from Site 17. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.3 ms-1, temperature 23.1 0C, DO (No reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 57.1

S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 13.7 m, maximum depth 0.4

m, length sampled 50 m. Finfish species caught: Sicyopterus lagocephalus (1), Sicyopus

zosterophorum (1), Stiphodon sp. 1 (2) and Stiphodon sp. 2 (1). Molluscan species collected:

Melanoides tuberculata (4).

A. Site 19a. Vago Creek, 20 m upstream from Site 18 and also below Vago Waterfall. Physical

water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 24.1 0C, DO 6.8 mg/L, turbidity

80 %, conductivity 53.3 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 12

m, maximum depth 2.9 m, length sampled 30 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (5),

Kuhlia rupestris (1), Redigobius leveri (2), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (5) and Eleotris

melanosoma (25).

A. Site 19b. Vago Creek, 20 m upstream from Site 18 and also below Vago Waterfall. Physical

water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 23.8 0C, DO (No reading),

turbidity 90 %, conductivity 61.1 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum

width 12 m, maximum depth 2.9 m, length sampled 30 m. Finfish species caught: Sicyopterus

lagocephalus (3) and Stiphodon sp. 1 (1).

A. Site 20a. Vago Creek, at top of Vago Waterfall. Physical water parameters measured: current

speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 24.5 0C, DO 7.6 mg/L, turbidity 70 %, conductivity 76.6 S, salinity

160

0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 15 m, maximum depth 0.7 m, length

sampled 100 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (7) and Sicyopterus lagocephalus

(20).

A. Site 20b. Vago Creek, at top of Vago Waterfall. Physical water parameters measured: current

speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 23.2 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 66.9 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 15 m, maximum depth 0.7 m,

length sampled 100 m. Finfish species caught: Sicyopterus lagocephalus (1), Sicyopus

zosterophorum (5), Stiphodon sp. 1 (2) and Stiphodon sp. 2 (1). Molluscan species collected:

Melanoides tuberculata (11).

A. Site 21a. Vago Creek, above Vago waterfall, 200 m upstream from its edge. Physical water

parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 24.5 0C, DO 7.6 mg/L, turbidity 70 %,

conductivity 76.6 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 15 m,

maximum depth 1 m, length sampled 100 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (2) and

Sicyopterus lagocephalus (3).

A. Site 21b. Vago Creek, above Vago waterfall, 200 m upstream from its edge. Physical water

parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 23.7 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100

%, conductivity 72.1 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 15 m,

maximum depth 1 m, length sampled 100 m. Finfish species caught: Sicyopterus lagocephalus

(5), Sicyopus zosterophorum (4) and Stiphodon sp. 2 (1). Molluscan species collected:

Melanoides tuberculata (7).

B. Site 43. Upper Navua River. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1,

temperature 24.7 0C, DO 6.6 mg/L, turbidity 20 %, conductivity 119.3 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH

6.2. River measurements: maximum width 13 m, maximum depth 1.5 m, length sampled 30 m.

Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (4), Gymnothorax polyuranodon (1), Lamnostoma

kampeni (2), Kuhlia marginata (1), K. rupestris (1), Awaous ocellaris (1), Redigobius leveri (1),

Schismatogobius vitiensis (2), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (7), Stenogobius sp. 1 (2) and Eleotris

melanosoma (5).

B. Site 44. Upper Navua River, side stream into flowing river. Physical water parameters

measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 24.6 0C, DO 7.4 mg/L, turbidity 20 %,

161

conductivity 110.8 S, salinity 0.1 ppt and pH 6.2. River measurements: maximum width 13 m,

maximum depth 1.5 m, length sampled 5 m. Finfish species caught and observed: Oreochromis

mossambicus (2), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (2) and Stenogobius sp. 1 (1).

C. Site 45 Sovi River. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 3.0 ms-1, temperature

23.7 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 51 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. River

measurements: maximum width 7 m, maximum depth 1.2 m, length sampled 10 m. Finfish

species observed: Anguilla marmorata (2), Kuhlia marginata (8), K. rupestris (11), Awaous

ocellaris (12), Schismatogobius vitiensis (1), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (1), Stiphodon rutilaureus

(5) and Belobranchus belobranchus (7).

D. Site 46. Lower Wainadi Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1,

temperature 23.8 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 60.2 S, salinity 0 ppt and

pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 4.3 m, maximum depth 0.5 m, length sampled 10

m. Finfish species caught and observed: Anguilla marmorata (1), Kuhlia marginata (2), K.

rupestris (4), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (1) and Stiphodon rutilaureus (5). Crustacean species

caught: Macrobrachium rosenbergii (2).

D. Site 47. Mid Wainadi Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1,

temperature 23.8 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 66.5 S, salinity 0 ppt and

pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 3.5 m, maximum depth 0.7 m, length sampled 12

m. Finfish species observed: Anguilla marmorata (3), Kuhlia marginata (5), K. rupestris (4),

Sicyopterus lagocephalus (1) and Stiphodon rutilaureus (5).

D. Site 52. Upper Wainadi Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1,

temperature 24.2 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 46 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH

6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 1.5 m, maximum depth 0.3 m, length sampled 3 m.

Finfish species observed: Anguilla marmorata (2), Kuhlia marginata (7), K. rupestris (9),

Awaous ocellaris (4), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (2) and Stiphodon rutilaureus (3).

E. Site 48. Lower to mid Wainavobo River. Physical water parameters measured: current speed

0.1 ms-1, temperature 23.6 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 52 S, salinity 0

ppt and pH 6.3. River measurements: maximum width 4 m, maximum depth 0.4 m, length

sampled 8 m. Finfish species caught and observed: Anguilla marmorata (6),

162

Gymnothorax polyuranodon (1), Kuhlia marginata (17), K. rupestris (21), Stiphodon rutilaureus

(7) and Belobranchus belobranchus (5).

F. Site 49. Lower section of Wainasa Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed

0.1 ms-1, temperature 23.7 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 60.7 S, salinity 0

ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 5 m, maximum depth 0.6 m, length

sampled 10 m. Finfish species caught and observed: Anguilla marmorata (3), Gymnothorax

polyuranodon (2), Kuhlia marginata (12), K. rupestris (15), Awaous ocellaris (7), Sicyopterus

lagocephalus (3), Stiphodon rutilaureus (5) and Belobranchus belobranchus (4).

G. Site 50. Upper section of Wainivalau River. Physical water parameters measured: current

speed 2.5 ms-1, temperature 23.7 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity100 %, conductivity 48 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. River measurements: maximum width 5 m, maximum depth 0.3 m,

length sampled 10 m. Finfish species caught and observed: Anguilla marmorata (7), Kuhlia

marginata (9), K. rupestris (14), Awaous ocellaris (9), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (5), Stiphodon

rutilaureus (9) and Belobranchus belobranchus (6). Crustacean species caught: Macrobrachium

rosenbergii (8).

H. Site 51. Lower section of Waibasaga Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current

speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 23.8 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 80 %, conductivity 66.5 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 5 m, maximum depth 1.5 m,

length sampled 10 m. Finfish species caught and observed: Anguilla marmorata (5), Kuhlia

marginata (10), K. rupestris (7), Awaous ocellaris (3) and Stiphodon rutilaureus (3).

I. Site 53. Waiveikovi Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 1.0 ms-1,

temperature17.3 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 46 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH

6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 2 m, maximum depth 0.5 m, length sampled 100 m.

Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (2). Crustacean species caught: Caridina nudirostris

(abundant).

J. Site 54. Wabu Creek (Wabu watershed). Physical water parameters measured: current speed

1.2 ms-1, temperature 17.9 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 43.7 S, salinity 0

ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 4 m, maximum depth 1.2 m, length

163

sampled 100 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (2). Crustacean species caught:

Caridina nudirostris (abundant).

K. Site 60. Wairoko Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 1.2 ms-1,

temperature 23.6 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 30 %, conductivity 73.5 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH

6.5. Creek measurements: maximum width 5 m, maximum depth 1.3 m, length sampled 50 m.

Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (1), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (5) and Stiphodon

rutilaureus (1). Crustacean species caught: Macrobrachium caledonicum (1), Macrobrachium lar

(3) and Macrobrachium rosenbergii (1). Molluscan species caught: Melanoides tuberculata (9).

Insecta species caught: millipod sp. (1).

L. Site 61. Oxbow pools along Wailotua River. Physical water parameters measured: current

speed 0.5 ms-1, temperature 25.5 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 70 %, conductivity 158 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.5. River measurements: maximum width 10 m, maximum depth 1.0 m,

length sampled 25 m. Finfish species caught: Barbonymus gonionotus (10), Poecilia reticulata

(190), Awaous ocellaris (3). Glossogobius sp. 1 (1) and Eleotris fusca (1). Crustacean species

caught: Macrobrachium lar (16), Palaemon debilis (20) and Caridina nudirostris (abundant).

Molluscan species caught: Melanoides arthurii (2), Thiara scabra (8) and T. terpsichore (9).

L. Site 62. Mid Wailotua River. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.3 ms-1,

temperature 24.5 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 70 %, conductivity 147.4 S, salinity 0 ppt and

pH 6.4. River measurements: maximum width 10 m, maximum depth1.5 m, length sampled 40 m.

Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (1), Gymnothorax polyuranodon (3), Poecilia

reticulata (61), Kuhlia marginata (21), K. rupestris (28), Caranx sexfasciatus (1), Oreochromis

mossambicus (1), Bunaka gyrinoides (1) and Giurus margaritacea (1). Crustacean species

caught: Macrobrachium lar (4).

R. Site 63. Upper Ba River. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 1 ms-1,

temperature 21.4 0C, DO 6.7, turbidity100 %, conductivity 83.8 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 7.8.

River measurements: maximum width 9 m, maximum depth 0.5 m, length sampled 15 m. Finfish

species caught and observed: Anguilla marmorata (1), Gambusia affinis (13), K. rupestris (4)

and Oreochromis mossambicus (3). Crustacean species caught: Caridina fijiana (abundant) and

molluscan species collected: Melanoides tuberculata (abundant) and M. lutosa (5).

164

S. Site 64. Nukunuku Creek Physical water parameters measured: current speed 1.2 ms-1,

temperature 20.9 0C, DO 7.1 mg/L turbidity100 %, conductivity 56.3 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH

7.5. River measurements: maximum width 12 m, maximum depth 0.5 m, length sampled 20 m.

Finfish species caught and observed: Anguilla marmorata (3), Gambusia affinis (2),

Oreochromis mossambicus (4), Awaous guamensis (3) and Sicyopterus lagocephalus (1).

Crustacean species caught: Caridina sp. 1 (abundant), Macrobrachium equidens (2), M.

rosenbergii (2), and molluscan species collected: Melanoides tuberculata (3) and M. lutosa (5).

T. Site 65. Nadala Creek Physical water parameters measured: current speed 1 ms-1, temperature

21.7 0C, DO 7.13 mg/L turbidity100 %, conductivity 56.4 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.9. River

measurements: maximum width 6 m, maximum depth 0.5 m, length sampled 25 m. Finfish

species caught and observed: Anguilla marmorata (1), Gambusia affinis (7), Oreochromis

mossambicus (2), Awaous guamensis (2) and Sicyopterus lagocephalus (4). Crustacean species

caught: Caridina sp. 1 (abundant) and molluscan species collected: Melanoides tuberculata (3).

U. Site 66. Qaliwana Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.3 – 1 ms-1,

temperature 21.1 0C, DO 7.13, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 54.7 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.94.

River measurements: maximum width 5 m, maximum depth 0.3 m, length sampled 10 m. Finfish

species caught and observed: Anguilla marmorata (2), Gambusia affinis (5), Oreochromis

mossambicus (3), Awaous guamensis (3) and Sicyopterus lagocephalus (2). Crustacean species

caught: Macrobrachium rosenbergii (8). Crustacean species caught: Caridina fijiana (11),

Caridina sp. 1 (8), and molluscan species collected: Melanoides tuberculata (7) and M. lutosa

(5).

M. Site 22. Mouth of Tavoro Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1,

temperature 27.9 0C, DO 6. 5 mg/L, turbidity 50 %, conductivity 22.8 S, salinity 30.8 ppt and

pH 6.2. Creek measurement: maximum width 30 m, maximum depth 2.5 m, length sampled 50 m.

Finfish species caught: Terapon jarbua (1), Leiognathus fasciatus (1), Liza subviridis (1),

Lutjanus fulvus (1), L. russellii (1), Periophthalmus kalolo (1) and Siganus vermiculatus (1).

M. Site 23. Tavoro Creek, 50 m away from mouth. Physical water parameters measured: current

speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 25.8 0C, DO 6.6 mg/L, turbidity 40 %, conductivity 36.5 S, salinity

2.8 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 25 m, maximum depth 1.0 m, length

165

sampled 50 m. Finfish species caught: Mesopristes kneri (1), Lutjanus argentimaculatus (1), L.

russellii (1), Plectorhinchus gibbosus (2), Monodactylus argenteus (1) and Diodon liturosus (1).

M. Site 24. Tavoro Creek, 50 m away from Site 23 and 10 m downstream from a bridge. Physical

water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 27.2 0C, DO 6.1 mg/L, turbidity

40 %, conductivity 38 S, salinity 2.5 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 20

m, maximum depth 1.5m, length sampled 50 m. Finfish species caught: Terapon jarbua (1) and

Lutjanus russellii (1).

M. Site 25a. Tavoro Creek, a metre upstream of bridge. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 23.8 0C, DO 7.8 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 53.9 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 16 m, maximum depth 0.5 m,

length sampled 29 m. Finfish species caught: Kuhlia marginata (2), K. munda (3), K. rupestris

(3) Eleotris melanosoma (11) and Stiphodon rutilaureus (1).

M. Site 25b. Tavoro Creek, a metre upstream of bridge. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 28.2 0C, DO 7.2 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 43.8 S,

salinity 2.9 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 16 m, maximum depth 0.5 m,

length sampled 29 m. Finfish species caught: Ambassis miops (3), Kuhlia marginata (5),

Redigobius bikolanus (2) and Eleotris melanosoma (5).

M. Site 26a. Tavoro Creek, 50 m upstream of bridge. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.2 ms-1, temperature 23.6 0C, DO 6.8 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 44.3 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 18 m, maximum depth 0.5 m,

length sampled 17 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (1), Zenarchopterus dispar (3),

Microphis brachyurus brachyurus (1), Ambassis miops (8), Kuhlia marginata (1) and Eleotris

melanosoma (5).

M. Site 26b. Tavoro Creek, 50 m upstream of bridge. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 27.2 0C, DO 7.0 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 66.1 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 6 m, maximum depth 0.5, length

sampled 26 m. Finfish species caught: Glossogobius sp. 1 (1), Stiphodon rutilaureus (3) and

Eleotris melanosoma (15).

166

M. Site 27a. Tavoro Creek, 100 m upstream of bridge. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 23.6 0C, DO 5.3 mg/L, water turbidity 100 %, conductivity

41.5 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 18 m, maximum depth

0.6 m, length sampled 22 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (3), Microphis

brachyurus brachyurus (1), Kuhlia marginata (1), K. munda (1), Stiphodon rutilaureus (1),

Eleotris melanosoma (15) and Giurus margaritacea (4).

M. Site 27b. Tavoro Creek, 100 m upstream of bridge. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.02 ms-1, temperature 27.2 0C, DO 7.0 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 66.1

S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 9 m, maximum depth 0.6 m,

length sampled 22 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (2), Ambassis miops (1),

Kuhlia rupestris (1), Redigobius leveri (2), Stiphodon rutilaureus (1), Stiphodon sp. 1 (1),

Eleotris melanosoma (15) and Giurus margaritacea (3).

M. Site 28a. Tavoro Creek, 100 m upstream of Site 27. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.02 ms-1, temperature 23.8 0C, DO 8.5 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 66.1

S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 9 m, maximum depth 0.6 m,

length sampled 28 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (10), Neoconger tuberculatus

(1), Gymnothorax polyuranodon (3), Kuhlia marginata (5), Eleotris fusca (3), Giurus

margaritacea (1), Psammogobius biocellatus (2) and Stenogobius sp. 1 (1)

M. Site 28b. Tavoro Creek, 100 m upstream of Site 27. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.02 ms-1, temperature 24.3 0C, DO 8.1 mg/L, turbidity 40 %, conductivity 33.3 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 6 m, maximum depth 0.4 m,

length sampled 25 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (9), Redigobius leveri (3),

Sicyopterus lagocephalus (4), Stiphodon rutilaureus (3), Belobranchus belobranchus (5), Eleotris

fusca (2), E. melanosoma (14) and Hypseleotris guentheri (2).

M. Site 29a. Tavoro Creek, at confluence of Nakabuka and Tavoro creeks. Physical water

parameters measured: current speed 0.4 ms-1, temperature 23.6 0C, DO 8.1 mg/L, turbidity 100 %,

conductivity 42.3 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 10 m,

maximum depth 0.6 m, length sampled 25 m. Finfish species caught: Microphis brachyurus

brachyurus (1), Kuhlia marginata (2), K. munda (1), K. rupestris (5), Eleotris fusca (6) and

Hypseleotris guentheri (2).

167

M. Site 29b. Tavoro Creek, at confluence of Nakabuka and Tavoro creeks. Physical water

parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 26.4 0C, DO 6.6 mg/L, turbidity 100 %,

conductivity 48.3 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 10 m,

maximum depth 0.5 m, length sampled 25 m. Finfish species caught: Redigobius leveri (2),

Sicyopterus lagocephalus (1), Stiphodon rutilaureus (2), Eleotris melanosoma (1), Giurus

margaritacea (1) and Hypseleotris guentheri (1).

M. Site 29c. Tavoro Creek, at confluence of Nakabuka and Tavoro creeks. Physical water

parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 24.7 0C, DO 7.7 mg/L, turbidity 40 %,

conductivity 32.6 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width10 m,

maximum depth 0.6 m, length sampled 25 m. Finfish species caught: Microphis brevidorsalis (1),

Kuhlia marginata (4), K. munda (3), K. rupestris (2), Caranx sexfasciatus (1), Stenogobius sp. 1

(1), Stiphodon rutilaureus (1), Eleotris fusca (6), Giurus margaritacea (1) and Hypseleotris

guentheri (3).

M. Site 30a. Tavoro Creek, 100 m upstream of Site 29. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.2 ms-1, temperature 23.5 0C, DO 5.4 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 40.7 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 9 m, maximum depth 0.6 m,

length sampled 29 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (2), Kuhlia marginata (3), K.

rupestris (3), Awaous ocellaris (1), Eleotris fusca (15), E. melanosoma (3) and Hypseleotris

guentheri (5).

M. Site 30b. Tavoro Creek, 100 m upstream of Site 29. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 24.7 0C, DO 7.7 mg/L, turbidity 40 %, conductivity 32.6 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 9 m, maximum depth 0.5 m,

length sampled 20 m. Finfish species caught: Kuhlia marginata (1), Caranx sexfasciatus (1),

Stenogobius sp. 1 (1), Stiphodon rutilaureus (3), Eleotris melanosoma (3) and Giurus

margaritacea (2).

M. Site 31a. Tavoro Creek, 100 m downstream from waterfall pool. Physical water parameters

measured: current speed 0.2 ms-1, temperature 22.6 0C, DO 8.6 mg/L, turbidity 100 %,

conductivity 36.4 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 14 m,

maximum depth 1.2 m, length sampled 3.0 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (1),

168

Schismatogobius vitiensis (1), Stenogobius sp. 1 (1), Belobranchus belobranchus (2), Eleotris

fusca (1) and E. melanosoma (7).

M. Site 31b. Tavoro Creek, 100 m downstream from waterfall pool. Physical water parameters

measured: current speed 0.2 ms-1, temperature 26.5 0C, DO 7.2 mg/L, turbidity 100 %,

conductivity 46.7 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 14 m,

maximum depth 1.2 m, length sampled 30 m. Finfish species caught: Kuhlia marginata (1),

Glossogobius sp. 1 (1), Redigobius leveri (1), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (2) Stenogobius sp. 1 (2),

Belobranchus belobranchus (5), Eleotris fusca (1) and Hypseleotris guentheri (3).

M. Site 31c. Tavoro Creek, 100 m downstream from waterfall pool. Physical water parameters

measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 25.3 0C, DO 7.4 mg/L, turbidity 60 %,

conductivity 36.5 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 10 m,

maximum depth 0.3 m, length sampled 50 m. Finfish species caught: Kuhlia marginata (3), K.

rupestris (1), Stiphodon sp. 2 (7), Stiphodon rutilaureus (5), Eleotris fusca (7) and Hypseleotris

guentheri (1).

M. Site 32a. Tavoro Creek, 50 m downstream of waterfall. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.02 ms-1, temperature 23 0C, DO 7.1 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 36.8 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 6 m, maximum depth 0.4 m,

length sampled 14 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (1), Kuhlia marginata (2),

Eleotris melanosoma (1) and Giurus margaritacea (1)

M. Site 32b. Tavoro Creek, 50 m downstream of waterfall. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 25.2 0C, DO 7. 9 mg/L, turbidity 60 %, conductivity 36.6 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.1. Creek measurements: maximum width 10 m, maximum depth 0.4 m,

length sampled 50 m. Finfish species caught: Kuhlia marginata (2), Redigobius leveri (1) and

Eleotris fusca (1).

M. Site 33a. Tavoro Creek, waterfall pool. Physical water parameters measured: current speed

0.3 ms-1, temperature 23.2 0C, DO 8.3 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 37.2 S, salinity 0 ppt

and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 9 m, maximum depth 3.0 m, length sampled

14 m. Finfish species caught: Kuhlia marginata (2), K. rupestris (1), Redigobius leveri (1),

Stenogobius sp. 1 (1), Stiphodon sp. 2 (2) and Stiphodon rutilaureus (1).

169

M. Site 33b. Tavoro Creek, waterfall pool. Physical water parameters measured: current speed

0.1 ms-1, temperature 25.3 0C, DO 7.4 mg/L, turbidity 60 %, conductivity 36.5 S, salinity 0 ppt

and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 9 m, maximum depth 2.6 m, length sampled

14 m. Finfish species caught: Microphis leiaspis (1), Kuhlia marginata (2), K. rupestris (1),

Eleotris fusca (1), Belobranchus belobranchus (1), Glossogobius sp. 1 (1), Redigobius leveri (1),

Sicyopterus lagocephalus (1), Stiphodon rutilaureus (3) and Stiphodon sp. 2 (2).

M. Site 34a. Tavoro Creek, above Tavoro Falls, 400m from edge. Physical water parameters

measured: current speed 0.4 ms-1, temperature 23.2 0C, DO 6.7 mg/L, turbidity 100 %,

conductivity 39.3 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 8 m,

maximum depth 1.2m, length sampled 7 m. Crustacean species caught: Caridina nudirostris

(abundant).

M. Site 34b. Tavoro Creek, above Tavoro Falls, 400m from edge. Physical water parameters

measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 24.8 0C, DO 7.2 mg/L, turbidity 100 %,

conductivity 44 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.1. Creek measurements: maximum width 8 m,

maximum depth 1.2 m, length sampled 28 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (2) and

Sicydiinae: new genus, new species (1). Crustacean species caught: Caridina nudirostris

(abundant).

N. Site 35. Lower Navaka Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1,

temperature 28.7 0C, DO 8.8 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 56.4 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH

6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 12 m, maximum depth 0.4 m, length sampled 20 m.

Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (2), Kuhlia marginata (1), K. munda (1), K. rupestris

(4), Redigobius leveri (1), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (4), Stiphodon rutilaureus (1), Belobranchus

belobranchus (1), Eleotris fusca (3) and E. melanosoma (5).

N. Site 36. Upper Navaka Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1,

temperature 25.7 0C, DO 7.0 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 55 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH

6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 10 m, maximum depth 0.8 m, length sampled 40 m.

Finfish species caught: Kuhlia marginata (3), K. munda (1), K. rupestris (5), Redigobius leveri

(4), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (3), Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp. (1), Stiphodon rutilaureus

(13) and Stiphodon sp. 2 (4).

170

O. Site 37. Mouth of Wailevu Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed

0.1 ms-1, temperature 28.8 0C, DO 6.5 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 26.3 S, salinity 29.1

ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 7 m, maximum depth 0.6 m, length

sampled 30 m. Finfish species caught/observed: Microphis brachyurus brachyurus (2), M.

brevidorsalis (1), Ambassis miops (6), Terapon jarbua (1), Kuhlia munda (8), Caranx

sexfasciatus (1), Lutjanus fulvus (3), and Sicyopterus lagocephalus (1).

O. Site 38. Mid Wailevu Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1,

temperature 26.1 0C, DO 7.1 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 46.9 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH

6.1. Creek measurements: maximum width 8 m, maximum depth 0.6 m, length sampled 10 m.

Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (3), Kuhlia marginata (1), K. munda (1), K. rupestris

(1), Redigobius leveri (2), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (1), Stiphodon rutilaureus (2), Belobranchus

belobranchus (4), Eleotris melanosoma (1), Giurus hoedti (1) and Hypseleotris guentheri (1).

Molluscan species collected: Clithon corona (2) and C. pritchardi (1).

O. Site 39. Wailevu Creek (side pool). Small tributary to Wailevu Creek. Physical water

parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 28.6 0C, DO 6.0 mg/L, turbidity 100 %,

conductivity 46.7 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 5 m,

maximum depth 0.5 m, length sampled 3 m. Finfish species caught: Sicyopus zosterophorum (1)

Stiphodon sp. 2 (1) and Stiphodon rutilaureus (10).

O. Site 40. Upper Wailevu Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1,

temperature 28.4 0C, DO 7.1 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 43.5 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH

6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 6 m, maximum depth 0.7 m, length sampled 20 m.

Finfish species caught: Awaous ocellaris (1), Redigobius leveri (2), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (4),

Stiphodon sp. 1 (1), Stiphodon sp. 2 (10) and Stiphodon rutilaureus (11). Molluscan species

collected: Septaria sanguisuqa (1), S. macrocephala (1) and S. bougainvillei (1).

P. Site 41. Lower Waitavala Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1,

temperature 25 0C, DO 7.8 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 62.3 S, salinity 0 ppt and pH

6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 3.8 m, maximum depth 0.2 m, length sampled 70 m.

Finfish species caught: Lentipes kaaea (12), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (1), Sicyopus (c.f.

Juxtastiphodon) sp. (9), Stiphodon rutilaureus (31) Stiphodon sp. 1 (8), Stiphodon sp. 2 (18) and

Sicydiinae: new genus, new species (1).

171

P. Site 42. Waitavala Creek, pool at base of water slide. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.1 ms-1, temperature 26.7 0C, DO 7.1 mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 63.5 S,

salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.2. Creek measurements: maximum width 5 m, maximum depth 1.7 m,

length sampled 12 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (1) and Sicyopus

zosterophorum (2).

Q. Site 55. Upper section of Waisali Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed

0.5 ms-1, temperature 25.2 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 73.5 S, salinity 0

ppt and pH 6.5. River measurements: maximum width 12 m, maximum depth 0.6 m, length

sampled 35 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (1), Kuhlia marginata (11), K.

rupestris (7), Eleotris fusca (1), Redigobius leveri (1), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (5), Stiphodon

sp. 1 (1). Crustacean species caught: Macrobrachium lar (6) and Macrobrachium sp. 1 (3).

Molluscan species caught: Septaria suffreni (4).

Q. Site 56. Confluence of Waisali and Savuqoro Creeks. Physical water parameters measured:

current speed 0.4 ms-1, temperature 25.8 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 86.4

S, salinity 0 ppt and pH 6.4. River measurements: maximum width 10 m, maximum depth 1.0

m, length sampled 25 m. Finfish species caught: Anguilla marmorata (1), Kuhlia marginata (8),

K. rupestris (9), Sicyopterus lagocephalus (3). Crustacean species caught: Macrobrachium lar (9)

and Macrobrachium sp. 1 (5).

Q. Site 57. Lower Savuqoro Creek. Physical water parameters measured: current speed 0.1 ms-1,

temperature 25.6 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 72.6 S, salinity 0 ppt and

pH 6.4. Creek measurements: maximum width 7 m, maximum depth 0.8 m, length sampled 8 m.

Finfish species caught/observed: Kuhlia marginata (5), K. rupestris (2), Sicyopterus lagocephalus

(2) and Sicyopus zosterophorum (3). Crustacean species caught/observed: Macrobrachium lar

(abundant) and Macrobrachium sp. 1 (abundant).

Q. Site 58. Savuqoro Creek, below waterfall. Physical water parameters measured: current speed

0.01 ms-1, temperature 25.6 0C, DO (no reading), turbidity 100 %, conductivity 70.9 S, salinity 0

ppt and pH 6.4. Creek measurements: maximum width 7 m, maximum depth 0.8 m, length

sampled 9 m. Finfish species caught: Sicyopterus lagocephalus (5) and Sicyopus zosterophorum

(4). Crustacean species caught/observed: Macrobrachium lar (abundant) and Macrobrachium sp.

1 (abundant).

172

Q. Site 59. Savuqoro Creek, above waterfall. Physical water parameters measured: current speed

0.1 ms-1, temperature 25.2 0C, DO reading mg/L, turbidity 100 %, conductivity 60.7 S, salinity 0

ppt and pH 6.3. Creek measurements: maximum width 7 m, maximum depth 0.2 m, length

sampled 9 m. Finfish species Sicyopterus lagocephalus (7) and Sicyopus zosterophorum (11).

Crustacean species caught/observed: Macrobrachium lar (abundant) and Macrobrachium sp. 1

(abundant).

173

Appendix 2. Fish list of species collected from the 66 sites during this study. The alphabetically

letters are denoting the collection sites from this study as in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2.

Family Species Fish species present in the following water system

USP Collection Number:

Anguillidae Anguilla marmorata Quoy & Gaimard, 1824

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I, J, K, L,M,N,O,P,Q, R,S,T,U

5220

Anguilla megastoma Kaup, 1856

A 5219, 5221

Moringuidae Moringua abbreviata (Bleeker, 1863)

A 5222

Neoconger tuberculatus(Castle, 1965)

M CAS 217641

Muraenidae Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker, 1853)

A,B,E,F,L,M 5223

Ophichthidae Lamnostoma kampeni (Weber & de Beaufort, 1916)

A,B 5224 and CAS 217643

Yirrkala gjellerupi (Weber & de Beaufort, 1916)

A 5225 and CAS 217642

Clupeidae Sardinella fijiense (Fowler & Bean 1923)

A 5441

Engraulidae Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt 1823)

A 5226

Cyprinidae Barbonymus gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850)

L 5312

Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847)

A,M 5227

Poeciliidae Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard 1853)

R,S,T,U 5451

Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859

A,L 5234, 5313

Syngnathidae Microphis brachyurus brachyurus (Bleeker, 1853)

A,M,O 5229

Microphis brevidorsalis (de Beaufort, 1913)

M,O 5228, 5230

Microphis leiaspis (Beeker, 1853)

A,M 5231

Microphis retzii (Bleeker, 1856)

A 5232

Scorpaenidae Tetraroge niger (Cuvier, 1829)

A 5233

Ambassidae Ambassis miops Günther 1872

A,M,O 5235

Teraponidae Mesopristes kneri (Bleeker, 1876)

A,M 5236

174

Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775)

M, O -

Kuhliidae Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier, 1829)

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H, L,M, N, O, Q 5237

Kuhhia munda (De Vis, 1884)

A,M,N,O 5238

Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepède, 1802)

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H, L, M, N, O, Q,R 5239

Apogonidae Apogon amboinensis (Bleeker, 1853)

A 5240

Apogon lateralis Valenciennes, 1832

A 5241

Carangidae Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825

A,L,M,O 5242

Leiognathidae Gazza minuta (Bloch 1795) A 5442 Leiognathus equulus (Forsskål, 1775)

A 5243, 5244

Leiognathus fasciatus (Lacepède, 1803)

M 5245

Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier 1829)

A 5443

Lutjanidae Lutjanus argentimaculatus(Forsskål, 1775)

A,M 5246

Lutjanus fulvus (Forster, 1801)

A,M,O 5247

Lutjanus russellii (Bleeker, 1849)

A,M 5248

Gerreidae Gerres longirostris (Lacepède, 1801)

A 5249

Haemulidae Plectorhinchus gibbosus Lacepède, 1802

M 5250

Mullidae Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829

A 5444

Upeneus vittatus (Forsskål, 1775)

M 5251

Monodactylidae Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758)

A,M 5252

Scatophagidae Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766)

A 5253

Cichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)

B,L,R,S,T,U 5284

Mugilidae Liza macrolepis (Smith, 1846)

A 5445

Liza subviridis (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836)

A,M 5254

175

Valamugil buchanani (Bleeker, 1854)

A 5446

Valamugil cunnesius (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836)

A 5441

Valamugil engeli (Bleeker ,1858)

A 5255

Sphyraenidae Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829

A 5448

Gobiidae -Gobiinae Psammogobius biocellatus

(Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837)

A,M 5260 and AMS 1. 43172 - 001

-Gobionellinae Awaous guamensis (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837)

S,T,U 5452

Awaous ocellaris (Broussonet, 1792)

A,C,D,F,G,H,L,M,O 5256

Glossogobius sp. 1 A,L,M 5257 and AMS 1. 43171- 001

Redigobius bikolanus (Herre, 1927)

M 5261

Redigobius leveri (Fowler, 1943)

A,M,N,O.Q 5262

Schismatogobius vitiensisJenkins and Boseto, 2005

A,B,C,M 5120

Stenogobius sp. 1 A,B,M 5268 Oxudercinae Periophthalmus kalolo

Lesson 1831M 5259

-Sicydiinae Lentipes kaaea Watson, Keith and Marquet, 2002

P 5258

Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Lacepède 1800)

A,B,C,D,F,G,K,M,N,O,P,Q,S,T,U 5263, 5264

Sicyopus zosterophorum (Bleeker, 1856-57)

O,P,Q 5265

Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp.

N,P 5266

New genus, new species M,P 5267

Stiphodon rutilaureus Watson, 1996

A, D,E,F,G,H,M,N,O,P 5269

Stiphodon sp. 1 A,M,O,P,Q 5271 Stiphodon sp. 2 A,M,N,O,P 5270

Eleotridae - Butinae Bostrychus sinensis

Lacepède 1801A 5273

Ophiocara porocephala (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837)

A 5280 and AMS 1. 43173 - 001

176

- Eleotrinae Belobranchus belobranchus (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837)

C,E,F,G,M,N,O 5272

Bunaka gyrinoides (Bleeker,1853)

A,L 5274

Eleotris fusca (Forster, 1801)

A,L,M,N,Q 5275

Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker, 1852

A,B,M,N,O 5276

Giurus hoedti (Bleeker,1854)

A,O 5277

Giurus margaritacea (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837)

A,L,M 5278, 5450

Hypseleotris guentheri (Bleeker, 1875)

A,M,O 5279

Siganidae Siganus vermiculatus (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837)

A,M 5281

Tetraodontidae Arothron reticularis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

A 5282

Diodontidae Diodon liturosus Shaw, 1804

M 5283

177

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land

s

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 5

86

Am

bass

idae

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bass

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aiva

sens

is

Riv

er fl

owin

g in

to S

uva

Har

bour

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ar-2

9

CA

S 24

835

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bass

idae

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bass

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aiva

sens

is

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eta

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er.

Mar

-29

Fo

wle

r 195

9

Am

bass

idae

Am

bass

is v

aiva

sens

isN

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

R

yan

1980

Am

bass

idae

Am

bass

is v

aiva

sens

is

Suva

M

ar-2

9

CA

S 59

69

Ang

uilli

dae

Angu

illa

aust

ralis

K

anac

ea Is

land

Fo

wle

r 195

9; R

yan

1980

: 59;

Le

wis

and

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g 19

86

Ang

uilli

dae

Angu

illa

aust

ralis

K

adav

u Is

land

Fo

wle

r 195

9; R

yan

1980

: 59;

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Ang

uilli

dae

Angu

illa

aust

ralis

V

iti L

evu

Ege

1939

in B

eum

er 1

985

Ang

uilli

dae

Angu

illa

bico

lor b

icol

or

Fiji

Ege

1939

in B

eum

er 1

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uilli

dae

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illa

bico

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icol

or

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Jenk

ins a

nd B

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03

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uilli

dae

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illa

mar

mor

ata

Wai

nika

vika

Cre

ek, t

rib o

f Nav

ua R

iver

Se

p-86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Ang

uilli

dae

Angu

illa

mar

mor

ata

Nab

ukav

esi R

iver

, E L

ast R

iver

Se

p-86

47

-85

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

178

Ang

uilli

dae

Angu

illa

mar

mor

ata

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Fo

wle

r 195

9

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uilli

dae

Angu

illa

mar

mor

ata

Upp

er R

ewa

Riv

er

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

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oset

o 2

003

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uilli

dae

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illa

mar

mor

ata

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man

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iver

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2

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Col

lect

ions

200

2

Ang

uilli

dae

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illa

mar

mor

ata

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fluen

ce o

f Wai

nivo

di a

nd W

aini

savu

levu

R

iver

May

-77

Inst

Nat

. Res

ourc

es =

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uilli

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illag

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atew

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eto

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arm

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id-U

pper

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awak

awa

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er n

ear

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awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

54-

112

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

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nd

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eto

200

3A

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arm

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wer

Wai

niko

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iver

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r Nas

asa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

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ski

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nkin

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003

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uilli

dae

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illa

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mor

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iver

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Vill

age

Aug

-03

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Pogo

now

ski

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nkin

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oset

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003

Ang

uilli

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illa

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ka T

own

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ler 1

959

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uilli

dae

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illa

mar

mor

ata

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A

pr-3

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CA

S 55

94

Ang

uilli

dae

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illa

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mor

ata

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okor

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awa

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ek

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ler 1

959

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uilli

dae

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illa

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mor

ata

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avu

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nd

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ler 1

959

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uilli

dae

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illa

mar

mor

ata

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rai I

slan

d

Fo

wle

r 195

9

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uilli

dae

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illa

mar

mor

ata

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e 19

39 in

Beu

mer

198

5

Ang

uilli

dae

Angu

illa

mar

mor

ata

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lau

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1939

in B

eum

er 1

985

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uilli

dae

Angu

illa

mar

mor

ata

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awa

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1939

in B

eum

er 1

985

Ang

uilli

dae

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illa

mar

mor

ata

Kan

davu

= K

adav

u

Fo

wle

r 195

9

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uilli

dae

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illa

mar

mor

ata

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rai

Fow

ler 1

959

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uilli

dae

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illa

meg

asto

ma

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e 19

39 in

Beu

mer

198

5

Ang

uilli

dae

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illa

mar

mor

ata

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ealta

B

eum

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985

Ang

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illa

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mor

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ribut

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mer

198

5

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uilli

dae

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mar

mor

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ek

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mer

198

5

Ang

uilli

dae

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illa

meg

asto

ma

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idaw

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iver

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eum

er 1

985

Ang

uilli

dae

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illa

meg

asto

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Kan

athe

a =

Kan

acea

Fo

wle

r 195

9

Ang

uilli

dae

Angu

illa

meg

asto

ma

Nad

urul

oulo

u re

sear

ch st

atio

n po

nds

Sep-

01

W

etla

nds T

rain

ing

Col

lect

ions

200

1

Ang

uilli

dae

Angu

illa

obsc

ura

La

mi R

iver

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ay-8

2

USN

M 0

0259

990

Ang

uilli

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illa

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ura

W

aim

anu

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er

Dec

-02

FI

T C

olle

ctio

ns 2

002

179

Ang

uilli

dae

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illa

obsc

ura

Lo

kia

Cre

ek

QM

I.25

649

Ang

uilli

dae

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illa

obsc

ura

D

obui

levu

R n

ear r

esea

rch

stat

ion

Sep-

86

38

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Ang

uilli

dae

Angu

illa

obsc

ura

N

adur

ulou

lou

rese

arch

stat

ion

pond

s Se

p-01

USP

495

3

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uilli

dae

Angu

illa

obsc

ura

N

adur

ulou

lou

drai

nage

Se

p-86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Ang

uilli

dae

Angu

illa

obsc

ura

To

toya

Isla

nd

Apr

82

U

SNM

002

5998

9

Ang

uilli

dae

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illa

obsc

ura

M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

85-

123

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3 A

ngui

llida

eAn

guill

a ob

scur

a

Wai

nika

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ek

QM

I.25

651

Ang

uilli

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illa

obsc

ura

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acea

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nd

Fow

ler 1

959

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uilli

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39 in

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mer

198

5

Ang

uilli

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illa

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ura

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athe

a =K

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land

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e 19

39 in

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mer

198

5

Ang

uilli

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illa

obsc

ura

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ta

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mer

198

5

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uilli

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ribut

ory

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ewa

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Beu

mer

198

5

Ang

uilli

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198

5

Ang

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tera

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82

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May

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82

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ay-8

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angi

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wis

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86

Car

angi

dae

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anx

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reek

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ay-6

5

CA

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412

Car

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CA

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Car

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va

1979

-198

0

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0176

665

Car

angi

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anx

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Fi

ji Is

land

s

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Car

angi

dae

Car

anx

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mav

ua R

iver

W

aqai

ratu

200

3

Car

angi

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Car

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id R

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Rya

n 19

80, a

fter H

erre

193

6

Car

angi

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W

aim

anu

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Dec

-02

FI

T C

olle

ctio

ns 2

002

Car

angi

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va

1982

USN

M 0

0260

045

Car

angi

dae

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ides

tol

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nds

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Car

char

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char

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s leu

cas

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80

180

Car

char

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dae

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mia

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arch

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id R

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Fo

wle

r 195

9: 5

69

Car

char

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dae

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char

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Low

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asav

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iver

nea

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3

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gono

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200

3C

entra

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s U

pper

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i Riv

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Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

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nkin

s and

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oset

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003

Cen

trarc

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icro

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A

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CA

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84

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82

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land

s

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g 19

86

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H

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193

6

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hlid

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Upp

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J. Po

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id B

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200

3C

ichl

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sam

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Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

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nkin

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003

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hlid

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is m

ossa

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Low

er S

igat

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er

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

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nkin

s and

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oset

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003

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ossa

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Con

fluen

ce o

f Wai

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aini

savu

levu

R

iver

May

-77

Inst

Nat

. Res

ourc

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hlid

aeO

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is m

ossa

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cus

Mid

-Upp

er N

akaw

akaw

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iver

nea

r N

akaw

akaw

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illag

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ug-0

3

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gono

wsk

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nd

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eto

200

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ichl

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MN

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asav

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Lew

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ring

1986

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200

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id-u

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ek

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04

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nkin

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181

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g 19

86

Clu

peid

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May

-82

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Lew

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ring

1986

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Le

wis

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Rew

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Col

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86

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Eleo

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ay 8

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CA

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6534

Eleo

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n po

nds

Sep-

01

U

SP 4

959

Eleo

trida

eBu

naka

gyr

inoi

des

Nay

arab

ale

Riv

er

Sep-

86

B

oren

198

6

Eleo

trida

eBu

naka

gyr

inoi

des

Fiji

BM

NH

187

9.6.

25.4

Eleo

trida

eBu

tis a

mbo

inen

sis

Kub

una

Cre

ek

Aug

-63

USN

M 0

0272

625

Eleo

trida

eBu

tis b

utis

Nal

ase

Cre

ek

W

aqai

ratu

200

3

Eleo

trida

eBu

tis b

utis

Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

R

yan

1980

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

R

yan

1980

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Kub

una

Cre

ek

Aug

-63

U

SNM

002

4215

9

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Suva

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

46

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Nay

arab

ale

Riv

er

Sep-

86

B

oren

198

6

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Dob

uile

vu R

iver

nea

r res

earc

h st

atio

n Se

p-86

24

5 Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Wai

man

u R

iver

D

ec-0

2

FIT

Col

lect

ions

200

2

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Nad

urul

oulo

u re

sear

ch st

atio

n po

nds

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Wai

sere

Cre

ek, T

aile

vu

Sep-

01

U

SP 5

301

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Levu

ka T

own

BM

NH

187

9.5.

14.5

36 -

537

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Tavu

ki C

reek

in K

adav

u D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Nas

egai

Riv

er in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

182

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Nuk

unuk

u C

reek

, Lak

eba

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Vak

ano

Cre

ek, L

akeb

a D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Wai

niba

u C

reek

, Tav

euni

R

yan

1980

: 64

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Viti

Lev

u, in

swam

p M

ar-2

9

USN

M 0

0082

916

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Suva

Fo

wle

r, 19

59: 4

46

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Ova

lau

Isla

nd, L

evuk

a

Fo

wle

r, 19

59: 4

46

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is fu

sca

Nar

okor

okay

awa

Cre

ek

Fow

ler,

1959

: 446

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

elan

osom

a K

oroi

vonu

Riv

er, n

ear

Nal

a V

illag

e (N

atew

a Pe

nisu

lar)

A

ug-0

3

Pogo

now

ski 2

003

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

elan

osom

a W

aim

anu

Riv

er

Dec

-02

FI

T C

olle

ctio

ns 2

002

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

elan

osom

a Lo

wer

Sig

atok

a R

iver

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3 El

eotri

dae

Eleo

tris

mel

anos

oma

Sa

vura

Cre

ek

Sep-

01

U

SP 4

954

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

elan

osom

a

Nad

urul

oulo

u re

sear

ch st

atio

n po

nds

Sep-

01

U

SP 4

954

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

elan

osom

a N

alas

e C

reek

W

aqai

ratu

200

3

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

elan

osom

a R

iver

flow

ing

into

Suv

a H

arbo

ur

Mar

-29

C

AS

2494

2

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

elan

osom

a Su

va

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

46

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

elan

osom

a N

adur

ulou

lou

drai

nage

Se

p-86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

elan

osom

a V

akan

o C

reek

, Lak

eba

Dec

-03

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

elan

osom

a N

ukun

ikul

a C

reek

N

ov-8

6

Beu

mer

198

6

Eleo

trida

eG

iuru

s hoe

dti

Low

er S

igat

oka

Riv

er

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Eleo

trida

eG

iuru

s hoe

dti

Nad

urul

oulo

u re

sear

ch st

atio

n po

nds

Sep-

01

U

SP 4

951

Eleo

trida

eG

iuru

s hoe

dti

Nam

ara

Riv

er n

ear

Sani

ma

Vill

age

in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Eleo

trida

eG

iuru

s hoe

dti

Kab

arik

i Cre

ek n

ear N

abuk

elev

u (K

adav

u)

Dec

-03

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Eleo

trida

eG

iuru

s hoe

dti

Low

er W

aini

koro

Riv

er n

ear N

asas

a V

illag

e A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3 El

eotri

dae

Giu

rus h

oedt

i R

ewa

Riv

er

Fow

ler 1

959:

449

Eleo

trida

eG

iuru

s hoe

dti

Wai

sai C

reek

Se

p-04

Jenk

ins 2

004

Eleo

trida

eO

phio

cara

apo

ros =

O

phie

leot

ris a

poro

s So

vi R

iver

Se

p-86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Eleo

trida

eO

phio

cara

apo

ros =

O

phie

leot

ris a

poro

sW

aim

anu

Riv

er

Dec

-02

FI

T C

olle

ctio

ns 2

002

183

Eleo

trida

eO

phio

cara

apo

ros =

O

phie

leot

ris a

poro

sN

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

Rya

n 19

80

Eleo

trida

eO

phio

cara

apo

ros =

O

phie

leot

ris a

poro

sSu

va

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

49

Eleo

trida

eO

phio

cara

apo

ros =

O

phie

leot

ris a

poro

sK

anac

ea Is

land

Fow

ler 1

959:

449

Eleo

trida

eO

phio

cara

apo

ros =

O

phie

leot

ris a

poro

sO

vala

u Is

land

Fow

ler 1

959:

449

Eleo

trida

eG

iuru

s mar

gari

tace

a Si

gato

ka R

iver

Fo

wle

r 195

9

Eleo

trida

eG

iuru

s mar

gari

tace

a N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

R

yan

1980

Eleo

trida

eG

iuru

s mar

gari

tace

a M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Eleo

trida

eLa

irdi

na h

ople

tupu

s = G

iuru

s m

arga

rita

cea

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

955

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

K

anac

ea Is

land

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

58 &

608

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

V

iti L

evu,

in sw

amp

Fow

ler 1

959:

458

& 6

08

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

D

obui

levu

R n

ear r

esea

rch

stat

ion

Sep-

86

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

Lo

wer

Sig

atok

a R

iver

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3 El

eotri

dae

Hyp

sele

otri

s gue

nthe

ri

Wai

man

u R

iver

D

ec-0

2

FIT

Col

lect

ions

200

2

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

W

aiba

u C

reek

, trib

of W

aim

anu

Riv

er

Dec

-85

126

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

W

aise

re C

reek

, Tai

levu

Se

p-01

USP

529

1

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

N

aseg

ai R

iver

in K

adav

u D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

Ta

vuki

Cre

ek in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

V

akan

o C

reek

, Lak

eba

Dec

-03

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

To

bou

Cre

ek, L

akeb

a D

ec-0

3 W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

N

ukun

uku

Cre

ek, L

akeb

a D

ec-0

3 W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

M

id B

uca

Riv

er (N

atew

a)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

K

oroi

vonu

Riv

er n

ear

Nal

a V

illag

e (N

atew

a Pe

nisu

lar)

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3El

eotri

dae

Hyp

sele

otri

s gue

nthe

ri

Mid

-Upp

er N

akaw

akaw

a R

iver

nea

r N

akaw

akaw

a V

illag

e A

ug-0

3 12

1-18

0J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

Lo

wer

Nas

avu

Riv

er n

ear V

itina

Vill

age

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

N

ayar

abal

e R

iver

Se

p-86

Bor

en 1

986

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

N

abuk

aves

i Cre

ek

Fow

ler 1

959:

458

& 6

08

Eleo

trida

eH

ypse

leot

ris g

uent

heri

W

aisa

i Cre

ek

Sep-

04

Jenk

ins 2

004

184

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

acro

lepi

dota

=

Oph

ioca

ra m

acro

lepi

dotu

s O

vala

u Is

land

Gün

ther

188

0 in

Fow

ler 1

959:

45

0El

eotri

dae

Oph

ioca

ra m

acro

lepi

dotu

s Fi

jiW

hitle

y 19

27

Eleo

trida

eO

phio

cara

mac

role

pido

tus

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

927,

193

1 an

d 19

34

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is c

anto

ris =

O

phio

cara

mac

role

pido

tus

Kan

athi

a =

Kan

acea

Isla

nd

K

ner 1

868;

Sch

mel

tz 1

869;

Pö

hl 1

884

in F

owle

r 195

9:

450

Eleo

trida

eO

phio

cara

por

ocep

hala

=

Oph

ioca

ra m

acro

lepi

dotu

s Su

va

H

erre

193

6

Eleo

trida

eO

phio

cara

por

ocep

hala

W

aina

doi R

iver

J

un 8

2

USN

M 0

0259

779

Eleo

trida

eO

phio

cara

por

ocep

hala

K

anac

ea Is

land

Fow

ler 1

959:

450

Eleo

trida

eO

phio

cara

por

ocep

hala

Su

va

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

50

Eleo

trida

eO

xyel

eotr

is m

arm

orat

a Ta

mav

ua R

iver

Wai

qaira

tu 2

003

Eleo

trida

eO

xyel

eotr

is m

arm

orat

a Fi

ji

Whi

tley

1927

Eleo

trida

eO

xyel

eotr

is m

arm

orat

a Fi

ji

Fow

ler 1

928

and

1931

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

arm

orat

a =

O

xyel

eotr

is m

arm

orat

a N

eva

Riv

er =

Rew

a R

iver

Sc

hmel

tz 1

965

in F

owle

r 19

59: 4

52

Eleo

trida

eEl

eotr

is m

arm

orat

a =

O

xyel

eotr

is m

arm

orat

a V

iti

Pöhl

188

4 in

Fow

ler 1

959:

45

2El

eotri

dae

Oxy

eleo

tris

mar

mor

ata

Mid

Rew

a R

iver

R

yan

1980

Eleo

trida

eO

xyel

eotr

is m

arm

orat

a W

aim

anu

Riv

er

Dec

-02

FI

T C

olle

ctio

ns 2

002

Engr

aulid

aeTh

ryss

a ba

elam

aK

ubun

a C

reek

A

ug-6

3

USN

M 0

0258

494

Engr

aulid

aeTh

ryss

a ba

elam

a Fi

ji Is

land

s

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Ephi

ppid

ae

Plat

ax o

rbic

ular

is

Tobe

rua

Isla

nd

May

-65

U

SNM

002

7637

2

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

obiu

s can

inua

=

Acen

trog

obiu

s can

inus

N

amus

i = N

amos

i Pro

vinc

e

Fow

ler 1

959:

468

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Ac

entr

ogob

ius c

anin

us

Naq

ara

Isla

nd

Jun

82

U

SNM

002

4321

6

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Ac

entr

ogob

ius s

ulue

nsis

So

uth

Dra

unib

ota

Isla

nd

May

-65

U

SNM

003

2915

6

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

obiu

s fus

cus =

Bat

hygo

bius

fu

scus

Suva

Poi

nt

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

72

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

obiu

s fus

cus =

Bat

hygo

bius

fu

scus

Ova

lau

Isla

nd

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

72

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Ba

thyg

obiu

s hon

gkon

gens

is

Naq

ara

isla

nd

Jun

82

U

SNM

002

4179

3

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

obiu

s pet

roph

ilus v

ar.

ocel

latu

s = B

athy

gobi

us

pada

ngen

sis

Nam

usi =

Nam

osi P

rovi

nce

Fow

ler 1

959:

467

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

C

arag

obiu

s uro

lepi

s N

aqar

a Is

land

J

un 8

2

USN

M 0

0241

794

185

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Ap

pari

us a

uroc

ingu

lus

=C

teno

gobi

ops a

uroc

ingu

lus

Ova

lau

Isla

nd

Her

re 1

936

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

obiu

s aur

ocin

gulu

s =

Cte

nogo

biop

s aur

ocin

gulu

s Fi

ji M

ar-2

9

Fow

ler 1

959:

612

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius b

icir

rhos

us

Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

U

SNM

002

5953

4

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius c

eleb

ius

Riv

er fl

owin

g in

to S

uva

Har

bour

R

yan

1980

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius c

eleb

ius

Riv

er fl

owin

g in

to S

uva

Har

bour

M

ar-2

9

CA

S 24

892;

Fow

ler 1

959:

48

3G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Glo

ssog

obiu

s cel

ebiu

s V

utin

i Cre

ek

Jun-

01

p

ers c

om. S

atya

n La

l 200

1

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius c

eleb

ius

Mid

Rew

a R

iver

A

MS

I .27

052-

001

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius c

eleb

ius

Mid

Rew

a R

iver

M

ar-2

9

CA

S 24

871;

Fow

ler 1

959:

48

3G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Glo

ssog

obiu

s cel

ebiu

s

Sovi

Riv

er

1987

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius c

eleb

ius

M

id B

uca

Riv

er (

Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius c

eleb

ius

M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius c

eleb

ius

D

avut

u R

iver

mid

of

Wai

nunu

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Glo

ssog

obiu

s cel

ebiu

s

Kau

vula

Riv

er, L

ekut

u

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius c

eleb

ius

Lo

wer

Wai

niko

ro R

iver

nea

r Nas

asa

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Nay

arab

ale

Riv

er

Sep-

86

B

oren

198

6

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Mid

Buc

a R

iver

(N

atew

a Pe

nisu

lar)

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Glo

ssog

obiu

s sp.

1K

oroi

vonu

Riv

er, N

ala

Vill

age

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Wai

bau

Cre

ek, t

rib o

f Wai

man

u R

iver

Fe

b-86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Nab

ukav

esi R

iver

, E L

ast R

iver

Se

p-86

62

-97

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius s

p. 1

èR

iver

flow

ing

into

Suv

a H

arbo

ur

Fow

ler 1

959:

483

; Rya

n 19

80

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

O

plop

omus

opl

opom

us

Sout

h D

raun

ibot

a Is

land

M

ay-6

5

USN

M 0

0342

615

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Pa

lutr

us sc

apul

opun

ctat

us

Fiji

Isla

nds

Fow

ler 1

959:

611

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Ps

amm

ogob

ius b

ioce

llatu

s R

iver

flow

ing

into

Suv

a H

arbo

ur

Mar

-29

C

AS

2484

5

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius b

ioce

llatu

s =

Psam

mog

obiu

s bio

cella

tus

Riv

er fl

owin

g in

to S

uva

Har

bour

H

erre

193

6

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius g

iuru

s =

Psam

mog

obiu

s bio

cella

tus

Riv

er fl

owin

g in

to S

uva

Har

bour

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

83;

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Ps

amm

ogob

ius b

ioce

llatu

s N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2

USN

M 0

0259

782

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Ps

amm

ogob

ius b

ioce

llatu

s N

aqar

a Is

land

J

un 8

2

USN

M 0

0241

797

186

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Ps

amm

ogob

ius b

ioce

llatu

s K

adav

u Is

land

M

ay 8

2

USN

M 0

0243

081

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Ps

amm

ogob

ius b

ioce

llatu

s K

oroi

vonu

Riv

er, N

ala

Vill

age

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Ps

amm

ogob

ius b

ioce

llatu

s K

auvu

la R

iver

nea

r Lek

utu

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Ps

amm

ogob

ius b

ioce

llatu

s R

iver

flow

ing

into

Suv

a H

arbo

ur

Rya

n 19

80

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

obiu

s neb

ulos

us

=Yo

ngei

chth

ys n

ebul

osus

N

amus

i = N

amos

i Pro

vinc

e Fo

wle

r 195

9

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us g

uam

ensi

s. N

akas

alek

a C

reek

nea

r Nak

oron

awa

Vill

age

in K

adav

u D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us g

uam

ensi

s N

adur

ulou

lou

drai

nage

Se

p-86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us g

uam

ensi

s

Nad

ariv

atu

Riv

er

1994

AM

S IB

.265

1

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us g

uam

ensi

s N

abuk

aves

i Riv

er, E

Las

t Riv

er

Sep-

86

84-8

9 Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us g

uam

ensi

s Sa

vura

Cre

ek

Sep-

01

U

SP 4

960

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us g

uam

ensi

s O

vala

u Is

land

B

MN

H 1

856.

9.4.

84

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Cho

noph

orus

gua

men

sis

=Aw

aous

gua

men

sis

Nar

okor

okoy

awa

Riv

er

Fow

ler 1

959:

474

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Gob

ius c

rass

ilabr

is =

Aw

aous

gua

men

sis

Nam

usi =

Nam

osi P

rovi

nce

Fow

ler 1

959:

474

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Gob

ius c

rass

ilabr

is =

Aw

aous

gua

men

sis

Kan

athi

a =

Kan

acea

Isla

nd

Fow

ler 1

959:

474

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Gob

ius c

rass

ilabr

is =

Aw

aous

gua

men

sis

Ova

lau

Isla

nd

Fow

ler 1

959:

474

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Gob

ius

ocel

lari

s =Aw

aous

gu

amen

sis

Nev

a =

Rew

a R

iver

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

74

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Cho

noph

orus

oce

llari

s =

Awao

us g

uam

ensi

s Fi

jiW

hitle

y 19

27

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us m

elan

ocep

halu

s V

iti L

evu

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us o

cella

ris

Dob

uile

vu R

nea

r res

earc

h st

atio

n Se

p-86

72

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us o

cella

ris

Mid

Buc

a R

iver

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

) A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3 G

obiid

ae;

Gob

ione

llina

eAw

aous

oce

llari

s So

vi R

iver

Se

p-86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us o

cella

ris

Kau

vula

Riv

er n

ear

Leku

tu

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s an

dB

oset

o20

03G

obiid

ae;

Gob

ione

llina

eAw

aous

oce

llari

s K

anac

ea Is

land

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

74, 6

14

187

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us o

cella

ris

Ova

lau

Isla

nd

Fow

ler 1

959:

474

, 614

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us o

cella

ris

Nab

ukav

esi C

reek

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

74, 6

14

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us o

cella

ris

Nam

osi P

rovi

nce

Fow

ler 1

959:

474

, 614

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us o

cella

ris

Rew

a R

iver

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

74, 6

14

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us o

cella

ris

Wai

nasa

vule

vu C

reek

at W

aiba

saga

R

yan

1980

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us o

cella

ris

Mid

Rew

a R

iver

M

ar-2

9

CA

S 24

893

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us o

cella

ris

Upp

er R

ewa

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Awao

us o

cella

ris

Wai

bau

Cre

ek, t

rib o

f Wai

man

u R

iver

Fe

b-86

46

-78

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Gob

ius n

otos

pilu

s =

Mug

ilogo

bius

not

ospi

lus

Nam

usi =

Nam

osi P

rovi

nce

Fow

ler 1

959:

469

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Stig

mat

ogob

ius h

oeve

nii =

M

ugilo

gobi

us n

otos

pilu

sV

iti L

evu

Fow

ler 1

959:

610

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Oxy

uric

hthy

s oph

thal

mon

ema

K

ubun

a C

reek

M

ay-6

5

USN

M 0

0238

969

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Oxy

uric

hthy

s ten

tacu

lari

sN

aqar

a Is

land

J

un 8

2 U

SNM

002

5975

2

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Redi

gobi

us b

ikol

anus

R

iver

flow

ing

into

Suv

a H

arbo

ur

Mar

-29

C

AS

2443

3

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Redi

gobi

us b

ikol

anus

W

aisa

i Cre

ek

Sep-

04

Je

nkin

s 200

4

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Redi

gobi

us le

veri

W

aini

vesi

Riv

er

Fow

ler 1

959:

610

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Redi

gobi

us le

veri

M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Vaim

osa

leve

ri =

Red

igob

ius

leve

riFi

ji

Fo

wle

r 194

3

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Gob

ius l

ever

i = R

edig

obiu

s le

veri

Riv

er n

ear S

uva

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 6

09

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Redi

gobi

us le

veri

Ta

mav

ua R

iver

W

aqai

ratu

200

3

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Redi

gobi

us le

veri

U

pper

Dre

keti

Riv

er n

ear S

aivo

u V

illag

e A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3G

obiid

ae;

Gob

ione

llina

eRe

digo

bius

leve

ri

Dav

utu

Riv

er n

ear W

ainu

nu

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Gob

ius r

oem

eri =

Red

igob

ius

roem

eri

Riv

er n

ear S

uva

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 6

09

188

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Redi

gobi

us sp

. 1K

auvu

la R

iver

nea

r Lek

utu

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3G

obiid

ae;

Gob

ione

llina

eSc

hmat

ogob

ius v

itien

sis

Kor

oivo

nu R

iver

Nal

a V

illag

e (N

atew

a Pe

nisu

lar)

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3G

obiid

ae;

Gob

ione

llina

eSc

hmat

ogob

ius v

itien

sis

Mid

Buc

a R

iver

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Schm

atog

obiu

s viti

ensi

s K

auvu

la R

iver

nea

r Lek

utu

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Sten

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Nad

urul

oulo

u dr

aina

ge

Sep-

86

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Sten

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

R

yan

1980

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Sten

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Low

er S

igat

oka

Riv

er

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Sten

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Nab

ukav

esi R

iver

, E L

ast R

iver

Se

p-86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Sten

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Lau

Isla

nd

Apr

82

U

SNM

002

5973

6

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Sten

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Kor

oivo

nu R

iver

Nal

a V

illag

e (N

atew

a Pe

nisu

lar)

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Sten

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Mid

-Upp

er N

akaw

akaw

a R

iver

nea

r N

akaw

akaw

a V

illag

e A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3G

obiid

ae;

Gob

ione

llina

eSt

enog

obiu

s sp.

1Ta

vuki

Cre

ek in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Sten

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Mid

Buc

a R

iver

(N

atew

a Pe

nisu

la)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Sten

ogob

ius s

p. 1

Kau

vula

Riv

er n

ear L

ekut

u A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3G

obiid

ae;

Gob

ione

llina

eSt

enog

obiu

s sp.

1R

ewa

Riv

er

Fow

ler 1

959:

476

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Gob

ius s

adan

undi

o =

St

igm

atog

obiu

s sad

anun

dio

K

anat

hia

= K

anac

ea I

slan

d

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 4

68

Gob

iidae

;G

obio

nelli

nae

Stig

mat

ogob

ius s

adan

undi

o

Viti

Lev

u

R

ainb

oth

1996

Gob

iidae

, Oxu

derc

inae

Pe

riop

htha

lmod

on b

arba

rus

Bur

eta

Riv

er

Fow

ler 1

959:

490

Gob

iidae

, Oxu

derc

inae

Pe

riop

htha

lmod

on b

arba

rus

Suva

Fow

ler 1

959:

490

G

obiid

ae; O

xude

rcin

ae

Peri

opht

halm

us

arge

ntili

neat

us

Ellin

gton

Riv

er, P

enan

g in

Rak

iraki

Ju

ne-2

2

USN

M 0

0278

368

Gob

iidae

; Oxu

derc

inae

Pe

riop

htha

lmus

ar

gent

iline

atus

N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2

USN

M 0

0256

565

Gob

iidae

; Oxu

derc

inae

Pe

riop

htha

lmus

ar

gent

iline

atus

K

adav

u Is

land

M

ay 8

2

USN

M 0

0279

332

189

Gob

iidae

; Oxu

derc

inae

Pe

riop

htha

lmus

kal

olo

N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

Rya

n 19

80

Gob

iidae

; Oxu

derc

inae

Pe

riop

htha

lmus

kal

olo

Naq

ara

Isla

nd

Jun

82

USN

M 0

0241

796

Gob

iidae

; Oxu

derc

inae

Pe

riop

htha

lmus

koe

lreu

teri

=

Peri

opht

halm

us k

alol

o R

ewa

Riv

er

Fow

ler 1

959

Gob

iidae

; Oxu

derc

inae

Pe

riop

htha

lmus

kal

olo

Kad

avu

Isla

nd

Mar

82

U

SNM

002

3885

6

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Lent

ipes

kaa

ea

Nak

asal

eka

Cre

ek n

ear N

akor

onaw

a V

illag

e in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus l

agoc

epha

lus

Kad

avu

Isla

nd

Fow

ler 1

959:

486

; Rya

n 19

80

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus l

agoc

epha

lus

Nam

osi P

rovi

nce

Fow

ler 1

959:

485

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus l

agoc

epha

lus

Nar

okor

okoy

awa

Cre

ek

Fow

ler 1

959:

485

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus l

agoc

epha

lus

Nad

ariv

atu

Riv

er

AM

S IB

.230

6

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus l

agoc

epha

lus

Upp

er S

igat

oka

Riv

er

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus l

agoc

epha

lus

Nak

avu

Cre

ek

Jan-

01

Wet

land

s Tra

inin

g C

olle

ctio

nsG

obiid

ae; S

icyd

iinae

Si

cyop

teru

s lag

ocep

halu

s So

vi R

iver

Se

p-86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus l

agoc

epha

lus

Nak

asal

eka

Cre

ek n

ear N

akor

onaw

a V

illag

e in

Kad

avu)

D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus l

agoc

epha

lus

Tavu

ki C

reek

in K

adav

u D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus l

agoc

epha

lus

Kab

arik

i Cre

ek n

ear

Nab

ukel

evu

(Kad

avu)

D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus l

agoc

epha

lus

Kau

vula

Cre

ek L

ekut

u

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus l

agoc

epha

lus

Fiji

Isla

nds

Rya

n 19

80

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus h

ickl

ingi

M

id R

ewa

Riv

er

AM

S IB

.194

9

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opus

zost

erop

horu

m

Wai

bau

Cre

ek, T

aveu

ni

Rya

n 19

91

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opus

zost

erop

horu

m

Nak

asal

eka

Cre

ek n

ear N

akor

onaw

a V

illag

e in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opus

zost

erop

horu

m

Nav

akam

otol

u C

reek

mid

of

Nav

onu

Vill

age

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

) A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3G

obiid

ae; S

icyd

iinae

Si

cyop

us zo

ster

opho

rum

M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opus

zost

erop

horu

m

Mid

Wai

nunu

Riv

er

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Sicy

opus

zost

erop

horu

m

Nak

asal

eka

Cre

ek n

ear N

akor

onaw

a V

illag

e in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n ru

tilau

reus

N

akav

u C

reek

Ja

n-01

W

etla

nds T

rain

ing

Col

lect

ions

190

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n ru

tilau

reus

N

akav

u C

reek

Ja

n-01

W

etla

nds T

rain

ing

Col

lect

ions

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n ru

tilau

reus

N

aseg

ai R

iver

in K

adav

u D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n ru

tilau

reus

N

akas

alek

a C

reek

nea

r Nak

oron

awa

Vill

age

in K

adav

u D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n ru

tilau

reus

K

abar

iki C

reek

nea

r Nab

ukal

evu

(Kad

avu)

D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n ru

tilau

reus

M

id B

uca

Riv

er (

Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n ru

tilau

reus

M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n ru

tilau

reus

M

id W

ainu

nu R

iver

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3G

obiid

ae; S

icyd

iinae

St

ipho

don

sp. 1

Nak

asal

eka

Cre

ek n

ear N

akor

onaw

a V

illag

e in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 1Ta

vuki

Cre

ek in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 1N

amar

a R

iver

nea

r San

imaV

illag

e in

kad

avu

Dec

-03

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 1K

abar

iki C

reek

nea

r Nab

ukal

evu

(Kad

avu)

D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 1K

oroi

vonu

Riv

er N

ala

Vill

age

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 1N

avak

amot

olu

Cre

ek m

id o

f N

avon

u V

illag

e (N

atew

a Pe

nisu

la)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 1M

id-W

ainu

nu R

iver

, V. L

evu

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 1N

akav

u C

reek

Ja

n-01

W

etla

nds T

rain

ing

Col

lect

ions

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 1M

id B

uca

Riv

er (N

atew

a Pe

nisu

lar)

, V. L

evu

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 1M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Sep-

03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 1W

aini

bau

Cre

ek, T

aveu

ni

1980

Rya

n 19

80

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 2Ta

vuki

Cre

ek in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 2N

amar

a R

iver

nea

r Sa

nim

a V

illag

e in

K

adav

uD

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 2N

akas

alek

a C

reek

nea

r Nak

oron

awa

Vill

age

in K

adav

u D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 2N

akav

u C

reek

Ja

n-01

W

etla

nds T

rain

ing

Col

lect

ions

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 2M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 2D

avut

u R

iver

, mid

- of

Wai

nunu

, V. L

evu

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

191

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 2N

akas

alek

a C

reek

nea

r Nak

oron

awa

Vill

age

in K

adav

u D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 2N

amar

a R

iver

nea

r Sa

nim

a V

illag

e in

K

adav

uD

ec-0

3W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 2N

avak

amot

olu

Cre

ek m

id o

f N

avon

u V

illag

e (N

atew

a Pe

nisu

la)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Gob

iidae

; Sic

ydiin

ae

Stip

hodo

n sp

. 2M

id W

ainu

nu R

iver

Se

p-03

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3H

aem

ulid

ae

Plec

torh

inch

us g

ibbo

sus

Kub

una

Cre

ek

May

-65

U

SNM

002

7365

3

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Hyp

orha

mph

us d

ussu

mie

ri

Bur

eta

Riv

er

Mar

-29

50

CA

S 24

994

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Hem

irha

mph

us e

ryth

rori

chus

=

Hyp

orha

mph

us d

ussu

mie

ri

Bur

eta

Riv

er

Fow

ler 1

959

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Hem

irha

mph

us e

ryth

rori

chus

=

Hyp

orha

mph

us d

ussu

mie

ri

Bur

eta

Riv

er

Mar

-29

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 1

02

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

chop

teru

s mac

ulos

us

=Ze

nach

opte

rus b

uffo

nis

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

chop

teru

s mac

ulos

us

=Ze

nach

opte

rus b

uffo

nis

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

959:

106

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

chop

teru

s mac

ulos

us

=Ze

nach

opte

rus b

uffo

nis

Suva

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 1

06

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

chop

teru

s dis

par

Low

er S

igat

oka

Riv

er

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

rcho

pter

us d

ispar

N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2

USN

M 0

0236

682

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

rcho

pter

us d

ispar

W

aina

doi R

iver

J

un 8

2

USN

M 0

0256

571

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

rcho

pter

us d

ispar

N

aqar

a Is

land

J

un 8

2

USN

M 0

0256

572

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

rcho

pter

us d

ispar

Su

va

1899

- 19

00

USN

M 0

0066

085

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

rcho

pter

us d

ispar

Su

va

Apr

-33

C

AS

5769

; Fow

ler,

1959

: 106

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

rcho

pter

us d

ispar

K

adav

u Is

land

M

ay 8

2

USN

M 0

0236

681

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

rcho

pter

us d

ispar

B

uret

a R

iver

M

ar-2

9

CA

S 24

816

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

rcho

pter

us d

ispar

B

uret

a R

iver

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 1

05

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

rcho

pter

us d

ispar

Q

awa

Riv

er

QM

I.98

19

Hem

iram

phid

ae

Zena

rcho

pter

us d

ispar

W

aini

kai C

reek

A

pr 8

3

USN

M 0

0266

907

Kuh

liida

eD

ules

mar

gina

tus =

Kuh

lia

mar

gina

taFi

ji

G

ünth

er 1

859

in F

owle

r 195

9 an

d Fo

wle

r 193

1, 1

934

and

1959

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Fiji

Bou

leng

er 1

895i

n Fo

wle

r 19

59, W

hitle

y 19

27, F

owle

r 19

28

192

Kuh

liida

eD

ules

mal

o =

Kuh

lia

mar

gina

taR

ewa

Riv

er

Schm

eltz

186

5 in

Fow

ler

1959

Kuh

liida

eD

ules

mal

o =

Kuh

lia

mar

gina

taV

iti

Pöhl

188

4 in

Fow

ler 1

959

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mal

o =

Kuh

lia

mar

gina

taV

iti L

evu

Bou

leng

er 1

895

in F

owle

r 19

59 a

nd W

hitle

y 19

27

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Low

er S

igat

oka

Riv

er

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Wai

nisu

su R

iver

Ju

l-02

D

Bos

eto

colle

ctio

n

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Wai

nisa

vule

vu C

reek

at W

aiba

saga

R

yan

1980

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Viti

Lev

u

B

MN

H 1

986.

6.6.

1

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Upp

er D

ama

Riv

er n

ear D

riti V

illag

e A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia m

argi

nata

M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Mid

Buc

a R

iver

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Kor

oivo

nu R

iver

, N

ala

Vill

age

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Kab

arik

i Riv

er n

ear

Nab

ukel

evu

(Kad

avu)

D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Wai

man

u R

iver

D

ec-0

2

FIT

Col

lect

ions

200

2

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Savu

ra C

reek

Se

p-01

USP

495

7

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Nas

egai

Riv

er in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Nak

asal

eka

Cre

ek n

ear N

akor

onaw

a V

illag

e in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mar

gina

ta

Tavu

ki C

reek

in K

adav

u D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

bilu

nula

ta =

Kuh

lia

mun

daFi

ji

R

yan

1980

and

200

0

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

bilu

nula

ta =

Kuh

lia

mun

daR

iver

flow

ing

into

Suv

a H

arbo

ur

Her

re 1

936

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mun

da

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

and

Fow

ler

1928

Kuh

liida

eD

ules

mun

da =

Kuh

lia m

unda

Fi

ji

Fo

wle

r 193

1, 1

934

and

1959

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

hum

ilis =

Kuh

lia

mun

daFi

ji

R

egan

191

3 in

Fow

ler 1

959

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mal

o =

Kuh

lia m

unda

Fi

ji

B

oule

nger

185

9 in

Fow

ler

1959

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

pro

xim

a =

Kuh

lia

mun

daFi

ji

K

enda

ll an

d G

olds

boro

ugh

1911

in F

owle

r 195

9 K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia m

unda

R

iver

flow

ing

into

Suv

a H

arbo

ur

Mar

-29

C

AS

2442

7 K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia m

unda

N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2

USN

M 0

0258

512

193

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mun

da

Low

er N

asav

u R

iver

nea

r Viti

na V

illag

e A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia m

unda

M

id W

ainu

nu R

iver

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia m

unda

M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mun

da

Mid

Buc

a R

iver

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mun

da

Wai

man

u R

iver

D

ec-0

2

FIT

Col

lect

ions

200

2

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mun

da

Nam

ara

Riv

er n

ear

Sani

ma

Vill

age

in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mun

da

Wai

sere

Cre

ek, T

aile

vu

Sep-

01

U

SP 5

296

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mun

da

Lau

Isla

nd

Apr

82

U

SNM

002

3669

0

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mun

da

Tobo

u C

reek

, Lak

eba

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

mun

da

Nak

asal

eka

Cre

ek n

ear N

akor

onaw

a V

illag

e in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Kuh

liida

eD

ules

rupe

stri

s = K

uhlia

ru

pest

ris

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

931,

193

4 an

d 19

59

Kuh

liida

eD

ules

rupe

stri

s = K

uhlia

ru

pest

ris

Ova

lau

Gün

ther

188

0 an

d 18

59 in

Fo

wle

r 195

9 K

uhlii

dae

Dul

es ru

pest

ris =

Kuh

lia

rupe

stri

sV

iti L

evu

Schm

eltz

187

4 in

Fow

ler

1959

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

Fi

ji

Bou

leng

er 1

895

in F

owle

r 19

59, W

hitle

y 19

27, a

nd

Fow

ler 1

928

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

R

ewa

Riv

er

Her

re 1

936

Kuh

liida

eTh

erap

on u

nico

lor =

Kuh

lia

rupe

stri

sK

anda

vu =

Kad

avu

Kne

r 186

8 in

Fow

ler 1

959

Kuh

liida

eTh

erap

on u

nico

lor =

Kuh

lia

rupe

stri

sFi

ji

W

hitle

y 19

28 in

Fow

ler 1

959

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

Su

va

Apr

-33

C

AS

5915

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

N

amar

a R

iver

nea

r Sa

nim

a V

illag

e in

K

adav

uD

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

K

oroi

vonu

Riv

er, N

ala

Vill

age

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

M

id B

uca

Riv

er (N

atew

a Pe

nisu

lar)

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia ru

pest

ris

Upp

er B

a R

iver

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia ru

pest

ris

Mid

-Upp

er N

akaw

akaw

a R

iver

nea

r N

akaw

akaw

a V

illag

e A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia ru

pest

ris

Wai

man

u R

iver

D

ec-0

2

FIT

Col

lect

ions

200

2

194

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

M

id W

ainu

nu R

iver

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia ru

pest

ris

Upp

er D

ama

Riv

er n

ear D

riti V

illag

e A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia ru

pest

ris

Low

er N

asav

u R

iver

nea

r Viti

na V

illag

e A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia ru

pest

ris

Inte

rior 7

05 m

B

MN

H 1

986.

6.6.

2

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

Sa

vura

Cre

ek

Sep-

01

U

SP 4

950

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

M

id R

ewa

Riv

er

B

MN

H 1

984.

11.6

.2-3

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

R

ewa

Riv

er m

outh

A

MS

I .24

637-

001

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

W

aini

susu

Riv

er

Jul-0

2

D B

oset

o co

llect

ion

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

U

pper

Rew

a R

iver

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3 K

uhlii

dae

Kuh

lia ru

pest

ris

Wai

sere

Cre

ek, T

aile

vu

Sep-

01

U

SP 5

294

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

N

aivu

tini a

nd W

aina

savu

la R

iver

Ju

l-02

D B

oset

o co

llect

ion

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

C

onflu

ence

of W

aini

vodi

and

Wai

nsav

ulev

u R

iver

May

-77

Inst

Nat

. Res

ourc

es =

IAS

Kuh

liida

eK

uhlia

rupe

stris

W

aisa

i Cre

ek

Sep-

04

Jenk

ins 2

004

Lact

ariid

ae

Lact

ariu

s lac

tari

us

Rew

a R

iver

mou

th

May

-82

U

SNM

002

5995

3

Leio

gnat

hida

e G

azza

min

uta

Fiji

Isla

nds

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Leio

gnat

hida

e Le

iogn

athu

s equ

ulus

Ta

mav

ua R

iver

W

aqai

ratu

200

3

Leio

gnat

hida

e Le

iogn

athu

s equ

ulus

N

alas

e C

reek

W

aqai

ratu

200

3

Leio

gnat

hida

e Le

iogn

athu

s equ

ula

=

Leio

gnat

hus e

quul

us

Bur

eta

Riv

er

Mar

-29

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 5

84

Leio

gnat

hida

e Le

iogn

athu

s fas

ciat

us

Fiji

Isla

nds

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Leio

gnat

hida

e Le

iogn

athu

s spl

ende

ns

Lauc

ala

Bay

J.

Seet

o pe

rs c

omm

..

Leth

rinid

ae

Leth

rinu

s har

ak

Wai

nado

i Riv

er

Jun

82

U

SNM

002

5939

0

Leth

rinid

ae

Leth

rinu

s har

ak

Kub

una

Cre

ek

May

-65

U

SNM

003

4943

4

Leth

rinid

ae

Leth

rinu

s har

ak

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

928,

193

1 an

d 19

33

Leth

rinid

ae

Leth

rinu

s har

ak

Suva

Jo

rdan

and

Dic

kson

190

8

Leth

rinid

ae

Leth

rinu

s har

ak

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

Leth

rinid

ae

Leth

rinu

s ret

icul

atus

K

ubun

a C

reek

A

ug-6

3

USN

M 0

0349

305

Leth

rinid

ae

Leth

rinu

s ret

icul

atus

Fi

ji

Fo

wle

r 192

8, 1

931

and

1933

Leth

rinid

ae

Leth

rinu

s moe

nsi =

Let

hrin

us

retic

ulat

usK

adav

u

G

ünth

er 1

880

in F

owle

r 195

9

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s arg

entim

acul

atus

Fi

ji

Fo

wle

r 192

8, 1

931

and

1934

195

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s arg

entim

acul

atus

Su

va

Her

re 1

936

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s arg

entim

acul

atus

N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2

USN

M 0

0258

890

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s arg

entim

acul

atus

N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

R

yan

1980

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s arg

entim

acul

atus

W

aina

doi R

iver

J

un 8

2

USN

M 0

0258

895

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s arg

entim

acul

atus

N

aqar

a Is

land

J

un 8

2

USN

M 0

0258

864

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s arg

entim

acul

atus

Ta

mav

ua R

iver

W

aqai

ratu

200

3

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s arg

entim

acua

latu

s W

aim

anu

Riv

er

Dec

-02

FI

T C

olle

ctio

ns 2

002

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s arg

entim

acul

atus

K

oroi

vonu

Riv

er, N

ala

Vill

age

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s arg

entim

acul

atus

M

id B

uca

Riv

er (N

atew

a Pe

nisu

lar)

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3Lu

tjani

dae

Lutia

nus f

ulvi

flam

ma

=

Lutja

nus f

ulvi

flam

ma

Fi

ji

H

erre

193

6

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s ful

vifla

mm

a

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

928,

193

1 an

d 93

4

Lutja

nida

eLu

tianu

s aur

eovi

ttatu

s =

Lutja

nus f

ulvi

flam

ma

Su

va

Jo

rdan

and

Dic

kson

187

9 in

Fo

wle

r 195

9 Lu

tjani

dae

Lutia

nus a

ureo

vitta

tus =

Lu

tjanu

s ful

vifla

mm

a Fi

ji

W

hitle

y 19

27

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s ful

vifla

mm

a

Kub

una

Cre

ek

Aug

-63

U

SNM

002

9838

1

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s ful

vus

Fiji

Isla

nds

Apr

-82

U

SNM

002

6004

2

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s ful

vus

Wai

nado

i Riv

er

Jun

82

U

SNM

002

5888

6

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s ful

vus

Kub

una

Cre

ek

May

-65

U

SNM

002

9841

1

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s ful

vus

Kub

una

Cre

ek

Aug

-63

U

SNM

002

9840

9

Lutja

nida

eLu

tianu

s gib

bus =

Lut

janu

s gi

bbus

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s gib

bus

Suva

Fo

wle

r 192

8, 1

931

and

1934

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s gib

bus

Rew

a R

iver

mou

th

May

-82

U

SNM

002

5995

1

Lutja

nida

eLu

tianu

s joh

nii =

Lut

janu

s jo

hnii

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s joh

nii

Suva

Fow

ler 1

928

and

1934

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s joh

nii

Tam

avua

Riv

er

Waq

aira

tu 2

003

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s lun

ulat

us

Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

U

SNM

002

5940

1

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s riv

ulat

us

Wai

nado

i Riv

er

Jun

82

U

SNM

002

5940

2

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s rus

selli

W

aina

doi R

iver

J

un 8

2

USN

M 0

0259

397

Lutja

nida

eLu

tjanu

s rus

selli

K

ubun

a C

reek

M

ay-6

5

USN

M 0

0292

116

Meg

alop

idae

M

egal

ops c

ypri

noid

es

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

196

Meg

alop

idae

M

egal

ops c

ypri

noid

es

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

928

and

1931

Meg

alop

idae

M

egal

ops c

ypri

noid

es

Suva

H

erre

193

6

Meg

alop

idae

M

egal

ops c

ypri

noid

es

Suva

G

ünth

er 1

880

in F

owle

r 195

9:

26M

egal

opid

ae

Meg

alop

s cyp

rino

ides

N

adur

ulou

lou

rese

arch

stat

ion

pond

s

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Meg

alop

idae

M

egal

ops c

ypri

noid

es

Ova

lau

Isla

nd

Gün

ther

188

0 in

Fow

ler 1

959:

26

Meg

alop

idae

M

egal

ops c

ypri

noid

es

Fiji

Isla

nds

Sep-

86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Mon

odac

tylid

ae

Pset

tus a

rgen

teus

=

Mon

odac

tylu

s arg

ente

us

Levu

ka

Gün

ther

188

0 in

Fow

ler 1

959

Mon

odac

tylid

ae

Mon

odac

tylu

s arg

ente

us

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

Mon

odac

tylid

ae

Mon

odac

tylu

s arg

ente

us

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

928,

193

1 an

d 19

34

Mon

odac

tylid

ae

Mon

odac

tylu

s arg

ente

us

Wai

nado

i Riv

er

Jun

82

U

SNM

002

5889

4

Mon

odac

tylid

ae

Mon

odac

tylu

s arg

ente

us

Ova

lau

Isla

nd

B

MN

H 1

879.

5.14

.338

Mor

ingu

idae

M

orin

gua

abbr

evia

ta

Viti

levu

Schm

rltz

1879

in F

owle

r 19

59M

orin

guid

ae

Mor

ingu

a ab

brev

iata

Fi

ji

Whi

tley

1927

Mor

ingu

idae

Ap

htha

lmic

hthy

s abb

revi

atus

=

Mor

ingu

a ab

brev

iata

N

ukul

au Is

land

Her

re 1

936

Mor

ingu

idae

Ra

tabo

ura

abbr

evia

te =

M

orin

gua

abbr

evia

ta

Nam

usi =

Nam

osi P

rovi

nce

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 6

8 fr

om F

owle

r 19

28M

orin

guid

ae

Mor

ingu

a m

acro

cepa

la =

M

orin

gua

mac

roce

phal

us

Kan

athe

a =

Kan

acea

Isla

nd

Gün

ther

191

0 in

Fow

ler 1

959:

67

Mor

ingu

idae

M

orin

gua

mac

roce

phal

a =

M

orin

gua

mac

roce

phal

us

Fiji

Her

re 1

936

Mor

ingu

idae

M

orin

gua

mac

roce

phal

a =

M

orin

gua

mac

roce

phal

us

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

959:

68

Mor

ingu

idae

Ap

htha

lmic

hthy

s m

acro

ceph

alus

= M

orin

gua

mac

roce

phal

us

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

928

Mor

ingu

idae

Ra

tabo

ura

mac

roce

phal

a =

M

orin

gua

mac

roce

phal

us

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

934

Mor

ingu

idae

N

eoco

nger

tube

rcul

atus

Lo

wer

Rew

a R

iver

C

AS

6026

1

Mug

ilida

eC

estr

aeus

plic

atili

s W

aim

ani R

iver

11

3 Fo

wle

r 195

9; R

yan,

198

0;

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

M

ugili

dae

Ces

trae

us p

licat

ilis

Fiji

Fo

wle

r 19

28, 1

931

and

1934

M

ugili

dae

Gon

osto

myx

us lo

a-lo

a =

C

estr

aeus

plic

atili

s W

ai M

anu

= W

aim

anu

M

acdo

nald

186

9 in

Fow

ler

1959

Mug

ilida

eAg

onos

tom

a pl

icat

ile =

C

estr

aeus

plic

atili

s V

iti

Schm

eltz

188

1 in

Fow

ler

1959

197

Mug

ilida

eAg

onos

tom

us lo

aloa

=

Ces

trae

us p

licat

ilis

Fiji

W

hitle

y 19

27

Mug

ilida

eC

reni

mug

il cr

enila

bis

Lau

Isla

nd

Apr

82

U

SNM

002

5971

3

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

tade

= C

reni

mug

il cr

enila

bis

Suva

Fo

wle

r 192

8 an

d 19

59

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

tade

= C

reni

mug

il cr

enila

bis

Nuk

ulau

Isla

nd

Fow

ler 1

949

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

deci

mra

diat

us =

C

reni

mug

il cr

enila

bis

Kan

davu

= K

adav

u

Sc

hmel

tz 1

869

and

Pöhl

188

4 in

Fow

ler 1

959

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

Kan

dave

nsis

=

Cre

nim

ugil

cren

ilabi

sFi

ji

W

hitle

y 19

27

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

kand

aven

sis =

C

reni

mug

il cr

enila

bis

Kan

davu

= K

adav

u

H

erre

193

6

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

mac

role

pis =

Liz

a m

acro

lepi

sSu

va

Fow

ler 1

928,

193

1, 1

934

and

1949

Mug

ilida

eLi

za tr

osch

eli =

Liz

a m

acro

lepi

sFi

ji

W

hitle

y 19

27

Mug

ilida

eLi

za tr

osch

eli =

Liz

a m

acro

lepi

sSu

va

Seal

e 19

35 a

nd H

erre

193

6

Mug

ilida

eLi

za m

acro

lepi

s To

bou

Cre

ek, L

akeb

a D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Mug

ilida

eLi

za m

elin

opte

ra

Kad

avu

Isla

nd

B

MN

H 1

877.

4.18

.2

Mug

ilida

eLi

za m

elin

opte

ra

Wai

man

u R

iver

D

ec-0

2 48

FI

T C

olle

ctio

ns 2

002

Mug

ilida

eLi

za m

elin

opte

ra

Rew

a de

lta

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Mug

ilida

eLi

za m

elin

opte

ra

Suva

Jord

an a

nd D

icks

on 1

908

and

Her

re 1

936

Mug

ilida

eLi

za m

elin

opte

rus =

Liz

a m

elin

opte

raFi

jiW

hitle

y 19

27

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

vaig

iens

is =

Liz

a m

elin

opte

raFi

jiFo

wle

r 192

8, 1

931

and

1934

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

mel

inop

teru

s = L

iza

mel

inop

tera

Suva

Fow

ler 1

949

and

1959

Mug

ilida

eLi

za su

bvir

idis

Ta

mav

ua R

iver

W

aqai

ratu

200

3

Mug

ilida

eLi

za su

bvir

idis

N

alas

e C

reek

W

aqai

ratu

200

3

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

duss

umie

ri =

Liz

a su

bvir

idis

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

928,

193

1 an

d 19

59

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

duss

umie

ri =

Liz

a su

bvir

idis

Suva

Har

bour

H

erre

193

6

Mug

ilida

eLi

za v

aigi

ensi

s La

u Is

land

A

pr 8

2

USN

M 0

0259

712

Mug

ilida

eLi

za v

aigi

ensi

s R

ewa

Riv

er m

outh

M

ay-8

2

USN

M 0

0259

679

Mug

ilida

eLi

za v

aigi

ensi

s Fi

ji

W

hitle

y 19

27

Mug

ilida

eLi

za v

aigi

ensi

s R

eef b

etw

een

Suva

and

Nuk

ulau

Isla

nd

Her

re 1

936

198

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

vaig

iens

is =

Liz

a

vaig

iens

isSu

va

Fow

ler 1

928,

193

1, 1

934

and

1959

Mug

ilida

eEl

loch

elon

vai

gien

sis =

Liz

ava

igie

nsis

Suva

Fo

wle

r 194

9

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

ceph

alus

R

iver

flow

ing

into

Suv

a H

arbo

ur

Mar

-29

CA

S 24

817

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

ceph

alus

V

akan

o C

reek

, Lak

eba

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

ceph

alus

To

bou

Cre

ek, L

akeb

a D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

ceph

alus

N

ukun

uku

Cre

ek, L

akeb

a D

ec-0

3

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y

Mug

ilida

eVa

lam

ugil

buch

anan

i W

aim

anu

Riv

er

Dec

-02

115

FIT

Col

lect

ions

200

2

Mug

ilida

eVa

lam

ugil

sehe

li R

iver

flow

ing

into

Suv

a H

arbo

ur

Rya

n 19

80

Mug

ilida

eLi

za c

aeru

leam

acul

ata

=

Vala

mug

il se

heli

Suva

Jo

rdan

and

Dic

kers

on 1

908

and

Whi

tley

1927

M

ugili

dae

Mug

il se

heli

= V

alam

ugil

sehe

liSu

va

Fow

ler 1

928,

193

1, 1

934,

19

49 a

nd 1

959

Mug

ilida

eLi

za se

heli

= V

alam

ugil

sehe

liSu

va H

arbo

ur

Her

re 1

936

Mul

lidae

Paru

pene

us in

dicu

s R

ewa

Riv

er m

outh

M

ay-8

2

USN

M 0

0259

955

Mul

lidae

Pseu

dupe

neus

indi

cus =

Pa

rupe

neus

indi

cus

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

and

Fow

ler

1959

Mul

lidae

Upe

neus

sulp

hure

us

Kub

una

Cre

ek

May

-65

U

SNM

002

6768

8

Mul

lidae

Upe

neus

sulp

hure

us

Tam

avua

Riv

er

Waq

aira

tu 2

003

Mul

lidae

Upe

neoi

des s

ulph

ureu

s =

Upe

neus

sulp

hure

us

Suva

Ken

dall

and

Gol

dsbo

roug

h 19

11 in

Fow

ler 1

959

Mul

lidae

Upe

neus

sulp

hure

us

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

Mul

lidae

Upe

neus

sulp

hure

us

Suva

Fow

ler 1

932,

193

4 an

d 19

59

Mul

lidae

Upe

neus

vitt

atus

N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2

USN

M 0

0259

943

Mul

lidae

Upe

neus

vitt

atus

W

aina

doi R

iver

J

un 8

2

USN

M 0

0259

941

Mul

lidae

Upe

neus

vitt

atus

K

ubun

a C

reek

A

ug-6

3

USN

M 0

0267

658

Mul

lidae

Upe

neus

vitt

atus

K

ubun

a C

reek

M

ay-6

5

USN

M 0

0267

724

Mul

lidae

Upe

neus

vitt

atus

O

vala

u Is

land

B

MN

H 1

879.

5.14

.161

Mul

lidae

Upe

neus

vitt

atus

Fi

jiW

hitle

y 19

27

Mul

lidae

Upe

neus

vitt

atus

Su

vaFo

wle

r 193

2, 1

933,

193

4 an

d 19

59

Mul

lidae

Upe

neoi

des v

ittat

us

=U

pene

us v

ittat

us

Suva

Fow

ler 1

928

and

1931

Mur

aene

soci

dae

Mur

aene

sox

cine

reus

Su

va

Jo

rdan

and

Dic

kers

on 1

908

Mur

aene

soci

dae

Mur

aene

sox

cine

reus

Fi

jiW

hitle

y 19

27

199

Mur

aene

soci

dae

Mur

aene

sox

arab

icus

=

Mur

aene

sox

cine

reus

Fi

ji

Fo

wle

r 193

4 an

d 19

59: 5

2

Mur

aene

soci

dae

Mur

aene

sox

cine

reus

Fi

ji Is

land

s

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Mur

aeni

dae

Lyco

dont

is fa

vagi

nea

=

Gym

noth

orax

fava

gine

us

Nar

okor

okay

awa

Cre

ek

Fow

ler 1

931,

193

4 an

d 19

59:

76M

urae

nida

eG

ymno

thor

ax fa

vagi

neus

Su

va H

arbo

ur

Her

re 1

936

Mur

aeni

dae

Gym

noth

orax

pic

tus

Rew

a R

iver

mou

th

May

-82

U

SNM

002

5741

2

Mur

aeni

dae

Gym

noth

orax

pic

tus

Suva

Jo

rdan

and

Dic

kers

on 1

908

Mur

aeni

dae

Gym

noth

orax

pic

tus

Nuk

ulau

Isla

nd

Her

re 1

936

Mur

aeni

dae

Gym

noth

orax

(Sid

erea

) pic

tus

= G

ymno

thor

ax p

ictu

sFi

ji

W

hitle

y 19

27

Mur

aeni

dae

Lyco

dont

is p

icta

=

Gym

noth

orax

pic

tus

Suva

Fo

wle

r 192

8 an

d 19

59

Mur

aeni

dae

Gym

noth

orax

pol

yura

nodo

n W

aim

anu

Riv

er

Dec

-02

FI

T C

olle

ctio

ns 2

002

Mur

aeni

dae

Gym

noth

orax

pol

yura

nodo

n O

vala

u Is

land

B

MN

H 1

879.

5.14

.456

Mur

aeni

dae

Lyco

dont

is p

olyu

rand

on =

G

ymno

thor

ax p

olyu

rano

don

Fiji

Isla

nds

Mar

-29

Fo

wle

r 19

28, 1

931

and

1959

: 57

5M

urae

nida

eG

ymno

thor

ax p

olyu

rano

don

Mid

-Upp

er N

akaw

akaw

a R

iver

nea

r N

akaw

akaw

a V

illag

e A

ug-0

3 10

3 J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Mur

aeni

dae

Gym

noth

orax

pol

yura

nodo

n Fi

jiW

hitle

y 19

27

Mur

aeni

dae

Lyco

dont

is u

ndul

ate

=

Gym

noth

orax

und

ulat

a Su

va

Fo

wle

r 19

28, 1

931,

193

4 an

d 19

59: 7

6 M

urae

nida

eG

ymno

thor

ax u

ndul

ates

and

G

. ste

llatu

s = G

ymno

thor

ax

undu

lata

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

Mur

aeni

dae

Gym

noth

orax

und

ulat

es =

G

ymno

thor

ax u

ndul

ata

Suva

and

Nuk

ulau

Isla

nd

Her

re 1

936

Mur

aeni

dae

Uro

pter

ygiu

s con

colo

r N

aqar

a Is

land

J

un 8

2

USN

M 0

0259

877

Mur

aeni

dae

Uro

pter

ygiu

s con

colo

r Ta

mav

ua R

iver

W

aqai

ratu

200

3

Oph

icht

hida

eC

aecu

la b

icol

or =

La

mno

stom

a bi

colo

r N

amus

i = N

amos

i Pro

vinc

e

Fow

ler

1928

, 193

1 an

d 19

59:

62O

phic

hthi

dae

Spha

gebr

anch

us b

icol

or =

La

mno

stom

a bi

colo

r N

amus

i = N

amos

i Pro

vinc

e

Sc

hmel

tz 1

869

in F

owle

r 19

59O

phic

hthi

dae

Oph

icht

hys

bico

lor =

La

mno

stom

a bi

colo

r Fi

ji

W

hitle

y 19

27

Oph

icht

hida

eAc

hiro

phic

hthy

s kam

peni

=

Lam

nost

oma

kam

peni

D

obui

levu

Riv

er n

ear r

esea

rch

stat

ion

Sep-

86

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Oph

icht

hida

eLa

mno

stom

a ka

mpe

niW

aim

anu

Riv

er

Dec

-02

FI

T C

olle

ctio

ns 2

002

200

Oph

icht

hida

eAc

hiro

phic

hthy

s kam

peni

=

Lam

nost

oma

kam

peni

Sovi

Riv

er

Sep-

86

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Oph

icht

hida

ePi

sodo

noph

is sc

hapi

i =

Piso

dono

phis

can

criv

orus

N

amus

i = N

amos

i Pro

vinc

e

Fo

wle

r 19

28, 1

931,

193

4 an

d an

d 19

59: 6

0 O

phic

hthi

dae

Piso

dono

phis

scha

pii =

Pi

sodo

noph

is c

ancr

ivor

us

Nam

usi =

Nam

osi P

rovi

nce

Schm

eltz

186

9 in

Fow

ler

1959

Oph

icht

hida

ePi

sodo

noph

is c

ancr

ivor

us

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

Oph

icht

hida

eC

aecu

la lu

mbr

icoi

des =

Yi

rrka

la lu

mbr

icoi

des

Nam

usi =

Nam

osi P

rovi

nce

Fo

wle

r 192

8 an

d 19

59: 6

3

Oph

icht

hida

eSp

hage

bran

chus

lum

bric

oide

s =

Yir

rkal

a lu

mbr

icoi

des

Nam

usi =

Nam

osi P

rovi

nce

Sc

hmel

tz 1

869

in F

owle

r 19

59O

phic

hthi

dae

Yirr

kala

lum

bric

oide

s Su

va

Seal

e 19

35

Poec

iliid

aeG

ambu

sia

affin

is

Upp

er R

ewa

Riv

er

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Poec

iliid

aeG

ambu

sia

affin

is

Wai

man

u R

iver

D

ec-0

2

FIT

Col

lect

ions

200

2

Poec

iliid

aeG

ambu

sia

affin

isN

adur

ulou

lou

rese

arch

stat

ion

pond

s Se

p-01

USP

494

9

Poec

iliid

aeG

ambu

sia

affin

is

Wai

sere

Cre

ek, T

aile

vu

Sep-

01

U

SP 5

299

Poec

iliid

aeG

ambu

sia

affin

is

Upp

er B

a R

iver

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3Po

ecili

idae

Gam

busi

a af

finis

M

id B

a R

iver

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3Po

ecili

idae

Gam

busi

a af

finis

Su

va

Jul 7

5

USN

M 0

0246

459

Poec

iliid

aePo

ecili

a m

exic

ana

Con

fluen

ce o

f Wai

nivo

di a

nd W

ains

avul

evu

Riv

erM

ay-7

7 In

st N

at. R

esou

rces

= IA

S

Poec

iliid

aePo

ecili

a m

exic

ana

Suva

R

yan

1980

; And

rew

s 198

5;

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Po

ecili

idae

Poec

ilia

retic

ulat

a Su

va

Rya

n 19

80; A

ndre

ws 1

985;

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Poec

iliid

aeXi

phop

horu

s hel

leri

Su

va

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Po

ecili

idae

Xiph

opho

rus h

elle

ri

pond

at T

amav

ua

Rya

n 19

80: 6

7; L

ewis

and

Pr

ing

1986

Po

lyne

mid

ae

Poly

dact

ylus

mic

rost

oma

Fiji

Isla

nds

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Poly

nem

idae

Po

lyda

ctyl

us p

lebe

ius

Rew

a R

iver

mou

th

May

-82

U

SNM

002

7819

3 Po

lyne

mid

ae

Poly

dact

ylus

ple

beiu

s Su

va

Jord

an a

nd D

icke

rson

190

8 Po

lyne

mid

ae

Poly

dact

ylus

ple

beiu

s Fi

ji

Fo

wle

r 192

8, 1

931,

193

4 an

d 19

59

Poly

nem

idae

Po

lyne

mus

ple

beiu

s =

Poly

dact

ylus

ple

beiu

s Fi

ji

W

hitle

y 19

27

Scat

opha

gida

eSc

atop

hagu

s arg

us

Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

Rya

n 19

80

Scat

opha

gida

eSc

atop

hagu

s arg

us

Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

U

SNM

002

5938

3

201

Scat

opha

gida

eSc

atop

hagu

s arg

us

Dra

vo V

illag

e Fe

b-02

CA

S 21

6854

Scat

opha

gida

eSc

atop

hagu

s arg

us

Wai

man

u R

iver

D

ec-0

2 77

FI

T C

olle

ctio

ns 2

002

Scor

paen

idae

Den

droc

hiru

s bra

chyp

teru

s R

ewa

Riv

er m

outh

M

ay-8

2 C

AS

6478

7

Scor

paen

idae

Den

droc

hiru

s bra

chyp

teru

s Fi

jiFo

wle

r 192

8, 1

931

and

1934

Scor

paen

idae

Brac

hyru

s bra

chyp

teru

s =

Den

droc

hiru

s bra

chyp

teru

s Fi

jiFo

wle

r 195

9:34

7

Scor

paen

idae

Brac

hyru

s bra

chyp

teru

s =

Den

droc

hiru

s bra

chyp

teru

s K

anda

vu =

Kad

avu

Sc

hmet

lz 1

879

in F

owle

r 19

59Sc

orpa

enid

aePt

eroi

s sau

sual

ele

=

Den

droc

hiru

s bra

chyp

teru

s Su

vaJo

rdan

and

Dic

kers

on 1

908

Scor

paen

idae

Pter

ois (

Brac

hiru

s)

saus

uale

le =

Den

droc

hiru

s br

achy

pter

us

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

Scor

paen

idae

Den

droc

hiru

s zeb

ra

Rew

a R

iver

mou

th

May

-82

CA

S 64

790

Scor

paen

idae

Den

droc

hiru

s zeb

ra

Kad

avu

Isla

nd

May

82

U

SNM

col

lect

ion

Scor

paen

idae

Den

droc

hiru

s zeb

ra

Fiji

Fow

ler 1

928

and

1931

Scor

paen

idae

Brac

hyru

s zeb

ra =

D

endr

ochi

rus z

ebra

Fi

ji

Fo

wle

r 195

9:34

6

Scor

paen

idae

Brac

hyru

s zeb

ra =

D

endr

ochi

rus z

ebra

V

iti L

evu

Schm

eltz

187

9 in

Fow

ler

1959

Scor

paen

idae

Pter

ois (

Brac

hiru

s) ze

bra

=

Den

droc

hiru

s zeb

ra

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

Scor

paen

idae

Scor

paen

opsi

s mac

roch

ir

Rew

a R

iver

mou

th

May

-82

U

SNM

002

6624

2

Scor

paen

idae

Tetr

arog

e ni

ger

Kub

una

Cre

ek

May

-65

CA

S 31

257

Serr

anid

ae

Prom

icro

ps la

nceo

latu

s =

Epin

ephe

lus l

ance

olat

us

Fiji

Whi

tley

1931

in F

owle

r 195

9 an

d Fo

wle

r 195

5 an

d 19

59

Serr

anid

ae

Serr

anus

lanc

eola

tus =

Ep

inep

helu

s lan

ceol

atus

Fi

ji

Fo

wle

r 192

8 an

d 19

31

Serr

anid

ae

Epin

ephe

lus l

ance

olat

us

Fiji

Isla

nds

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Serr

anid

ae

Epin

ephe

lus m

alab

aric

usW

aina

doi R

iver

J

un 8

2

USN

M 0

0269

102

Serr

anid

ae

Ephi

neph

elus

pan

ther

inus

=

Epin

ephe

lus m

alab

aric

usFi

ji

W

hitle

y 19

27

Serr

anid

ae

Serr

anus

mal

abar

icus

=

Epin

ephe

lus m

alab

aric

usFi

ji

Fo

wle

r 193

1 an

d 19

34

Siga

nida

eSi

ganu

s ver

mic

ulat

us

Wai

nado

i Riv

er

Jun

82

U

SNM

002

5655

5

Siga

nida

eSi

ganu

s ver

mic

ulat

us

Kub

una

Cre

ek

May

-65

U

SNM

003

1758

4

Siga

nida

eSi

ganu

s ver

mic

ulat

us

Tam

avua

Riv

er

Waq

aira

tu 2

003

Siga

nida

eSi

ganu

s ver

mic

ulat

us

Rew

a R

iver

mou

th

May

-82

U

SNM

002

5655

4

202

Siga

nida

eSi

ganu

s ver

mic

ulat

us

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

and

Fow

ler

1928

and

193

1 Si

gani

dae

Siga

nus v

erm

icul

atus

Su

va

Fow

ler

1932

, 193

4 an

d 19

59

Siga

nida

eTe

nthi

s ver

mic

ulat

a =

Si

ganu

s ver

mic

ulat

us

Kan

davu

= K

adav

u

Sc

hmet

lz 1

869

in F

owle

r 19

59Si

gani

dae

Tent

his v

erm

icul

atus

=

Siga

nus v

erm

icul

atus

K

anda

vu =

Kad

avu

Schm

etlz

187

9 in

Fow

ler

1959

Sphy

raen

idae

Sphy

raen

a ob

tusa

ta

Fiji

Gün

ther

187

7 in

Fow

ler 1

959

and

Whi

tley

1927

Sp

hyra

enid

aeSp

hyra

ena

obtu

sata

Su

va

Fow

ler 1

928

and

1959

Syng

nath

idae

H

ippi

chth

ys c

yano

spilo

sSo

uth

Dra

unib

ota

Isla

nd

May

-65

U

SNM

002

1748

1

Syng

nath

idae

H

ippi

chth

ys c

yano

spilo

sFi

ji

D

awso

n 19

85 a

nd K

uite

r 20

00Sy

ngna

thid

ae

Hip

pich

thys

spic

ifer

Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

U

SNM

002

3576

6

Syng

nath

idae

H

ippi

chth

ys sp

icife

r K

ubun

a C

reek

M

ay-6

5

USN

M 0

0217

490

Syng

nath

idae

H

ippi

chth

ys sp

icife

r K

adav

u Is

land

M

ay 8

2

USN

M 0

0235

758

Syng

nath

idae

H

ippi

chth

ys sp

icife

r La

u Is

land

A

pr 8

2

USN

M 0

0235

757

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

gnat

hus s

uven

sis =

H

ippi

chth

ys sp

icife

r Su

va

Her

re 1

953

in K

uite

r 200

0

Syng

nath

idae

Sy

ngna

thus

spic

ifer =

H

ippi

chth

ys sp

icife

r Su

va

Fow

ler 1

928,

193

2, 1

934

and

1959

and

Sea

le 1

935

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

arg

ulus

W

aini

bau

Cre

ek, T

aveu

ni

1980

Rya

n 19

80, 1

981

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

arg

ulus

Fi

ji

K

uite

r 200

0

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

bra

chyu

rus

brac

hyur

us

Low

er S

igat

oka

Riv

er

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

bra

chyu

rus

brac

hyur

us

Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

Rya

n 19

80

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

bra

chyu

rus

=

Mic

roph

is b

rach

yuru

s br

achy

urus

Ova

lau

Isla

nd

Fow

ler 1

959:

136

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

bre

vido

rsal

is

Mid

Rew

a R

iver

A

pr-5

3

USN

M 0

0163

542

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

bre

vido

rsal

is

Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

U

SNM

002

3577

0

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

gnat

hus b

revi

dors

alis

=

Mic

roph

is b

revi

dors

alis

Su

va

Her

re 1

936

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

gnat

hus b

revi

dors

alis

=

Mic

roph

is b

revi

dors

alis

Fi

ji

Fo

wle

r 195

9

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

bre

vido

rsal

is

Fiji

Kui

ter 2

000

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

leia

spis

Lo

wer

Wai

niko

ro R

iver

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3

203

Syng

nath

idae

C

oelo

notu

s lei

aspi

s =

Mic

roph

is le

iasp

is

Suva

Fo

wle

r 192

8, 1

931

and

1959

: 13

4 an

d Se

ale

1935

Sy

ngna

thid

ae

Mic

roph

is le

iasp

is

Low

er N

asav

u R

iver

A

ug-0

3

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3 Sy

ngna

thid

ae

Mic

roph

is le

iasp

is

Wai

man

u R

iver

at S

awan

i

86

Rya

n, 1

980;

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

leia

spis

K

oroi

vonu

Riv

er, N

ala

Vill

age

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

leia

spis

M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

90

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

nd

Bos

eto

200

3

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

leia

spis

Fi

ji

D

awso

n 19

85 a

nd K

uite

r 20

00

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

retz

ii Ta

vuki

Cre

ek in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

W

ildlif

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

retz

ii lo

wer

Wai

niko

ro R

iver

nea

r Nas

asa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

retz

iiW

aini

bau

Cre

ek, T

aveu

ni

1980

Rya

n 19

80

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

retz

ii W

aise

re C

reek

, Tai

levu

Se

p-01

USP

col

lect

ion

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

retz

ii K

oroi

vonu

Riv

er, N

ala

Vill

age

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

retz

ii M

id-U

pper

Nak

awak

awa

Riv

er n

ear

Nak

awak

awa

Vill

age

Aug

-03

52-6

0 J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Tera

poni

dae

Mes

opri

stes

kne

ri

Suva

Rya

n 19

80

Tera

poni

dae

Mes

opri

stes

kne

ri

Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

U

SNM

002

5717

3

Tera

poni

dae

Mes

opri

stes

kne

ri

Naq

ara

Isla

nd

Jun

82

U

SNM

002

5717

4 Te

rapo

nida

e M

esop

rist

es k

neri

Su

va

Feb-

51

U

SNM

001

1273

7

Tera

poni

dae

Mes

opri

stes

kne

ri

Riv

er fl

owin

g in

to S

uva

Har

bour

M

ar-2

9

CA

S 24

935

Tera

poni

dae

Mes

opri

stes

kne

ri

Tam

avua

Riv

er

Waq

aira

tu 2

003

Tera

poni

dae

Mes

opri

stes

kne

ri

R

ewa

Riv

er m

outh

19

81

A

MS

I .22

644-

001

Tera

poni

dae

Mes

opri

stes

kne

ri

Nal

ase

Cre

ek

Waq

aira

tu 2

003

Tera

poni

dae

Mes

opri

stes

kne

ri

Kad

avu

Isla

nd

May

82

U

SNM

002

3595

8

Tera

poni

dae

Mes

opri

stes

kne

ri

Lau

Isla

nd

Apr

82

U

SNM

002

3595

7

Tera

poni

dae

Ther

apon

arg

ente

us =

M

esop

rist

es k

neri

Fi

ji

W

hitle

y 19

27 a

nd F

owle

r 19

31Te

rapo

nida

e Th

erap

on a

rgen

teus

=

Mes

opri

stes

kne

ri

Suva

Har

bour

H

erre

193

6

Tera

poni

dae

Ther

apon

kne

ri =

M

esop

rist

es k

neri

Su

va

Fow

ler 1

928

Tera

poni

dae

Ther

apon

mac

ulat

es =

M

esop

rist

es k

neri

Su

va

Ken

dall

and

Gol

dsbo

roug

h 19

11 in

Fow

ler 1

959

204

Tera

poni

dae

Tera

pon

kner

i = M

esop

rist

es

kner

iSu

va

Fow

ler 1

931

and

1959

Tera

poni

dae

Tera

pon

jarb

ua

Lau

Isla

nd

Apr

82

U

SNM

002

3595

6

Tera

poni

dae

Tera

pon

jarb

ua

Low

er S

igat

oka

Riv

er

Aug

-03

J.

Pogo

now

ski

in Je

nkin

s and

B

oset

o 2

003

Tera

poni

dae

Tera

pon

jarb

ua

Sout

h D

raun

ibot

a Is

land

M

ay-6

5

USN

M 0

0332

627

Tera

poni

dae

Tera

pon

jarb

ua

Kub

una

Cre

ek

May

-65

U

SNM

003

3263

5

Tera

poni

dae

Tera

pon

jarb

ua

Kub

una

Cre

ek

Aug

-63

U

SNM

003

3264

7

Tera

poni

dae

Tera

pon

jarb

ua

Suva

Fo

wle

r 193

1, 1

932,

193

4 an

d 19

59Te

rapo

nida

e Th

erap

on ja

rbua

= T

erap

on

jarb

uaSu

va

Jord

an a

nd D

icke

rson

190

8

Tera

poni

dae

Ther

apon

jarb

ua =

Ter

apon

ja

rbua

Fiji

Whi

tley

1927

and

Fow

ler

1928

Tera

poni

dae

Ther

apon

jarb

ua =

Ter

apon

ja

rbua

Suva

Har

bour

H

erre

193

6

Tetra

odon

tidae

Ar

othr

on im

mac

ulat

us

Wai

nado

i Riv

er

Jun

82

U

SNM

002

6911

5

Tetra

odon

tidae

Ar

othr

on im

mac

ulat

us

Smal

l cre

ek a

t Lau

cala

Bay

R

yan

1980

Tetra

odon

tidae

Te

trod

on im

mac

ulat

us =

Ar

othr

on im

mac

ulat

us

Suva

Fo

wle

r 19

28, 1

931,

193

4 an

d 19

59: 5

55

Tetra

odon

tidae

Ar

othr

on im

mac

ulat

us

Rew

a R

iver

mou

th

May

-82

U

SNM

002

6914

4

Tetra

odon

tidae

Te

trao

don

imm

acul

atus

=

Arot

hron

imm

acul

atus

Fi

ji

W

hitle

y 19

27

Tetra

odon

tidae

Te

trao

don

imm

acul

atus

=

Arot

hron

imm

acul

atus

Su

va

Her

re 1

936

Tetra

odon

tidae

Ar

othr

on re

ticul

aris

Ta

mav

ua R

iver

W

aqai

ratu

200

3

Tetra

odon

tidae

Te

trod

on re

ticul

aris

=

Arot

hron

retic

ular

is

Suva

Fo

wle

r 192

8, 1

934

and

1959

: 55

2Te

traod

ontid

ae

Tetr

aodo

n re

ticul

aris

=

Arot

hron

retic

ular

is

Suva

H

erre

193

6

Tetra

odon

tidae

Te

trod

on re

ticul

aris

=

Arot

hron

retic

ular

is

Cre

eks b

ehin

d O

rchi

d Is

land

, Pac

ific

Hab

our

Rya

n 19

80

Tetra

odon

tidae

Sp

hoer

oide

s lun

aris

=

Lago

ceph

alus

luna

ris

Suva

Fo

wle

r 192

8 an

d 19

59: 5

50

and

Seal

e 19

35

Tric

hiur

idae

Tr

ichi

urus

lept

urus

Fi

ji Is

land

s

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

205

App

endi

x 4.

Fre

shw

ater

fish

es c

olle

cted

from

Fiji

from

oth

er so

urce

s, id

entif

ied

only

to g

enus

.

Fam

ily

Spec

ies c

olle

cted

L

ocal

ity (n

umbe

red

wes

t to

east

, sou

th

to n

orth

) M

onth

&

year

co

llect

ed

Sour

ce o

f Inf

orm

atio

ns

Am

bass

idae

Am

bass

is sp

.13

. Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

USN

M 0

0259

387

Am

bass

idae

Am

bass

is sp

.W

aiba

u C

reek

, trib

of W

aim

anu

Riv

er

Aug

-86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

A

mba

ssid

ae

Amba

ssis

sp.

26. M

id R

ewa

Riv

er

Apr

-53

A

mba

ssid

ae

Amba

ssis

sp.

27. R

ewa

Riv

er m

outh

USN

M 0

0163

541

Am

bass

idae

Am

bass

issp

.39

. Nak

asal

eka

Cre

ek n

ear N

akor

onaw

a V

illag

e in

Kad

avu

Dec

-03

Wild

life

Con

serv

atio

n So

ciet

y A

pogo

nida

eAr

cham

iasp

.15

. Wai

nado

i Riv

er

Jun

82

USN

M 0

0261

088

Apo

goni

dae

Arch

amia

sp.

13. N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2 U

SNM

002

6108

4 El

eotri

dae

Butis

sp.

13. N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2 U

SNM

002

5650

8 El

eotri

dae

Butis

sp.

19. K

ubun

a C

reek

M

ay-6

5 U

SNM

003

4102

5 El

eotri

dae

Butis

sp.

20. K

ubun

a C

reek

A

ug-6

3 U

SNM

003

4102

2 El

eotri

dae

Butis

sp.

16. N

aqar

a Is

land

J

un 8

2 U

SNM

002

4179

2 El

eotri

dae

Eleo

tris

sp.

13. N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2 U

SNM

002

5652

2 El

eotri

dae

Eleo

tris

sp.

18. S

outh

Dra

unib

ota

Isla

nd

May

-65

USN

M 0

0353

681

Eleo

trida

e El

eotr

is sp

.La

u Is

land

A

pr 8

2 U

SNM

002

5650

9 El

eotri

dae

Eleo

tris

sp.

Ova

lau

Isla

nd

B

MN

H 1

856.

9.4.

81

Eleo

trida

e El

eotr

is sp

.C

onflu

ence

of W

aini

vodi

and

W

ains

avul

evu

Riv

er

May

-77

Inst

Nat

. Res

ourc

es =

IAS

Eleo

trida

e O

phio

cara

sp.

13. N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2 U

SNM

002

5656

2 El

eotri

dae

Oph

ioca

ra sp

.La

u is

land

A

pr 8

2 U

SNM

002

5650

5 En

grau

lidae

St

olep

horu

s sp.

16. N

aqar

a Is

land

J

un 8

2 U

SNM

002

6162

3 G

erei

dae

Ger

res s

p.27

. Rew

a R

iver

mou

th

May

-82

USN

M 0

0259

705

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

Am

oya

sp.

16. N

aqar

a Is

land

J

un 8

2 U

SNM

002

4179

8 G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Bath

ygob

ius s

p.13

. Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

USN

M 0

0261

772

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

C

allo

gobi

ussp

.37

. Kad

avu

Isla

nd

May

82

USN

M 0

0235

959

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

C

oryo

galo

ps sp

. 13

. Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

U

SNM

002

6632

4 G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Cor

yoga

lops

sp.

15. W

aina

doi R

iver

J

un 8

2 U

SNM

002

6632

3

206

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

C

teno

gobi

opss

p.N

abuk

aves

i, bi

llabo

ngs b

esid

e cr

eek

Fo

wle

r 195

9: 6

12; R

yan

1980

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

D

rom

bus s

p. 1

19. K

ubun

a C

reek

M

ay-6

5 U

SNM

003

5274

7 G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Dro

mbu

s sp.

120

. Kub

una

Cre

ek

Aug

-63

USN

M 0

0352

857

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

D

rom

bus s

p. 1

16. N

aqar

a Is

land

J

un 8

2 U

SNM

002

4174

2 G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Dro

mbu

s sp.

118

. Sou

th D

raun

ibot

a Is

land

M

ay-6

5 U

SNM

003

5274

9 G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Dro

mbu

s sp.

113

. Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

U

SNM

002

6177

3 G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Glo

ssog

obiu

s sp.

134

. Sov

i Riv

er

Sep-

86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Glo

ssog

obiu

s sp.

150

.Mid

Buc

a R

iver

(Nat

ewa

Peni

sula

r)

Aug

-03

J. Po

gono

wsk

i in

Jenk

ins a

ndB

oset

o20

03G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Glo

ssog

obiu

s sp.

115

. Wai

nado

i Riv

er

Jun

82

USN

M 0

0259

740

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius s

p. 1

23. T

amav

ua R

iver

W

aqai

ratu

200

3 G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Glo

ssog

obiu

s sp.

123

. Tam

avua

Riv

er

Waq

aira

tu 2

003

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

G

loss

ogob

ius s

p. 1

28. N

alas

e C

reek

Waq

aira

tu 2

003

Gob

iidae

, Gob

iinae

M

ahid

olia

sp. 1

.18

. Sou

th D

raun

ibot

a Is

land

M

ay-6

5 U

SNM

003

4661

5 G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Pand

aka

sp.

13. N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2 U

SNM

002

6177

5 G

obiid

ae, G

obiin

ae

Oxy

uric

hthy

s sp.

20. K

ubun

a C

reek

A

ug-6

3 U

SNM

002

6508

6 G

obiid

ae, G

obio

nelli

nae

Oxy

uric

hthy

s sp.

Naq

ara

Isla

nd

Jun

82

USN

M 0

0241

799

Gob

iidae

, Gob

ione

llina

e O

xyur

icht

hys s

p.16

. Naq

ara

Isla

nd

Jun

82

USN

M 0

0241

799

Gob

iidae

, Gob

ione

llina

e Re

digo

bius

sp.

13. N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2 U

SNM

002

6177

4 G

obiid

ae, G

obio

nelli

nae

Redi

gobi

us sp

.53

.Mid

Wai

nunu

A

ug-0

3 J.

Pogo

now

ski i

n Je

nkin

s and

Bos

eto

2003

Gob

iidae

, Gob

ione

llina

e Re

digo

bius

sp.

19. K

ubun

a C

reek

M

ay-6

5 U

SNM

003

4123

1 G

obiid

ae, S

icid

iinae

Si

cydi

um sp

.C

onfl

of W

aini

vodi

& W

ains

avul

evu

Riv

erM

ay-7

7 In

st N

at. R

esou

rces

= IA

S

Gob

iidae

, Sic

idiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus s

p.N

abuk

aves

i Riv

er, E

Las

t Riv

er

Sep-

86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

G

obiid

ae, S

icid

iinae

Si

cyop

teru

s sp.

Wai

bau

Cre

ek, t

ribut

ary

of W

aina

mu

Riv

erFe

b-86

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Gob

iidae

, Sic

idiin

ae

Sicy

opte

rus s

p.N

ayar

abal

e R

iver

Se

p-86

B

oren

198

6 H

emira

mph

idae

Zena

rcho

pter

ussp

.28

. Nal

ase

Cre

ek

W

aqai

ratu

200

3 H

emira

mph

idae

Zena

rcho

pter

ussp

.19

. Kub

una

Cre

ek

May

-65

USN

M 0

0294

337

Hem

iram

phid

aeZe

narc

hopt

erus

sp.

20. K

ubun

a C

reek

A

ug-6

3 U

SNM

002

9432

7 H

emira

mph

idae

Zena

rcho

pter

us sp

.23

. Tam

avua

Riv

er

Waq

aira

tu 2

003

Kuh

liida

e K

uhlia

sp.

Lau

Isla

nd

Apr

82

USN

M 0

0236

691

207

Leio

gnat

hida

e Le

iogn

athu

s sp.

13. N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2 U

SNM

002

5971

1 Le

iogn

athi

dae

Leio

gnat

hus s

p.27

. Rew

a R

iver

mou

th

May

-82

USN

M 0

0259

701

Mor

ingu

idae

Mor

ingu

a sp

.13

. Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

USN

M 0

0259

690

Mug

ilida

eLi

za sp

. 13

. Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

USN

M 0

0259

715

Mug

ilida

eLi

zasp

.La

u Is

land

A

pr 8

2 U

SNM

002

5971

4 M

ugili

dae

Liza

sp.

27. R

ewa

Riv

er m

outh

M

ay-8

2 U

SNM

002

5968

7 M

ugili

dae

Mug

il sp

.13

. Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

USN

M 0

0259

723

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

sp.

15. W

aina

doi R

iver

J

un 8

2 U

SNM

002

5970

7 M

ugili

dae

Mug

il sp

.La

u Is

land

A

pr 8

2 U

SNM

002

5972

2 M

ugili

dae

Mug

il sp

.37

. Kad

avu

Isla

nd

May

82

USN

M 0

0245

636

Mug

ilida

eM

ugil

sp.

27. R

ewa

Riv

er m

outh

M

ay-8

2 U

SNM

002

5971

9 M

urae

nida

e G

ymno

thor

ax sp

.13

. Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

USN

M 0

0259

863

Mur

aeni

dae

Gym

noth

orax

sp. 1

15. W

aina

doi R

iver

J

un 8

2 U

SNM

002

5985

1 M

urae

nida

e G

ymno

thor

ax sp

. 215

. Wai

nado

i Riv

er

Jun

82

USN

M 0

0259

852

Poec

iliid

ae

Gam

busi

a sp

.1.

Dob

uile

vu R

iver

nea

r res

earc

h st

atio

n Se

p-86

Le

wis

and

Prin

g 19

86

Poec

iliid

ae

Poec

ilia

sp.

1. D

obui

levu

Riv

er n

ear r

esea

rch

stat

ion

Sep-

86

Lew

is a

nd P

ring

1986

Po

ecili

idae

Po

ecili

a sp

.23

. Tam

avua

Riv

er

Waq

aira

tu 2

003

Poec

iliid

ae

Poec

ilia

sp.

28. N

alas

e C

reek

Waq

aira

tu 2

003

Siga

nida

eSi

ganu

s sp.

13. N

aiko

roko

ro C

reek

M

ay-8

2 U

SNM

002

5655

6 Sp

hyra

enid

ae

Sphy

raen

a sp

.13

. Nai

koro

koro

Cre

ek

May

-82

USN

M 0

0259

720

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

sp.

Ba

Riv

er

Sep-

86

Sy

ngna

thid

ae

Mic

roph

issp

.W

aidi

na R

iver

M

ar-8

6

Syng

nath

idae

M

icro

phis

sp.

Savu

ra C

reek

N

ov-0

2

Tetra

odon

tidae

Ar

othr

on sp

. 27

. Rew

a R

iver

mou

th

May

-82

USN

M 0

0269

140

Tetra

odon

tidae

C

anth

igas

ter s

p.15

. Wai

nado

i Riv

er

Jun

82

CA

S 57

132

208

Appendix 5. Summary of Fijian estuarine and freshwater fishes. This list was presented in the

fish family alphabetical order. All the names that are used in this list are the recent valid fish

names.

Note: Species with? see Section 3.4.3. and * denotes the introduced freshwater aquarium fishes.

ALBULIDAE Albula glossodonta (Forsskål, 1775)

AMBASSIDAEAmbassis miops Günther, 1872

ANGUILLIDAE ?Anguilla australis Richardson, 1841 Anguilla bicolor bicolor McClelland, 1844 Anguilla marmorata Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Anguilla megastoma Kaup, 1856Anguilla obscura Günther, 1872

APOGONIDAE Apogon amboinensis Bleeker, 1853 Apogon lateralis Valenciennes, 1832 Sphaeramia orbicularis (Cuvier, 1828)

BALISTIDAERhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

CARANGIDAE Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål 1775) Caranx papuensis Alleyne & Macleay, 1877 Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Caranx tille Cuvier 1833 Scomberoides tol (Cuvier, 1832)

CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839)

CENTRARCHIDAE Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802) CHANIDAE

Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775) CHIROCENTRIDAE

Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775) CICHLIDAE

Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

CLUPEIDAE Sardinella fijiense (Fowler & Bean, 1923)

CYPRINIDAE Barbonymus gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850)

Ctenophyaryngodon idella (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1844)Rhodeus ocellatus (Kner, 1866)

DIODONTIDAE Diodon liturosus Shaw, 1804

ELEOTRIDAEAmblyeleotris guttata (Fowler, 1938) Belobranchus belobranchus (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837)

209

Bostrychus sinensis Lacepède, 1801 Bunaka gyrinoides (Bleeker, 1853) Butis amboinensis (Bleeker, 1853) Butis butis (Hamilton, 1822) Eleotris fusca (Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker, 1852 Giurus hoedti (Bleeker, 1854)Giurus margaritacea (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837) Hypseleotris guentheri (Bleeker, 1875) Ophiocara porocephala (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valencienne, 1837) Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852)

ENGRAULIDAE Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823) Thryssa baelama (Forsskål, 1775)

EPHIPPIDAEPlatax orbicularis (Forsskål, 1775)

GERREIDAEGerres longirostris (Lacepède, 1801)

GOBIIDAE GOBIINAE

Acentrogobius caninus (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837)Acentrogobius suluensis (Herre, 1927)

Bathygobius fuscus (Rüppell, 1830)Bathygobius hongkongensis Lam, 1986 Bathygobius padangensis (Bleeker, 1851) Caragobius urolepis (Bleeker, 1852) Ctenogobiops aurocingulus (Herre, 1935) Glossogobius bicirrhosus (Weber, 1894) Glossogobius sp.1 Oplopomus oplopomus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837) Palutrus scapulopunctatus (de Beaufort, 1912) Psammogobius biocellatus (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837) Yongeichthys nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775)

GOBIONELLINAE Awaous guamensis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837)Awaous melanocephalus (Bleeker, 1849) Awaous ocellaris (Broussonet, 1782) Mugilogobius notospilus (Günther, 1877) Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema (Bleeker, 1856-57)

Oxyurichthys tentacularis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837) Redigobius bikolanus (Herre, 1927)Redigobius leveri (Fowler, 1943)Redigobius roemeri (Weber, 1911) Redigobius sp.1 Schismatogobius vitiensis Jenkins and Boseto, 2005 Stenogobius sp.1 ?Stigmatogobius sadanundio (Hamilton, 1822)

OXUDERCINAE ?Periophthalmodon barbarus (Linnaeus 1766) Periophthalmus argentilineatus Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837 Periophthalmus kalolo Lesson, 1831

210

SICYDIINAE Lentipes kaaea Watson, Keith and Marquet, 2002 Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Commerson, in Lacepède, 1800) Sicyopus zosterophorum (Bleeker, 1856-57) Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp. Stiphodon rutilaureus Watson, 1996 Stiphodon sp. 1Stiphodon sp. 2 New genus, new species

HAEMULIDAEPlectorhinchus gibbosus (Hombron and Jacquinot, 1853)

HEMIRAMPHIDAE Hyporhamphus dussumieri (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847) Zenarchopterus dispar (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847)

KUHLIIDAE Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829)Kuhlia munda (De Vis, 1884) Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepède, 1802)

LACTARIIDAELactarius lactarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

LEIOGNATHIDAE. Gazza minuta (Bloch, 1795)Leiognathus equulus (Forsskål, 1775)Leiognathus fasciatus (Lacepède, 1803) Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier, 1829)

LETHRINIDAELethrinus harak (Forsskål, 1775)Lethrinus reticulatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830)

LUTJANIDAELutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775)Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskål, 1775)Lutjanus fulvus (Forster, in Bloch and Schneider, 1801)Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskål, 1775)Lutjanus johnii (Bloch, 1792)Lutjanus lunulatus (Park, 1797)Lutjanus rivulatus (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828) Lutjanus russellii (Bleeker, 1849)

MEGALOPIDAE Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782)

MONODACTYLIDAE Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758)

MORINGUIDAE Moringua abbreviata (Bleeker, 1863)Moringua macrocephalus (Bleeker, 1863)Neoconger tuberculatus (Castle, 1965)

MUGILIDAE Cestraeus plicatilis Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836 Liza macrolepis (Smith, 1846)Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskål, 1775) Liza melinoptera (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836)Liza subviridis (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836)

211

Liza vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758Valamugil buchanani (Bleeker, 1853)Valamugil cunnesius (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836) Valamugil engeli (Bleeker, 1858)Valamugil seheli (Forsskål, 1775)

MULLIDAE Parupeneus indicus (Shaw, 1803)Upeneus sulphureus (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) Upeneus vittatus (Forsskål, 1775)

MURAENESOCIDAE Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål, 1775)

MURAENIDAEGymnothorax favagineus Bloch and Schneider, 1801)Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl, 1789)Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker, 1853)Gymnothorax undulata (Lacepède, 1803)Uropterygius concolor Rüppell, 1838

OPHICHTHIDAE Lamnostoma bicolor (Kaup, 1856)Lamnostoma kampeni (Weber & de Beaufort, 1916)Pisodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson, 1848)Yirrkala gjellerupi (Weber & de Beaufort, 1916)?Yirrkala lumbricoides (Bleeker, 1853)

POECILIIDAEGambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853)Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863*Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859* Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848*

POLYNEMIDAE Polydactylus microstoma (Bleeker, 1851)Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782)

SCATOPHAGIDAE Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766)

SCORPAENIDAE Dendrochirus brachypterus (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829)Dendrochirus zebra (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829)Scorpaenopsis macrochir Ogilby, 1910 Tetraroge niger (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829)

SERRANIDAEEpinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

SIGANIDAE Siganus vermiculatus (Valenciennces, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1835)

SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena obtusata (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829)

SYNGNATHIDAE Hippichthys cyanospilus (Bleeker, 1854) Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell, 1838) Microphis argulus (Peters, 1855)Microphis brachyurus brachyurus (Bleeker, 1853)

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Microphis brevidorsalis (de Beaufort, 1913) Microphis leiaspis (Bleeker, 1853) Microphis retzii (Bleeker, 1856) Microphis sp.1

TERAPONIDAE Mesopristes kneri (Bleeker, 1876) Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775)

TETRAODONTIDAEArothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)Arothron reticularis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

TRICHIURIDAE Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758

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Appendix 6. Fish counted into the quartiles and representing common, moderate to occasionally common and less common species.

My collections Other collections Combine the two collections

Common fish species A. marmorata H. guentheri E. fusca K. rupestris A. marmorata

A. marmorata K. rupestris

Moderate to occasionally common fish species

S. lagocephalus K. rupestris K. marginata S. rutilaureus A. ocellaris B. belobranchus

K. marginata Glossogobius sp. 1S. lagocephalus K. munda A. ocellaris E. melanosoma Stiphodon sp. 1Stiphodon sp. 2Stenogobius sp. 1A. guamensis A. obscura Z. dispar A. miops S. rutilaureus O. mossambicus G. hoedti P. biocellatus L. argentimaculatus R. leveri C. sexfasciatus M. kneri G. affinis M. leiaspis M. retzii O. niloticus O. aporos A. reticularis

S. lagocephalus K. marginata E. fusca H. guentheri A. ocellaris Glossogobius sp. 1S. rutilaureus E. melanosoma Stiphodon sp. 1Stiphodon sp. 2K. munda Stenogobius sp. 1 O. mossambicus A. guamensis A. miops R. leveri Z. dispar

Less common fish species O. mossambicus G. polyuranodon E. fusca E. melanosoma Stiphodon sp. 1R. leveri Stiphodon sp. 2C. sexfasciatus S. zosterophorum K. munda G. affinis S. vitiensis H. guentheri Glossogobius sp. 1Stenogobius sp. 1A. guamensis A. miops L. fulvus M. brachyurus brachyurus O. margaritacea M. kneri G. hoedti P. biocellatus L. argentimaculatus M. leiaspis

S. zosterophorum G. polyuranodon B. gyrinoides T. jarbua P. Kalolo U.vittatusS. vermiculatus O. marmorata M. cyprinioides M. cephalus H. spicifer A. immaculatus S. vitiensis L. fulvus M. brachyurus brachyurus O. margaritacea L. kampeni A. lateralis O. porocephala S. argus C. leucas C. chanos C. dorab S. fijiense P. argentineatus

A. obscura C. sexfasciatus G. polyuranodon M. kneri G. hoedti P. biocellatus S. zosterophorum G. affinis L. argentimaculatus M. leiaspis B. belobranchus S. vitiensis M. retzii O. niloticus B. gyrinoides O. aporos L. fulvus M. brachyurus brachyurus T. jarbua A. reticularis P. Kalolo U. vittatus L. kampeni S. vermiculatus A. lateralis

214

B. gyrinoides T. jarbua L. kampeni Z. dispar S. vermiculatus L. russellii M. argenteus M. brevidorsalis L. subviridis Z. dispar P. reticulata S. (c.f. juxtastiphodon) sp. 1N. genus. n. species M. retzii A. reticularis P. kalolo U. vittatus A. lateralis O. porocephala S. argus S. fijiense B. gonionotus B. sinensis R. bikolanus L. equulus A. megastoma L. kaaea P. gibbosus G. minuta L. fasciatus M. abbreviata N. tuberculatus C. macrolepis V. buchanani U. sulphureus T. niger A. amboinensis D. liturosus S. indicus G. longirostris L. splendens V. cunnesius V. engeli Y. gjellerupi S. obtusata

L. equulus L. russullii M. argenteus M. brevidorsalis B. gonionotus B. sinensis R. bikolanus A. australis M. salmoides C. idella B. butis T. baelama A. caninus B. fuscus S. sadanundio P. barbatus L. harak C. plicatilis L. melinoptera L. vaigiensis U. sulphureus M. cinereus U. concolor P. mexicana X. hellerii D. zebra L. subviridis P. reticulata A. megastoma L. kaaea P. gibbosus G. minuta L. fasciatus M. abbreviata N. tuberculatus C. macrolepis V. buchanani T. niger M. argulus A. glossodonta S. orbicularis R. aculeatus C. ignobilis C. papuensis C. tille S. tol R. ocellatus A. guttata B. amboinensis P. orbicularis A. suluensis B. hongkongensis B. padangensis C. urolepis C. aurocingulus G. bicirrhosus O. oplopomus P. scapulopunctatus Y. nebulosus A. melanocephalus M. notospilus O. ophthalmonema

O. porocephala O. marmorata L. russullii M. cyprinioides M. argenteus M. cephalus S. argus H. spicifer M. brevidorsalis A. immaculatus C. leucas C. chanos C. dorab S. fijiense B. gonionotus B. sinensis O. margaritacea R. bikolanus P. argentineatus L. equulus L. subviridis P. reticulata A. australis A. megastoma M. salmoides C. idella B. butis T. baelama A. caninus B. fuscus S. sadanundio P. barbatus L. kaaea S. (c.f. juxtastiphodon) sp. 1N. genus n.species P. gibbosus G. minuta L. fasciatus L. harak M. abbreviata N. tuberculatus C. plicatilis C. macrolepis L. melinoptera L. vaigiensis V. buchanani U. sulphureus M. cinereus U. concolor P. mexicana X. hellerii D. zebra T. niger A. glossodonta A. amboinensis S. orbicularis R. aculeatus C. ignobilis C. papuensis C. tille S. tol

215

O. tentacularis R. roemoeri Redigobius sp. 1H. dussumieri L. lactarius L. splendens L. reticulatus L. fulviflamma L. gibbus L. johnii L. lunulatus L. rivulatus M. macrocephalus C. crenilabis V. seheli P. indicus G. favagineus G. pictus G. undulata L. bicolor P. cancrivorus Y. lumbricoides P. microstoma P. plebeius D. brachypterus Microphis sp. 1S. macrochir E. malabaricus E. lanceolatus H. cyanospilos L. lunaris T. lepturus A. bicolor bicolor

R. ocellatus D. liturosus A. guttata B. amboinensis S. indicus P. orbicularis G. longirostris A. suluensis B. hongkongensis B. padangensis C. urolepis C. aurocingulus G. bicirrhosus O. oplopomus P. scapulopunctatus Y. nebulosus A. melanocephalus M. notospilus O. ophthalmonema O. tentacularis R. roemoeri Redigobius sp. 1A. bicolor bicolor H. dussumieri L. lactarius L. splendens L. reticulatus L. fulviflamma L. gibbus L. johnii L. lunulatus L. rivulatus M. macrocephalus C. crenilabis V. cunnesius V. engeli V. seheli P. indicus G. favagineus G. pictus G. undulata L. bicolor P. cancrivorus Y. gjellerupi Y. lumbricoides P. microstoma P. plebeius D. brachypterus S. macrochir E. malabaricus E. lanceolatus S. obtusata H. cyanospilus M. argulus Microphis sp. 1L. lunaris T. lepturus

216

Appendix 7. Fishes categorised into different water habitats namely freshwater, freshwater/brackish, freshwater/brackish/marine and brackish/marine. Some lagoonal fishes that are found in any of the below categories during this survey or from previous studies are classified into those categories. This is done for this study only inorder to differenciate the fresh water fish from the estuarine and the marine species.

Freshwater Freshwater/Brackish Freshwater/Brackish/Marine Brackish/Marine Micropterus salmoides Apogon amboinensis Ambassis miops Albula glossodonta

Barbodes gonionotus Oreochromis mossambicus Anguilla australis Sphaeramia orbicularis

Ctenopharyngodon idellus Oreochromis niloticus Anguilla bicolor bicolor Rhinecanthus aculeatus

Rhodeus ocellatus Belobranchus belobranchus Anguilla marmorata Caranx ignobilis

Bunaka gyrinoides Oxyeleotris marmorata Anguilla megastoma Caranx papuensis

Hypseleotris guentheri Acentrogobius suluensis Anguilla obscura Caranx sexfasciatus

Redigobius leveri Glossogobius bicirrhosus Apogon lateralis Caranx tille

Redigobius sp. 1 Glossogobius sp. 1 Carcharhinus leucas Scomberoides tol Schismatogobius vitiensis Awaous melanocephalus Chanos chanos Chirocentrus dorab

Lamnostoma kampeni Stenogobius sp. 1 Bostrychus sinensis Sardinella fijiense

Yirrkala gjellerupi Stigmatogobius sadanundio Butis amboinensis Diodon liturosus

Microphis brevidorsalis Kuhlia munda Butis butis Amblyeleotris guttata

Microphis retzii Kuhlia rupestris Eleotris fusca Stolephorus indicus

Microphis sp.1 Cestraeus plicatilis Eleotris melanosoma Thryssa baelama Moringua macrocephalus Giurus hoedti Platax orbicularis

Gambusia affinis Giurus margaritacea Gerres longirostris

Poecilia mexicana Ophiocara porocephala Acentrogobius caninus

Poecilia reticulata Bathygobius fuscus Bathygobius hongkongensis

Xiphophorus helleri Yongeichthys nebulosus Bathygobius padangensis

Microphis leiaspis Awaous guamensis Caragobius urolepis

Awaous ocellaris Ctenogobiops aurocingulus

Mugilogobius notospilus Oplopomus oplopomus Redigobius bikolanus Palutrus scapulopunctatus

Redigobius roemeri Psammogobius biocellatus

Periophthalmodon barbarus Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema

Lentipes kaaea Oxyurichthys tentacularis

Sicyopterus lagocephalus Periophthalmus argentilineatus

Sicyopus zosterophorum Periophthalmus kalolo Sicyopus (cf Juxtastiphodon) sp. Plectorhinchus gibbosus

Stiphodon rutilaureus Hyporhamphus dussumieri

Stiphodon sp. 1 Lactarius lactarius

Stiphodon sp. 2 Gazza minuta

New genus, new species Leiognathus fasciatus

Zenarchopterus dispar Leiognathus splendens Kuhlia marginata Lethrinus harak

Leiognathus equulus Lethrinus reticulatus

Lutjanus fulvus Lutjanus argentimaculatus

Megalops cyprinoides Lutjanus fulviflamma

Monodactylus argenteus Lutjanus gibbus

217

Liza macrolepis Lutjanus johnii

Liza melinoptera Lutjanus lunulatus

Liza subviridis Lutjanus rivulatus

Mugil cephalus Lutjanus russellii

Valamugil buchanani Moringua abbreviata

Valamugil cunnesius Neoconger tuberculatus Muraenesox cinereus Crenimugil crenilabis

Gymnothorax polyuranodon Liza vaigiensis

Pisodonophis cancrivorus Valamugil engeli Scatophagus argus Valamugil seheli

Tetraroge niger Parupeneus indicus

Hippichthys cyanospilos Upeneus sulphureus

Microphis argulus Upeneus vittatus

Microphis brachyurus brachyurus Gymnothorax favagineus

Mesopristes kneri Gymnothorax pictus Terapon jarbua Gymnothorax undulata

Uropterygius concolor

Lamnostoma bicolor

Yirrkala lumbricoides

Polydactylus microstoma

Polydactylus plebeius Dendrochirus brachypterus

Dendrochirus zebra

Scorpaenopsis macrochir

Epinephelus lanceolatus

Epinephelus malabaricus

Siganus vermiculatus Sphyraena obtusata

Hippichthys spicifer

Arothron immaculatus

Arothron reticularis

Lagocephalus lunaris

Trichiurus lepturus

218

Appendix 8. Gazetteer of fish collections in Fiji from other sources. Coordinates were obtained by using the Fiji Map series (1:50, 000 & 1:250, 000). Note some localities are West longitude.

David Boseto's Collection locality Source Gazetteer East Gazetteer South

A. Site 1, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.19” 180 07’.32” A. Site 2, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.01” 180 06’.15” A. Site 3, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.07” 180 06’.23” A. Site 4, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.02” 180 06’.10” A. Site 5, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 27’.20” 180 06’.19” A. Site 6, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 25’.59” 180 05’.53” A. Site 7, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.37” 180 05’.45” A. Site 8, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.09” 180 05’.43” A. Site 9, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.22” 180 05’.41” A. Site 10, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.26” 180 05’.29” A. Site 11, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.46” 180 05’.16” A. Site 12, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.44” 180 05’.07” A. Site 13, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.54” 180 05’.08” A. Site 14, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.36” 180 04’.59” A. Site 15, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.56” 180 06’.33” A. Site 16, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.59” 180 05’.28” A. Site 17, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.32” 180 04’.52” A. Site 18, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 27’.22” 180 04’.03” A. Site 19, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.51” 180 05’.22” A. Site 20, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.26” 180 04’.49” A. Site 21, Tamavua River system David Boseto 1780 26’.26” 180 04’.45” B. Site 43, Upper Navua River David Boseto 1770 57’.12” 180 07’.43” B. Site 44, Upper Navua River David Boseto 1770 57’.22” 180 07’.49” C. Site 45, Sovi River David Boseto 1780 15’.23” 170 55’.38” D. Site 46, Lower Wainadi Creek David Boseto 1780 26’.26” 180 04’.52” D. Site 47, Mid Wainadi Creek David Boseto 1780 26’.26” 180 04’.49” D. Site 52, Upper Wainadi Creek David Boseto 1780 14’.12” 170 56’.03” E. Site 48, Wainivobo River David Boseto 1780 13’.25” 170 33’.07” F. Site 49, Wainasa Creek David Boseto 1780 15’.24” 170 36’.03” G. Site 50, WanivaLau IslandRiver David Boseto 1780 13’.25” 170 54’.46” H. Site 52, Waibasaga Creek David Boseto 1780 26’.26” 180 04’.45” I. Site 53, Waiveikovi Creek David Boseto 1780 02’.13” 170 35’.13” J. Site 54, Wabu Creek David Boseto 1780 02’.16” 170 35’.27” K. Site 60, Wairoko Creek David Boseto 1780 24’.50” 170 45’.40” L. Site 61, Lower Wailotua River David Boseto 1780 24’.01” 170 45’.34” L. Site 62, Mid Wailotua Creek David Boseto 1780 24’.29” 170 45’.36” Q. Site 55, Wasali Creek David Boseto 1790 14’.13'' 160 33’.33''

Q. Site 56, Wasali Creek David Boseto 1790 14’.11'' 160 33’.33''

Q. Site 57, Wasali Creek David Boseto 1790 14’.06'' 160 33’.30''

Q. Site 58, Wasali Creek David Boseto 1790 13’.27'' 160 33’.24''

Q. Site 59, Wasali Creek David Boseto 1790 13’.20'' 160 33’.19''

R. Site 63, Upper Ba River David Boseto 1770 54’.31” 170 42’.53” S. Site 64, Nukunuku Creek David Boseto 1770 56’.30” 170 38’.36” T. Site 65, Nadala Creek David Boseto 1770 59’.57” 170 37’.13”

219

David Boseto's Collection Continued locality Source Gazetteer East Gazetteer South

U. Site 66, Qaliwana Creek David Boseto 1770 59’.58” 170 37’.13” West locality Source Gazetteer West Gazetteer South

M. Site 22, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 52’.31'' 160 49’.50''

M. Site 23, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 52’.28'' 160 49’.57''

M. Site 24, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 52’.36'' 160 50’.00''

M. Site 25, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 52’.38'' 160 49’.58''

M. Site 26, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 52’.42'' 160 49’.56''

M. Site 27, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 52’.44'' 160 49’.57''

M. Site 28, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 52’.47'' 160 49’.57''

M. Site 29, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 52’.51'' 160 49’.56''

M. Site 30, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 52’.53'' 160 50’.00''

M. Site 31, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 53’.01'' 160 50’.00''

M. Site 32, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 53’.09'' 160 49’.59''

M. Site 33, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 53’.11'' 160 49’.59''

M. Site 34, Tavoro Creek David Boseto 1790 53’.29'' 160 50’.02''

N. Site 35, Navaka Creek David Boseto 1790 53’.20'' 160 49’.46''

N. Site 36, Navaka Creek David Boseto 1790 53’.06'' 160 49’.43''

O. Site 37, Wailevu Creek David Boseto 1790 53’.06'' 160 51’.25''

O. Site 38, Wailevu Creek David Boseto 1790 53’.08'' 160 51’.09''

O. Site 39, Wailevu Creek David Boseto 1790 53’.39'' 160 51’.36''

O. Site 40, Wailevu Creek David Boseto 1790 53’.38'' 160 51’.35''

P. Site 42, Waitavala Creek David Boseto 1790 59’.46'' 160 48’.12''

P. Site 41, Waitavala Creek David Boseto 1790 59’.43'' 160 48’.17''

John Pogonowski's Collection Locality Source Gazetteer East Gazetteer South

Lower Sigatoka John Pogonowski 1770 31’.31'' 180 07’.48''

Upper Nadi, Vaturu dam John Pogonowski 1770 40’.23'' 170 45’.27'' Middle Ba River, Near Navala Village John Pogonowski 1770 49’.01'' 170 40’.32'' Upper Rewa River, Naqelewai Village John Pogonowski 1780 05’.13'' 170 43’.01'' Upper River, near Navai Village John Pogonowski 1770 59’.58'' 170 37’.13'' Upper Ba, near Koro Village John Pogonowski 1770 54’.31'' 170 42’.53''

Lower Nala River, Koroivonu River John Pogonowski 1790 52’.45'' 160 34’.03''

Lower Nala River, Koroivonu River John Pogonowski 1790 49’.29'' 160 34’.08''

Mid Buca River, Waidamudama Creek John Pogonowski 1790 49’.29'' 160 38’.50''

Mid Navonu River, Navakamotolu Creek John Pogonowski 1790 47’.26'' 160 41’.24'' Mid Nakawakawa River, near Nakawakawa Village

John Pogonowski 1790 20’.28'' 160 39’.48''

Mid Wainunu River, Davutu River John Pogonowski 1780 55’.16'' 160 49’.45'' Upper Dama River, near Driti Village John Pogonowski 1780 43’.28'' 160 53’.21'' Upper Lekutu River, near Kavula River John Pogonowski 1780 45’.21'' 160 44’.02'' Lower Nasavu River, near Vitina Village John Pogonowski 1790 42’.49'' 160 19’.28'' Lower Wainikoro River, near Nasasa Village

John Pogonowski 1790 34’.27'' 160 23’.12''

Upper Labasa River, near Sueni Village John Pogonowski 1790 21’.14'' 160 34’.38'' Upper Dreketi River, near Saivou Village John Pogonowski 1790 09’.03'' 160 36’.14''

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GAZETTEER OF FIJI FW/EST LOCALITIES

Locality Island group/area South East West

Ba River Viti Levu 170 42’.53” 1770 54’.31” Bouma Creek Taveuni 160 50’.00'' 1790 53’.02'' Buca River Natewa Penisular 160 38’.50'' 1790 49’.30'' Bureta River Ovalau Island 170 39’.20'' 1780 45’.14'' Dama River Vanua Levu 160 53’.21'' 1780 43’.28'' Dravo village, east of Nausori ('Daun') Viti Levu 180 01’.04'' 1780 03’.28'' Davutu River Vanua Levu 160 49’.45'' 1780 55’.16'' Dobuilevu River Viti Levu 170 36’.31'' 1780 14’.41'' Dreketi River Vanua Levu 160 36’.14'' 1790 09’.03'' Driti Village Vanua Levu 160 53’.21'' 1780 43’.28'' Duveita Bay (Not traceable from the map) Hippichthys

spicifer

Ellington Penang Viti Levu 170 21’.02'' 1780 12’.24'' Interior, 705 m not

traceable

Kabariki Village Kadavu 190 08’.44'' 1780 02’.00'' Kadavu Island Kadavu 180 51’.20'' 1770 56’.28'' Kanacea Island Lau 170 16’.02'' 1790 08’.00'' Kauvula River Vanua Levu 160 44’.03'' 1780 45’.21'' Kauvula Village Vanua Levu 160 44’.03'' 1780 45’.21'' Koro Village Viti Levu 170 42’.53'' 1770 54’.31'' Koroivonu River Vanua Levu 160 34’.03'' 1790 52’.45'' Korolevu Viti Levu 180 12’.36'' 1770 41’.24'' Kubuna Creek Viti Levu 180 00’.54'' 1770 20’.16'' Labasa River Vanua Levu 160 34’.38'' 1790 21’.14'' Lakeba Island Lau 180 56’.00'' 1780 44’.59'' Lekutu River Vanua Levu 160 44’.03'' 1780 45’.21'' Lami River Viti Levu 180 05’.27'' 1780 23’.46'' Lau Islands Lau 180 56’.00'' 1780 44’.59'' Laucala Bay, USP lower campus Viti Levu 180 07’.41'' 1780 29’.17'' Levuka Town Ovalau Island 170 33’.29'' 1780 46’.38'' Lokia Creek Viti Levu 180 06’.02'' 1780 32’.56'' Matuku Harbour Matuku Island 190 06’.30'' 1790 45’.00'' Monasavu Dam/Reservoir Viti Levu 170 44’.58'' 1780 04’.24'' Nabitu River Viti Levu 170 37’.51'' 1770 25’.31'' Nabukavesi Creek Viti Levu 180 10’.09'' 1780 14’.41'' Nadi River Viti Levu 170 45’.27'' 1770 40’.23'' Nadala Creek Viti Levu 170 37’.13” 1770 59’.57” Nadarivatu River Viti Levu 170 33’.00'' 1770 58’.24'' Nadarivatu station Viti Levu 170 33’.00'' 1770 58’.24'' Nadroga Province Viti Levu 180 13’.23'' 1770 47’.10''

221

Naduruloulou Station Viti Levu 170 58’.34'' 1780 30’.39'' Naikorokoro Creek Viti Levu 180 05’.00'' 1780 19’.00'' Nairai Island Nairai Island 170 48’.41'' 1790 24’.36'' Naivucini River Viti Levu 170 50’.17'' 1780 15’.41'' Nakabuka Creek Taveuni 160 49’.56'' 1790 52’.51'' Nakoronawa Creek Kadavu 190 12’.26'' 1780 23’.14'' Nakoronawa Village Kadavu 190 12’.26'' 1780 23’.14'' Nakavu Creek Viti Levu 180 11’.17'' 1780 06’.31'' Nala Village Vanua Levu 160 34’.03'' 1790 52’.45'' Nalase Creek Viti Levu 180 06’.41'' 1780 34’.36'' Namara Village Kadavu 190 02’.09'' 1780 13’.54'' Namoli Creek Viti Levu 170 36’.06'' 1770 27’.51'' Namosi Province Viti Levu 180 10’.32'' 1780 11’.54'' Naqalewai Village Viti Levu 170 43’.01'' 1780 05’.13'' Naqara Island Naqara Island 180 10’.44'' 1780 16’.12'' Narokorokoyawa River Viti Levu 180 51’.00'' 1780 06’.10'' Narokorokoyawa Village Viti Levu 180 51’.00'' 1780 06’.10'' Nakawakawa River Vanua Levu 160 39’.48'' 1790 20’.28'' Nakawakawa Village Vanua Levu 160 39’.48'' 1790 20’.28'' Nasasa Village Vanua Levu 160 23’.12'' 1790 34’.27'' Nasegai Village Kadavu 190 09’.00'' 1780 04’.41'' Nasova Creek Viti Levu 180 09’.26'' 1780 26’.00'' Nasavu River Vanua Levu 160 19’.28'' 1790 42’.49'' Natewa Penisular Vanua Levu 160 38’.50'' 1790 49’.29'' Naululumudulevu Creek Viti Levu 170 35’.59'' 1770 28’.32'' Nausori Town Viti Levu 180 01’.58'' 1780 31’.59'' Navaka Creek Taveuni 160 49’.43'' 1790 53’.06'' Navakamotolu Creek Vanua Levu 160 41’.24'' 1790 47’.26'' Navai Village Viti Levu 170 37’.13'' 1770 59’.58'' Navala Village Viti Levu 170 40’.31'' 1770 49’.01'' Naviti Resort Viti Levu 170 05’.00'' 1770 15’.00'' Navonu River Vanua Levu 160 41’.24'' 1790 47’.26'' Navua Gorge Viti Levu 180 07’.43” 1770 57’.12” Navua River Viti Levu 180 10’.32'' 1780 11’.54'' Navula Creek Kadavu 190 02’.09'' 1780 13’.54'' Navutu Settlement Viti Levu 180 07’.49” 1770 25’.50” Nayarabale River Vanua Levu 160 27’.09'' 1790 30’.27'' Nukulau Island Viti Levu 180 10’.28'' 1780 30’.48'' Nukunikula Creek in Korogaga Viti Levu 180 12’.02'' 1780 28’.58'' Nukunuku Creek on Lakeba Island Lau 180 56’.00'' 1780 44’.59'' Ono-I-lau Island Lau 200 36’.30'' 1780 42’.18'' Orchid Island Viti Levu 180 06’.43'' 1780 21’.44'' Ovalau Island Ovalau Island 170 33’.29'' 1780 45’.34'' Pacific Harbour Viti Levu 180 15’.38'' 1780 04’.01'' Qaliwana Creek Viti Levu 170 37’.13” 1770 59’.58” Qawa River Vanua Levu 160 27’.00'' 1790 24’.10''

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Rabi Island Rabi Island 160 29’.20'' 1790 57’.15'' Rakiraki V iti Levu 170 21’.02'' 1780 12’.24'' Rewa River Viti Levu 180 06’.10'' 1780 33’.22'' Rewa River mouth Viti Levu 180 08’.20'' 1780 31’.22'' Saivou Village Vanua Levu 160 36’.14'' 1790 09’.03'' Savuqoro Creek Vanua Levu 160 33’.19'' 1790 13’.20'' Savura Creek Viti Levu 180 05’.07” 1780 26’.44” Sawani area Viti Levu 180 01’.10'' 1780 29’.29'' Serua Harbour Viti Levu 180 13’.06'' 1780 11’.12'' Sigatoka River Viti Levu 180 07’.48'' 1770 31’.31'' South Draunibota Island Viti Levu 180 07’.26'' 1780 22’.37'' Sovi Basin Viti Levu 170 55’.38” 1780 15’.23” Sovi River Viti Levu 170 55’.38” 1780 15’.23” Suva City Viti Levu 180 08’.15'' 1780 25’.27'' Suva Harbour Viti Levu 180 06’.54'' 1780 25’.01'' Suva Point Viti Levu 180 09’.31'' 1780 25’.48'' Tailevu District Viti Levu 170 56’.14'' 1780 30’.07'' Tamavua River Viti Levu 180 06’.07'' 1780 26’.20'' Tavoro Creek Taveuni 160 49’.59'' 1790 53’.11'' Tavoro Fall Taveuni 160 50’.00'' 1790 53’.01'' Tavuki Creek Kadavu 190 05’.14'' 1780 06’.49'' Toberua Island Toberua Island 170 82’.15'' 1780 42’.17'' Tubou creek Lau 180 14’.00'' 1780 51’.38'' Totoya Island Totoya Island 180 10’.34'' 1790 50’.34'' Vatulele Island South west of

Kadavu 180 30’.55'' 1770 40’.23''

Vakano Creek on Lakeba Island Lau 180 14’.00'' 1780 52’.33'' Vanuakula Island Off Kadavu 190 44’.00'' 1780 30’.18'' Vago Creek Viti Levu 180 06’.33” 1780 26’.56” Vago Falls Viti Levu 180 05’.22” 1780 26’.51” Vaturu Dam Viti Levu 170 45’.27'' 1770 40’.23'' Vitina Village Vanua Levu 160 19’.28'' 1790 42’.49'' Vunimoli Creek Kadavu 190 08’.44'' 1780 02’.00'' Vutia Creek Viti Levu 180 07’.26'' 1780 32’.41'' Vutini Creek Viti Levu 160 19’.28'' 1790 42’.49'' Wabu Creek Viti Levu 170 35’.27” 1780 02’.16” Waibasaga Creek Viti Levu 180 04’.45” 1780 26’.26” Waibau Creek, Viti Levu Viti Levu 180 00’.56'' 1780 23’.54'' Waibau Creek, Taveuni Taveuni 170 42’.17'' 1790 54’.51'' Wailevu Creek Taveuni 160 51’.25'' 1790 53’.06'' Wailotua River Viti Levu 170 45’.36” 1780 24’.29” Waidamudama Creek Vanua Levu 160 38’.50'' 1790 49’.30'' Waimanu River Viti Levu 180 01’.10'' 1780 29’.29'' Waimilamila Creek Viti Levu 170 49’.14'' 1780 13’.20'' Wainadi Creek Viti Levu 180 04’.49” 1780 26’.26” Wainavobo River Viti Levu 170 33’.07” 1780 13’.25”

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Wainivalau River Viti Levu 170 54’.46” 1780 13’.25” Wainibau Creek Taveuni 160 51’.20'' 1790 55’.15'' Wainadoi River Viti Levu 180 09’.14'' 1780 15’.37'' Wainikai Creek Viti Levu 170 49’.53'' 1780 22’.46'' Wainikavika Creek Viti Levu 180 12’.15'' 1780 09’.09'' Wainikoro River Vanua Levu 160 23’.12'' 1790 34’.27'' Wainimala River Viti Levu 170 50’.50'' 1780 21’.12'' Wainimarovi Creek Kadavu 190 09’.00'' 1780 04’.41'' Wainasa Creek Viti Levu 170 36’.03” 1780 15’.24” Wainisavulevu River Viti Levu 170 48’.19'' 1780 06’.31'' Wainisusu River Viti Levu 180 11’.24'' 1780 07’.32'' Wainivesi River Viti Levu 180 06’.49'' 1780 27’.54'' Wainivodi River Viti Levu 170 48’.19'' 1780 06’.31'' Wainunu River Vanua Levu 160 49’.45'' 1780 55’.16'' Wairiki Creek Viti Levu 180 09’.00'' 1780 16’.37'' Wairoko Creek Viti Levu 170 45’.40” 1780 24’.50” Waisai Creek Viti Levu 170 26’.53'' 1770 56’.57'' Waisali Creek Viti Levu 160 33’.33'' 1790 14’.11'' Waisere Creek Viti Levu 170 56’.14'' 1780 30’.07'' Waitavala Creek Taveuni 160 48’.12'' 1790 59’.46'' Waivase River Viti Levu 180 06’.49'' 1780 27’.54'' Waivau Creek Viti Levu 180 08’.20'' 1780 31’.22'' Waiveikovi Creek Viti Levu 170 35’.13” 1780 02’.13” Yadua Island Yadua Island 160 50’.49'' 1780 16’.54'' Yanuyanusau Island Off Kadavu 190 46’.42'' 1780 30’.06''

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Appendix 9. Habitat type preferences of Fiji fish collected during this study. The x denotes fish

species collected from different habitat types during this survey. The letters of the alphabetical

represents a - mouth of creeks with sand substrates with coastal plants on the bank, b - mouth of

creeks with silt in substrate mangrove forest, c - midreach of river with muddy substrate and

riparian plants overhanging on the stream edge usually slow flowing and often dead logs and tree

roots in the creek, d - midreach of river with sand, gravel and boulders substrate with riparian

plants on banks usually fast flow and riffle, e - riffles, fast flowing water with fused rocks

substrate and rock wall sides and f - deep pools with sand and gravel substrate and riparian plants

on side.

Families/Species/Habitat types

a b c d e f

Ambassidae

Ambassis miops x x x

Anguillidae

Anguilla marmorata x x x x

Anguilla megastoma x

Apogonidae

Apogon amboinensis x

Apogon lateralis x

Carangidae

Caranx sexfasciatus x x

Cichlidae

Oreochromis mossambicus x x

Clupeidae

Sardinella fijiensis x

Cyprinidae

Barbonymus gonionotus x

Diodontidae

Diodon liturosus x

Eleotridae

Belobranchus belobranchus x x

Bostrychus sinensis x

Bunaka gyrinoides x

Eleotris fusca x x

Eleotris melanosoma x x

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Giurus hoedti x x

Hypseleotris guentheri x x

Giurus margaritacea x

Ophiocara porocephala x

Engraulidae

Stolephorus indicus x

Gerreidae

Gerres longirostris x

Gobiidae, Gobiinae

Psammogobius biocellatus x x

Gobiidae, Gobionellinae

Awaous guamensis x x

Awaous ocellaris x x

Glossogobius sp. 1 x

Redigobius bikolanus x

Redigobius leveri x x

Schismatogobius vitiensis x

Stenogobius sp. 1 x

Gobiidae, Oxudercinae

Periophthalmus kalolo x

Gobiidae, Sicydiinae

Lentipes kaaea x

Sicyopterus lagocephalus x x x x

Sicyopus zosterophorum x x

Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon)

sp.

x

New genus, new species x

Stiphodon rutilaureus x x

Stiphodon sp. 1 x x

Stiphodon sp. 2 x x

Haemulidae

Plectorhinchus gibbosus x

Hemiramphidae

Zenarchopterus dispar x x

Kuhliidae

Kuhlia marginata x x

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Kuhlia munda x x x

Kuhlia rupestris x x

Leiognathidae

Gazza minuta x

Leiognathus equulus x x

Leiognathus fasciatus x

Leiognathus splendens x

Lutjanidae

Latjanus argentimaculatus x x

Lutjanus fulvus x

Lutjanus russellii x

Monodactylidae

Monodactylus argenteus x

Moringuidae

Moringua abbreviata x

Mugilidae

Liza macrolepis x

Liza subviridis x x

Valamugil bachanani x

Valamugil cunnesius x

Valamugil engeli x x

Mullidae

Upeneus sulphureus x

Upeneus vittatus x

Muraenidae

Gymnothorax polyuranodon x x

Ophichthidae

Lamnostoma kampeni x x

Yirrkala gjellerupi x x

Neoconger tuberculatus x

Poeciliidae

Gambusia affinis x x

Poecilia reticulata x x

Scatophagidae

Scatophagus argus x

Scorpaenidae

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Tetraroge niger x

Siganidae

Siganus vermiculatus x

Sphyraenidae

Sphyraena obtusata x

Syngnathidae

Microphis brachyurus

brachyurus

x

Microphis brevidorsalis x x

Microphis leiaspis x

Microphis retzii x x

Teraponidae

Mesopristes kneri x

Terapon jarbua x

Tetraodontidae

Arothron reticularis x

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Appendix 10. Some of the habit types surveyed during this study.

Plate 2. A. Tamavua River, Site 1, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 3. A. Tamavua River, Site 4, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 4. A. Savura Creek, Site 7, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 5. A. Vago Creek, Site 21, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto) oto- David Boseto)

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Plate 6. G. Wainivalau River, Site 50, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 7. J. Wabu Creek, Site 54, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 8. L. Lower Wailotua River, Site 61, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 9. S. Nukunuku Creek, Site 64, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 10. M. Tavoro Fall, Site 33, Taveuni. (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 11. O. Wailevu Creek, Site 38, Taveuni. (Photo-Clare Morrison)

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Plate 12. P. Waitavala Creek, Site 42, Taveuni. (Photo- Aaron Jenkins)

Plate 13. Q. Savuqoro Creek below the fall, Site 58, Vanua Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

234

Appendix 11. Some freshwater and estuarine fishes caught during this study. The fish presented in alphabetical order as in Appendix 5 except for the introduced species that are placed at the end.

Plate 14. Ambassis miops, 70.3 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 15. Anguilla marmorata, 814.3 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 16. Anguilla megastoma, 420 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 17. Apogon amboinensis, 67 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 18. Sardinella fijiensis, 150.2 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 19. Belobranchus belobranchus, 87.7 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni. (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 20. Eleotris fusca, 72.9 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 21. Giurus hoedti, 65 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- Aaron Jenkins)

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Plate 22. Giurus margaritacea, 101.5 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 23. Hypseleotris guentheri, 61 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- Aaron Jenkins)

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Plate 24. Gerres longirostris, 12.7 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 25. Glossogobius sp. 1., 101.7 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 26. Awaous ocellaris, 99.3 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 27. Redigobius leveri, 38.7 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo-Aaron Jenkins).

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Plate 28. Schismatogobius Vitiensis, 34.5 mm SL, Nasekawa River, Vanua Levu (Photo- John

Pogonowski)

Plate 29. Stenogobius sp. 1, 74.8 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 30. Lentipes kaaea, 37.2 mm SL, Waitavala Creek, Taveuni. (Photo-Aaron Jenkins).

Plate 31. Sicyopterus lagocephalus, 106 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 32. Sicyopus zosterophorum, 85.4 mm SL, Wailevu Creek, Taveuni. (Photo-Aaron Jenkins).

Plate 33. Sicyopus (c.f. Juxtastiphodon) sp., 85.4 mm SL, Waitavala Creek, Taveuni. (Photo- Aaron Jenkins).

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Plate 34. Stiphodon rutilaureus, 31.8 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni. (Photo-Aaron Jenkins).

Plate 35. Stiphodon sp. 1. 35.1 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni. (Photo-Aaron Jenkins).

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Plate 36. Stiphodon sp. 2, 25.3 mm SL, Waitavala Creek, Taveuni. (Photo-Aaron Jenkins).

Plate 37. Zenarchopterus dispar, 68.3 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 38. Kuhlia marginata, 98 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 39. Kuhlia munda, 67 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 40. Kuhlia rupestris, 135 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 41. Leiognathus equulus, 4.2 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 42. Leiognathus fasciatus, 135 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 43. Lutjanus argentimaculatus, 225.3 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 44. Lutjanus fulvus, 12.6 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 45. Lutjanus russellii, 12.6 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 46. Monodactylus argenteus, 5.3 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 47. Liza subviridis, 15.9 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 48. Upeneus sulphureus, 89.1 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 49. Upeneus vittatus, 15.5 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 50. Lamnostoma kampeni, 230 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 51. Yirrkala gjellerupi, 150 mm SL, Savura Creek, Viti Levu. (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 52. Tetraroge niger, 4.4 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 53. Siganus vermiculatus, 13.2 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 54. Sphyraena obtusata, 270.4 mm SL, Tamavua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 55. Microphis brachyurus brachyurus, 280 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni. (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 56. Mesopristes kneri, 17.2 mm SL, Tavoro Creek, Taveuni (Photo- David Boseto)

Introduced Species

Plate 57. Oreochromis mossambicus, 140.5 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

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Plate 58. Barbonymus gonionotus, 88.6 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)

Plate 59. Poecilia reticulata, 61.3 mm SL, Wailotua River, Viti Levu (Photo- David Boseto)