diversity of life. kingdom diversity of life using ribosomal rna sequence carl woese
TRANSCRIPT
Diversity of Life
Diversity of Life
Kingdom
Diversity of Life
using ribosomal RNA sequenceCarl Woese
Viruses
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanography-book/Images/BacteriophageCartoon.jpg http://www.eoearth.org/image/Infected_cell.jpg
Not a living organism Parasite uses other
organisms to replicate Infect all organisms,
particularly bacteria 10 million/ml in ocean
Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Structurally simple,
lack most organelles
Mostly microscopic Circular DNA
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Life/images/celltypes.gif
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
1 Domain: Eukarya 4 Kingdoms: Protista,
Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
Structurally complex Have membrane-bound
organelles with specialized jobs
Mitochondria and chloroplasts – organelles that were once symbiotic bacteria
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Life/images/celltypes.gif
Diversity of Life - Archaea
Simple, primitive Old (3.8 billion years) Recently discovered (1970s) Look like bacteria, but chemically different
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaeamm.html
Diversity of Life - Archaea
Have reputation as “extremophiles”
Found almost everywhere Very common in oceans
Diversity of Life - Archaea
Extreme high and low temperatures areas (thermophiles)
Volcanic hot springs, hydrothermal vents
http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr0384.htm
Archaea “Strain 121” –survives up to 121°C,reduces iron into byproduct magnetite
Diversity of Life - Archaea
Extreme salty regions (halophiles) Hypersaline lakes Salinity 300‰ or more
Haloquadratum walsbyi
http://www.espacial.org/images/jpg2/haloquadratum_walsbyi.jpg
Diversity of Life - Archaea
Extreme alkaline and acidic areas Extreme pressure - deep trenches Anoxic muds
Archaea in acid mine drainage
Picrophilus torridus – lives at 60°C and pH=0
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/4/4f/Picrophilus_torridus.jpg
NASA
Diversity of Life - Archaea
Symbiotic associations with other organisms: Methanogens – live in
digestive guts of plankton, sea cucumbers
Others still being discovered
green – archaeum (Cenarchaeum symbiosium)red – red sponge (Axinella mexicana) cell nuclei
Diversity of Life - Bacteria
Simple, old Variety of shapes and sizes
Diversity of Life - Bacteria
Found almost everywhere (including extreme environments)
Found in huge quantities in the ocean
Diversity of Life - Bacteria
Important part of nutrient recycling
Decomposition of organic matter (dead, wastes)
Food for other organisms
Diversity of Life - Bacteria
Cyanobacteria (“blue-green algae”)
Green, blue, and red photosynthetic pigments
First photosynthetic organisms on earth
Stromatolites (3 bya and today) – calcareous (CaCO3)
http://web.eps.utk.edu/HistoricalGeo/historicalimages/Stromatolite.jpg
Diversity of Life - Bacteria
Symbiotic associations with other organisms: Chemosynthesis in tube
worms, mussels, clams at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Diversity of Life - Bacteria
Symbiotic associations with other organisms: Digestive gut bacteria
(shipworms, bone worms)
http://www.phschool.com/science/science_news/articles/images/gutless_wonder.jpg
Diversity of Life - Bacteria
Symbiotic associations with other organisms: Bioluminescence in
squid, fish Vibrio, Photobacterium
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/c/c9/Vibrio_fischeri_1145457864.jpg
http://beacon-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/lumflaskmod1.jpg
http://www.divernetxtra.com/biolog/pics/0900flash1.jpg
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/abyss/life/images/wudep50.jpeg
Diversity of Life – Metabolism
Organisms that can make own food = autotrophs (“self feeders”) Organisms that must eat other organisms or organic matter for food = heterotrophs
7 different types of pathways possible 4 heterotrophic:
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Nitrogen fixation Anaerobic ammonium oxidation
3 autotrophic: Light-mediated ATP synthesis Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis
Diversity of Life – Metabolism
Aerobic respiration, uses oxygen (O2), “burns” organic matter to get energy:
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Decomposition of organic matter
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy (sugar) (ATP)
Diversity of Life – Metabolism
Diversity of Life – Metabolism
Anaerobic respiration, uses NO3-, SO4
-2, or CO2 instead of O2
Nitrogen fixation Makes nitrogen gas (N2) usable to
organisms as ammonia Anaerobic ammonium oxidation All of these 3 require anoxic conditions All of these 3 are in prokaryotes only
Diversity of Life – Metabolism
Light-mediated ATP synthesis - prokaryotes only Photosynthesis
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes (only algae and plants) Need chlorophyll and other pigments Converts inorganic carbon to organic
Photoautotrophs
CO2 + H2O + light → C6H12O6 + O2
energy (sugar)
Diversity of Life – Metabolism
Photosynthesis
Diversity of Life – Metabolism
Chemosynthesis: Energy from chemicals (H2S), not light Critical for life at hot and cold seeps Prokaryotes only Chemoautotrophs
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/photos/grazers.jpg
Diversity of Life – Metabolism
Autotrophs must also use respiration to get ATP energy
Diversity of Life – Metabolism
7 classes of metabolic reactions possible in prokaryotes
Only 2 in eukaryotes (photosynthesis, aerobic respiration)
http://www.addletters.com/Godzillatron-football-sign-generator.htm
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Domains/Kingdoms
Bacteria, Archaea Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
Cellular Complexity Simple Complex, organelles
DNA structure Simple, circular Chromosomes in a nucleus
Cellular Organization
All unicellular Some unicellular, many multicellular
Metabolic pathways Variety, 7 possible Only 2 – aerobic respiration & photosynthesis
Feeding strategy Auto & heterotrophy
Auto & heterotrophy