diversity of living things part 3 kingdom protista

Diversity of Living Things Part 3Diversity of Living Things Part 3

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

ProtistsProtists

• Organisms in the kingdom Protista appeared about 1.5 billion years ago. For the first 2 billion years, only prokaryotes were living. But the protists (eukaryotes) were very different. They are 10 times larger than prokaryotes, have many chromosomes, have organelles with their own membranes.

• Organisms in the kingdom Protista appeared about 1.5 billion years ago. For the first 2 billion years, only prokaryotes were living. But the protists (eukaryotes) were very different. They are 10 times larger than prokaryotes, have many chromosomes, have organelles with their own membranes.

Origins of EukaryotesOrigins of Eukaryotes

• Endosymbiosis: relationship in which single-celled organism lives within the cells of another organism

• Membrane bound organelles likely developed from the folded cell membrane of ancestral prokaryotic cell.

• Consider:– Mitochondria and chloroplasts have 2 membranes that are

similar to ancestral prokaryotes– They have their own DNA– They reproduce on their own by binary fission– Same size as prokaryotic cells.

• Endosymbiosis: relationship in which single-celled organism lives within the cells of another organism

• Membrane bound organelles likely developed from the folded cell membrane of ancestral prokaryotic cell.

• Consider:– Mitochondria and chloroplasts have 2 membranes that are

similar to ancestral prokaryotes– They have their own DNA– They reproduce on their own by binary fission– Same size as prokaryotic cells.

Animal-like ProtistsAnimal-like Protists

• Some protists used to be classified under the animal kingdom and were called protozoans. They are like animals because they eat or ingest material from their surroundings.

• Heterotrophs

• Zooflagellates, Amoebas and Ciliates

• Some protists used to be classified under the animal kingdom and were called protozoans. They are like animals because they eat or ingest material from their surroundings.

• Heterotrophs

• Zooflagellates, Amoebas and Ciliates

ZooflagellatesZooflagellates• Zooflagellates have one or more flagella.

Some are heterotrophic and feed on other protists. Others live as parasites on animals (some are even human pathogens)

• Sleeping sickness is caused by a parasitic zooflagellate and can be fatal. Found in Africa.

• Zooflagellates have one or more flagella. Some are heterotrophic and feed on other protists. Others live as parasites on animals (some are even human pathogens)

• Sleeping sickness is caused by a parasitic zooflagellate and can be fatal. Found in Africa.

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AmoebaAmoeba• Amoebas are single-celled protozoans with no real

body shape. They can make temporary projections called pseudopods to move and feed.– Eat small organisms by endocytosis where particles of food

are sealed off in food vacuoles in the cytoplasm

– Some are parasitic: amoebic dysentery: in tropical regions. They feed on intestinal walls can cause bleeding. They form protective cysts so they do not get digested.

• Amoebas are single-celled protozoans with no real body shape. They can make temporary projections called pseudopods to move and feed.– Eat small organisms by endocytosis where particles of food

are sealed off in food vacuoles in the cytoplasm

– Some are parasitic: amoebic dysentery: in tropical regions. They feed on intestinal walls can cause bleeding. They form protective cysts so they do not get digested.

CiliatesCiliates• Ciliates are protozoans that are covered in cilia.

– have a rigid outer covering called a pedicle/pellicle that maintains their shape.

– Aquatic– Heterotrophic– Salt and fresh water– A freshwater ciliate called a Paramecium is the most common– They beat their cilia to move and to bring food into their oral

grooves.– Once the food enters the oral groove, the membrane pinches off

and forms a food vacuole, where it travels into the cytoplasm and joins with a lysosome that breaks down the food.

• Ciliates are protozoans that are covered in cilia. – have a rigid outer covering called a pedicle/pellicle that maintains

their shape.– Aquatic– Heterotrophic– Salt and fresh water– A freshwater ciliate called a Paramecium is the most common– They beat their cilia to move and to bring food into their oral

grooves.– Once the food enters the oral groove, the membrane pinches off

and forms a food vacuole, where it travels into the cytoplasm and joins with a lysosome that breaks down the food.

– After the ciliate has digested the food, the unwanted is discharged through the anal pore.

– Paramecia, like other ciliates, have two types of nuclei: a large macronucleus and one or more smaller micronuclei.

– Reproduction through binary fission (sometimes through conjugation they can use sexual reproduction)

– After the ciliate has digested the food, the unwanted is discharged through the anal pore.

– Paramecia, like other ciliates, have two types of nuclei: a large macronucleus and one or more smaller micronuclei.

– Reproduction through binary fission (sometimes through conjugation they can use sexual reproduction)

Fungus-like ProtistsFungus-like Protists• heterotrophic• decomposers• live in cool and damp habitats• 3 major phyla:

– acellular slime moulds– cellular slime moulds– water moulds

• Sporozoans are protists that make spores. – non-motile and parasitic– most known: Plasmodium that cause malaria and spend part of their life

cycle within human red blood cells. When the red blood cell bursts open the parasites’ toxins fill the bloodstream causing fever and chills. Some types can be fatal.

• heterotrophic• decomposers• live in cool and damp habitats• 3 major phyla:

– acellular slime moulds– cellular slime moulds– water moulds

• Sporozoans are protists that make spores. – non-motile and parasitic– most known: Plasmodium that cause malaria and spend part of their life

cycle within human red blood cells. When the red blood cell bursts open the parasites’ toxins fill the bloodstream causing fever and chills. Some types can be fatal.

Plant-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists

• 24 000 species of protists that contain chlorophyll and undergo photosynthesis

• Multicellular protists differ from plants in that the zygote of the alga is on its own and unprotected, whereas a plant zygote is protected by the parental cells, and they differ because they do not have tissues.

• Euglenoids and algae

• 24 000 species of protists that contain chlorophyll and undergo photosynthesis

• Multicellular protists differ from plants in that the zygote of the alga is on its own and unprotected, whereas a plant zygote is protected by the parental cells, and they differ because they do not have tissues.

• Euglenoids and algae

EuglenoidsEuglenoids

– Unicellular flagellates– The Euglena propels through water by it’s

flagellum– In sunlight it is autotrophic and in the dark it will

start to lose its chlorophyll and feeds as a heterotroph on dead organic material

– Unicellular flagellates– The Euglena propels through water by it’s

flagellum– In sunlight it is autotrophic and in the dark it will

start to lose its chlorophyll and feeds as a heterotroph on dead organic material

AlgaeAlgae• Algae have chloroplasts as well.

– Some are single-celled, others live in colonies, others multicellular.

– 6 main groups, but we’ll only study 3:• diatoms are yellow-brown in colour and have glass-like shells made of

silica

• dinoflagellates single-celled and have 2 flagella. Most are photosynthetic but some are heterotrophs. Move in a spinning motion and they can be luminescent (give off light). They reproduce asexually. They can create red tides with their blooms, which can be bad because they produce toxins

• green algae can be single-celled or colonial. They have two flagella and live in fresh water. They have cellulose in their cell walls and we think that plants originated from them.

• Algae have chloroplasts as well.– Some are single-celled, others live in colonies, others

multicellular.

– 6 main groups, but we’ll only study 3:• diatoms are yellow-brown in colour and have glass-like shells made of

silica

• dinoflagellates single-celled and have 2 flagella. Most are photosynthetic but some are heterotrophs. Move in a spinning motion and they can be luminescent (give off light). They reproduce asexually. They can create red tides with their blooms, which can be bad because they produce toxins

• green algae can be single-celled or colonial. They have two flagella and live in fresh water. They have cellulose in their cell walls and we think that plants originated from them.

FungiFungi













CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• Heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms• Saprobes (absorb their food from decaying matter)• Release digestive enzymes into their immediate environment that

break down the decaying matter, then they absorb the digested food through their cell wall

• Different from slime moulds because they absorb through endocytosis

• Bodies consist of filaments called hyphae , which grow to form a tangled mess of filaments called mycelium. Hyphae have cell walls that contain chitin (not cellulose).

• Heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms• Saprobes (absorb their food from decaying matter)• Release digestive enzymes into their immediate environment that

break down the decaying matter, then they absorb the digested food through their cell wall

• Different from slime moulds because they absorb through endocytosis

• Bodies consist of filaments called hyphae , which grow to form a tangled mess of filaments called mycelium. Hyphae have cell walls that contain chitin (not cellulose).

ReproductionReproduction

• Most species reproduce both sexually and asexually with spores. (single reproductive cells with a haploid number of chromosomes)

• Fungi with spores that are in a caselike structure care called sporangium and are in the division Zygomycota

• Fungi with spores in a saclike structure area called an ascus and are in the division Ascomycota.

• Fungi with spores that form in a clublike structure are called a basidium and are in the division Basidiomycota.

• Most species reproduce both sexually and asexually with spores. (single reproductive cells with a haploid number of chromosomes)

• Fungi with spores that are in a caselike structure care called sporangium and are in the division Zygomycota

• Fungi with spores in a saclike structure area called an ascus and are in the division Ascomycota.

• Fungi with spores that form in a clublike structure are called a basidium and are in the division Basidiomycota.

Life CyclesLife Cycles

• Complicated because nuclei are haploid (single set of chromosomes)

• Spores are haploid and germinate to produce hyphae.• + and - hyphae fuse to form dikaryotic cells (one cell with 2

nuclei)• Because large and makes a fruiting body (mushroom)• basidia form on the underside and haploid dikaryotes fuse

into a zygote• The zygote undergoes meiosis producing four haploid

spores.

• Complicated because nuclei are haploid (single set of chromosomes)

• Spores are haploid and germinate to produce hyphae.• + and - hyphae fuse to form dikaryotic cells (one cell with 2

nuclei)• Because large and makes a fruiting body (mushroom)• basidia form on the underside and haploid dikaryotes fuse

into a zygote• The zygote undergoes meiosis producing four haploid

spores.

Symbiotic Relationships

Symbiotic Relationships

• Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and either an alga or a cyanobacterium. The alga provides nourishment by photosynthesis and the fungus provides the water, minerals and protection from dryness.

• Mycorrhizae is the symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the roots of a plant. The fungus mycelium form a web over the plants and passes the plant water, while the plant provides amino acids and sugars to the fungus

• Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and either an alga or a cyanobacterium. The alga provides nourishment by photosynthesis and the fungus provides the water, minerals and protection from dryness.

• Mycorrhizae is the symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the roots of a plant. The fungus mycelium form a web over the plants and passes the plant water, while the plant provides amino acids and sugars to the fungus

Plant Kingdom

Plants

Scientists believe that the earliest plants came from algal-like ancestors.

Plants are eukaryotic and multicellular, their cell walls have cellulose in them.

Plants develop from embryos that are protected by tissues of the parent plant.

Include mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants. Life cycles vary among the different plant groups.

Alternation of Generations Plants go through an alternation of generations where one

generation is haploid (1n) and the other is diploid (2n) which are called the gametophyte and sporophyte generations.

A plant produces haploid spores that undergo cell division and grow into a new plant (gametophyte), which is haploid. These haploid plants eventually produce gametes, which fuse together to make a diploid zygote. The zygote then grows into a diploid sporophyte plant.

Non-Vascular Plants Bryophytes include mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

They lack true roots, stems and leaves and do not have special tissue that transports materials.

Usually only a few cm tall and grow in moist environments

Can grow in soil, on rock, dead trees and even on buildings.

Liverworts can reproduce asexually through vegetative reproduction

Bryophytes reproduce sexually when the sperm from the male swims from the male reproductive organ to the female (why we need moist environments).

They produce spores instead of seeds

Vascular Plants Tracheophytes have conducting tissues called

xylem and phloem that transport materials throughout the plant.

Are divided into two groups: spore-producing and seed-producing plants.

Spore Producing

Spore-producing plants like the club mosses and horsetails mostly grow in marshes and the edges of streams. Ferns are much more common and usually found in shady and wet environments.

The leaves of ferns are called fronds and the underground stems are called rhizomes. They produce spores in sporangia on the underside of the fronds. Spores grow into the gametophyte and then the sperm fertilize the eggs to produce the sporophyte again.

Seed Producing

Seed-producing plants have highly specialized organs like leaves, stems, and roots. Two types: ones that produce cones, and others that produce flowers. In both, sexual reproduction occurs via pollination.

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms make cones and include conifers, gnetae, ginkgos, cycads.

Make 2 different types of cones: male (pollen cones) and female (seed cones).

After fertilization, the zygote (ovum and sperm) makes a seed.

Angiosperms

Angiosperms are flowering plants and the seeds are contained in a protective wall that develops into a fruit.

the ovum is inside the pistil (female part) and must be fertilized by a sperm cell contained inside the pollen grain. Once it is fertilized, the zygote develops into an embryo in a seed.

diversity of living things part 3 kingdom protista

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