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DLA PiPer inCHinA

02 | DLA Piper in China

“With the backing of an extensive international network, this firm can offer clients a well-rounded service.”Chambers Asia Pacific (2011)

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Doing business in China can be a challenging, yet rewarding, undertaking for both multinational corporations and small to mid-sized companies, whether established in China or venturing into China for the first time. With over 1.3 billion consumers, China is a nation experiencing breakneck-speed development, an ongoing shift to a market economy and evolution of its legal system. Balancing unparalleled opportunities with unprecedented risks is key.

Thousands of foreign companies are now operating in China and competition is intense. Inbound investors can no longer rely on good connections or novel products and services to be successful. All aspects of business must be sound in a political, legal and regulatory environment that is constantly evolving.

Simultaneously, domestic companies in China are positioning themselves as international brands and outward investment by Chinese companies will greatly impact on the development of the global economy. According to preliminary statistics from China’s Ministry of Commerce and State Administration of Foreign Exchange, China made a record high of US$105.7 billion in direct overseas investments in 2010.1

DLA Piper is one of the largest global legal practices in China.2 Our award-winning China group was created in 1988 and today comprises a team of over 200 fee earners located in three integrated offices in Beijing, Hong Kong and Shanghai. Our team also has an established profile in Macau, where we work closely with our preferred local law firms.

Our lawyers have a solid understanding of the local laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and a thorough appreciation of local business style and approach. This wealth of knowledge enables them to provide effective strategic, commercial and technical legal advice to our clients.

Team members have extensive experience in providing international and domestic clients with a wide range of international legal services in China including: corporate and commercial, dispute resolution, employment, pensions and benefits, energy and infrastructure, finance, intellectual property, real estate, regulatory, tax, and technology.

Our China group is industry focused, with multi-disciplinary fee earners advising clients in a range of industries including: banking, energy and infrastructure, hospitality and leisure, insurance, life sciences, retail and franchising, transportation and technology. Organising our business in this way enables our lawyers to fully understand the business environments and markets our clients operate in and enhances the commercial value we deliver when providing legal advice.

Our team includes China specialist lawyers qualified in a range of international jurisdictions. All our fee earners are fluent in English and individuals speak Putonghua and a wide range of Chinese dialects, including Cantonese and Shanghainese.

Key achievements and a proven track record in China speak for themselves.

“China has experienced a remarkable period of rapid growth spanning three decades, shifting from a centrally planned to a market-based economy with reforms begun in 1978. During this time, it grew at an average rate of about 9.7% per year…Growth remained strong during the recent global financial crisis, reflecting massive stimulus and strong underlying growth drivers. China became the world’s second largest economy in 2010; increasingly, it is playing an important and influential role in the global economy.”The World Bank – China Overview (2011)

1 Foreign Direct Investment in China in 2010 Rises to Record $105.7 Billion. Bloomberg News, 18 Jan 2010. 2 Asian Legal Business, ALB Top 50 Survey (2011).

“DLA Piper’s strength lies in its international coverage and resources, coupled with its firm grasp of the Chinese market.”

“In many transactions, we see DLA Piper adroitly applying its knowledge of international finance to the local market.” Chambers Asia Pacific (2011)

04 | DLA Piper in China

CorPorAte

Mergers, acquisitions and dispositions ■

Joint ventures and co-operation agreements ■

Private equity and venture capital transactions ■

Corporate finance transactions – public and private ■

Capital markets transactions ■

Foreign investment funds ■

Foreign direct investments ■

Business process outsourcings ■

Commercial contracts ■

Corporate compliance and corporate governance ■

Corporate restructuring ■

DisPute resoLution

Disputes involving foreign direct investment, banking ■

and finance, private equity, joint venture, marine, insurance, projects and construction, real estate, employment, insolvency and regulatory matters

Managing all types of arbitration under PRC, ■

Hong Kong and international rules

Managing alternative dispute resolution (ADR) matters ■

and mediations with ADR-trained fee earners

Managing court proceedings from inception through ■

to final appeal

emPLoyment, Pensions AnD Benefits

Employment and consultancy agreements ■

Internal policies and handbooks ■

Terminations ■

Discrimination issues ■

Dispute resolution ■

Share options, other incentive schemes and provident ■

funds

Immigration matters (visas, entry permits, capital ■

investments and resident permit applications)

Regulatory issues ■

Restrictive covenants, confidentiality issues, protection ■

of trade secrets and other employment-related intellectual property issues

finAnCe AnD ProjeCts

Account receivable finance ■

Acquisition finance ■

Asset-based finance ■

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) of financial ■

institutions

Banking regulation and compliance ■

Commercial and retail bank documentation ■

Shipping finance ■

Debt restructuring ■

Derivative transactions (ISDA documentation) ■

Establishment and closure of banks ■

International trade finance and structured trade products ■

Real estate and property development finance ■

Structured finance ■

Film finance ■

our serviCes

“DLA Piper offers ‘excellent’ advice and exhibits the ‘depth of experience, expertise, and industry capabilities to provide innovative and effective solutions’.” The Asia Pacific Legal 500 (2010-2011)

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Syndicated and bilateral lending ■

Dispute resolution ■

Power generation, oil and gas, liquefied natural gas, ■

mining, pipeline, transmission and distribution energy projects

Airport, port, rail, road, accommodation, water and ■

waste infrastructure projects

Project development and financing ■

M&As of energy and infrastructure assets ■

Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) ■

Climate change and emissions trading matters ■

Development and investment joint ventures ■

Real estate, planning and environmental issues relating ■

to the construction, operation and acquisition of major infrastructure

Legal and regulatory issues relating to the ongoing ■

operation of assets

Post-commissioning issues relating to operations, ■

maintenance, safety, health and environment

Privatisations ■

inteLLeCtuAL ProPerty AnD teCHnoLoGy

Acquisition, protection, enforcement and exploitation ■

of intellectual property (IP) rights

Coordination and management of IP portfolios ■

Licensing and assigning patents, trade marks, computer ■

software, domain names and other IP rights

Patent, trade mark, copyright and design infringement ■

matters and legal proceedings

Information technology and business process ■

outsourcing

Internet and e-commerce ■

Telecommunications and broadcasting ■

Media and entertainment ■

Privacy and data security ■

Advertising ■

Franchising ■

Life sciences commercial and regulatory advice ■

Commercialisation of technology products ■

Distribution, licensing and assignments ■

PrivAte eQuity AnD venture CAPitAL

Private equity and venture capital investments ■

Fund formations ■

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), M&As and other exits ■

Restructurings ■

Corporate governance, stock options and general ■

corporate matters

Intellectual property ■

“DLA Piper sets itself apart from the competition with a deal sheet that sparkles with originality. With an equity capital markets team led by some of the leading practitioners at the firm, clients entrust the firm with some of the more interesting deals available in the market.”The International Financial Law Review (2011)

“DLA Piper’s strength in private-equity feeds from its market-leading position as the go-to firm for venture capital in China. “The International Financial Law Review (2011)

“DLA Piper uses its experience, expertise and industry capabilities to provide innovative and effective solutions to difficult and unusual situations.”Chambers Asia Pacific (2011)

06 | DLA Piper in China

reAL estAte

Commercial and residential acquisitions and disposals ■

(single investment and portfolio)

Real estate developments (retail, multi-occupational ■

commercial offices, industrial, hotel and residential sites)

Offshore and onshore structuring for real estate ■

acquisitions

Leasings ■

Project and infrastructure agreements ■

Real estate financings, including real estate ■

investment trusts

Environment and planning/zoning matters ■

Hospitality, leisure and casino projects ■

Mortgages and mortgage portfolio securitisations ■

Land grants, land use rights and modifications ■

Construction contracts ■

Legal due diligence on foreign investments in the ■

real estate industry

Auctions, tenders and sealed bids ■

Landlord and tenant issues ■

Possession actions ■

Listings of real estate companies in Hong Kong and on ■

stock exchanges worldwide

Taxes and fees on real estate ■

reGuLAtory

Monitoring the regulatory, legislative and political ■

environment in China and worldwide

Obtaining government approvals for business licences, ■

certificates, registrations, filings and announcements

Advising on licensing, procurement and tendering matters ■

Crisis management ■

Anti-bribery and corruption, including Foreign Corrupt ■

Practices Act (FCPA) advice

Corporate investigations and compliance ■

Anti-money laundering ■

Competition/antitrust ■

Trade import/export controls ■

Health, safety and environment ■

Financial services and securities advice ■

Tax investigations ■

tAx

M&As and reorganisations ■

Supply chain management ■

Business integration ■

Leveraged financings and leasings ■

Transfer pricing ■

Tax disputes and investigations ■

Capital gains tax ■

Tax incentives and preferential tax treatment ■

Real estate tax ■

Personal tax ■

Liquidations and dissolutions ■

Private equity and venture capital investments ■

Inward and outward investments and overseas structurings ■

Collective investment arrangements ■

Please visit www.dlapiper.com for further information on our legal services.

“This much sought-after team is admired locally and internationally for its legal expertise and high level of client care. ‘I always feel they absolutely have my best interests at heart, and they are extremely proactive’.”Chambers Asia Pacific (2011)

“This rapidly growing [tax] team has a strategic focus on the PRC market and has established itself as a significant player.”Chambers Asia Pacific (2011)

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our trACK reCorD

Lawyers at DLA Piper have advised on the following representative inbound and outbound matters involving China.

CorPorAte

Advising Ping An Insurance (Group) Company ■

of China Ltd., on its US$3.2 billion acquisition of Shenzhen Development Bank Co. Ltd. Our services include the provision of advice to clients on trading structure, compliance with the Listing Rules of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, negotiation and drafting of share purchase agreements and share subscription agreements, due diligence investigation, etc.

Advising the sponsors and underwriters, JPMorgan, ■

ABN Amro, UBS and BOC International, on the new listing of the H shares of China Railway Group Limited, the largest construction group in Asia, on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. The offering, together with the new issue of A shares listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, raised approximately US$5.9 billion. The listing was the largest IPO from the PRC in its year of listing and the first A then H share IPO ever completed.

Advising China International Marine Containers ■

(Group) Co. Ltd. (CIMC), one of the largest container manufacturers in the world, on its €108 million acquisition of Netherlands-based Burg Industries BV, a fast-growing and leading supplier of road transport equipment and special static tanks. DLA Piper structured, documented and negotiated all aspects of the deal and provided advice on European Union competition law. Our Hong Kong office worked closely with other DLA Piper teams in Amsterdam, Brussels, Germany, France, Finland and South Africa, enabling CIMC to successfully undertake and conclude this strategically important acquisition.

Advising China Merchants Bank (Hong Kong and ■

Shanghai listed) on its acquisition of a 53.12% controlling stake in Wing Lung Bank (Hong Kong listed) for HK$19.3 billion, including the general offer for the remaining 46.88% equity interest and privatisation of Wing Lung Bank for an additional HK$17 billion. China Merchants Bank succeeded in securing the deal after a three-month bidding process involving bidders

ICBC, ANZ, Bank of Communications and others as well as a multitude of leading investment banks and professional advisers. This was the largest M&A deal in the banking industry in 2008 in Hong Kong.

DisPute resoLution

Advising one of the world’s global leaders in ■

pharmaceuticals on its PRC business and a joint venture dispute with its minority partner, which resulted in the arrest of its Hong Kong-based CEO. The litigation was successfully settled.

Advising and successfully representing a European-based ■

Multinational Corporation (MNC) in relation to a joint venture dispute involving a claim in excess of RMB350 million, which made law in the PRC and was widely reported in the media.

Advising a US-based MNC in relation to numerous ■

claims in the PRC courts arising from business dealings and PRC-related issues.

Advising and successfully defending a US-based global ■

leader in software management solutions on multiple claims in China relating to the provision of defective software. Our advice extended to handling the media, which widely reported the claims.

emPLoyment, Pensions AnD Benefits

Advising Maxims, Hong Kong’s largest food services ■

company, on general employment issues and pension scheme matters.

Advising Brunswick Bowling & Billiards Corporation on ■

various employment issues in Hong Kong and the PRC.

Advising a Fortune 100 supplier of networking ■

equipment on its successful defence against several dismissed employees in the PRC who filed for labour arbitration, claiming over US$1 million each in compensation and damages. Through our investigative efforts, the client was able to prove that the employees had engaged in fraudulent activities (the basis for the dismissals), resulting in all the employees withdrawing all claims, including subsequent requests that they not be pursued for criminal liability.

08 | DLA Piper in China

Advising a US-listed company in the electronics ■

industry in coming to an amicable arrangement with 40-plus employees for mutual termination, successfully co-ordinating and persuading all affected employees to sign mutual termination agreements across offices in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Singapore in one day. This arrangement bypassed the necessity to go through an otherwise mandatory redundancy procedure, which would have prolonged the process and required the need for consultation with all the employees and the labour authorities.

finAnCe AnD ProjeCts

Advising Standard Chartered Bank on the trade finance ■

aspects of the transfer of its Hong Kong banking business to its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited.

Advising Exim Bank of China on a US$2 billion loan ■

to the Republic of Angola – a team effort between our Shanghai, Hong Kong and London offices. This was one of the biggest loans ever granted to Angola.

Drafting account opening forms, bank security documents, ■

trade finance related agreements and application forms, e-banking agreements and bank-to-bank correspondence templates for Belgian, Canadian, Dutch, Spanish, South African and US banks in Hong Kong.

Advising various foreign banks in Hong Kong as part ■

of retainer arrangements. Our team manages day-to-day general enquiries, advises on product development, shares knowledge of international banking practice and provides updates on the latest developments in the banking industry.Advising a European renewable energy company on ■

a wind energy project in the PRC. Our team advised on the establishment of the project company in the PRC, conversion of the same into a joint venture with a PRC majority, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) application (the company is already CDM-licensed) and the possible acquisition of equity in the project by a private equity fund.

Advising a European renewable energy company ■

on the structuring of a biomass project in Hong Kong and the PRC, including establishing the project company in the PRC, CDM application and the disposal of equity in Hong Kong.

Advising a Chinese hydroelectric power company with ■

pre-IPO financing and its acquisition of hydropower plants in the PRC. Our team provided structuring advice for its operations, implemented a corporate reorganisation, advised on CDM eligibility and acted as counsel on its NASDAQ IPO.

Advising a European utilities and engineering group ■

on the acquisition of majority interests in two waste to energy plants in the PRC. Our team advised on the due diligence of the target companies (state-owned enterprises), the acquisitions and the re-negotiation of concession agreements with local authorities.

inteLLeCtuAL ProPerty AnD teCHnoLoGy

Advising the owner of a leading satellite navigation brand ■

on a series of complex joint venture arrangements for the development and commercialisation of its branded satellite navigation software in the PRC. This involved a very complex joint venture and licensing arrangement due to PRC rules that forbid the ownership of satellite maps for China being owned by non-PRC entities.

Advising a leading clothing retailer on its commercial ■

arrangements with its online partner in China and Hong Kong.

Advising a major PRC based telecom equipped supplier ■

on the reorganisation of its Middle Eastern and North African operations to accommodate its move into remote network managed.

Advising a major PRC telecom equipped supplier on ■

the application of office of foreign assets control and various corporate control regulations.

reAL estAte

Advising Tesco in relation to all its real estate acquisition ■

work in the PRC.

Advising LaSalle Asia Opportunity II SARL on ■

the acquisition of land in Macau (via the purchase of a Macau incorporated company) and the subsequent development of a US$200 million luxury high-end residential project.

“Their approach is very personal and pragmatic. They have a wide client base, so they are able to provide us similar examples from experience.” The International Financial Law Review (2011)

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Advising China Central Properties Limited ■

(a company listed on the Alternative Investment Market and approximately 40% owned by the Shui On Group) on its disposal of the Shengyuan Centre project in Beijing. Shengyuan Centre is a Grade-A office development consisting of two towers of 18 and nine storeys respectively with a gross floor area (GFA) of 43,000 square metres.

Advising China Central Properties Limited on its ■

acquisition of the Orient Home project in Chengdu. The project will be developed into a contemporary composite development comprising over 15 residential towers, together with townhouses, serviced apartments and a retail podium, with a GFA of 356,000 square metres.

reGuLAtory

Advising a leading international securities house in ■

connection with an alleged breach of compliance regulations and carrying out an extensive review of the company’s written office policies, account opening procedures, front office-dealing procedures, proprietary trading desk and other compliance issues, and preparing two reports for the Securities and Futures Commission and Hong Kong Monetary Authority.

Advising a major US pharmaceutical company in ■

investigations with potential FCPA and local law violations in the Asia region, including in the PRC.

Advising a global service provider on the impact of ■

data privacy legislation on the transfer of employee information (including tax and salary details) held in Asia to a central repository in the US. Regions reviewed included Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.

Advising Chinese and international MNCs on merger ■

filings under the Chinese Anti-Monopoly law.

tAx

Advising a large US group involved in the ■

manufacturing and distribution of household products in reorganising its operations in the PRC and Hong Kong. Working with colleagues in the US, our team advised on how to realign the roles of entities in Hong Kong and the PRC and transfer employees between related entities. We also devised appropriate operating procedures to minimise tax risks in Hong Kong and the PRC and addressed tax issues, including the application of US anti-deferral rules and permanent establishment.

Advising a private bank in Hong Kong, part of a major ■

international financial institution, on the introduction of new rules in Canada with respect to taxation of non-resident trusts and foreign investment entities. Our team reviewed more than 260 trusts with Canadian connections, administered by the trust company of the private bank, to assess how the new legislation, if enacted, would impact on the trusts or their beneficiaries and presented solutions to avoid the potential problem arising.

Advising a leading manufacturing services provider ■

in the electronics industry in addressing tax and Value Added Tax (VAT) issues relating to business processes involving cross-border transactions with the PRC. Our team advised on how business processes could be modified to avoid a vexing issue whereby VAT and customs duty would be imposed on returned goods. We submitted various solutions, provided detailed tax and supply chain analysis and assisted in implementing the structure adopted by the client.

Advising a US pharmaceutical group involved in a ■

dispute with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) relating to a US tax credit for taxes paid in Hong Kong. Our client had been involved in a financing structure, which resulted in tax being payable in Hong Kong by group companies. When the time came to claim the credit, the IRS raised various technical issues related to the payment of such taxes with a view to deny the credit. Our team provided comprehensive advice on how taxation applies in Hong Kong, both from a general perspective and from the angle of the transaction under review.

“DLA Piper has impressive depth and breadth in this [financial regulatory] space.”The International Financial Law Review (2011)

10 | DLA Piper in China

externAL reCoGnition

Ranked No. 1 in the world (2010 and 2011) and No. 2 in ■

Greater China by number of Merger and Acqusition transactions, mergermarket 2010.

Ranked No. 1 in the world by numbers of Private Equity ■

and Venture Capital transactions, Dow Jones 2010.

Ranked No. 1 in the world among Top 20 Global Law ■

Firm by LAW360 ranking (2011).

Ranked by ■ Asialaw Profiles (2011 edition) as a leading firm in China in the areas of Banking & Finance, Corporate M&A, Energy & Natural Resources.

Ranked by ■ IFLR 1000 (2011 edition) as a leading firm in China in the areas of Capital Markets, M&A and Private Equity and Venture Capitalism (PEVC).

Ranked by ■ Asia Pacific Legal 500 (2010/2011 edition) as a leading firm in China in the areas of Banking and Finance, Corporate/M&A, Dispute Resolution, Employment, Projects & Energy, PEVC, Real Estate, Shipping, Tax and Trust.

Recognised by ■ Chambers Asia Pacific 2011 as a top tier law firm in China in the areas of Banking & Finance, Capital Markets (Debts & Equity), Corporate M&A, Dispute Resolution, Employment, Insurance, Intellectual Property, Investment Funds, PEVC, Real Estate, Restructuring & Insolvency, Shipping, TMT: IT & Broadcasting and Tax.

Winner of “China Transfer Pricing Team of the Year”, ■

European CEO Awards 2011.

Winner of “TMT Deal of the Year”, ALB China ■

Awards 2011.

Winner of “Asia’s Best Law Firm for Insurers in ■

Litigation & Dispute Management”, Reactions Legal Survey 2011.

Winner of, “Hong Kong Corporate/ M&A Firm of the ■

Year” and “Hong Kong Employment Firm of the Year” Asian-Mena Counsel Awards 2011.

Winner of an ILO Client Choice Award 2011. DLA Piper ■

was the exclusive winner in the overall category of Hong Kong and Pattie Walsh, Partner Head of Employment Pensions and Benefits Asia Pacifc was the exclusive winner in the category of “Employment & Labour” practice in Hong Kong.

Winner of “International Law Firm of the Year” ■

at the ILO Client Choice Awards 2010. Mabel Lui, Partner and Head of Corporate, Asia was the exclusive winner for “Commercial Property” practice in Hong Kong.

Winner of “Deal of the Year 2010”, China Business Law ■

Journal Awards.

Winner of “Best Cross-Border M&A Deal of the ■

Year 2010”, Finance Asia Awards.

Winner of “Greater China Legal Advisor of the Year 2010”, ■

Asia Pacific M&A Awards by the Financial Times and mergermarket.

Winner of “Global Franchise Law Firm of the Year”, ■

Who’s Who Legal Awards 2010.

Awarded “The Best Corporate Counselor of the ■

Year 2010”, Top Capital Magazine.

Winner of “VC/PE Foreign Fund Investment Legal ■

Advisor of the Year 2010” and “VC/PE-related Domestic M&A Market Legal Advisor of the Year 2010” in China Venture Capital & Private Equity Annual Rankings, by Zero2IPO.

Winner of “Best Corporate Practice Law Firm” at the ■

Corporate Governance Asia Recognition Awards by Corporate Governance Asia magazine in recognition of our significant and committed practice in the region (2006–2010).

Winner of “Asia M&A Tax Team of the Year 2010”, ■

International Tax Review Asia Tax Awards.

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Key ContACts

Beijing Dr Liu WeiOffice Managing Partner Chairman of China Group DLA Piper UK LLP t +86 10 6561 1788 ext 806 wei.liu@dlapiper.com

Hong Kong Kevin ChanOffice Managing Partner DLA Piper Hong Kong t +852 2103 0823 kevin.chan@dlapiper.com

shanghai roy ChanOffice Managing Partner DLA Piper UK LLP Shanghai Representative Office t +86 21 3852 2188 roy.chan@dlapiper.com

Asia mabel LuiPartner Head of Corporate, Asia t +2103 0888 mabel.lui@dlapiper.com

DLA Piper uK LLP 20/F, South Tower Beijing Kerry Center 1 Guanghua Road, Chaoyang District Beijing China 100020 t +86 10 6561 1788

DLA Piper Hong Kong 17/F, Edinburgh Tower The Landmark 15 Queen’s Road, Central Hong Kong t +852 2310 0808

DLA Piper uK LLP 36/F, Shanghai World Financial Center 100 Century Avenue Pudong Shanghai China 200120 t +86 21 3852 2111

012 | DLA Piper in China

DLA Piper is a global law firm operating through various separate and distinct legal entities.

Further details of these entities can be found at www.dlapiper.com

Copyright © 2012 DLA Piper. All rights reserved. | JUL12 | 3238

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ABout us

From the quality of our legal advice and business insight to the efficiency of our legal teams, we believe that when it comes to the way we serve and interact with our clients, everything matters.

DLA Piper is a global law firm with 4,200 lawyers in more than 31 countries and over 77 offices across Asia Pacific, Europe, the Middle East and the Americas.

DLA Piper UK LLP is part of DLA Piper, a global law firm operating through various separate and distinct legal entities. Further details of these entities can be found at www.dlapiper.com.

Please note that as a foreign law firm, and notwithstanding the fact that we have offices in Shanghai and Beijing respectively, DLA Piper UK LLP (like all other foreign law firms with offices in the PRC) are not permitted under existing PRC law to advise on the laws of the PRC. In view of this, our engagement would, insofar as the laws and regulations of the PRC are concerned, necessarily be based on our own research, experience and the advice of our correspondents in the PRC.

A list of offices across Asia Pacific, Europe, the Middle East and the Americas can be found at www.dlapiper.com

Beijing switchboard: +86 10 6561 1788

Hong Kong switchboard: +852 2103 0808

shanghai switchboard: +86 21 3852 2111

In the People’s Republic of China, we are restricted for regulatory reasons (as are all international law firms) from practising local law. This means we work with local law firms if a matter needs advice on local law (for example, in relation to the production of legal opinions or litigation).