dna analysis. take out your review sheet from yesterday. bellringer
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA Analysis
![Page 2: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Take out your review sheet from yesterday.
Bellringer
![Page 3: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction to the characteristics of DNA and DNA analysis.
Objectives
![Page 4: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Study your review sheet
Quiz on Friday
![Page 5: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
DNA “fingerprinting” is a common way to identify people by their unique genetic code
DNA “profiling” is a better way to refer to the process; it has nothing to do with fingers or fingerprints.
DNA
![Page 6: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Where can you find DNA?
DNA is in every nucleated cell of the human body and can be extracted from blood, semen, urine, bone, hair follicles, and saliva.
DNA
![Page 7: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What types of crimes does DNA evidence help solve?
DNA is currently being used to identify the perpetrator in a crime, to identify fathers in paternity cases, and to identify unknown remains.
DNA
![Page 8: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
In the nucleus of cells are chromosomes that are inherited from both parents.
Chromosomes are long-chain DNA molecules that are tightly bound in a specific structure.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the hereditary material of most organisms. Held together by hydrogen bonds
Aspects of DNA
![Page 9: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Chromosomes
![Page 10: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Chromosomes
![Page 11: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
If all of the DNA in your body was stretched out and put end to end, it would reach to the sun and back more than 600 times!
Fun Fact
![Page 12: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The human body has approximately 35,000 genes
Genes are simply portions of the DNA that code the information required to make specific proteins.
Proteins determine human traits and functions.
DNA
![Page 13: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Each gene has a specific code for a specific body function; they are the fundamental unit of heredity, determining traits from hair color, eye color, and facial features to certain diseases or disorders.
Genes
![Page 14: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Began in 1990
Set out to identify all of the genes of humans, and the order they are in.
We did it.
Human Genome Project
![Page 15: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The structure of DNA is important to its function.
An unusual property of DNA is its ability to replicate itself.
It is arranged in a right-handed double helix pattern. Twisted ladder
DNA Structure
![Page 16: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The sides of the helix are the sugar and phosphates groups (acidic properties)
On the inside are the base pairs. Ladder rungs
The average DNA molecule contains 100 million nucleotide groups.
DNA Structure
![Page 17: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The order of these pairs is 99.9 percent the same for everyone.
DNA Structure
![Page 18: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Genes are different amounts of base pairs (1,000 to several hundred thousand)
A chromosome is a single DNA molecule twisted and packed into the nucleus of the cell.
The sequence of the nucleotide bases is what determines the proteins that will lead to specific growth, function, and reproduction.
DNA
![Page 19: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Identical twins share 100 percent identical DNA.
Fraternal twins share only 50 percent of their DNA, just like regular siblings.
This makes for some twists in crimes!
Twins
![Page 20: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
How you get your DNA
![Page 21: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What are chromosomes?
How is DNA like a fingerprint?
Checkpoint
![Page 24: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Read pages 340 to 345 in the textbook and answer the following questions:
1. How and when was the first criminal case to use DNA evidence?
2. What type of blood cell contains DNA?3. How many nuclei are in a single drop of blood?4. Name 4 uses of DNA profiling5. What is used to release DNA from the
chromosome?6. What are the four main procedures involved in
DNA fingerprinting?
Forensic Uses of DNA
![Page 25: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
1. Blood samples were taken for DNA testing in 1986.
2. White blood cells contain DNA because they have a nucleus.
3. A single drop of blood contains between 7,000 to 25,000 nuclei.
4. Clearing the wrongly accused, identifying victims, establishing family relationships, and identify suspects.
5. Enzymes are used to release DNA from the chromosomes.
6. Isolation, Cutting, Sorting, and Analyzing.
Answers
![Page 26: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Where is DNA located in the body?
Bellringer
![Page 27: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Learn how forensic scientist extract DNA from a chromosome
Objective
![Page 28: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1. Blood samples were taken for DNA testing in 1986.
2. White blood cells contain DNA because they have a nucleus.
3. A single drop of blood contains between 7,000 to 25,000 nuclei.
4. Clearing the wrongly accused, identifying victims, establishing family relationships, and identify suspects.
5. Enzymes are used to release DNA from the chromosomes.
6. Isolation, Cutting, Sorting, and Analyzing.
Answers
![Page 29: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The base pairs of DNA only have two possibilities
1. Adenine –Thymine2. Guanine-Cytosine
Written as A,T,G, & C for short.
DNA
![Page 30: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The DNA molecule is hundreds of thousands of base pairs long.
Break the DNA molecule at certain points to form fragments. Then compare the size and amount of fragments.
1 in 5 million chance of someone else sharing your profile
Statistical Analysis in DNA Profiling
![Page 31: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
R-Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into F-Fragments that are many different L=Lengths and exhibit P-Polymorphism, which means many shapes.
The length of these fragments varies greatly among individuals
RFLP Analysis
![Page 32: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
A DNA sample is placed in a special tank that has an electric charge going across it.
An enzyme is added to the tank the cuts the DNA at specific spots.
The different lengths of DNA then move across the tank at different speeds depending on their length.
RFLP Analysis
![Page 33: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
RFLP Analysis
![Page 34: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
1. What are the two possible base pairs of DNA?
2. What does RFLP stand for?
Checkpoint
![Page 35: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
How does RFLP analysis work, and why is it done?
Bellringer
![Page 36: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Finish RFLP testing activity
Know when to use each of the four main DNA analysis techniques.
Objectives
![Page 37: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Movies
![Page 38: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Use a meter stick to mark off every 2.5cm on your strip of paper, and then draw a long line all the way down the center.
In every 2.5 cm box write four letters in any order, and in any combination that you want (A,T,G,C).
After you filled in the top, fill in the bottom with the complementary letter below.
Simulation of RFLP –pg 346
![Page 39: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Make cuts at the A-T boundary Then measure each of the fragments with a
ruler; record the length on the back of each strip
Make the same chart as the in the TB and fill in the first column with your data.
Bring your data to me once you’re done.
Simulation of RFLP –pg 346
![Page 40: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Length
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
13-20cm
1 5 3 3 2 3 1 3 5
9-13cm
2 2 2 4 5 2 3 4 4
6-9cm
0 0 4 4 7 4 6 3 1
4-6cm
3 0 5 4 2 2 4 2 2
2-4cm
2 4 5 3 2 3 8 4 2
0-2cm
1 1 5 2 2 1 8 9 0
Simulation of RFLP –pg 346
![Page 41: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
A DNA sample found at the scene of the crime with the following RFLP data came back from the lab…whose is it?
Simulation of RFLP
Length
?
13-20cm
4
9-13cm
4
6-9cm
2
4-6cm
3
2-4cm
6
0-2cm
10
![Page 42: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
PCR is a lab technique used to “copy and paste” a very small DNA sample
Need 50 percent less DNA than what is required for a RFLP test.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
![Page 43: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Forensic scientists cut the DNA sample long ways, breaking the weak hydrogen bonds
Since the base pairs only bond in specific pairs, single bases are added and they automatically attach themselves in the cut DNA sample in the correct order.
This process is then repeated until there is enough DNA to complete a RFLP test
PCR
![Page 44: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCT
PCR Example
TACG
TGCA
ATAA
CGAT
TGAC
AGCT
GCAC
GTTA
GCGT
ACGA
DNA sample found at crime, but too small to test
ACTGCTACGATGCATGCATGCATCAGATCAGTCGATGCATGCAGCTAGCTGATGCATGCTGACTGATGCTAGCTAGCTGATCGTAGCTAGCTGACTGATCGTAGCTAGCTGACGATCGTAGCTAGCTCGACTGATCGTAGCTGACTGATCGTAGCTAGCTGACGAGACGTAGCTAGCTGATGCAGCTGATCGATCGTAGCTCGACGAGCATCGAGCATG
TACG
TGCA
ATAA
CGAT
TGAC
AGCT
GCAC
GTTA
GCGT
ACGA
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCT
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCT
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCT
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCTTAC
GTGCA
ATAA
CGAT
TGAC
AGCT
GCAC
GTTA
GCGT
ACGA
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCTTAC
GTGCA
ATAA
CGAT
TGAC
AGCT
GCAC
GTTA
GCGT
ACGA
![Page 45: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
After one split they have 2 times the original DNA
After two splits they have 4 times the original DNA
After three splits they have 8 times the original DNA
After ten splits they have 1024 times the original DNA
PCR
![Page 46: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
What is the point of PCR testing?
How is PCR different RFLP?
Checkpoint
![Page 47: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Bellringer
![Page 48: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Objectives
![Page 49: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Movies Entomology Tests
Updates
![Page 50: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
New technique that is becoming more common than RFLP because it takes less time, less of a sample size, and is more exclusionary.
STRs are locations on the chromosome that repeats a specific sequence of two to ten base pairs.
Short Tandem Repeats
![Page 51: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Thousands of STR sites have been identified
They are located on almost every chromosome in the body
Easily amplified using PCR
STR
![Page 52: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Forensic scientists scan 13 DNA regions that vary from person to person
They use the data to create a DNA profile of that individual
There is an extremely small chance that another person has the same DNA profile for a particular set of regions
STR
![Page 53: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
STR analysis is now the primary method for genetic profiling
In 1992 the Innocence Project at the Cardozo School of Law started using STR tests to free wrongfully convicted people from jail. As of January 7th, 2014 312 have been exonerated As of May 29th , 2014 316 have been exonerated
STR
![Page 54: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Why is STP more widely used today than RFLP?
Checkpoint
![Page 55: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell, providing 90 percent of the energy a human needs to function
Each cell contains thousands of mitochondria, each containing several loops of DNA with 15,000-17,00 base pairs.
Unlike nuclear DNA, which if found on the chromosomes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited only from the mother.
Mitochondrial DNA
![Page 56: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Usually no change in mtDNA from mother to offspring
Individuals with the same maternal lineage are indistinguishable if mtDNA is used for analysis
You, your siblings, your Mom, your Mom’s siblings, your Grandma, your Grandma’s siblings, your Great Grandma, your Great Grandma siblings, and so on all share the same mtDNA!
MtDNA
![Page 57: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Analysis techniques are more sensitive than other profiling techniques, more costly, and takes more time.
Cases in which hairs, bones, or teeth are the only evidence retrieved from a crime scene are particularly well-suited to mtDNA analysis.
MtDNA
![Page 58: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
When is MtDNA most commonly used?
How much does MtDNA change from mother to child?
When should you use RFLP, PCR, STR, and MtDNA analysis?
Checkpoint
![Page 59: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
A very small sample of DNA is found at the scene of a murder. You want to know whose it is. What DNA test(s) should you carry out to process the sample?
Example
![Page 60: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Is it possible to fake your DNA results?
Dentist raped his patient when she was sedated. He installed a drain in his body with someone else’s blood. This way the DNA from his blood test wouldn’t match the DNA recovered from the woman.
Fake DNA
![Page 61: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
On pages 362 read the story in the blue box, then on page 363 read the case study.
1. How are these two stories similar?
2. How does DNA analysis help solve crimes by using old evidence?
3. Why is it important to build up data bases, and save evidence even after crimes have been cold for years?
Old Evidence
![Page 62: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Use a meter stick to mark off every 2.5cm on your strip of paper, and then draw a long line all the way down the center.
In every 2.5 cm box write four letters in any order, and in any combination that you want (A,T,G,C).
After you filled in the top, fill in the bottom with the complementary letter below.
Simulation of RFLP –pg 346
![Page 63: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
What does RFLP stand for?
Bellringer
![Page 64: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Finish our simulated RFLP DNA test.
Textbook questions
Notes on other DNA analysis
Objectives
![Page 65: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Going left to right make a cut on the top strand at every AT sequence
Going right to left make a cut on the bottom strand at every AT sequence
Measure each of the fragments with your meter stick and write the length on the back.
Fill in the chart, and get data from at least 8 other pairs
Simulation of RFLP –pg 346
![Page 66: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Length
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
13-20cm
4 3 2 2 4 4 0
9-13cm
4 2 3 1 2 3 2
6-9cm
2 2 1 4 2 2 2
4-6cm
3 0 3 8 5 3 14
2-4cm
6 1 3 7 4 3 10
0-2cm
10 4 1 10 1 3 10
Simulation of RFLP –pg 346
![Page 67: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
A DNA sample found at the scene of the crime with the following RFLP data came back from the lab…whose is it?
Simulation of RFLP
Length
?
13-20cm
9-13cm
6-9cm
4-6cm
2-4cm
0-2cm
![Page 68: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Read pages 340 to 345 in the textbook and answer the following questions:
1. How and when was the first criminal case to use DNA evidence?
2. What type of blood cell contains DNA?3. How many nuclei are in a single drop of blood?4. Name 4 uses of DNA profiling5. What is used to release DNA from the
chromosome?6. What are the four main procedures involved in
DNA fingerprinting?
Forensic Uses of DNA
![Page 69: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
What is a RFLP DNA test?
Bellringer
![Page 70: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Learn about other DNA analysis techniques besides RFLP
Bring laptops tomorrow if you don’t want to use the schools
Objectives
![Page 71: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
The DNA molecule is hundreds of thousands of base pairs long.
If you look at only a fragment of the DNA, what are the chances of someone else having the same size fragment?
1 in 5 million chance of someone else sharing your profile
Statistical Analysis in DNA Profiling
![Page 72: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
PCR is a lab technique used to “copy and paste” a very small DNA sample
Need 50 percent less DNA than what is required for a RFLP test.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
![Page 73: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Forensic scientists cut the DNA sample long ways, breaking the weak hydrogen bonds
Since the base pairs only bond in specific pairs, single bases are added and they automatically attach themselves in the cut DNA sample in the correct order.
This process is then repeated until there is enough DNA to complete a RFLP test
PCR
![Page 74: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCT
PCR Example
TACG
TGCA
ATAA
CGAT
TGAC
AGCT
GCAC
GTTA
GCGT
ACGA
DNA sample found at crime, but too small to test
ACTGCTACGATGCATGCATGCATCAGATCAGTCGATGCATGCAGCTAGCTGATGCATGCTGACTGATGCTAGCTAGCTGATCGTAGCTAGCTGACTGATCGTAGCTAGCTGACGATCGTAGCTAGCTCGACTGATCGTAGCTGACTGATCGTAGCTAGCTGACGAGACGTAGCTAGCTGATGCAGCTGATCGATCGTAGCTCGACGAGCATCGAGCATG
TACG
TGCA
ATAA
CGAT
TGAC
AGCT
GCAC
GTTA
GCGT
ACGA
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCT
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCT
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCT
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCTTAC
GTGCA
ATAA
CGAT
TGAC
AGCT
GCAC
GTTA
GCGT
ACGA
ATGC
ACGT
TATT
GCTA
ACTG
TCGA
CGAG
CAAT
CGCA
TGCTTAC
GTGCA
ATAA
CGAT
TGAC
AGCT
GCAC
GTTA
GCGT
ACGA
![Page 75: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
After one split they have 2 times the original DNA
After two splits they have 4 times the original DNA
After three splits they have 8 times the original DNA
After ten splits they have 1024 times the original DNA
PCR
![Page 76: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
What is the purpose if PCR DNA analysis?
Bellringer
![Page 77: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Learn about STR, mtDNA, and fake DNA samples.
We’ll be working on the school laptops on Monday, so if you remember bring yours in if you can.
Objectives
![Page 78: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Who would like to share their NEOTWY for this week?
Please pass up your NEOTWY’s
NEOTWY’s
![Page 79: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
New technique that is becoming more common than RFLP because it takes less time, less of a sample size, and is more exclusionary.
STRs are locations on the chromosome that repeats a specific sequence of two to ten base pairs.
Short Tandem Repeats
![Page 80: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Thousands of STR sites have been identified
They are located on almost every chromosome in the body
Easily amplified using PCR
STR
![Page 81: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Forensic scientists scan 13 DNA regions that vary from person to person
They use the data to create a DNA profile of that individual
There is an extremely small chance that another person has the same DNA profile for a particular set of regions
STR
![Page 82: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
STR analysis is now the primary method for genetic profiling
In 1992 the Innocence Project at the Cardozo School of Law started using STR tests to free wrongfully convicted people from jail. As of January 7th, 2014 312 have been
exonerated
STR
![Page 83: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
How can PCR tests help forensic scientists analyze DNA evidence?
What is the most common method of genetic profiling?
Checkpoint
![Page 84: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell, providing 90 percent of the energy a human needs to function
Each cell contains thousands of mitochondria, each containing several loops of DNA with 15,000-17,00 base pairs.
Unlike nuclear DNA, which if found on the chromosomes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited only from the mother.
Mitochondrial DNA
![Page 85: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Usually no change in mtDNA from mother to offspring
Individuals with the same maternal lineage are indistinguishable if mtDNA is used for analysis
You, your siblings, your Mom, your Mom’s siblings, your Grandma, your Grandma’s siblings, your Great Grandma, your Great Grandma siblings, and so on all share the same mtDNA!
MtDNA
![Page 86: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Analysis techniques are more sensitive than other profiling techniques, more costly, and takes more time.
Cases in which hairs, bones, or teeth are the only evidence retrieved from a crime scene are particularly well-suited to mtDNA analysis.
MtDNA
![Page 87: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Is it possible to fake your DNA results?
Dentist raped his patient when she was sedated. He installed a drain in his body with someone else’s blood. This way the DNA from his blood test wouldn’t match the DNA recovered from the woman.
Fake DNA
![Page 88: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
The Phantom of Heilbronn
A string of killings between 1993 and 2009 all had the same DNA evidence, but were in Austria, France and Germany, and had no other connections.
The cotton swabs the detectives used to collect DNA samples already had DNA on them from someone in the factory that made the cotton swabs.
Fake DNA
![Page 89: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
On pages 362 read the story in the blue box, then on page 363 read the case study.
1. How are these two stories similar?
2. How does DNA analysis help solve crimes by using old evidence?
3. Why is it important to build up data bases, and save evidence even after crimes have been cold for years?
Old Evidence
![Page 90: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
What is the difference between RFLP, PCR, and STR testing?
Bellringer
![Page 91: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Practice applying your knowledge of DNA and DNA analysis while learning about the history and issues of DNA evidence.
Objective
![Page 92: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Grab a partner and a laptop
Go to my page on the Windsor School website http://www.windsor-csd.org/MrVERSPOOR.aspx
Click “Forensics” Download the PowerPoint labeled “Student
Copy – DNA Analysis” Follow the PowerPoint, and answer the
questions.
Laptop Activity
![Page 93: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html
Go through the timeline and answer the following questions:
1. What did Friedrich Miescher do?2. Who discovered the double helix pattern of
DNA?3. What did Craig Venter do?
DNA Timeline
![Page 94: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/body/create-dna-fingerprint.html
Follow the link above and click view. Preform the RFLP test. Record the exact steps needed to fully
develop DNA fingerprints Who was guilty?
DNA Fingerprinting
![Page 95: DNA Analysis. Take out your review sheet from yesterday. Bellringer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e115503460f94afd6a7/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
http://www.innocenceproject.org/ Follow the link above, and answer the following
questions: What is “The Innocence Project” What is a false confession, how often do they occur,
and why do they occur? What is “Forensic Science Misconduct”, and what are
the two most common types of it? Why is eyewitness evidence not as reliable as DNA
evidence? How can bad lawyering lead to a false conviction?
The Innocence Project