dna and translation gene: section of dna that creates a specific protein –approx 25,000 human...
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DNA and Translation• Gene: section of DNA that
creates a specific protein
– Approx 25,000 human genes
• Proteins are used to build cells and tissue
• Protein synthesis involves two processes:
1) Transcription
2) Translation
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• Transcription takes place in the nucleus– 1) DNA double helix is broken apart– 2) mRNA nucleotides match up– 3) Finished mRNA detaches, and moves to a
ribosome
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• Codon: Combination of 3 mRNA nucleotides
• Each mRNA codon matches with 1 of 20 amino acids
• Ribosome reads codons 1 at a time
• Codon AUG = Methionine (Start)
• Codon GUU = Valine• Codons UAA or UAG or UGA
= Stop
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• Defined: Process of making proteins– Step 1: mRNA enters ribosome– Step 2: Ribosome reads one mRNA codon at a time– Step 3: tRNA delivers amino acids until a protein is
created
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Translation Details• Translation begins
when the mRNA codon “AUG” is read by the ribosome
• Each mRNA codon matches with a specific amino acid
AUG = methionineGCU = alanine
• tRNA carries over the proper amino acid– tRNA anticodon
matches with the mRNA codon
– Ensures proper match• One by one, amino acids
are linked together• Translation ends when a
“stop” codon is read by the ribosome
• End result: Protein
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Because the codon and anticodon don’t match, the wrong amino acid will not be delivered.
This is why the anticodon is important!
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GAU AUG CCG AGU CCA GGA UCU UGA
tRNA
UACtRNA
GGCtRNA
UCAtRNA
GGUtRNA
CCUtRNA
AGA
Methionine Pro-line Serine Pro-line Gly-cine Serine
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Practice Problem
DNA mRNA codon
tRNA anticodon
Amino Acid
Always use mRNA to find the amino acid
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DNA mRNA codon
tRNA anticodon
Amino Acid
Practice ProblemAlways use mRNA to find the amino acid
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DNA mRNA codon
tRNA anticodon
Amino Acid
Practice ProblemAlways use mRNA to find the amino acid
CCA
GGU
CCA
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Kobe Kuiz1) Define transcription? Translation?2) What are genes and how are they different from
chromosomes?3) How many nucleotides make a codon?4) The anticodon can be found on which object?5) The anticodon must match the ______.6) Place the following steps in order from start to finish:
– Proteins are assembled– Ribosome reads a codon one at a time– mRNA arrives at the ribosome– tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome
7) Be able to solve practice problems similar to the three examples on slides #9-11.
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mRNA codes
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mRNA codes