dna, rna & protein synthesis. i. what are proteins? a.proteins are organic molecules made of...
TRANSCRIPT
I. What are Proteins?
A. Proteins are organic molecules made of various arrangements of 20 amino acids
B. Examples-1. Enzymes.2. Transport proteins and receptor
molecules in cell membranes-ex. hemoglobin
…
3. Hormones- ex. Insulin, adrenaline, testosterone
4. Structural proteins- ex. Keratin and collagen in skin, actin and myosin of muscle.
I. What are Proteins? (con’t)
…
5. Antibodies
6. Storage molecules- ex. Albumin in egg white, casein in milk, and plant proteins in seeds.
I. What are Proteins? (con’t)
• Amino Acids are put together at the ribosome to Amino Acids are put together at the ribosome to form proteins…form proteins…
• The order in which the amino acids are to be The order in which the amino acids are to be arranged depends on the instructions from your arranged depends on the instructions from your genes …genes …
which can be found in the “control center”…which can be found in the “control center”…
the nucleus…the nucleus…
……which contains DNA…which contains DNA…
……where your genes are foundwhere your genes are found
II. How are proteins made? II. How are proteins made?
III. What is a Gene?
A gene is a length of DNA that codes for a protein (or one subunit in a protein.)
A. DNA Structure
1. The structure of DNA was first described by Watson & Crick in 1953.
• Double helix- twisted ladder
A. DNA Structure
2.The DNA molecule is made up of Nucleotides.
B. A Nucleotide – the building blocks of DNA1. Sugar
2. Phosphate group (phosphoric acid)3. A Nitrogen base
So for DNA…the sugar = deoxyribosephosphate groupnitrogen base (4 different kinds)
AdenineThymineCytosineGuanine
C. Shape of DNA-twisted ladder
1. Sides of the ladder= sugar + phosphate
2. Rungs (steps) = nitrogen bases
PP
PP
S
S
S
S
S
S
NB
NB
NB
C. Shape of DNA-twisted ladder(con’t)
3. sugar + phosphate are held together by strong covalent bonds
4. nitrogen bases are held together by weak hydrogen bonds
PP
PP
S
S
S
S
S
S
NB
NB
NB
D. The Nitrogenous Bases1. 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA
a. Adenineb. Thyminec. Cytosined. Guanine
2. Base-Pairing Rule:Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T, T-A)Guanine pairs with Cytosine (C-G, G-C)
E. DNA’s Problem
1. DNA cannot leave the nucleus.2. So, How does it get the instructions to
the ribosome?....… RNA
A. RNA Structure
1. RNA is made up of nucleotides.
a. Sugar = Ribose
b. Phosphate Group
c. 4 Different Nitrogen Bases
1. Adenine
2. Uracil
3. Cytosine
4. Guanine
A. RNA Structure
2. Base-Pairing Rule-
Adenine pairs with Uracil
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
3. RNA is single-stranded.
4. RNA can leave the nucleus.
B. Types of RNA
1. mRNA- messenger RNA takes DNA’s instruction from the nucleus to the ribosome.
2. tRNA- transfer RNA brings an amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.
3. rRNA- ribosomal RNA
C. Going from DNA to mRNA to tRNA
(one side)DNA strand…
…pairs withmRNA strand…
…pairs with
tRNA strand
A U A
T A U
C G C
G C G
VI. How does DNA give the message to RNA? Transcription
A. Transcription is the process of DNA making RNA.
1. The DNA strands separate at the H-bonds holding the nitrogen bases together. *An enzyme causes the unwinding.
B. Steps of Transcription:DNA strand
The Nucleus
deoxyribose
phosphate
adenine
thymine
cytosineguanine
ribose
uracil
2. mRNA (messenger RNA) pairs up with DNA
B. Steps of Transcription:DNA strand
The Nucleus
deoxyribose
phosphate
adenine
thymine
cytosineguanine
ribose
uracil
3. The mRNA nucleotides covalently bond.
B. Steps of Transcription:DNA strand
The Nucleus
deoxyribose
phosphate
adenine
thymine
cytosineguanine
ribose
uracil
4. The DNA strands will bond back together.
5. The mRNA chain can now leave the nucleus & goes to Ribosome.
B. Steps of Transcription:DNA strand
The Nucleus
deoxyribose
phosphate
adenine
thymine
cytosineguanine
ribose
uracil
6. Where is mRNA going? ………………………………to a ribosome
B. Steps of Transcription:DNA strand
The Nucleus
deoxyribose
phosphate
adenine
thymine
cytosineguanine
ribose
uracil
VII. What Happens at the Ribosome? Translation
A. Translation is protein synthesis and occurs on a ribosome.
B. The ribosome is a protein-RNA structure with two binding sites for a mRNA molecule. It will read 2 codons at a time.
* A codon is 3 nucleotides of mRNA.
C. Steps of Translation
1. First mRNA binds to the ribosome at the “START” codon (AUG) of mRNA.
2. A tRNA (transfer RNA) molecule with an anticodon at one end and an amino acid at the other binds to the first codon of mRNA.
* an anticodon is 3 nucleotides of tRNA
*Thank you to Lew-Ports Biology Place !
nucleus
ribosome
codon
mR
NA
mRNA
tRNA
anticodon
codoncodoncodon
A
A
A
A
AU U U U
U
C C C
C
G
G
G
cytoplasm
START
3. The second tRNA binds to the second codon of mRNA.
4. The first two amino acids bond.
C. Steps of Translation
nucleus
ribosome
codon
mR
NA
mRNA
tRNA tRNA
anticodon
codoncodoncodon
A
A
A AU U U U
G
C C C
G
G G
cytoplasm
proline START
nucleus
ribosome
codon
mR
NA
mRNA
tRNA
anticodon
codoncodoncodon
AA
A
AU
U
U U UC
C
C CG G
cytoplasm
prolinevaline START
5. This process continues until a “STOP” codon is read by the ribosome;
6. An amino acid chain is the result…
C. Steps of Translation
nucleus
ribosome
codon
mR
NA
mRNA
tRNA
anticodonanticodon
codoncodoncodon
AA
A A
A
U
U U U UC C C
G
G
G
cytoplasm
prolinevalineleucine START
cytoplasm
D. Result of Translation
1. Proteins are the result of translation
2. 3D shape from ER.
3. It can then be used in the cell or released from the cell into the organism.