dnadnadnadna deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) is made of __________________. deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)...

DDNNAA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is made of __________________. made of __________________.

Remember that nucleotides are Remember that nucleotides are made of three parts: made of three parts: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

nucleotides

•a 5-carbon sugar, •a phosphate group, •and a nitrogen base

DNADNA

The nucleotides that make up The nucleotides that make up DNA contain the sugar DNA contain the sugar ___________ and one of four ___________ and one of four different nitrogen bases: different nitrogen bases: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

deoxyribose

adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C).

DNADNA

In 1953, scientists In 1953, scientists ________________________________disc________________________________discovered that DNA is made of two overed that DNA is made of two chains of nucleotides joined chains of nucleotides joined together. The nucleotides bond at together. The nucleotides bond at their nitrogen bases to hold the two their nitrogen bases to hold the two strands together. The bases pair strands together. The bases pair together: together:

________________________________________________________________

James Watson and Francis Crick

A with T and C with G

DNADNA

Write a complimentary strand Write a complimentary strand of bases for the following of bases for the following sequence: sequence:

A T T G C G T A G C T G A A T T G C G T A G C T G A T CT C

T A A C G C A T C G A C T A GT A A C G C A T C G A C T A G

DNADNA

Watson and Watson and Crick also Crick also discovered that discovered that DNA is twisted DNA is twisted in a shape in a shape called a ______ called a ______ _____. DNA _____. DNA looks like a looks like a twisted ladder. twisted ladder.

double helix

DNADNA

The ______________ make up the The ______________ make up the “rungs” of the ladder. And the “rungs” of the ladder. And the sugar and phosphate make up sugar and phosphate make up the “sides” of the ladder. This is the “sides” of the ladder. This is called the called the ____________________________. ____________________________.

base pairs

sugar-phosphate backbone

DNADNA

DNA carries the code for DNA carries the code for proteins. Proteins guide all cell proteins. Proteins guide all cell and body chemistry. and body chemistry.

DNADNA

Proteins are made from strands Proteins are made from strands of ____________, so DNA actually of ____________, so DNA actually codes for specific amino acids codes for specific amino acids and the _________________ and the _________________ assemble them to make assemble them to make proteins.proteins.

amino acids

ribosomes

In order for the proteins to be In order for the proteins to be made correctly, three made correctly, three processes must occur: processes must occur: 1.1. DNA replicationDNA replication

2.2. RNA transcriptionRNA transcription

3.3. and protein translation.and protein translation.

DNA ReplicationDNA Replication


DNA replication is how DNA DNA replication is how DNA copies itself during the ___ phase copies itself during the ___ phase of _____________ in order to pass of _____________ in order to pass traits on to new cells. The new traits on to new cells. The new DNA is an exact copy of the DNA is an exact copy of the existing DNA.existing DNA.

S interphase


An enzyme called _____________ An enzyme called _____________ breaks the bonds between the breaks the bonds between the nitrogen bases and the two nitrogen bases and the two strands of DNA unwind and strands of DNA unwind and separate. separate.

helicase


Free nucleotides that are Free nucleotides that are floating around in the cell floating around in the cell attach and bond to the unwound attach and bond to the unwound exposed bases to form new exposed bases to form new pairs. pairs.

They only bond with the They only bond with the

______________ _____. ______________ _____. (A-T and C-G)(A-T and C-G)

complimentary base


The sugar and phosphate The sugar and phosphate parts of the free nucleotides parts of the free nucleotides bond together forming a bond together forming a backbone for the backbone for the ________________________________________________________________..

new strand of DNA


The result is two identical The result is two identical strands of DNA consisting of strands of DNA consisting of one side of the “new” DNA and one side of the “new” DNA and one side of the “old” DNA. This one side of the “old” DNA. This is called ________________.is called ________________.

semi-conservative

RNARNA

RNARNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is also Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is also made of nucleotides, but they made of nucleotides, but they are ___________ than the ones in are ___________ than the ones in DNA.DNA.

different

RNARNA

RNA has ___________ sugar RNA has ___________ sugar instead of deoxyribose and it instead of deoxyribose and it contains a different nitrogen contains a different nitrogen base. Instead of thymine, RNA base. Instead of thymine, RNA has ______. It still contains has ______. It still contains adenine, cytosine and guanine. adenine, cytosine and guanine. RNA is also __________________ RNA is also __________________ whereas DNA is double-stranded.whereas DNA is double-stranded.

ribose

uracil

single-stranded

TranscriptionTranscription


DNA stays in the _________of DNA stays in the _________of cells. In order to get the cells. In order to get the protein codes to the ribosome protein codes to the ribosome for assembly, a copy must be for assembly, a copy must be made and sent to them. This made and sent to them. This copy is made of RNA. The copy is made of RNA. The process that makes the copy is process that makes the copy is called ____________________.called ____________________.

nucleus

transcription


a. DNA _____________ a small a. DNA _____________ a small section like it does in section like it does in replication.replication.

b. Free RNA nucleotides pair b. Free RNA nucleotides pair with the unwound section and with the unwound section and their sugar and phosphate their sugar and phosphate parts bond to form the parts bond to form the backbone.backbone.

unwinds


c. Once the RNA copy is made it c. Once the RNA copy is made it breaks away from the DNA and breaks away from the DNA and the DNA the DNA _______________________________._______________________________.

d. The new strand of RNA d. The new strand of RNA leaves the nucleus and takes leaves the nucleus and takes its information into the its information into the _________ and to the ribosome._________ and to the ribosome.

bonds back together

cytoplasm


Write a complimentary strand Write a complimentary strand of RNA for the following DNA of RNA for the following DNA base sequence:base sequence:

A T T G C T G A C G T G T C G A T T G C T G A C G T G T C G A T CA T C

U A A C G A C U G C A C A G U A A C G A C U G C A C A G C U A GC U A G


RNA has many responsibilities RNA has many responsibilities in the cell. There are three in the cell. There are three types of RNAtypes of RNA

_________________ RNA _________________ RNA (mRNA)- made during (mRNA)- made during transcription; delivers amino transcription; delivers amino acid codes to the ribosomesacid codes to the ribosomes

Messenger


_________________ RNA (rRNA)- _________________ RNA (rRNA)- makes up ribosomes; reads makes up ribosomes; reads codonscodons

Ribosomal


_________________ RNA (tRNA)- _________________ RNA (tRNA)- transfers amino acids to transfers amino acids to ribosomesribosomes

Transfer


Every sequence of three nitrogen Every sequence of three nitrogen bases in mRNA is called a bases in mRNA is called a ___________. EX: AUC, UUU, GCA ___________. EX: AUC, UUU, GCA These different codons hold These different codons hold information to make specific information to make specific amino acids. Since there are four amino acids. Since there are four bases, ____ different codon bases, ____ different codon combinations are possible.combinations are possible.

codon

64


These 64 combinations make These 64 combinations make up the codes for the ________ up the codes for the ________ different amino acids. The different amino acids. The mRNA genetic code is on p.298 mRNA genetic code is on p.298 in your book. Learn how to in your book. Learn how to read it.read it.

twenty


An _____________ is a nitrogen An _____________ is a nitrogen base sequence that is the base sequence that is the opposite of the original codon. opposite of the original codon. It is found on tRNA and has the It is found on tRNA and has the corresponding corresponding __________________ for the codon __________________ for the codon attached to it.attached to it.

anticodon

amino acid


Write the correct anticodon Write the correct anticodon and amino acid for the and amino acid for the following codons:following codons:

CUG-CUG- AAG-AAG- GCU-GCU- UUC-UUC-

TranslationTranslation


mRNA carries the codons to mRNA carries the codons to _______________ so that proteins can _______________ so that proteins can be assembled using the correct be assembled using the correct amino acid sequence. This process amino acid sequence. This process is called ______________ and involves is called ______________ and involves all three types of RNA.all three types of RNA.

ribosomes

translation


a.a. Once the mRNA has attached Once the mRNA has attached to the ribosome, tRNA binds to the ribosome, tRNA binds to the to the

______ _______ (always AUG) ______ _______ (always AUG) and begins forming a chain of and begins forming a chain of amino acids. amino acids.

start codon


b. As the mRNA is being read, it b. As the mRNA is being read, it slides through the ribosome. slides through the ribosome. A new _________ attaches at A new _________ attaches at every codon, bonding its every codon, bonding its amino acid to the previous amino acid to the previous and then it falls off.and then it falls off.

tRNA


c. The newly formed protein c. The newly formed protein falls off when the ribosome falls off when the ribosome reads the _____________.reads the _____________.stop codon

MutationsMutations

MutationsMutations

2. Sometimes there are mistakes 2. Sometimes there are mistakes in the DNA sequence that may in the DNA sequence that may affect the genetic information affect the genetic information passed to offspring. This is passed to offspring. This is called a ____________.called a ____________.

mutation

MutationsMutations

1.1. Some mutations are small Some mutations are small and undetected, but some and undetected, but some may cause problems. may cause problems.

MutationsMutations

2. 2. Things that cause mutations in Things that cause mutations in DNA are called __________. DNA are called __________. Some examples are X rays, UV Some examples are X rays, UV light, and radioactive light, and radioactive substances.substances.

mutagens

MutationsMutations

1.1. There are two different types of There are two different types of mutations: _________________________ mutations: _________________________ and ____________________________.and ____________________________.

gene mutations chromosomal mutations.

MutationsMutations

1.1. Gene mutations (p.304 Figure Gene mutations (p.304 Figure 11.10):11.10):

MutationsMutations

a.a. ________ mutation- a change in ________ mutation- a change in a single base pair in DNA. a single base pair in DNA. This would result in a This would result in a different codon and a different codon and a completely different amino completely different amino acid in the chainacid in the chain..

Point

MutationsMutations

a. _____________ mutation- a a. _____________ mutation- a single base pair is added or single base pair is added or deleted, resulting in a shift in deleted, resulting in a shift in the sequence. This results in the sequence. This results in amino acid changes from the amino acid changes from the point of the shift on, because point of the shift on, because it shifts the reading of the it shifts the reading of the codons by one base pair.codons by one base pair.

Frameshift

MutationsMutations

7. 7. Chromosomal mutations can Chromosomal mutations can happen during happen during ____________________. Often, ____________________. Often, parts of the chromosomes are parts of the chromosomes are broken off and lost, or they broken off and lost, or they break and rejoin incorrectly, or break and rejoin incorrectly, or join to the wrong chromosome join to the wrong chromosome altogether. altogether.

mitosis or meiosis

MutationsMutations

a. ____________- part of a a. ____________- part of a chromosome is left out.chromosome is left out.Deletion

MutationsMutations

b. ____________- part of a b. ____________- part of a chromosome breaks off and chromosome breaks off and rejoins to the sister rejoins to the sister chromatid, causing a chromatid, causing a duplication of a gene on the duplication of a gene on the same chromosome.same chromosome.

Insertion

MutationsMutations

c. Inversion- part of a c. Inversion- part of a chromosome breaks off and is chromosome breaks off and is reinserted __________.reinserted __________.

backwards

MutationsMutations

d. Translocation- part of a d. Translocation- part of a chromosome breaks off and is chromosome breaks off and is added to another added to another chromosome.chromosome.

MutationsMutations

e. _________________- e. _________________- chromosomes do not separate chromosomes do not separate correctly and offspring ends correctly and offspring ends up with too many or too few up with too many or too few chromosomes. This causes chromosomes. This causes birth defects.birth defects.

Nondisjunction

dnadnadnadna deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) is made of __________________. deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)...

Documents

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dna proteins

g slide

dna replication slide

t t g c g t

dna watson

g c t g

dna copies