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DNAPL source zone architecture in clay till and limestone bedrockCharacterization by innovative and current site investigation techniques
Broholm, Mette Martina; Janniche, Gry Sander; Fjordbøge, Annika Sidelmann; Jørgensen, Torben;Damgaard, Jesper; Martinez, Kerim; Grosen, Bernt; Wealthall, Gary; Christensen, Anders G.; Kerrn-Jespersen, Henriette
Publication date:2013
Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Link back to DTU Orbit
Citation (APA):Broholm, M. M. (Author), Janniche, G. S. (Author), Fjordbøge, A. S. (Author), Jørgensen, T. (Author), Damgaard,J. (Author), Martinez, K. (Author), Grosen, B. (Author), Wealthall, G. (Author), Christensen, A. G. (Author), &Kerrn-Jespersen, H. (Author). (2013). DNAPL source zone architecture in clay till and limestone bedrock:Characterization by innovative and current site investigation techniques. Sound/Visual production (digital), DTUEnvironment. http://www.conference.ifas.ufl.edu/gq13/Presentations/2-Tuesday/am/yes/1000_Broholm.pdf
DNAPL source zone architecture in clay till and limestone bedrock
Characterization by innovative and current site investigation techniques
Mette M. Broholm1, Gry S. Janniche1, Annika S. Fjordbøge1, Torben Jørgensen2, Jesper Damgaard2, Kerim Martinez2, Bernt Grosen2, Gary Wealthall3, Anders G. Christensen4, Henriette Kerrn-Jespersen5
1DTU Environment, 2COWI, 3GeoSyntech, 4NIRAS, 5Capitol Region of Denmark
Background and scope
Characterization of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zone architecture is essential to:
Develop accurate site specific conceptual models
Delineate and quantify contaminant mass
Perform risk assessment and
Select and design remediation alternatives
DNAPL architecture not well understood for
Clayey till
Fractured low permeability media
Limestone bedrock
Fractured variable permeability media
Scope
Innovative techniques evaluation
Improved conceptual understanding of DNAPL source zone architecture in clayey till and limestone bedrock
DNAPL conceptual model for clayey till and limestone bedrock - general
Site and approach
Site
Distribution facility at Naverland, Albertslund, Denmark
Chlorinated solvents handled: PCE 5.000 t, TCE 1.500 t, TCA 200 t
PCE and TCE DNAPL impact
Clayey till, fractured
Bryozoan limestone bedrock
Approach
Innovative and current investigative techniques
Multiple lines of evidence
Characterization of hydrogeology
Characterization of contamination
DNAPL
Dissolved and sorbed phase
Chlorinated solvent plume, 2008
Naverland. Source zone conceptual model
?
Remedial pumping
Investigations
Moræneler
Kalk
Buildings
Limestone, cores and Flute
Limestone, Wells
Clay till, MIP
Clay till, cores
Clay till, Flute
Characterization techniques – Clayey till
Surface
Georadar and seismic geophysics
Clayey till
Membrane interface probing (MIP) with FID, ECD, GC-MS
Coring
Discrete subsampling for quantitative analysis
PID
Sudan(IV) and colorspray
Geology
NAPL and FACT FLUTe
Exposure
PID
Discrete FACT subsampling for analysis
Liquid sampling
Radon and soil gas sampling
Red = DNAPL
Green = no
DNAPL
Characterization techniques Limestone Bedrock
Coring
Discrete subsampling for quantitative analysis
PID
Sudan(IV)
geology
NAPL and FACT FLUTe
Exposure
PID
Discrete FACT subsampling for analysis
FLUTe transmisivity tests
Water Flute
Discrete groundwater sampling for quantitative analysis
Water potentials
Clayey till. SW of tank
Sudan IV 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5
Dy
bd
e [
m u
.t.]
Intakte kerner
Fyld Øvre moræneler (ML1)
Nedre moræneler (ML2) Smeltevandssand (DS3)
Opknust Kalk (KK) Bryozokalk (BK)
Redox
Horizonta
l fr
actu
res
MIP vapour conc. and diffusion controlled
Cores
Clayey till. SW of tank
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5
Dy
bd
e [
m u
.t.]
Intakte kerner
Fyld Øvre moræneler (ML1)
Nedre moræneler (ML2) Smeltevandssand (DS3)
Opknust Kalk (KK) Bryozokalk (BK)
Cores
Gas phase diffusion
Aqueous phase diff.
Clayey Till
Characterization techniques
Geophysics for clayey till and chalk surface mapping
MIP, PID, FACT for screening
Sudan(IV), NAPL FLUTe, core conc. for NAPL documentation
Core conc. for quantification
Colorspray, radon, poreair conc. not usefull
Generally good correlation between MIP, Sudan(IV), PID, NAPL FLUTe, FACT FLUTe, and core concentrations
considering distance
Combination of techniques recommended
Clayey Till
Conceptual model development
Apparent residual saturation (porous media): 1-16%
Fracture V 0.1-1%: Mobile DNAPL
Suggest pooled/connected phase in fractures
where NAPL FLUTe stained
DNAPL observed
at clayey till surface
In fractures in zone above redox change (4.5 m) with closely spaced horizontal fractures (3-5 m)
In fractures below redox change
Gravel below clayey till
Most and deepest DNAPL SW of tank/release area
Clayey till surface and fracture-dip direction
Limestone bedrock C1
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4
Geo
log
y
Co
re
Fra
ctu
res
Har
dn
es
6
8
10
11
6 8
Geo
log
y
Co
re
Fra
ctu
res
Har
dn
es
10 11
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
0 1 2 3
Flow rate with depth in hole (ft. in2/s/psi)
flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
flow rate corrected for trans.
corrected Monotonic flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0,00 0,10 0,20
Transmissivity [cm2/s]
Profillering
Vertikal sprække
transmissivity cm2/s
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Koncentration, Cs [µg/l]
WATER FLUTe
PCE (maj)
TCE (maj)
Fortynding
0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Staining og vertikal sprække
Koncentration FACT [mg/g]
FACT NAPL FLUTe
PCE
TCE
Staining
0 500 1000 1500
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
PID [enhed]
Sum koncentration [mg/kg]
PID og sum af chlorerede
Sum chlorerede
PID
0,00% 0,10% 0,20% 0,30% 0,40% 0,50%
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
DNAPL mætning
Dyb
de [
m u
.t.]
Koncentration [mg/kg]
Kernekoncentrationer
PCE
TCE
DNAPL mætning
Limestone bedrock, cores
PCE residual
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
0 1 2 3
Flow rate with depth in hole (ft. in2/s/psi)
flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
flow rate corrected for trans.
corrected Monotonic flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0,00 0,10 0,20
Transmissivity [cm2/s]
Profillering
Vertikal sprække
transmissivity cm2/s
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Koncentration, Cs [µg/l]
WATER FLUTe
PCE (maj)
TCE (maj)
Fortynding
0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Staining og vertikal sprække
Koncentration FACT [mg/g]
FACT NAPL FLUTe
PCE
TCE
Staining
0 500 1000 1500
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
PID [enhed]
Sum koncentration [mg/kg]
PID og sum af chlorerede
Sum chlorerede
PID
0,00% 0,10% 0,20% 0,30% 0,40% 0,50%
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
DNAPL mætning
Dyb
de [
m u
.t.]
Koncentration [mg/kg]
Kernekoncentrationer
PCE
TCE
DNAPL mætning
Limestone bedrock
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
0 1 2 3
Flow rate with depth in hole (ft. in2/s/psi)
flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
flow rate corrected for trans.
corrected Monotonic flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0,00 0,10 0,20
Transmissivity [cm2/s]
Profillering
Vertikal sprække
transmissivity cm2/s
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Koncentration, Cs [µg/l]
WATER FLUTe
PCE (maj)
TCE (maj)
Fortynding
0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Staining og vertikal sprække
Koncentration FACT [mg/g]
FACT NAPL FLUTe
PCE
TCE
Staining
0 500 1000 1500
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
PID [enhed]
Sum koncentration [mg/kg]
PID og sum af chlorerede
Sum chlorerede
PID
0,00% 0,10% 0,20% 0,30% 0,40% 0,50%
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
DNAPL mætning
Dyb
de [
m u
.t.]
Koncentration [mg/kg]
Kernekoncentrationer
PCE
TCE
DNAPL mætning
PCE
TCE
FACT uptake solubility and diffusion controlled
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
- 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000
Koncentration, Cs [µg/l]
WATER FLUTe
PCE (maj)
TCE (maj)
Fortynding
Cores
Aqueous conc. solubility controlled
10% DNAPL
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
0 1 2 3
Flow rate with depth in hole (ft. in2/s/psi)
flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
flow rate corrected for trans.
corrected Monotonic flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0,00 0,10 0,20
Transmissivity [cm2/s]
Profillering
Vertikal sprække
transmissivity cm2/s
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Koncentration, Cs [µg/l]
WATER FLUTe
PCE (maj)
TCE (maj)
Fortynding
0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Staining og vertikal sprække
Koncentration FACT [mg/g]
FACT NAPL FLUTe
PCE
TCE
Staining
0 500 1000 1500
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
PID [enhed]
Sum koncentration [mg/kg]
PID og sum af chlorerede
Sum chlorerede
PID
0,00% 0,10% 0,20% 0,30% 0,40% 0,50%
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
DNAPL mætning
Dyb
de [
m u
.t.]
Koncentration [mg/kg]
Kernekoncentrationer
PCE
TCE
DNAPL mætning
Limestone bedrock
PCE
TCE
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
0 1 2 3
Flow rate with depth in hole (ft. in2/s/psi)
flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
flow rate corrected for trans.
corrected Monotonic flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0,00 0,10 0,20
Transmissivity [cm2/s]
Profillering
Vertikal sprække
transmissivity cm2/s
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Koncentration, Cs [µg/l]
WATER FLUTe
PCE (maj)
TCE (maj)
Fortynding
0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Staining og vertikal sprække
Koncentration FACT [mg/g]
FACT NAPL FLUTe
PCE
TCE
Staining
0 500 1000 1500
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
PID [enhed]
Sum koncentration [mg/kg]
PID og sum af chlorerede
Sum chlorerede
PID
0,00% 0,10% 0,20% 0,30% 0,40% 0,50%
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
DNAPL mætning
Dyb
de [
m u
.t.]
Koncentration [mg/kg]
Kernekoncentrationer
PCE
TCE
DNAPL mætning
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
0 1 2 3
Flow rate with depth in hole (ft. in2/s/psi)
flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
flow rate corrected for trans.
corrected Monotonic flow rate/dH ft. in2/s/psi
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0,00 0,10 0,20
Transmissivity [cm2/s]
Profillering
Vertikal sprække
transmissivity cm2/s
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Koncentration, Cs [µg/l]
WATER FLUTe
PCE (maj)
TCE (maj)
Fortynding
0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Staining og vertikal sprække
Koncentration FACT [mg/g]
FACT NAPL FLUTe
PCE
TCE
Staining
0 500 1000 1500
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
PID [enhed]
Sum koncentration [mg/kg]
PID og sum af chlorerede
Sum chlorerede
PID
0,00% 0,10% 0,20% 0,30% 0,40% 0,50%
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
18,0
19,0
20,0
21,0
0 50 100 150 200
DNAPL mætning
Dyb
de [
m u
.t.]
Koncentration [mg/kg]
Kernekoncentrationer
PCE
TCE
DNAPL mætning
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
- 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000
Koncentration, Cs [µg/l]
WATER FLUTe
PCE (maj)
TCE (maj)
Fortynding
High transmissivity. Potential initial DNAPL path. But higher dissolution and potential depletion
Rebound when remedial pumping off
C1: constant, > 10% S, DNAPL controlled
C2+3: rebound to > 10% S, backdiffusion contr.
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0% 10% 20% 30%
Dyb
de
(m u
.t.)
Konc. i % af effektiv opløselighed
C3
Fortynding (april)
Fortynding (maj)
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0% 10% 20% 30%
Dyb
de
(m u
.t.)
Konc. i % af effektiv opløselighed
C2
Fortynding (april)
Fortynding (maj)
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0% 10% 20% 30%
Dyb
de
(m u
.t.)
Konc. i % af effektiv opløselighed
C1
Fortynding (april)
Fortynding (maj)
Limestone bedrock
Characterization techniques
Core loss and potential DNAPL loss during coring (PID)
(Sudan(IV), NAPL FLUTe, core conc. f NAPL documentation?)
(Core conc. for quantification?)
Colorspray, radon not usefull
FACT for screening
Water samples for screening
Generally good correlation between, FACT FLUTe and water sample conc.
Combination of techniques recommended
Better coring technique needed
FACT testing needed
Screening techniques needed
Limestone bedrock
Conceptual model development
Apparent residual sat.: none-0.1%
Fracture V 1%?: No or residual NAPL
Very low – loss during coring?
DNAPL indicated
Documented in 2 core samples in chalk overlying flint beds
FACT and water samples strongly indicate DNAPL pressence in: C1 8-15 m bs and C2 15 m bs
Rebound indicate very high matrix conc. (former and possibly current DNAPL) in greater parts of the limestone bedrock
Conceptual model
Conclusion. Characterization
Combined use of techniques gave good insight in source zone architecture in clayey till
MIP and PID were succesfull as screening tools
Sudan(IV) for DNAPL
NAPL FLUTe for mobile DNAPL
Cores for geology, PID and Sudan(IV)
Core subsample quantitative analysis – needed for quantification
Characterization of DNAPL architecture in limestone bedrock is a challenge
Water samples for screening
FACT FLUTe promissing – needs further testing
Cores for geology
Cores for quantitative analysis and Sudan(IV) a challenge
Watersampling under 2 conditions – improved understanding
Other potential methods
Dye-LIF, Borehole logs, Cross-borehole geophysics
Conclusion. DNAPL
DNAPL at clayey till interface and in fractures
Mobile DNAPL still present in fractures in clayey till
DNAPL in gravel/crushed chalk zone
DNAPL residual strongly indicated in fractures in limestone bedrock to 15 m bgs
Complex DNAPL sourse zone architecture
Acknowledgements
The presented results were financed by the Capitol Region of Denmark
Student and technicians at DTU Environment, COWI, NIRAS and FLUTe assisted with field and laboratory work
Reference: Janniche et al. 2012, www.sara.env.dtu.dk