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DNV serving the energy industry

Go strong.DNVVeritasveien 1NO-1322 Hvik, NorwayTel: +47 67 57 99 00Fax: +47 67 57 99 11

www.dnv.com/energy

DNV provides world-class expert ise in technology, op

tions, management and risk. We combine our know-h

into a professional service concept designed to saimprove the performance of your business. So you

go strong on all dimensions.

| CONTENTS |

SERVICES OVERVIEW The importance of a complete picture

ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT ERM Is pipeline the optimal transport solution?

SHE RISK MANAGEMENT Making pipeline the safe option

FLOW ASSURANCE, DESIGN,FOUNDATIONS AND MATERIALS Pushing the design envelope safely

VERIFICATION The assurance of full independence

PIPELINES IN OPERATION Safely extending the lifespan

WORLD-CLASS CODES AND STANDARDS Taking the industry forward

Conceptanddesign:CREUNA

Images:FrontcoverDNV,p2NinaRangy,p6DNV,

p7courtesyofStatoilHydro,DNV,GlobalIndustriesLtd.,p8Corbis,p9courtesyof

StatoilHydro,NinaRangy,p10DNV,p11DNV,p12DNV,p13DNV,p14DNV,p15

Snamprogetti,p16DNV,p17Saipem.Production:Ressurs

| THIS IS DNV |

DNV is a global provider of services for managing risk. Establis

in 1864, DNV is an independent foundation with the purpose

safeguarding life, property and the environment. DNV compri

300 offices in 100 countries, with 9,000 employees. DNV has fbusiness areas, DNV Energy, DNV Maritime, DNV Industry and D

IT Global Services. Our vision is global impact for a safe and susta

able future.

Offshorepipelines

DNV ENERGY MAIN OFFICES:

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Tomorrows oil and gas reserves will be located in ever deeper waters,in harsh environments, far from existing infrastructure. Since the earlyseventies, DNV has supplied the industry with a full range of servicesand capabilities related to the development, operation and maintenanceof pipeline systems. Pushing into the new energy frontier poses greaterchallenges for pipeline systems and DNV is committed to support theindustry continuously as a pipeline technology leader.

As conduits for oil and gas, pipelines form the backbone of mostnational and international energy infrastructures. Pipeline systemsrepresent significant financial investment and constitute a key elementof the industrial and public value chain. Therefore, operators mustwithstand scrutinyfrom a number of constituencies, while securingan acceptable returnon investment. Ensuring that each pipeline isdesigned, fabricated and operated in a safe, reliable and cost-effectivemanner involves a multitude of professional disciplines.

Addressing pipelines end to end| OFFSHORE PIPELINES |

DNV SERVICES TO THE ENERGY INDUSTRY

Enterprise Risk Management

SHE Risk Management Technology Qualification

Verification Offshore Classification

Asset Risk Management Training

IT Risk Management Certification

TARGET SEGMENTS

Through these services our teams of highly qualified

professionals deliver cutting-edge solutions to customers

across the industry:

Deep and ultra-deepwater field development Floating offshore installations

Fixed offshore installations Offshore and onshore pipelines Natural Gas/LNG Refining and petrochemicals Wind energy

Power generation and transmission Carbon capture and storage

Arctic operations and technology

| OFFSHOREPIPELINE

Addressing


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| OFFSHOREPIPELINESPAGE 4 | DNV ENERGY | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations

and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards

PROJECTPHASES:

DNV ENERGYDELIVERIES:

FEASIBILITY& CONCEPTSELECTION

CONSTRUCTION INSTALLATION &COMMISSIONING

STRATEGY DESIGN OPERATION &LIFE EXTENSION

DECOMMISSIONING

THE BUSINESS LIFE CYCLE

DNV assisting companies in theenergy industry along the entirelife cycle to safeguard and improve

business performance

OFFSHORE CLASSIFICATION

VERIFICATION

BUSINESS CASE ASSESSMENT

INTEGRATED FIELD DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT

PROJECT DUE DILIGENCE

PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT

SHE RISK MANAGEMENT

RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT

TECHNOLOGY QUALIFICATION

OPERATIONS EXCELLENCE

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

DESIGN SUPPORT

QUALITY SURVEILLANCE AND INSPECTION

MATERIAL AND CORROSION TESTING

TROUBLESHOOTING


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PAGE 6 | DNV ENERGY | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations


| OFFSHOREPIPELINES

Industry and governments make significant

investments in pipeline systems. They rely on

a broad range of expertise to ensure that each

pipeline operates in a safe, reliable and cost-

effective way. Since the early 1970s, DNV has

played a leading role in the development of

pipeline technology. We were deeply involved

in the SUPERB Joint Industry Project, that

introduced limit state-based design and

modern design principles, revolutionising

pipeline design. Today DNV offers unique

multidisciplinary competences to customersall over the world from the very early phases

through to operations and life extension.

ADDRESSING THE ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE

DNV can assist you in selecting the right

transport solution, evaluating aspects rang-

ing from availability and tariffs associated

with existing infrastructure, to cost, revenue

and risks related to a new solution.

Materials need to be stretched to their limit

in order to safely install and operate pipe-

lines in extreme water depths and other

challenging conditions. We work on the latest

design methodologies. We assure qualityand integrity during installation so that you

can break barriers confidently.

Once in operation, there is a fine balancing

act between withstanding scrutiny and maxi-

mising safety, while securing an acceptable

return on investment. DNV recommends

that you start planning the operational

phase early in the project. Dont wait until

it is too late.

A COMPLETE SUITE OF SERVICES

From well to shore, from concept to opera-

tion, from internal flow to external threat

DNV offers the full range of pipeline-related

services:

Transport solutionConcept & feasibility studiesEnvironmental studies and impact

assessmentSafety and risk analysisStructural design assistance

Material selectionGeotechnical engineering

Flow assuranceVerification and certificationFabrication and installation surveillanceMarine warrantyIn-service inspectionCondition and integrity risk assessmentsLifetime extension and re-qualification

of existing pipelinesDatabase managementLaboratory facilities for both small scale

and full scale testingFailure investigations and analyses

The importance ofa complete pictureDesigning, constructing, installing and operating pipeline systems are complexchallenges. DNV offers the whole gamut of pipeline-related services. We can

help you safeguard and improve your operations through a deeper and morecomplete understanding of risks and opportunities in pipeline projects.

SERVICES OVERVIEW

The Williams Companies of the U.S. decidedto embark on the challenging Alpine projectin the Gulf of Mexico. The scope includesconstruction of a deepwater pipeline start-ing at a new spar platform in Garden Banksblock 668 at a water depth of 3,150 ft (960metres) and ending at an existing platformin Galveston Block A244.

DNV was engaged to support Williams fromthe design phase to installation and commis-sioning. The detailed scope included verificationof detailed steel catenary riser and pipelinedesign, assessment of prime contractorsquality system, QA of pipe mills and coating

plant, welder and AUT system qualification,and survey of offshore pipe lay and com-missioning.

CRITICAL ISSUE:Challenging riser and pipeline design.

SOLUTION:Deep multidisciplinary competences. Systematicassessment of suppliers and contractors.

DELIVERABLES:Design verification. Quality system assessment.QA of pipe mills and coating plant, qualificationwelder and AUT. Survey of pipe lay andcommissioning.

VALUE TO CUSTOMER:Successful installation on schedule.

CASE:

ALPINEDEEPWATER PIPELINEWITH 40 YEARSDESIGN LIFE

| | |

DNV services comprise

the full life cycle ofpipeline systems.

STATE-OF-THE-ART SOFTWARE

TOOLS AND SOLUTIONS

DNV applies state-of-the-art software solu-

tions as an integrated part of our services.

Some of the key tools are listed below:

EasyRisk is used to assess business riskrelated to different field development

scenarios.

OLGA is a programme developed foranalysis of multiphase flow issues in pipe

systems.

FATFREE is a programme for failure analy-ses of free spans exposed to ocean current

and wave loading in compliance with the

DNV RP-F105 Free Spanning Pipelines.

STABLELINE is a programme used tocalculate stability of offshore pipelines

according to DNV-RP-F109 On-Bottom

Stability Design of Submarine Pipelines.

ABAQUS is used for non-linear structuraldesign analysis including pipe-soil interaction

as well as advanced materials engineering.

Pipeline Engineering Tool (PET) addressesall key design formulas in DNV OS-F101

Submarine Pipeline Systems.

ORBIT Pipeline Management System is aweb-based tool covering both Onshore and

Offshore pipeline integrity management.

THE FUTURE

The international pipeline industry is not static

There is need for continuous development

and enhancements in order to guide and

support the industry in relatively uncharted

territories such as the arctic, ultra-deep waters

and projects with challenging fluid compo

sition and long tie-back solutions.

Our vision is to make a global impact for a safe

and sustainable future. By developing new

methodologies, understanding the new riskagenda and working hard to manage risk and

improve safety and environmental perform

ance we take steps in the right direction.

The Alpine project was successful, in part,due to DNVs technical expertise, effective-ness working in a team environment withmultiple contractors, and recognition ofour particular needs, says Charles Nichols,Williams project manager. Nichols concludedthat DNV was professional and responsiveto their needs as a deepwater pipeline ope-rator in the Gulf of Mexico.


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A length of 1,200 kilometres makes Langeledthe worlds longest submarine gas pipeline.The pipeline starts at the Nyhamna exportterminal in western Norway, goes via theSleipner riser platform in the North Sea, andlands in Easington on the English east coast.

Langeled has a capacity of 20 billion cubicmetres of gas to be transported annually fromthe Norwegian continental shelf. This will cover20 per cent of the gas consumption in the UK.

DNV has supported StatoilHydro with diffe-rent SHE studies for the concept phase andplanning of the Langeled pipeline. Examplesof studies include:

Concept risk assessment analysing 3 rd partysocietal risk, personnel risk and pipelinedamage caused by external impact

Risk comparison of alternative locations offuture tie-ins

Risk assessment of marine operations



| OFFSHOREPIPELINES

CRITICAL ISSUE:Long pipeline with large areas of free spans,trawling activity and steep landfall.

SOLUTION:Applying sophisticated risk assessment techniques.

KEY DELIVERIES:Documentation of pipeline risk, including thirdparty risk and pipeline damage.

VALUE FOR CLIENT:Decision support on risk reducing measures andpipeline routing optimisation.

CASE:

LANGELEDA MILLIONTONS OF STEELSAFELY SUPPLYINGTHE UK WITHNORWEGIAN GAS

| | |

Is pipeline the optimaltransport solution?

The selection of a transport solution depends on a host of factors.

DNV helps you find the optimal alternative, based on the particularneeds of your project.

ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT ERM

Early phase field development involves business

case assessments of possible development con-

cepts. A major part of a development concept

is the transport solution, where alternatives

range from sea transportation using shuttle

tankers to novel subsea-to-land solutions.

The selection of a transport solution depends

on several factors, from availability and tariffs

associated with existing infrastructure, to

cost, revenue and risks related to a new solution.

To find the best solution, you need to challenge

and assess both technical and economicalaspects of the full field development solution.

OUR APPROACH

DNV applies an integrated approach to ensure

that both technical and economical issues are

properly accounted for when assessing the

attractiveness of the various development and

export alternatives. The field development is

described as a value where the oil and gas from

sub-surface to final export is modelled, so that

both physical flows (oil, gas, condensate, NGL,

etc.) and resulting cash flows are calculated.

From this model, technical and economical

performance of the field development alterna-

tive can be assessed; in particular the various

export alternatives.

The integrated model includes the various risks

and uncertainties that impact the field develop-

ment, such as:

Uncertainties in in-place volumes and

recovery factorsAvailability and risks related to technical

performanceFrequency of component failures, duration

of repairs, and waiting time and cost of

repair resourcesUncertainty in CAPEX, OPEX, tariffs, etc.Uncertainty in product pricesUncertainty in timing of first oil/first gas

Through the integrated model, the depend-

encies between the technical, economical and

the risks are managed. To support the selec-

tion of export alternative, full probability dis-

tributions for economic indicators such as

Net Present Value (NPV), Break-even oil price,

etc. can be found.

KEY BENEFITS

The DNV approach does not replace detailed

analyses, but provides a means of aggregating

data from different disciplines into a more

complete basis for decision making.

Since the integrated model allows all relevant

uncertainties and their dependencies to be

included, the total risk can be described more

completely. Furthermore, the major risk drivers

and their underlying causes and knock-on

effects can be analysed.

A new risk agenda is emerging, bringing

with it new demands on your business

and how it is managed. Stakeholders expect

clear management of safety, health and the

environment. Mere compliance with legal

requirements for SHE performance is no

longer sufficient for forward-thinking organi-

sations. We can help you safely and responsibly

improve your business performance.

DNV applies risk-based methods and advanced

software tools to ensure that hazards are

identified and understood throughout the

life cycle of projects and operations.

We adopt our approach to the relevant

project challenges, applying the full range

of DNV capabilities and experience.

INCREASE SAFETY

Our services will ensure that you make the

appropriate strategic and operational deci-

sions related to health and safety issues:

Risk AssessmentsConsequence assessmentsExternal impact assessmentsDesign Accidental Load and protection

studiesManagement Systems and performance

standards

Emergency planning, response andinvestigation

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

We provide many inter-related se rvices in

the area of environmental risk management

including:

Environmental impact and risk assessmenDispersion and fate modellingImpact and risk management planningSpill preparedness and response analysis

and planningBiodiversity management

Environmental monitoring

Visual mapping of sensitive areas

Environmental ROV surveys

Corporate Social Responsibility

EXPERTISE AND COMMITMENT

We combine technical expertise and advance

risk methodologies with management consult

ing skills to offer a new and different type o

consulting service.

By understanding the new risk agenda and

working hard to improve safety and environ

mental performance, we are committed to

our vision of making a global impact for

safe and sustainable future.

Making pipelinethe safe option

We work with our clients to develop, implement, maintain and

continuously improve best practices in SHE Risk Management ofoffshore pipelines.

SHE RISK MANAGEMENT

DNV can assist in identifyingthe best transport solution.

DNV applies a r

based approach to SRisk Manageme


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| OFFSHOREPIPELINES

With a highly experienced and well trained

global network of personnel, DNV is well

placed to meet the requirements of a global

pipeline market. We offer tailored solutions

throughout the life cycle of pipeline systems

with focus on adding value and safeguarding

life, property and the environment.

FLOW ASSURANCE

DNV provides in-depth understanding of

multi-phase flow characteristics in pipeline

systems at both normal and incidental oper-ating conditions. This knowledge represents

a valuable input to the optimisation of the

design and operation of pipelines. And con-

tributes to cost-effective solutions, and robust

and effective pipeline performance.

We address the following key areas either as

part of an integrated approach or as stand-

alone services:

Thermo-hydraulic analysis

(pressure and temperature drop)Capacity/line sizingSlug/terrain sluggingHydrate and wax predictionChemical injectionInsulation optimisation/designStart-up and shut downs

Cool down

Blow down

Water hammer/pressure surge analysis

Leak analysis

Understanding and analysing multiphase

flows is a complicated task. DNV utilises the

state-of-the-art transient multiphase pro-

gramme OLGA to analyse issues related to

production and transportation of multiphase

flows from the reservoir to the separator.

We participate in all phases of a project, from

feasibility studies to the operational phase.

OLGA is developed for analysis of multiphase

flow issues in pipe systems, and may be used

for both steady state and transient analysis.

The programme solves the governing equa-

tion for mass, momentum and energy for

the various phases, based on flashing and

condensation of the gas and liquid phases.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

A key element of DNVs services is that inde-

pendent detailed engineering analysis forms

part of third party verification activities.

We use a range of state-of-the-art software pack-

ages to perform relevant technical analysis:Global and local bucklingPipe reelingPipe snakingUpheaval bucklingExpansion curveTie-in spool pieceJ-tube pull-inFatigue analyses for free spans and VIVOn bottom stability

Pipeline installation, dynamic and static

Structural Design

SOLID FOUNDATIONS

Geotechnical design is associated with a

variety of challenges where a broad under-

standing of both structural responses and soil

characteristics is required. In DNV, soilpipe

interaction issues are identified and solved

by integrating the geotechnical services in

the design or verification process. Our services

involve application of DNV standards, other

recognised standards, national requirements

and client specifications. The services are

offered for a broad scale of both onshore andoffshore pipelines, including:

Geophysical surveys to identify

potential hazardsSeismic hazard studiesSoil investigationsSlope stability analysesFlow analyses of failed soil

(debris flow, turbidity flow)Optimum pipeline route selectionSoil properties and soil resistance

Heat isolation for coverAnchor or ice ridge hazards and

impact loading

THE RIGHT MATERIALS

Ensuring that the right material is selected,

specified, delivered and installed is a key

aspect of every successful pipeline project.

DNV owns and operates material laboratories

in Norway, Singapore and the USA. We draw

on a wealth of experience from failure

investigations, corrosion studies, testing andR&D projects to help the customer select

the optimal material. We also help ensure

that the materials are properly joined

through our deep understanding of welding

and non-destructive testing. DNV has pub-

lished a number of codes and standards to

ensure that the international pipeline industry

has easy access to best practices.

Assessment of ultimate pi pe capacityFracture mechanics and fatigue assessmentVerification of material specification s

and manufacturing documentationMechanical testingMetallurgical investigationsCorrosion testingQualification of new materialsQuality surveillance

Troubleshooting

Remaining life assessment

Failure investigation

Pushing the designenvelope safely

Extreme free spans, global buckling of HPHT pipelines, ice scour induced

loads and enhanced utilisation of materials in corrosive environments DNV can help you break these and other barriers with confidence.

FLOW ASSURANCE, DESIGN, FOUNDATIONS AND MATERIALS

High Pressure and High Temperature (HP/HT) pipelines will expand due to thermaland internal pressure. The integrity of sucha pipeline can be assured either by restrainingit and keeping it in place, or by releasing thecompressive force by allowing it to buckle ina controlled manner. The choice is influencedby a number of complex parameters anddepends on the operators and the designersexperience and preference. Buried pipelinesare normally designed not to buckle and,hence, to sustain the loads in the originalconfiguration.

The new recommended practice DNV-RP-F110 Buckling of Pipelines is the result ofthe HOTPIPE Joint Industry Project (JIP)performed by Snamprogetti, Statoil and DNVand sponsored by Statoil, Agip, Shell, BPand Hydro. The new recommended practicecomplements DNV-OS-F101 and gives specificrequirements for global buckling scenariosof HP/HT pipelines.

CRITICAL ISSUE:Develop reservoirs with high pressure and hightemperature characteristics.

SOLUTION:The new DNV RP-F110 with state-of-the-art methods.

KEY DELIVERABLES:The DNV RP- F110 includes design methods for:

Exposed pipelines on even/uneven seabed

Buried/covered pipelines with potential globalbuckling in the vertical plane

VALUE TO THE INDUSTRY:Optimum pipeline design.

CASE:

INTERNATIONAL R&DHIGH PRESSURE ANDHIGH TEMPERATUREPIPELINES

| | |

Our design support is based

on advanced testing andtechnical analysis.

Experienced and well-trained personnelensure cutting edge solutions.


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| OFFSHOREPIPELINES

Authorities now tend to move from prescrip-

tive regimes to functional requirements in

a goal-setting regime, where safety shall be

demonstrated based on risk approaches.

Hence, there will probably be a stronger

future demand for measurable objectives to

be presented by the owners regarding safety

to life, property and the environment.

Verification and certification have histori-

cally been carried out with varying scope

and depth of involvement. The depth of

involvement, or level of verification, has not

always been very transparent. In order to

ensure a transparent approach, DNV was

the first organisation that introduced a risk-

based approach.

A RISK-BASED APPROACH

DNV aims through Risk-Based Verification,

to instil confidence in our customers and

other stakeholders. Through independent

and competent scrutiny, the intent is to con-

firm that the asset is designed, constructed

and/or operated so that:

It is fit for its intended purposeIts level of integrity is as high as reason-

ably practicable

The associated risk to health, life, property

and environment is as low as reasonablypracticable (ALARP)

The DNV OSS-301 Certification and Verifi-

cation of Submarine Pipeline Systems, which

describes DNVs certification and verifica-

tion services for pipeline systems, was pub-

lished in October 2000. It is the first, and

still only, publicly available detailed descrip-

tion of third-party involvement for pipeline

systems. The document gives detailed scope

of work for certification and verifications for

three different levels, low, medium and

high. This will allow the owner to select the

degree of certification or verification in

compliance with the overall risk objective

for the project.

IMPORTANCE OF EARLY INVOLVEMENT

Risk-Based Verification services should seek

to reduce any uncertainty in the field or

pipeline development as early as possible. If

any weaknesses are revealed, the services

should allow for effective management ofnecessary changes. DNVs verification expe-

rience reinforces the important message of

early involvement and the need for in-depth

knowledge of the activities required to

obtain optimal resource allocation for the

verification process. A proactive approach is

required, placing particular emphasis on

roles and responsibilities.

QUALITY SURVEILLANCE

AND INSPECTION

The level of verification activity is differenti-

ated according to the inherent risk (i.e.

consequence) to the pipeline system. During

the fabrication and installation phase we

support our customers by providing:

Quality surveillance during pipe manu-

facturing and coatingInspection services and construction

supervision through pipeline installation

and commissioning

Depending on risk level low, medium or high,

DNVs attendance varies from an audit based

approach to full 24/7 site team attendance.

MARINE OPERATIONS

The financial and technical consequences

which may b e incurred as a re sult of an

accident or occurrence during offshore

marine operations can be devastating. This

fact alone emphasises the importance of a

well-defined marine verification scope, a

recognised technical reference, competence

and experience, and quality within the

marine verification service.

DNV stands up to these requirements throughour integrity and independence, our close

relation to in-house specialist disciplines, and

through more than thirty years experience as

warranty surveyor and marine verifier.

We base our work on DNV Rules for Planning

and Execution of Marine Operation.

GLOBAL REACH

The opportunities of the global energ

market belong to those who approach them

with a comprehensive understanding of risk

Equally important is the ability to implemen

solutions and uniform standards acros

geographies. Thats why DNVs globa

presence is so highly valued by our customer

in the energy sector. No matter where you

conduct your business, DNV is close at hand

and prepared to help. Our internationa

organisation comprises a network of morthan 300 offices spanning Europe, Africa

the Middle East, Asia and the Americas.

The assurance offull independence

DNVs transparent and fully independent approach to verification,

certification, quality surveillance and marine operations will help reduceand manage risk, thereby ensuring a successful project.

VERIFICATION

Block KG-DWN-98/3 in the Krishna GodavariBasin, Bay of Bengal off the east coast of Indiais the first deepwater development in India. Thegas field covers an area of 7,500 km 2, located40 kilometres and 60 kilometres south east ofKakinada with water depths of between 400and 2,700 metres. Phase 1 of the project com-prises subsea production systems, flowlines,pipelines, a shallow water control and riser plat-form and an onshore process plant. It is devel-oped by Reliance Industries Ltd., Indias largestprivate sector enterprise, with businesses in theenergy and materials value chain.

DNV has supported Reliance Industries Ltd.from the Front End Engineering Design ( FEED)through to detailed design verification, manu-facture control and independent constructionand installation inspection. The work is basedon DNV-OSS-300 Risk Based Verification andutilises resources from DNVs worldwide officenetwork.

In addition to verification work, DNV is alsosupporting Reliance Industries Ltd. by analys-ing reliability, availability and maintainability ofthe overall system.

CRITICAL ISSUE:Managing risk in an international deepwaterproject with vendors and engineering consultantsspread around the globe.

SOLUTION:Multidisciplinary competencies and state-of-the-artmethods and tools. DNVs world-wide network.

KEY DELIVERABLES:FEED verification. Design verification. RAM-analysis manufacture control. Independentconstruction and installation inspection.

VALUE DELIVERED:Focus on critical design, fabrication andinstallation aspects.

CASE:

KG D-6INDIAS FIRSTDEEPWATER PROJECT

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TIMEC ON CE PT UA L PH AS E C OM MI SS IO NI NG

INCREASE

COSTOFCHAN

GE

ABILITYTOINFLUENCE

Early involvement=Higher chance to

implement changes withlower financial impact

EARLY PHASEINVOLVEMENT

To ensure confidence,

DNV applies a risk-basedapproach to verfication.

DNV is close at hand and preparedto help all over the world.


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| OFFSHOREPIPELINES

DNV provides a variety of services address-

ing issues related to pipelines in operation.

These services focus on reducing pipeline

operating costs, while still maintaining an

acceptable reliability and safety level.

DNV experts team up with the pipeline

operators to establish the most cost-effi-

cient solutions for each pipeline system.

Most of our services for pipelines in opera-

tion are requested during the pipeline

operational phase. However, DNV also pro-

vides operat ions-related ser vices at an early

design phase, ensuring that sound pipeline

operational integrity has been built into

the pipeline system during initial planning,

design and construction. We build our

services in the operational phase on the

competence gained when participating in

a number of joint industry development

projects and developing DNVs unique

pipeline codes and standards. Services for

Pipelines in Operation cover:

Integrity Managementinvolving all activitiesrequired for control and documentation

of pipeline system integrity during its

operational life. DNV also offers assistance

for roll-out and/or implementation of the

integrity management programme within

an operators organisation.

Condition Assessmentfor pipeline systemsand components. This includes assessment

of metal loss defects, dents and cracks (i .e.

defect assessment) as well as assessment of

freespan and global buckling (i.e. struc-

tural integrity of HP/HT pipelines).

Inspection and Maintenance Planninguses the results from the condition assess-

ment to prioritise inspection and mainte-

nance activities based on risk of failure

balanced against cost of prevention work.

Pipeline Operability Reviewallows thepipeline operator to identify and assess all

important areas of potential operational

improvement (with regard to both man-

agement and technical solutions) against

a set of Best Practices based on DNVs

experience from major projects and inter-

national operators.

Re-qualification as required for lifetimeextension, change of use of the pipelines

systems, or modifications and repairs due

to damage.

Data managementsupport by collectingand organising data needed for long term

integrity management and daily opera-

tion, covering pipeline data, surveys and

inspection results, assessments etc.

Support for Regulatory Compliance includ-ing interpretation of regulations, consul-

tancy during planning and implementation,

information management and meetings

with regulators.

Risk assessmentsupporting the operators in

managing SHE and business risk. Methods

such as HAZID and QRA can be applied at

different levels of detail, and the output risk

ranking can be used as basis for decision

making approaches like RCM and RBI.

Availability and reli abilityevaluations ofpipeline networks provide confidence and

maximise system uptime.

Technical supportfor operators in con-nection with repair, troubleshooting, onsite

support and technical advice, interven-

tion, decommissioning, training etc.

WEB-BASED INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT

ORBIT Pipeline is a Pipeline Integrity Manage-

ment support software tool developed by

DNV in close cooperation with leading oil

and gas companies. The tool supports the

activities and working process within pipeline

integrity control and documentation, and

contains modules for:

Data managementCondition assessment

Defect evaluations

Pipeline and component risk assessmentInspection planningPro-forma reporting

The new fully web-based ORBIT Pipeline

Management System covers both onshore

and offshore pipeline integrity management

functions and is delivered with an Integrity

Management Portal as standard. This portal

provides ready access to historical reports,

condition of all assets embraced by the sys-

tem, overall risk profiles, system alerts and

status of integrity management projects an

tasks in a traffic light fashion.

Tailored integration to customer applications

e.g. GIS, SAP and other systems is importan

to reduce the overall impact on a company

when introducing a new pipeline integrity

solution. Rather than replacing in-hous

applications, the pipeline integrity solution

represents a strengthening of the company

overall asset management as it is integrated

with already well functioning in-house

systems.

The oil and gas industry dedicates large

resources to the development of tomorrow

operations making use of new technolog

for more efficient work processes

The ORBIT Pipeline will help you make

faster and more qualified decisions, thereb

safely extending the lifespan of your pipelines

Safely extendingthe lifespanAs pipelines are put into operation and approach maturity in their designlife, a different set of considerations and capabilities are required.

At this stage, the value of planning the operational phase early in theproject also becomes evident.

PIPELINES IN OPERATION

A four-tonne anchor hooked and damagedthe DONG-operated oil pipeline, which runsfrom the Gorm Field to Fils on the Danishwest coast. The pipeline transports all oil fromthe Danish offshore sector to shore.The potential development of future fatiguefailure initiated a repair of the pipeline.The damaged section was in water depths of52 metres, and the pipeline was buried1.5 metres below the seabed. The cost ofclosing the pipeline for the repair would havebeen significant, so the company wanted thepipeline to be repaired whilst in operation.

DNV provided support to DONG for the over-all repair approach and solutions, the damageassessment, the inspection requirements, thedesign of the repair clamp, the installationand the pipeline-excavation procedures.

The urgent request was quickly solved by inte-grating all relevant disciplines such as soil,materials, clamp design, marine operations,inspection techniques and the damage assess-ment. DNV also performed third party verifica-tion of the repair work from its offices inEsbjerg, Denmark, and Aberdeen, Scotland.

CRITICAL ISSUE:A four tonne anchor hooked onto an oil pipeline.

SOLUTION:A multidisciplinary approach to assess thecondition and repair method for the pipeline.

KEY DELIVERABLES:Damage assessment. Repair method.Installation support. Inspection. Verification.

VALUE TO THE CUSTOMER:Pipeline successfully repaired without shutdown,saving several hundred million NOK.

CASE:

GORM TOFILS PIPELINEAN IMPOSSIBLEPIPELINE REPAIR

| | |

D ES IG N A NA LY SE S A NDRE-DESIGN

A UT HO RI TI ES M AN AG EM EN T C US TO ME RS P UB LI C

OPERATIONSAND MONITORING M AI NT EN AN CE I NS PE CT IO NS REPAIRS

EMERGENCY

RESPONSE

PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT (PIM)

DNVs integrity management services and

systems connect key operational activities withassessment and stakeholder requirements.

Our goal is to combine

a high safety level withlow operating costs.

PIPELINE INTEGRITYMANAGEMENT


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and verification of offshore pipelines. The

specification presents a comprehensive and

detailed risk based method for this service.

The DNV OS-F101 Offshore Standard

for Submarine Pipeline Systems provides

acceptance criteria and design procedures

for pipelines. The standard applies modern

limit-state-design principles with safety classes

linked to consequences of failure.

The DNV standard is complemented by sev-

eral recommended practices (RPs) whichgive detailed advice on how to analyse spe-

cific technical aspects according to stated

criteria:

DNV RP-C 205 Environmental Conditions

and Environmental LoadsDNV RP- F101 Corroded PipelinesDNV RP-F102 Pipeline Field Joint Coating

and Field Repair of Linepipe CoatingDNV RP-F 103 Cathodic Protection of

Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes

DNV RP-F105 Free Spanning PipelinesDNV RP-F106 Factory Applied external

Pipeline Coatings for Corrosion ControlDNV RP-F107 Risk Assessment of Pipeline

ProtectionDNV RP-F108 Fracture Control for

Pipeline Installation Methods Introducing

Cyclic Plastic StrainDNV RP-F109 On-bottom Stability

DNV RP-F110 Global buckling of pipelines

DNV RP-F 111 Interferen ce Between Trawl

Gear and PipelinesDNV-RP-F112 Design of Duplex Stainless

Steel Subsea Equipment Exposed to

Cathodic ProtectionDNV RP- F113 Pipeline Subsea RepairDNV RP-O501 Erosive wear in Piping

systems

Some of the above RPs were originally d evel-

oped for offshore pipelines, but are also rele-

vant for onshore pipelines. See www.dnv.com

for an overview of all available codes.

THE FUTURE

Codes and standards should reflect curren

good practice and be open for application t

innovation and state-of-the-art technology

Therefore best codes do not exist statically

or indefinitely. There will always be a need

for developments and enhancements in

order to guide and support the industry in

relatively uncharted territories such as th

arctic, ultra-deep waters, and projects with

challenging fluid composition and long

tie-back solutions.

We are currently working with the industr

to develop better criteria for deepwate

installations, better understanding of pipe/

soil interaction, arctic pipelines and smarte

pipeline integrity management.



| OFFSHOREPIPELINES

Following increased consumption of oil and

natural gas, offshore pipeline construction

activity is about to reach historic levels.

Recent estimates forecast that close to 70,000

kilometres of offshore pipelines will be con-

structed in the period from 2007 to 2011 with

Europe as the front runner followed by the

South Pacific, Far East and the Gulf of

Mexico. Pipelines are effective and a highly

reliable means for hydrocarbon transportation

over short and medium range distances.

They represent large investment costs for a

field development or gas export transport

system. These investment costs are highly

influenced by the applicable codes for design

and construction of the pipeline.

SELECTING THE BEST CODE

Many national and international pipeline

codes in use today worldwide are subject

to various safety regimes and operator pre-

ferences. What is the criteria for selecting

the best design code? Is it the code giving

the minimum wall thickness or something

else? DNV believes the selection criteria are

simple and threefold:

The code shall ensure at least a minimum

safety level that is acceptable to society

Given the above, the best code is the one

that gives the minimum life cycle cost

The code should comply with the overall

ISO standards

For an off the shelf pipeline design, any of

the internationally recognised codes fulfill

the first criterion based on historical record.

Most of these codes are experience-based

using an allowable stress format where all

failure modes are covered implicitly in a few

simple design formats. They are often simple

to apply and work well when applied within

the scope of application, i.e. where there

has been extensive past experience used as

the basis for the code. For other pipeline

designs where there is limited field experi-

ence, such as HT/HP, deepwater, uneven

seabed, arctic pipelines in ice-infested areas,

only a limit-state-based design code with

links to fabrication, installation and operation

phases can ensure a minimum acceptable

safety level.

A FAMILY OF BEST PRACTICES

Based on our project experience, research,

and joint industry development work, DNV

issues a number of pipeline codes. These

comprise service specifications, standards

and recommended practices, and are highly

regarded within the international pipeline

community.

The DNV-OSS-301 Service Specification for

Certification and Verification of Pipelines

presents DNVs approach for certification

Taking theindustry forward

DNVs first pipeline code was issued in 1976. Since then we have created

a series of internationally recognised standards and recommendedpractices together with the pipeline industry.

WORLD-CLASS CODES AND STANDARDS

Russian energy giant Gazprom together withENI of Italy embarked on a very ambitiousproject when they decided to install twosubsea gas pipelines across the Black Sea theBlue Stream Project. The pipelines were builtto meet the growing demand for more environ-mentally friendly energy in Turkey and have acapacity of 16 billion cubic metres per year.

The project faced challenges such as extremewater depths approaching 2,150 metres, a dif-ficult seabed topography both on the Russianand Turkish side, and high external H

2S content.

Furthermore, the installation took place in areaswith high seismic activity.

DNV supported the project from the conceptualphase in 1995 to the installation completionof the two 24 diameter pipelines in 2002. TheDNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systemswas chosen as the governing code and hasnow been adapted as the corporate standardfor all of Gazproms offshore pipelines.

CRITICAL ISSUE:Installation of export pipelines at extreme waterdepths and demanding seabed conditions.

SOLUTION:Use of DNV-OS-F101 involving multidisciplinarycompetencies and state-of-the-art methods andtools.

KEY DELIVERABLES:Total System Certification via design verification,manufacture control and independent constructioninspection.

VALUE DELIVERED:Completion on time in accordance with strictinternational standards.

CASE:

BLUE STREAMTHE WORLDSDEEPEST TRUNKLINE

| | |

SERVICESPECIFICATIONS

OFFSHORESTANDARDS

DESIGN

RECOMMENDEDPRACTICES

INTERNATIONALLYRECOGNISED CODES

CONSTRUCTION

OPERATION

STRUCTURE OF DNVOFFSHORE CODES

A clearly set structure accommodates thedifferent DNV Codes.

DNV works closelywith the industry toadvance standards.

PAGE 18 | DNV ENERGY | S i O i | ERM | SHE Ri k M t | Fl A D i F d ti


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BergenOslo

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Moscow

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Trondheim

Aberdeen

London AntwerpManchester

Essen

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Kuwait

Abu Dhabi

Tripoli

Tanggu

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Vung TauHo Chi Minh City

Astana

Muscat

Doha

Mumbai

Lagos

Luanda

Paris

DNV serves the energy industry from more than 40 primarylocations worldwide. In addition, we draw on DNVs entireworldwide network of 300 offices in 100 countries.

DNV locations

Houston

Halifax

Columbus

Rio de Janeiro Maca

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St. Johns

Calgary

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Boston

dnv sb offshorepipe tcm109-282603

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