do now! complete the math exercise!! hw: read pp.52-54, answer on pg 54: comprehension, 2; critical...
TRANSCRIPT
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Do Now!
• Complete the math exercise!!
• HW: Read pp.52-54, Answer on pg 54: Comprehension, 2; Critical Thinking and Writing, 5a&b
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Ancient Egypt
Technology, Culture,
& Government
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Technology & Architecture: The Mastaba
• Mastabas are ancient Egyptian burial structures that pre-date giant pyramids.
• They were rectangular, had sloping sides, and were made of mud brick or stone with flat roofs.
• Burial chambers were built beneath mastabas to shield the dead.
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Technology & Architecture: The Step Pyramid
• It was built after mastabas but before great pyramids.• It is essentially 5 mastabas piled on top of each other.• At 197 feet high, it was the first “skyscraper.”
Pharaoh Djoser: 2,611 BCE substructure
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Technology & Architecture: The Giza Pyramids
• Part of a giant funerary complex or Necropolis--a city of the dead.
• Built as tombs for 3 Pharaohs: Khufu, Khafre, & Menkaure.
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Engineering Requirements: Math!
• Massive engineering projects required mathematical knowledge, especially of geometry.
• We know that Egyptians had a decimal system for numbers, but much of their knowledge base has been lost to history.
There aren’t enough surviving records!
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Speaking of Records…Papyrus!
Papyrus and Egyptian Records:
1. Take some plants…2. Turn them into a canvas…3. Write or paint all over it!
*It’s thicker and more durablethan paper!
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Egyptian Writing: Hieroglyphs
• The Egyptian writing system may have been influenced by the cuneiform of Mesopotamia OR developed independently.
Letter sounds Syllabic sounds
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The Rosetta Stone
• The Rosetta stone was the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian writing.
• Originally produced in 196 BCE, it contained a passage written in both hieroglyphs and ancient Greek, allowing modern people to decipher the older Egyptian script (because they could read Greek).
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What kind of society made these advances?
Least people
MostPeople
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Government Power: Pharaohs vs. Nobles
Kings want to:
1. rule as absolutists2. maximize economic
production3. maximize trade 4. collect taxes to
finance economic improvements
5. create internal stability with a national military
Nobles want to:
1. increase their personal power
2. control peasant movements
3. control local economic production and tax collection
4. engage in internal warfare with localized military forces
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Why do kings tolerate regional power centers?
They can’t help it!
• Kings need nobles and local leaders to help them rule and collect taxes.
• Kings need generals to help them conquer and defend borders.
• Local power is almost impossible to eradicate.
• Negotiations about centralized vs. regional power is inevitable.
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How can kings limit the influence of regional power centers?
• Become a god or representative of the gods
• Create educated bureaucracies wholly dependent on the king– (Only the king’s forces collect and spend a society’s
money!)
• Develop mobile and powerful military forces that were loyal to the king alone
*Successful Pharaohs did all of these things!
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How do we tell who has the power?
Ask these questions:
• Who controls the collection and spending of money?
• Who controls the army?
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Power & Eras in Egyptian History
Pharaohs in Control
• Old Kingdom
(2,469-2,126 BCE)
• Middle Kingdom
(1,975-1,631 BCE)
• New Kingdom
(1,539-1,076 BCE)
Nobles in Control
• 1st Intermediate Period
(2,125-1,976 BCE)
• 2nd Intermediate Period
(1,630-1,540 BCE)
• 3rd Intermediate Period
(1,075-716 BCE)
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Tension between centralized government
and regional nobility will be a constant theme for
the next 3,000 years
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Summary Question•Why do historians regard
Ancient Egypt as a “great” civilization?
[Refer to its achievements]