do now (connection to film) think back to the film from last class… define the following in...
TRANSCRIPT
Do Now (Connection to Film)
Think back to the film from last class…
Define the following in regards to the Renaissance:
Commerce
Globalization
How did these two factors impact Europe in the mid 14th centaury?
The Crusades
Why Important?
How did they impact the development of the Renaissance?
What other factors influenced the development of the Renaissance?
The Crusades
Why Important?
Increased contact with Eastern civilizations (Muslims) leading to increased commerce and globalization
How did they impact the development of the Renaissance?
+ for Italian port cities
+ intellectual ideas
What other factors influenced the development of the Renaissance?
Europe loses 1/3 its population to disease
Labor is hard to find (scarce)
Towns and many serfs freed from feudal obligations
Church’s influence declines.
Disrupts pattern of trade.
The Black Death (Plague)
Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
Encouraged the use of credit (borrowing money) and banking.
Economic Effects of the Crusades
Church rule against usury and the bank’s practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy.
Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and speed-up trade.
New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.
Important Economic Concepts
Feudalism no longer works
Growth of trading towns and cities
Cities are free from feudal obligations
Manorialism no longer works
Not enough workers
Demand for Middle Eastern Goods causes increase in trade
Impact of Crusades and Black Death
The Italian Renaissance
Rebirth?
Classical Greco-Roman learning, art, architecture
circ. 1300 to 1527(?)
Italy
Powerful city-states
Politically, economically, socially
Secularism
Education System
Remnants of Greatness
Were initially independent city-states governed as republics.
Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern Markets.
Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe
Florence, Venice, & Genoa (Italy)
Florence
1434 = Cosimo & grandson Lorenzo de’ Medici (d. 1492)
Spoils system helped them keep control
Cultural center of italy
Supporters (Patrons) of the arts!
Balance of Power
Papal States/Rome
Rodrigo Borgia (aka. Pope Alexander VI - 1492)
Highly Secular
Cesare Borgia – Commander of Papal Armies
Renaissance Society Social Hierarchy
Clergy
Nobility
Everyone else Patricians / traders, merchants
Burghers / shop-keepers, artisans
Low wage earners, unemployed
Patriarchal in nature
Arranged marriages w/ dowries
Humanism
o Humanism was an ideal that focused on the world of mankind as much as a concern for the hereafter.
o Rejected medieval view of humanity and focused on the goodness of mankind
04/19/2320
REFORMATION
1500
Michelangelo
DonatelloDavid
Leonardo
Raphael
MichelangeloDavid
1400 1600
Renaissance timeline
Techniques in Renaissance
Art
Perspective
Vanishing Point Foreshortening
Chiaroscuro
Colors used Sfumato
Posto / Contrapposto
Realism
Portrait
Spread of Renaissance Possible w/Gutenberg’s
innovative movable metal type printing press (1445)
By 1500, a thousand printers published 40000 tiles (1/2 religious)
Literacy rates spiked as did cultural diffusion
Northern Renaissance Starts in 1450, 100
years later than Italy
Cultivated knowledge of classics (& early Christian writers)
Tried to apply classics to Christianity for reform
Promoted simpler Christian interpretation than complicated Medieval dogma
Northern Renaissance Art
Like humanism, religion based/ Devotional
In painting, Flanders School used oil/more intense w/realism perspective not as important
Due to religion, art seen in illuminated manuscripts, especially Limbourg Brothers & altarpieces
Northern v. Italian Art
Italian
Canvas, Sculpture, Fresco, tempura, architecture
Perspective, Symmetry, Balance, Good sense of Mass
Classical Mythology, Religious
Figures w/ Mass/Volume, Use of Anatomy
Northern
Wood Panel, Engraving, Illustration, Oil on…, glazing
Detail, Naturalism
Interiors, Portraits, Religious
Extreme / Minute DetailSubject
Style
Medium
Famous
Jan van Eyck Realistic ainter
who worked on details
His Altarpiece of Ghent, portrait of a Man & Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife are his most famous works
Intellectual Renaissance
Humanism! Study of classical Greco-
Roman past
Liberal arts
Grammar
Rhetoric
Poetry
Moral philosophy
Ethics
history
Petrarch
14th cent. Father of Italian Humanism
Stressed classical Latin (Rome)
Civic duty
Individual purpose is to best serve the state
VernacularDante’ Alighieri
Italian
“Divine Comedy”
How to gain salvation through his travels through the levels of hell, purgatory, heaven
Geoffrey Chaucer
English
“The Canterbury Tales”
Collection of stories from individuals from all walks of life
Francois Rabelais
French
“Pantagruel and Gargantua”
Son and Father Giants
Comical Satire
Niccolo Machiavelli
Florentine Diplomat
Forced into exile
Wrote “The Prince”
Question: How does a Prince obtain and maintain power?
How Should Nobility Act?
Baldassare Castiglione says…
“The Book of the Courtier” / “Il Cortiere”
1. born into, have character
2. physical, military, and classical edu.
3. show achievement w/ grace
Purpose = win favor with and serve Prince