do now: do now: 1. what structure makes proteins? 2. where are these found? 3. where is dna stored?...
TRANSCRIPT
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Do Now:Do Now: 1. What structure makes proteins?2. Where are these found?3. Where is DNA stored? 4. Why not in cytoplasm?
• Homework: read 12-3 and complete packet
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DNA is safe inside the nucleus, but ribosome are in the cytoplasm!!
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RNA is a “messenger molecule” that RNA is a “messenger molecule” that can take the code into the can take the code into the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.
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Trait
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Overview of Protein Synthesis
Transcription
Translation
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Ribonucleic acid
Responsible for the movement of genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to
the site of protein synthesis in the
cytosol
1. RNA
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A. Structure of RNA:–Single-stranded Nucleic acid made up of repeating units, like DNA
–Sugar molecule is RIBOSE (not deoxyribose)
–Thymine is replaced with URACIL (U)
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1.Messenger RNA (mRNA)a. STRUCTURE= RNA nucleotides in a single uncoiled chain
b. FUNCTION= Carries genetic info from the nucleus to the ribosome
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2.Transfer RNA (tRNA)
a. STRUCTURE= RNA nucleotides in a single chain folded into a cloverleaf shape
b. FUNCTION= binds to specific amino acids and helps form polypeptide chains
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3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
a. STRUCTURE = RNA nucleotides in a globular form
b. FUNCTION = makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made
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•The production of proteins•The amount and kind of
proteins produced in a cell determine the structure and function of the cell
•Protein’s carry out the genetic instructions encoded in an organism’s DNA
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•Proteins are POLYMERS•Made up of amino acids•There are 20 different amino acids that make up proteins
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a. Transcription
*STEP 1 of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS*
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•What is it???–making mRNA from DNA
•NOTE: –Transcribe = to copy
T r a n s c r i p t i o n
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1.RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the promoter and separates the DNA strands.
2.RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template. Using the template as a guide, nucleotides are assembled into a strand of mRNA.
T r a n s c r i p t i o n Steps
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b. T r a n s l a t i o n
*STEP 2 of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS*
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•The process TRANSLATING the message encoded in mRNA to assemble a protein.
•Begins when mRNA leaves the nucleus through pores in the nuclear membrane
•The mRNA then migrates to a ribosome in the cytosol, the site of protein synthesis
T r a n s l a t i o n
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THE GENETIC CODE
•The genetic information necessary for making proteins is encoded in series of three mRNA nucleotides
•Each combination of 3-mRNA nucleotides is called a CODON
•Each codon codes for a specific amino acid
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tRNA carries the
“Anticodon”
. . . Allows tRNA to match up with mRNA
codon
Codons in mRNA
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**Start codon=AUG****Start codon=AUG**
If the mRNA sequence is
A-A-U (codon)
then the tRNA sequence is
U-U-A (anticodon)
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mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
All three types of RNA are involved in Translation
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Phase 1: Initiation• mRNA leaves nucleus
• mRNA attaches to a ribosome
• tRNA attaches to a start codon (AUG)
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Phase 2: Elongation• tRNA anticodon binds with next mRNA codon
• adjacent amino acids bond (begin a polypeptide chain)
• Ribosomal unit shifts down to next codon, first tRNA leaves
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Phase 3: Termination• Ribosomal unit stops when reaches stop
codon • All units detach,
and polypeptide folds into a protein
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T r a n s l a t i o n
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Mutations•Mutations = errors
–Mutations can occur as a “typo” in the sequence of nitrogen bases.
–For example if a sequence should be A-C-G, a mutation could occur and it is now A-G-C . . . What affect could this have on the protein produced?
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ANIMATION