do now question: why do people form governments? homework: read and complete thorklid jabobson...
TRANSCRIPT
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Do Now
• QUESTION: Why do people form governments?
• Homework: Read and complete Thorklid Jabobson reading and the associated questions.
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DO NOW!Why do people
form governments?
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Early Sumer: City-States & Government
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Governments meet needs:• Organize irrigation & maximize
production • Conduct & organize trade within and
between cities • Create laws that provide social
stability• Oversee the conduct of religious rituals• Provide for defense and expansion
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Irrigation: the key to it all!
Get water to the crops the make life possible
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Early Sumerian Government• The 1st Cities were led by
“big men” or LU-GALS.
• They typically met with a council of elders to make important decisions.
• Their status increased over time until they became Kings and passed power to their sons. [see Dynasties]Gudea of Lagash
(an early royal)
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Priests came “before” kings & temples came before palaces.
But…
Kings gained power and status as time passed.
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Urban Social Classes• Kings and nobles*• Priests / Scribes / Education• Merchants and artisans / craftspeople• Commoners/landowners• Sharecroppers/laborers -- peasants• Slaves -- from warfare or debt
*DISCUSS! HOW DID KINGS SURPASS PRIESTS IN
STATUS & IMPORTANCE?
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Kings took advantage of religion• Kings gave themselves
priestly functions.
• Kings sometimes embodied gods in religious rituals: – Kings--posing as a fertility
god--would have sex with a priestess to ensure good harvests.
• Over time, some kings were deified: they became gods themselves.Gudea with offering
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Another path to greatness: Conquest
• Sargon the Great of Akkad (2,334-2,279 BCE)
• Ruler of the city of Akkad, Sargon used soldiers and chariots (an early Cavalry) to bring the cities of Sumer under his control.
• His empire lasted for generations.
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Akkadian Chariots
The Shock Troops of Invasion
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What pulled the Chariots?
Onagers: a.k.a. The Asiatic Wild Ass
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Sargon’s Akkadian Empire
From the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean
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The Fruits of Empire• Glory for the Victors
• Slavery & Death for the Losers
• More Trade
• More access to raw materials
• Higher taxes (to pay for wars and a military)
• Cultural Diffusion--the spread of ideas and practices between groups of people– Chariots became widely used across
Mesopotamia and into the Near East and Egypt
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From Sargon to Naram-Sin• Naram-Sin (2,254-2,218
BCE) was Sargon’s grandson.
• He expanded Sargon’s empire to its greatest size.
• Naram-Sin declared himself “King of the 4 Quarters”--effectively King of the World.
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Naram-Sin’s Legacy: The Victory Stele
6 feet, 7 inches
tall
Sandstonemarker
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Interpret the Stele!
Explain all of its parts(see handout)
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Naram-Sin himself
The Horned helmet
Marks him as a
living god
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The Enemies of Naram-Sin
Impaled on Swords
Fallingfrom a
Mountain
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The Presence of the Gods
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A Last Status Elevator: Royal Tombs
• To showcase their elevated status, kings had their burial chambers filled with riches.
• Some had their servants buried with them so that they would enter the afterlife with wealth and status.
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Excavated Tomb at the city of Ur
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Golden Bowl Golden Bull
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Golden Lyre Golden Crown
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Summary Question
How did Mesopotamian Kings rise to the top of
the Social Ladder?