Do Now: Do Now:

◊ “the ink of the scholar is holier than the blood of the martyr” -Muhammad …what do you think this means

◊ “the ink of the scholar is holier than the blood of the martyr” -Muhammad …what do you think this means

The ProphetThe Prophet

• Muhammad born 570 AD

• Illiterate most of his life

• Angle Gabriel gave him the message that he was to become messenger of God (Muhammad 40 yrs.)

• Literate after meeting with Gabriel (miraculous)

• Muhammad born 570 AD

• Illiterate most of his life

• Angle Gabriel gave him the message that he was to become messenger of God (Muhammad 40 yrs.)

• Literate after meeting with Gabriel (miraculous)

Revelation

◊ Submit to the will of God and he will judge with mercy

◊ Koran- word of God is recorded

◊ Shariah- “the way” is the body of laws that regulate Muslim life

Revelation

◊ Submit to the will of God and he will judge with mercy

◊ Koran- word of God is recorded

◊ Shariah- “the way” is the body of laws that regulate Muslim life

Muslims

◊ People who accepted Muhammad’s teachings

◊ Islam- “surrender to the will of God”

◊ Belief in 1 God, angels, in revealed books, in the prophets, and Day of Judgment

Muslims

◊ People who accepted Muhammad’s teachings

◊ Islam- “surrender to the will of God”

◊ Belief in 1 God, angels, in revealed books, in the prophets, and Day of Judgment

Mecca to Medina and BackMecca to Medina and Back

◊ Yathrib- Muhammad set out in 622 for Oasis because of persecution

◊ Hegira- flight from persecution◊ Yathrib changed to Medina- means city of the

messenger of God◊ Shift from Judaism because of Jewish treatment to

him and his followers◊ Face Mecca rather than Jerusalem◊ Muhammad married women from powerful families

and was able to influence people to his beliefs

◊ Yathrib- Muhammad set out in 622 for Oasis because of persecution

◊ Hegira- flight from persecution◊ Yathrib changed to Medina- means city of the

messenger of God◊ Shift from Judaism because of Jewish treatment to

him and his followers◊ Face Mecca rather than Jerusalem◊ Muhammad married women from powerful families

and was able to influence people to his beliefs

Abu BakrAbu Bakr

• Caliph- successor• Strengthened the army because of weakened

support after Prophet’s death• Byzantine Empire stretched thin- Muslims were

able to make way into Fertile Crescent (641 control most of Fertile Crescent)

• Religion grows next 100 yrs (North Africa, Spain, Asia)

• Caliph- successor• Strengthened the army because of weakened

support after Prophet’s death• Byzantine Empire stretched thin- Muslims were

able to make way into Fertile Crescent (641 control most of Fertile Crescent)

• Religion grows next 100 yrs (North Africa, Spain, Asia)

Dissension in the FaithDissension in the Faith

• 4 Caliphs- special to Islamic faith• Ali (4th Caliph) challenged by Umayyads of Syria• Ali killed and capital moved to Damascus• Umayyads- family succession• Shiites- do not recognize first 3 Caliphs

• Ali (4th Caliph, Muhammad’s uncle) recognized as rightfully Caliph (successor) and his descendants as legitimate leaders

• Sunnis- recognize all 4 Caliphs• Reject narrow views of Shiites

• 4 Caliphs- special to Islamic faith• Ali (4th Caliph) challenged by Umayyads of Syria• Ali killed and capital moved to Damascus• Umayyads- family succession• Shiites- do not recognize first 3 Caliphs

• Ali (4th Caliph, Muhammad’s uncle) recognized as rightfully Caliph (successor) and his descendants as legitimate leaders

• Sunnis- recognize all 4 Caliphs• Reject narrow views of Shiites

http://www.pbs.org/muhammad/http://www.pbs.org/muhammad/

The Muslim World of the Middle East

The Muslim World of the Middle East

The Five Pillars Of IslamThe Five Pillars Of Islam

The First Pillar of IslamThe First Pillar of Islam

◊ The Shahada- Declaration of faith.

◊ Part One- There is no God but God (Allah)

◊ Part two- Muhammad is the messenger of God (Allah)

◊ The Shahada- Declaration of faith.

◊ Part One- There is no God but God (Allah)

◊ Part two- Muhammad is the messenger of God (Allah)

The Second pillar of IslamThe Second pillar of Islam

◊ Salat-Prayer◊ General Features of Islamic Prayer

• Pray five times each day• Bowing and prostration represents

submission to God.• Direction of Prayer must be toward the

Holy city of Mecca.• Terms to know- mosque, Minaret,

Muadhdhin

◊ Salat-Prayer◊ General Features of Islamic Prayer

• Pray five times each day• Bowing and prostration represents

submission to God.• Direction of Prayer must be toward the

Holy city of Mecca.• Terms to know- mosque, Minaret,

Muadhdhin

Muslim prostrate in prayerMuslim prostrate in prayer

MinaretMinaret

MosqueMosque

Third Pillar of IslamThird Pillar of Islam

◊ Giving Zakat• Purification and growth• Giving a percentage of

one’s income and wealth to the needy.

• Our possessions are purified by setting aside a small portion for those in need.

• Like pruning a plant, encourages new growth.

◊ Giving Zakat• Purification and growth• Giving a percentage of

one’s income and wealth to the needy.

• Our possessions are purified by setting aside a small portion for those in need.

• Like pruning a plant, encourages new growth.

Giving almsGiving alms

Fasting during the Holy Month of RamadanFasting during the Holy Month of Ramadan◊ Every day during the Month of

Ramadan all Muslims fast from dawn to sundown no food and drink. Spiritual self-purification

◊ A fasting person gains sympathy for those who have nothing as well as growth in ones spiritual life.

◊ Every day during the Month of Ramadan all Muslims fast from dawn to sundown no food and drink. Spiritual self-purification

◊ A fasting person gains sympathy for those who have nothing as well as growth in ones spiritual life.

The Fifth Pillar of IslamThe Fifth Pillar of Islam◊ The Hajj or pilgrimage to the holy city

of Mecca (Makkah).◊ Obligation once in a life time- for those

who are physically and financially able to perform it.

◊ 2 Million Muslims each year make the trip.

◊ Usually Performed during the twelfth month of the Islamic Calendar.

◊ The Hajj or pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca (Makkah).

◊ Obligation once in a life time- for those who are physically and financially able to perform it.

◊ 2 Million Muslims each year make the trip.

◊ Usually Performed during the twelfth month of the Islamic Calendar.

KaabaKaaba

Haram MosqueHaram Mosque

KaabaKaaba

Rites of the HajjRites of the Hajj

◊ Circling the Kabba seven times.◊ Going seven times between the

hillocks of Safa and Marwa, as Hagar did during her search for water.

◊ Then the pilgrims stand together at Arafa, and ask god for what they wish and for and forgiveness.

◊ This is a preview of the day of judgment.

◊ Circling the Kabba seven times.◊ Going seven times between the

hillocks of Safa and Marwa, as Hagar did during her search for water.

◊ Then the pilgrims stand together at Arafa, and ask god for what they wish and for and forgiveness.

◊ This is a preview of the day of judgment.

Hajj continuedHajj continued

◊ Hajj ends with a festival , celebrated in prayers and feasts.

◊ Hajj ends with a festival , celebrated in prayers and feasts.

6th Pillar of Islam: Jihad6th Pillar of Islam: Jihad

◊ Sacred struggle or holy war against the enemies of Islam• Of the individual to carry out God’s will

◊ Koran• Literal word of God and is not subject to change• Ferment in Islamic Society comes from different

interpretations of Jihad

◊ Sacred struggle or holy war against the enemies of Islam• Of the individual to carry out God’s will

◊ Koran• Literal word of God and is not subject to change• Ferment in Islamic Society comes from different

interpretations of Jihad

Section 2: Centuries of TurmoilSection 2: Centuries of Turmoil◊ By 900 the great Arab Empire was

broken into many kingdoms◊ Many foreign invaders set up their

own kingdoms but adopted Islam• Seljuks 1055

◊ Allowed Abbassid caliph on throne

• Mongols 1200s◊ Destroyed city and killed the last of the

caliphs

◊ By 900 the great Arab Empire was broken into many kingdoms

◊ Many foreign invaders set up their own kingdoms but adopted Islam• Seljuks 1055

◊ Allowed Abbassid caliph on throne

• Mongols 1200s◊ Destroyed city and killed the last of the

caliphs

CrusadesCrusades

◊ Alarmed by the defeat of the Christian Byzantine Empire

◊ Pope Urban II called for a holy war against the Muslims -1095

◊ Goal to capture Palestine• Holy land where Jesus had lived

◊ Alarmed by the defeat of the Christian Byzantine Empire

◊ Pope Urban II called for a holy war against the Muslims -1095

◊ Goal to capture Palestine• Holy land where Jesus had lived

◊ 1096- first crusade resulted in a win for the Byzantine Empire and reclaimed much of Anatolia

◊ And went on to conquer Jerusalem◊ 1187- Islamic world was more

advanced than Europe ◊ Saladin drove Christians out of

Jerusalem

◊ 1096- first crusade resulted in a win for the Byzantine Empire and reclaimed much of Anatolia

◊ And went on to conquer Jerusalem◊ 1187- Islamic world was more

advanced than Europe ◊ Saladin drove Christians out of

Jerusalem

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

◊ 1300s Ottoman’s emerge in Anatolia

◊ Share same ethnicity as the Seljuks

◊ 1453 Ottomans ended the 1,000 yr old Byzantine Empire

◊ 1300s Ottoman’s emerge in Anatolia

◊ Share same ethnicity as the Seljuks

◊ 1453 Ottomans ended the 1,000 yr old Byzantine Empire

Suleiman ISuleiman I

◊ 1520-1566 transformed Istanbul into a major city

◊ Government• Ruled for 500 yrs being strong but

flexible• Men of Pen and Men of Sword

◊ 1520-1566 transformed Istanbul into a major city

◊ Government• Ruled for 500 yrs being strong but

flexible• Men of Pen and Men of Sword

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

◊ Slaves• Conquered peoples• Freed when converted to Islam• Could become governors, chief

ministers, cadets (Janizary corps- elite military)

◊ Millets- non-Mulim communities w/in the empire

◊ Slaves• Conquered peoples• Freed when converted to Islam• Could become governors, chief

ministers, cadets (Janizary corps- elite military)

◊ Millets- non-Mulim communities w/in the empire

Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire

◊ 1500s Iran◊ Shiite (Ottoman’s were Sunni)◊ Abbas the Great 1587-1629

• Shah(king)• Encouraged trade and commerce

◊ 1500s Iran◊ Shiite (Ottoman’s were Sunni)◊ Abbas the Great 1587-1629

• Shah(king)• Encouraged trade and commerce