do now: think about the material used for this type of bridge....
TRANSCRIPT
Do Now: Think about the material used for this type of bridge. How did construction change during the
Industrial Revolution?
Do Now
Section I : A New Industrial Revolution
Chapter 18: Industry and Urban Growth
The New Industrial Revolution
• Understand reasons why industry grew rapidly after the Civil War.
• Understand how inventions and inventors changed the way Americans lived.
• Describe the advances that revolutionized transportation.
A. Why did Industry boom?
1. Newly found resources such as coal, iron, lead, copper, and lumber
a. In the 1850s, steel replaced iron as a basic building material due to the Bessemer Process. This made it possible to produce stronger steel at a lower cost. Pittsburgh became the capital of steel production.
b. The nation’s first oil strike happened in Titusville, PA. “Black Gold” was useful for machinery for lubricant, as well as gasoline.
Empire State Building Freedom Tower
Why did Industry boom?
2. Government policies
a. Gave land grants and subsidies to railroad companies and other businesses to help them grow.
b. Placed high tariffs, or taxes, on imports that made foreign goods more expensive.
• In understanding a land grant is to imagine a rail line snaking across the checkerboard in a curving, twisting manner. If you draw two lines parallel to the rail line and ten miles to the left and right, you have the outline of the typical land grant created by the 1862 law.
•To further help with construction, the government loaned 30-year bonds to the companies which they were required to repay with interest. The government set up a scheme where the companies would be loaned $16,000 per mile for construction across flat land, $32,000 per mile for hilly terrain, and $48,000 per mile for mountain construction.
B. Age of Invention
1. The US government issued more patents in 1897 alone than in the ten years before the Civil War.
a. Patent: a document giving someone the sole right to make and sell an invention
C. Thomas Edison
1. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture camera
2. In 1882, he opened the nation’s first electric power plant in New York City
D. Other Inventors
1. Alexander Graham Bell – Telephone (1876)
2. Christopher Sholes – Typewriter (1868)
3. Jan Matzeliger – Shoe machine (1883)
4. George Eastman – Kodak Camera (1888)
E. Transportation: Better Railways
1. Technology revolutionized transportation.
2. Railroads continued to move people and goods West and raw materials East. Sleeping cars, the air brake, and thousands of new miles of track improved services in the railroad boom.
Crashed Train 1871
F. Transportation: the Automobile
1. While European engineers invented the automobile in the late 1800s, but in 1913 Henry Ford made it affordable to Americans through the assembly line, a manufacturing method in which a product is put together as it moves along a production line
G. Transportation: the Airplane
1. In 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright tested their gas powered airplane in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
2. On the first flight it stayed in the air for 12 seconds and flew 120 feet.
II Big Business and Organized Labor
• What factors were responsible for the growth of huge steel empires after the Civil War?
• What benefits did corporations and bankers provide to the growing economy?
• How did John D. Rockefeller amass his huge oil holdings?
• What were the arguments for and against trusts?
• How did workplace changes lead to the rise of labor organizations such as the American Federation of Labor?
• What progress and problems affected women in the workplace during the late 1800s?
• Why did organized labor face hard times after 1870?
A. Corporations and Bankers 1. By the late 1800s, big factories were producing goods more cheaply than
small factories.
2. To expand, big factories needed capital, or money, for investment in raw materials, workers’ pay, and shipping and advertising costs. Many expanding businesses became corporations—businesses owned by investors.
a. A corporation sells stock, or shares in the business, to investors, who are known as stockholders.
b. In return for their investment, stockholders hope to receive dividends, or shares of a corporation’s profit.
3. Corporations also raised money by borrowing millions of dollars from banks. These loans helped American industry grow at a rapid pace.
4. The most powerful banker of the late 1800s was J. Pierpont Morgan. He used his banking profits to gain control of major corporations. By 1901, he had become the head of the United States Steel Company, the first American business worth more than $1 billion.
B. The Growth of the Steel Industry
1. Bessemer process
a. In the 1850s, William Kelly in the United States and Henry Bessemer in England each discovered a new way to make a strong steel at a low cost. This way of making steel came to be called the Bessemer process.
2. Steel mills
a. Steel mills sprang up in cities throughout the Midwest. Pittsburgh became the steel-making capital of the nation. The steel boom brought jobs and prosperity. It also caused problems, such as polluted water and air.
3. Andrew Carnegie
a. Andrew Carnegie began with one steel mill, then used his profits to buy out rivals. He also bought iron mines, railroad and steamship lines, and warehouses.
b. Soon he controlled all phases of the steel industry from mining iron ore to shipping finished steel.
c. Gaining control of all the steps used to change raw materials into finished products is called vertical integration.
C. John D. Rockefeller’s Oil Empire
1. In 1859, drillers near Titusville, Pennsylvania, made the nation’s first oil strike.
2. John D. Rockefeller recognized that oil had little economic value until it was refined to make kerosene. He built an oil refinery.
3. Rockefeller believed that competition was wasteful. He used his profits to buy up other refineries. He combined the companies into the Standard Oil Company.
4. He did whatever he could to get rid of competition. He slashed prices so others could not compete, pressured customers not to deal with other companies, and forced railroads to grant rebates to Standard Oil.
5. Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil trust—a group of corporations run by a single board of directors. Stockholders in smaller oil companies turned over their stock to Standard Oil. In return, they got stock in the new trust.
6. The Standard Oil board of directors managed all the companies that used to be the competition. Standard Oil trust had created a monopoly of the oil industry. A monopoly controls all or nearly all the business of an industry.
Andrew Williams 2014
D. Arguments For and Against Trusts
The Argument Against Trusts
• Trusts and monopolies reduce competition. Without competition, there is no need to keep prices low or improve products.
• New companies can’t compete with powerful trusts.
• Trusts have too much political influence. They are able to buy favors from elected officials.
The Argument in Favor of Trusts
• Competition can ruin businesses and put people out of work.
• The wealthy contribute the most to the community.
• Corporations bring lower production costs, lower prices, higher wages, and a better quality of life for all.
• By 1900, Americans had the highest standard of living in the world.
1. In a free enterprise system, businesses are owned by private citizens.
2. Private citizens decide what to make, how much to produce, where to sell, and what to charge.
3. Some Americans said large corporations hurt the free enterprise system.
In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, banning the formation of trusts and monopolies. However, the law was too weak to be effective.
The Growth of American Business C
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•Railroad boom spurs business
•Businesses become corporations
•Nation has rich supply of natural resources
•New inventions make business more efficient
Th
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Eff
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•Steel and oil become giant industries
•Monopolies and trusts dominate important industries
•Factory workers face harsh conditions
•Membership in labor unions grows
Eff
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To
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•United States is world’s leading economic power
•American corporations do business around the world
•Government laws regulate monopolies
E. The Rise of Labor Organizations 1. The problems workers faced
The workplace
•Before the late 1800s, factories were small and family run.
•By the late 1800s, factories had become large, crowded, and noisy. Wages were low. In some industries, sweatshops became common.
•A sweatshop is a workplace where people labor long hours in poor conditions for low pay.
Child labor •In 1900, nearly 2 million children under age 15 worked.
•Many worked in mills, tobacco factories, garment sweatshops, and coal mines.
•They had little chance to go to school.
Hazards of work
•The workplace could be dangerous.
•For example, the air in textile mills was unhealthy and dust filled.
•Cave-ins and explosions occurred in mines. Vats of molten metal spilled in steel mills.
•Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Tragedy (150 young women die in the tragedy)
Young Children in Textile Mill
Dangerous Condition in Steel Mills
Young Coal Miners
Young Children in Textile Mills
Knights of Labor
• In 1869, workers formed the Knights of Labor. At first, the union was open to skilled workers only.
• Knights of Labor president Terence Powderly worked to open the union to immigrants, African Americans, women, and unskilled workers.
• Knights goals included a shorter workday, an end to child labor, and equal pay for men and women.
• Powderly wanted workers and employers to share ownership and profits.
Haymarket Square
• Workers at the McCormick Harvester Company went on strike. The Knights did not support the strike.
• The McCormick Company hired strikebreakers, or replacements for striking workers.
• Workers clashed with strikebreakers. Police opened fire, killing four workers.
• The next day, anarchists, people who oppose all organized government, led a rally in Haymarket Square.
• A bomb exploded, killing seven police officers.
• Eight anarchists were arrested for what was called the Haymarket Riot. Anti Labor feeling swept the nation.
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Mother Jones
3. American Federation of Labor
• In 1886, Samuel Gompers organized the American Federation of Labor (AFL), for skilled workers only.
• Workers joined a trade union, a union of persons in the same trade, and the union then joined the AFL.
• The AFL worked for higher wages, shorter hours, improved working conditions, and collective bargaining, the right of unions to negotiate with management on behalf of workers.
• African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled workers were barred from trade unions, and thus, the AFL. •Mary Harris Jones devoted much of her
life to the cause of workers.
•By calling attention to abuses, she
helped pave the way for reform.
4. Organized Labor Falls on Hard Times
1. Between 1870 and 1900, two major depressions and three recessions rocked the country. In such hard times, workers lost jobs or experienced pay cuts.
2. In the 1870s railroad workers went on strike. In some places, the strikes turned into riots. In the 1870s and the 1890s, miners organized strike after strike.
3. The federal government usually sided with business owners. Some Presidents sent in troops to end the strikes. Courts usually ruled against the strikers.
4. In one case, Pullman workers were jailed for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. This act was intended to keep trusts from limiting free trade. The courts, however, said that the strikers were limiting free trade.
5. Union workers staged thousands of strikes during the late 1800s. However, few Americans supported the strikes. Many feared that unions were run by foreign-born radicals.
III Cities Grow And Change
• Why did cities experience a population explosion?
• How did city settlement patterns change?
• How did settlement-house workers and other reformers work to solve city problems?
An Urban Population Explosion
An Urban Population Explosion
Urbanization, the movement of population from farms to cities, began slowly in the early 1800s. In 1860, one in five Americans lived in a city. By 1890, one in three did.
What drew people to the cities?
Jobs As industry grew, so did the need for workers—in steel mills, garment factories, and so forth. Others were needed to serve the growing population, for example, by working in stores, restaurants, and banks.
Immigrants The flood of immigrants swelled city populations.
In-migrants Fewer Americans went west to homestead. Instead, people moved from the farm to the city in hopes of finding a better life.
African Americans When hard times hit or prejudice led to violence in the South,
many African Americans went north hoping for a better life in northern cities.
An Urban Population Explosion
City Settlement Patterns
Cities grew outward from their old downtown sections.
Urban Poor
• Poor families crowded into the city’s center, the oldest section of the city.
• Builders put up buildings several stories high. They divided the buildings into small apartments, called tenements. Many tenements had no windows, heat, or indoor bathrooms.
• Diseases, and sometimes fires, raged through the tenements.
Urban Middle Class
• Beyond the slums stood the homes of the new middle class. Rows of neat houses lined tree-shaded streets.
• Middle-class people joined clubs, societies, bowling leagues, and charitable organizations.
Rich • On the outskirts of the city, behind walls, lay the mansions of the very rich.
• Rich Americans tried to live like European royalty.
Tenement Life
Elevated train (right) waits to turn west onto Van Buren from Wabash.
The 1889 photograph above shows the first electric streetcar line to be run ... cincinnativiews.net
A scene showing the construction of the Tremont Street Subway, ... forgottennewengland.com
Brooklyn Bridge under construction in 1881
Working to Solve City Problems By the 1880s, reformers pressed city governments for change.
• Building codes set standards for construction and safety. They called for fire escapes and decent plumbing.
• Cities hired workers to collect garbage and sweep streets.
• Factories were prohibited in neighborhoods where people lived.
• Cities set up fire companies and police forces.
• Street lighting made streets less dangerous at night.
• Cities hired engineers and architects to design new water systems.
Religious organizations helped.
• The Catholic Church helped Irish, Polish, and Italian immigrants. A nun, Mother Cabrini, helped found dozens of hospitals.
• Protestant ministers began preaching a new Social Gospel, which called on well-to-do members to do their duty as Christians by helping the poor.
• The Salvation Army, begun by an English minister, expanded to the United States. It spread Christian teachings and offered food and shelter to the poor.
Chicago: corner of Dearborn and Monroe after the devastating “Great Fire”.
The Heart of Chicago
Flatiron Building, the world's first skyscraper located at 23rd Street, Fifth Avenue, and Broadway, facing Madison Square. The Flatiron Building was one of the tallest buildings in New York City and the world upon its completion in 1902.
“Lunch Atop A Skyscraper,” an image taken during the construction of the RCA Building (now the GE Building) at Rockefeller Center in 1932.
Working to Solve City Problems Religious organizations helped.
• The Young Men’s Hebrew Association provided social activities, encouraged citizenship, and helped Jewish families preserve their culture.
The settlement house movement
• By the late 1800s, individuals began to organize settlement houses, community centers that offered services to the poor.
• The leading figure of the movement was Jane Addams. In 1889 in Chicago, she opened the first settlement house—Hull House.
• Hull House volunteers taught classes in government, the English language, and health care. They provided day care for working mothers and recreational activities for young people.
• By 1900, about 100 such centers had opened in cities across the United States.
• Settlement house workers such as Alice Hamilton, Florence Kelley, and Jane Addams, pressed for reforms—better health laws, a ban on child labor, and women’s suffrage.
Hull-House Nursery, ca. 1890s
Jane Addams, Hull House Founder, with children smithweaversmith.com
A Building Boom Parks Some city planners believed that open land
would calm busy city dwellers. Frederick Law Olmsted planned Central Park in New York City. Other cities followed and set aside land for parks and zoos.
Shopping In the past, people had bought different items in different stores. The new department stores sold all kinds of goods in different departments of the same store. R. H. Macy opened a nine-story department store in New York in 1902.
Frederick Law Olmsted Central Park is a public park at the center of Manhattan in New York City. The park initially opened in 1857, on 843 acres (3.41 km2) of city-owned land. In 1858, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux won a design competition to improve and expand the park with a plan they entitled the Greensward Plan.
Sports Became Popular Factory work offered little chance to socialize on the job. Sports provided an escape from the pressures of work.
Baseball • Baseball was the most popular sport. By the 1870s, several cities had professional baseball teams and the first professional league was organized.
• At first, African Americans played professional baseball. In time, the major leagues barred black players. In 1885, Frank Thompson organized one of the first African American professional teams, the Cuban Giants of Long Island.
Football • Football grew out of European soccer, which Americans had played since colonial times.
Basketball James Naismith invented basketball in 1891. He taught physical education at a Young Men’s Christian Association in Massachusetts. He wanted a sport that could be played indoors in the winter.
MACY'S Herald Square Broadway at 6th Ave., 34th St. to 35th St. New York
Entertainment in the City
Music and other kinds of entertainment brought Americans together.
Music and variety shows
• Many cities organized symphony orchestras and opera companies.
• Many people enjoyed vaudeville, a variety show that included comedians, song-and-dance routines, and acrobats.
• Many of America’s best-loved entertainers performed in vaudeville—George M. Cohan, the Marx Brothers, and Will Rogers.
Popular music
• Thomas Edison’s phonograph sparked a new industry.
• Ragtime was a new kind of music with a lively, rhythmic sound. Pianist and composer Scott Joplin helped make ragtime popular.
• Marching bands were popular. They played the military music of John Philip Sousa, who composed “The Stars and Stripes Forever.”
IV New Immigrants in a Promised Land
• Why did millions of immigrants decide to make the difficult journey to the United States?
• What problems did the “new immigrants” face in adapting to American life?
• Why were some Americans opposed to increased immigration?
Why Immigrants Came Push factors
• In Europe, farm land was becoming scarce. Farm families could barely support themselves.
• Political or religious persecution drove people from their homes. In Russia, there were pogroms, or organized attacks on Jewish villages. Armenian Christians in the Ottoman Empire were also persecuted.
• Political unrest drove people from their homes. For example, a revolution in Mexico caused thousands of Mexicans to flee.
Pull factors
• Industrial jobs were the chief pull factor. Factory owners sent agents to Europe and Asia to hire workers. Steamship companies offered special fares. Railroads advertised cheap land.
• Once a family member settled in the United States, he would send for others to join him.
• Many were attracted by the promise of freedom guaranteed in the Bill of Rights—freedom from arrest without a cause and freedom of religion.
Push factors are conditions that drive people from their homes.
Pull factors are conditions that attract immigrants to a new area.
Why Immigrants Came
Push Factors
• Scarce land
• Farm jobs lost to new machines
• Political and religious persecution
• Revolution
• Poverty and hard lives
Pull Factors
• Promise of freedom
• Family or friends already settled in the United States
• Factory jobs available
The New Immigrants
Problems the New Immigrants Faced
• The voyage across the ocean was often miserable. Ship owners jammed up to 2,000 people in steerage, the airless rooms below deck. For most European immigrants, the voyage ended in New York City, where they were greeted by the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of hope and freedom.
• First, immigrants had to go through a receiving station. After 1892, the receiving station in New York was on Ellis Island. Here they had a medical inspection. The few who appeared unhealthy were sent home.
• Often, if American officials had trouble spelling immigrants’ names, they changed them because of the speed and confusion of processing.
• After 1910, many Asian immigrants entered through Angel Island in San Francisco Bay. To discourage Asian immigration, new arrivals were often delayed on the island for a long time.
• Immigrants faced a new land whose language and customs they did not know.
"Island of Hope, Island of Tears"
How far would you travel to find a better life? What if the journey took weeks under difficult conditions? If you answered "Whatever it takes," you echo the feelings of the 12 million+ immigrants who passed through “America's Golden Door” from 1892 to 1954. Ellis Island afforded them the opportunity to attain the American dream for themselves and their descendants. Come hear their stories.
Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island To Undergo Examination freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com
When every immigrant passed, the doctor with the help of an interpreter, examined the hair, face, neck and hands of every person. The doctor had a chalk in his hand, when he noticed that some area needed to be checked more thoroughly, he wrote a letter on the immigrants clothes. About 2 of 10 persons got a letter on their clothes. This check became known as "the six second physicals". What did the letters mean? X - high up at the frontside of right shoulder - mental defects. X - further down on the right shoulder - disease or deformity. X - within a circle - some definite disease. B - back problems G – struma (neck swelling, thyroid problems) H - heart problems Pg - pregnancy Ct - eye disease
Next doctor was the "Eyedoctor"
They searched for a disease in the eyes called trachoma. This eye disease cause blindness and it can also lead to death. Nearly 50% of those who had to be examined further before registration was due to this eye disease. The immigrant was mark with the letters Ct. If the doctors later on could determine the diagnosis trachoma the immigrant was sent back home again. If they had other diseases and these were confirmed or if the immigrant was to sick and to weak to manage to work, they were not allowed to enter to the US. Sick children from 12 years old or older were sent back by them selves to their home harbour. Children under 12 years old that were not allowed to stay in the US were forced to go back with one parent. Many tears were dropped when the parents should decide which parent that should stay and which parent that should bo back with the sick child.
Problems the New Immigrants Faced
• Many immigrants had unrealistic expectations about what they would find in the United States. They had to adjust to reality.
• In large American cities, immigrants packed into city slums. The immigrants tended to settle in their own neighborhoods, where people spoke their own language and carried on their own customs.
• Newcomers were faced with learning American ways. They struggled with acculturation, the process of holding on to older traditions while adapting to the ways of a new culture. Melting Pot v. Salad Bowl?
Why Some People Opposed Immigration
• Even before the Civil War, nativists spoke out against immigration and the problems it would cause.
• Nativitists argued that immigrants would not fit into American culture. Many workers resented the immigrants for working for low pay. Other people feared them because they were different.
• Nativists targeted Jews and Italians in the Northeast, Mexicans in the Southwest, and Asians on the Pacific Coast.
• In the West, as the Chinese population grew, so did prejudice and violence against them. Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which barred Chinese laborers from entering the country. It was the first law to exclude a specific national group from immigrating. It was repealed in 1943.
• In 1887, nativists formed the American Protective Association to work for restricted immigration. Congress responded by passing a bill that denied entry to people who could not read their own language.
V Public Education and American Culture
• How did public education grow after the Civil War?
• How did newspapers, magazines, and dime novels reflect changes in reading habits?
• Why did writers and painters turn to everyday life for subjects?
V. The Growth of Public Education
A. Public education
1. As industry grew, the nation needed a more educated work force.
2. States improved public schools.
3. Most states passed compulsory education laws that required children to attend school, usually through sixth grade.
4. In large cities, public schools taught English to young immigrants.
5. In the 1880s, Catholics opened their own parochial, or church-sponsored, schools.
B. The school day
1.The school day usually lasted from 8:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M.
2. Students studied reading, writing, and arithmetic.
3. Schools emphasized discipline and obedience.
In 1894 education was made compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 12,
C. Higher learning
1. Many cities and towns built public high schools.
2. New private colleges for women and men opened.
3. Most public schools had programs to prepare students for jobs in business and industry.
D. Family learning
1. In 1874, a Methodist minister opened a summer camp at Lake Chautauqua in New York. People gathered each summer for spiritual guidance and lectures on art, politics, and other subjects.
2. By the early 1900s, the Chautauqua Society was sending out traveling companies to 10,000 American towns every year.
E. Changes in American Reading Habits 1. As education spread, people read more, especially newspapers.
a. The number of newspapers grew dramatically.
b. Many immigrants learned to read English by reading the newspaper.
c. Joseph Pulitzer created the first modern, mass-circulation newspaper—the New York World.
c. William Randolph Hearst challenged Pulitzer with his paper, the New York Journal.
d. Critics coined the term yellow journalism for the sensational reporting style of the World and the Journal.
e. Newspapers published special sections for women readers. A few women worked as reporters. Nellie Bly wrote about cruelty in mental hospitals.
Hearst New York Journal New York World Pulitzer
2. Americans also read more books and magazines.
a. Each magazine, such as The Ladies’ Home Journal and Harper’s Monthly, had its special audience.
b. Low-priced paperbacks, known as dime novels, offered thrilling adventure stories. Many told about the “Wild West.” Horatio Alger wrote more than 100 dime novels about poor boys who became rich.
The Yellow Kid and his creator, R. F. Outcault, are generally credited with permanently establishing the comic strip and making it a part of American society..
F. American Writers
Realists A group of writers who tried to show the harsh side of life as it was. They wanted to make people aware of the costs of urbanization and industrial growth.
Stephen Crane
Best known for a Civil War novel, The Red Badge of Courage. He also wrote Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, about young city slum dwellers.
Jack London Wrote about miners and sailors on the West Coast.
Kate Chopin Wrote short stories about women breaking out of traditional roles.
Paul Laurence Dunbar
Was the first African American to make a living as a writer. He wrote poems, such as “We Wear the Mask.”
Mark Twain The most famous and popular author of this period. He used local color to make his stories more realistic. Local color refers to the speech and habits of a particular region. Twain used homespun characters to poke fun at serious issues. He wrote Huckleberry Finn.
We Wear the Mask We Wear the Mask By Paul Laurence Dunbar 1872–1906Paul Laurence DunbarWe wear the mask that grins and lies, It hides our cheeks and shades our eyes,— This debt we pay to human guile; With torn and bleeding hearts we smile, And mouth with myriad subtleties. Why should the world be over-wise, In counting all our tears and sighs? Nay, let them only see us, while We wear the mask. We smile, but, O great Christ, our cries To thee from tortured souls arise. We sing, but oh the clay is vile Beneath our feet, and long the mile; But let the world dream otherwise, We wear the mask!
Life would be infinitely happier if we could only be born at the age of eighty and gradually approach eighteen. Concerning the difference between man and the jackass: some observers hold that there isn’t any. But this wrongs the jackass.
There are many humorous things in the world; among them, the white man’s notion that he less savage than the other savages.
G. American Painters
Realists Like writers, many artists sought to capture local color and the rough side of modern life.
Winslow Homer
During the Civil War, Homer drew scenes of battles for magazines. Later, he painted realistic images of the New England coast.
Thomas Eakins
Learned anatomy and dissected dead bodies to learn to portray the human form accurately. He painted sports scenes and medical operations.
Henry Tanner Won fame for pictures of black sharecroppers.
James Whistler
His use of color and light influenced European artists.
Mary Cassatt Especially known for her bright, colorful scenes of mothers with their children.
Winslow Homer Gallery