do philosophical tendencies correlate with personality types

8/10/2019 Do Philosophical Tendencies Correlate With Personality Types

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/do-philosophical-tendencies-correlate-with-personality-types 1/12

DO PHILOSOPHICAL TENDENCIES CORRELATE WITH PERSONALITY TYPES?

by

Robert N. Barger, Uni er!ity o" Notre Da#e rbarger$n%.e%& Warren N. '&bit!()e*, Uni er!ity o" Notre Da#e *&bit!()e*.+$n%.e%& o!e-)ine C. Barger, In%iana Uni er!ity barger$i&!b.e%&

A -a-er -re!ente% at t)e Ann&a/ 0eeting o" t)e A#eri(an E%&(ationa/ Re!ear() A!!o(iation, A-ri/ +12+3, +445, San Diego, Ca/i"ornia, USA

+. Intro%&(tion

P)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie! an% -er!ona/ity ty-e! )a e -otentia/i#-ortan(e "or 6&e!tion! in t)e area o" #ora/ %e e/o-#ent. B&t be"orerai!ing 6&e!tion! abo&t eit)er -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie! or

-er!ona/ityty-e!, 7e 7ant to e8-/ore 7)et)er t)ere i! any !tati!ti(a/(orre/ation

bet7een t)e t7o. T)at i! t)e ta!* o" t)i! -a-er.

9. P)i/o!o-)i(a/ Ten%en(ie!

Be"ore 7e !tate o&r )y-ot)e!e!, 7e #&!t %e"ine ter#!. We !-ea*,"ir!to" a//, o" -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie!. By t)e!e 7e #ean t)e 7or/%2 ie7!o"I%ea/i!#, Rea/i!#, Prag#ati!#, an% E8i!tentia/i!#. It i! not o&r(/ai# t)at t)e!e are t)e on/y 7or/%2 ie7! t)at e8i!t, b&t t)at t)e!e "o&r

ie7!are -ara%ig#ati( o" t)e ba!i( 7ay! in 7)i() -eo-/e inter-ret t)e

7or/%.

T)e I%ea/i!t be/ie e! t)at rea/ity i! ba!i(a//y !-irit or i%ea,t)at*no7/e%ge i! gaine% t)ro&g) t)e #in%, an% t)at a/&e i! #ea!&re% by(on"or#ity to i%ea/!. T)&!, t)e I%ea/i!t !ee*! a/7ay! to treat -eo-/ea!

#ean!, ne er a! en%!: to treat ot)er! a! one 7o&/% 7i!) to be treate%

mailto:%[email protected]%22








one!e/": an% to &%ge !o/e/y on t)e ba!i! o" t)e intrin!i( nat&re o"a(tion! an% not on t)e ba!i! o" t)e re!&/t! o" a(tion!.

T)e Rea/i!t be/ie e! t)at rea/ity i! ba!i(a//y #atter or t)e -)y!i(a/

&ni er!e, t)at *no7/e%ge i! gaine% t)ro&g) t)e !en!e!, an% t)at a/&e

i! #ea!&re% by (on"or#ity to nat&re. T)&!, t)e Rea/i!t atte#-t! to a(tina((or% 7it) #enta/ an% -)y!i(a/ nat&re: to /i e in t)e #ean bet7eene8(e!!an% %e"i(ien(y.

T)e Prag#ati!t be/ie e! t)at rea/ity i! ba!i(a//y a -ro(e!! or ane8-erien(e, t)at *no7/e%ge i! gaine% t)ro&g) a tria/2an%2errora--roa(),an% t)at a/&e! are %eter#ine% by nor#! e!tab/i!)e% by !o(iety. T)&!,t)ePrag#ati!t trie! to -ro#ote t)e #o!t net )a--ine!! "or t)e greate!t

n&#bero" -eo-/e ;e en t)o&g) in !o#e (a!e! t)i! net )a--ine!! #ay be #oree ent&a/ t)an i##e%iate<.

T)e E8i!tentia/i!t be/ie e! t)at rea/ity i! !e/"2%e"ine%, t)at*no7/e%ge i! gaine% t)ro&g) #a*ing -er!ona/ %e(i!ion! abo&t 7)at i!tr&e,an% t)at a/&e i! #ea!&re% by 7)at an in%i i%&a/ re!-on!ib/y ()oo!e!a!goo%. T)&!, an E8i!tentia/i!t !ee*! to be tr&e to )i#=)er!e/", toe8i!ta&tono#o&!/y, to %eter#ine by one>! ()oi(e! 7)o# one be(o#e!, an% tota*ere!-on!ibi/ity "or one>! ()oi(e!.

In !&##ary, t)e I%ea/i!t i! in ariant an% ab!tra(t, t)e Rea/i!t i!in ariant an% (on(rete, t)e Prag#ati!t i! ariant an% !o(ia/, an% t)eE8i!tentia/i!t i! ariant an% in%i i%&a/.

Note t)at ea() o" t)e "o&r -re io&!/y2%e!(ribe% 7or/%2 ie7! i!!tate% a! a be/ie", !in(e none o" t)e# (an be -ro en. T)ey are !i#-/y"&n%a#enta/ a!!&#-tion! abo&t t)e #eaning o" t)e 7or/% an% )o7 it!)o&/%

be negotiate%. T)ey are ea() -er!on>! be!t g&e!! at 7)at i! at t)e botto# o" rea/ity.

1. Per!ona/ity Ty-e!

Car/ &ng i! genera//y (re%ite% 7it) in enting -er!ona/ity ty-e!.He

be/ie e% t)at -eo-/e %i!-/aye% %i""erent -!y()o/ogi(a/ or be)a iora/in(/ination!. T)e!e in(/ination!, in )i! ie7, a//o7e% -eo-/e to be()ara(teri@e% a! be/onging to %i""erent "&n(tiona/ gro&-!, or

ty-e!.

It 7a! I!abe/ 0yer!, )o7e er, 7)o %e i!e% a 7ay to i%enti"y &ng>!ty-e! in t)e -o-&/ation &!ing t)e 0yer!2Brigg! Ty-e In%i(ator ;0BTI<.T)i!/e% t)e 7ay "or !&b!e6&ent re!ear() on -er!ona/ity ty-e! t)ro&g)in!tr&#ent! !i#i/ar to t)e 0BTI. One !&b!e6&ent re!ear()er 7a! Da i%



'eir!ey, 7)o, a/t)o&g) )e retaine% t)e ty-o/ogi(a/ %e!ignation! &!e% by

&ng an% 0yer!, inter-rete% t)e i#-ort o" !o#e o" t)eir ty-e!%i""erent/y.

or e8a#-/e, )e t)o&g)t t)e %i!tin(tion bet7een E8tra er!ion ;E< an% Intro er!ion ;I< 7a! t)e /ea!t i#-ortant o" t)e %i#en!ion! o"

-er!ona/ity 7)erea! &ng an% 0yer! t)o&g)t t)ey 7ere t)e #o!t i#-ortant. 'eir!eyre"er! to t)e E ty-e a! e8-re!!i e an% to t)e I ty-e a! re!er e%.

Be!i%e! t)e E an% I -air!, t)ere are t)ree ot)er -air! o" ty-e!(o##onto &ng>!, 0yer!>, an% 'eir!ey>! ty-o/ogy S an% N, T an% , an% P.T)eSen!ing ;S< ty-e )a! a -re"eren(e "or -er(ei ing t)ro&g) t)e "i e!en!e!,

-/a(ing #ore i#-ortan(e on "a(t!, %etai/!, an% rea/itie!. 'eir!ey(a//!t)i! ty-e ob!er ing. T)e Int&iti e ;N< ty-e )a! a -re"eren(e "or

-er(ei ing 7it) t)e #in% in t)e "or# o" i%ea!, (on(e-t!, an%i#agination.'eir!ey (a//! t)i! ty-e intro!-e(ti e. T)e T)in*ing ;T< ty-e )a! a

-re"eren(e "or &%ging on t)e ba!i! o" i#-er!ona/ ob e(ti ity,!ee*ing(on!i!ten(y an% /ogi(. 'eir!ey (a//! t)i! ty-e to&g)2#in%e%. T)e

ee/ing; < ty-e )a! a -re"eren(e "or &%ging on a !&b e(ti e, -er!ona/

ba!i!.'eir!ey (a//! t)i! ty-e ten%er2#in%e%. T)e &%ging ; < ty-e )a! a

-re"eren(e "or )a ing t)ing! -/anne%, !()e%&/e%, or%er/y, an% /ea%ingto(/o!&re. 'eir!ey (a//! t)i! ty-e !()e%&/er!. ina//y, t)ePer(e-ti e ;P<ty-e )a! a -re"eren(e "or )a ing t)ing! o-en2en%e% an% "/e8ib/e.'eir!ey(a//! t)i! ty-e -rober!.

A"ter e8(/&%ing t)e E an% I ty-e!, 7)i() 'eir!ey %oe! not (on!i%erto

be "&n%a#enta/ to -er!ona/ity, )e &!e! t)e re#aining !i8 ty-e! toi%enti"y

7)at )e (on!i%er! to be t)e "o&r ba!i( ty-e! o" te#-era#ent or()ara(ter

N ;I%ea/i!t<, NT ;Rationa/i!t<, S ; &ar%ian<, an% SP ;Arti!an<.

T)e I%ea/i!t! ;N < are ab!tra(t in (o##&ni(ating, &ti/itarian ini#-/e#enting goa/!, &!e !trategi( ana/y!i!, an% )a e an i#-er!ona/ob e(ti ity. 'eir!ey (a//! t)e# I%entity !ee*ing -er!ona/itie!. T)eRationa/i!t! ;NT< are ab!tra(t in (o##&ni(ating, (oo-erati e ini#-/e#enting goa/!, &!e %i-/o#ati( integration, an% )a e a -er!ona/!&b e(ti ity. 'eir!ey (a//! t)e# 'no7/e%ge !ee*ing -er!ona/itie!.T)e

&ar%ian! are (on(rete in (o##&ni(ating, (oo-erati e in i#-/e#entinggoa/!, &!e /ogi!ti(a/ #aintenan(e, an% are !()e%&/e% an% or%er/y.'eir!ey(a//! t)e# Se(&rity !ee*ing -er!ona/itie!. ina//y, t)e Arti!an!;SP<are (on(rete in (o##&ni(ating, &ti/itarian in i#-/e#enting goa/!, &!eta(ti(a/ ariation, an% are o-en2en%e% an% "/e8ib/e. 'eir!ey (a//!t)e#

Sen!ation !ee*ing -er!ona/itie!.



In !&##ary, t)e N ty-e i! ab!tra(t an% (oo-erati e, t)e NT i!ab!tra(tan% &ti/itarian, t)e S i! (on(rete an% (oo-erati e, an% t)e SP i!(on(rete an% &ti/itarian.

or "&rt)er in"or#ation on 'eir!ey>! 7or* on -er!ona/ity ty-e!,!ee)tt- ==777.*eir!ey.(o# .

. Hy-ot)e!e! Regar%ing Ten%en(ie! an% Ty-e!

Bot) -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie! an% -er!ona/ity ty-e! are 7ay! o"tryingto &n%er!tan% -eo-/e an% t)eir be)a ior. T)e 0BTI an% it! ariant!)a e

be(o#e -o-&/ar 7ay! o" in e!tigating -eo-/e>! -er!ona/ity ty-e!. B&tt)ere)a! been /e!! intere!t in in e!tigating -eo-/e>! -)i/o!o-)i(a/

ten%en(ie!in !&() an e#-iri(a/ 7ay.

Co#-aring t)e -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie! an% -er!ona/ity ty-e!e8-/aine% abo e, one #ig)t )y-ot)e!i@e t)at t)ey 7o&/% )a e (ertain(orre/ation!. I"t)e "o&r -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie! are #&t&a//y e8(/&!i e, one #ig)te8-e(tt)e# a// to (orre/ate negati e/y 7it) one anot)er. Li*e7i!e, i" t)e

-er!ona/ity ty-e! are #&t&a//y e8(/&!i e one #ig)t e8-e(t t)at t)ey 7o&/%

a/!o a// (orre/ate negati e/y 7it) one anot)er.

Sin(e -er!ona/ity ty-e! N ;I%ea/i!#< an% NT ;Rationa/i!#< are/in*e% to -er(ei ing 7it) t)e #in%, one #ig)t e8-e(t t)at one or bot) o"t)e# #ay(orre/ate 7it) t)e -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(y o" I%ea/i!# 7)i() i!(on(erne%

7it) t)e ab!tra(t or i##ateria/ %i#en!ion o" t)ing! an% gaining*no7/e%get)ro&g) t)e #in%. Note it i! &n"ort&nate t)at t)e /abe/ I%ea/i!#i!e#-/oye%, &!ing a !o#e7)at %i""erent %e"inition, by bot) t)e

-er!ona/ityre!ear()er! an% tra%itiona/ -)i/o!o-)er!.

Sin(e -er!ona/ity ty-e! S ; &ar%ian< an% SP ;Arti!an< are /in*e%to

-er(ei ing 7it) t)e !en!e!, one #ig)t e8-e(t t)at one or bot) o" t)e# #ay

(orre/ate 7it) t)e -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(y o" Rea/i!# 7)i() i!(on(erne%

7it) t)e (on(rete a!-e(t! o" rea/ity an% gaining *no7/e%ge t)ro&g)t)e!en!e!.

Sin(e -er!ona/ity ty-e SP ;Arti!an< i! /in*e% 7it) being !en!e2oriente% an% "/e8ib/e, one #ig)t e8-e(t a negati e (orre/ation 7it) t)e

-)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(y o" I%ea/i!# 7)i() i! in ariant an% ab!tra(t.

http://www.keirsey.com/




Sin(e -er!ona/ity ty-e S ; &ar%ian< i! /in*e% 7it) being(oo-erati e,one #ig)t e8-e(t a (orre/ation 7it) t)e -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(y o"Prag#ati!# 7)i() i! !o(ia/.

Sin(e -er!ona/ity ty-e S ; &ar%ian< i! /in*e% 7it) being or%er/y,one #ig)t e8-e(t a (orre/ation 7it) t)e -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(y o"Rea/i!# 7)i() atten%! to or%er in nat&re.

. Di""eren(e! Bet7een Ten%en(ie! an% Ty-e!

'eir!ey an% 0yer! an% &ngian -!y()o/ogy in genera/ !ay t)ere are%i!tin(t ty-e! o" -er!ona/itie! t)at are e!!entia//y "i8e%. T)ey !ayt)ati" yo& are a ty-e F, no a#o&nt o" ()ange (an #a*e yo& anyt)ing e/!e.T)ereare %i""erent !)a%e! an% ariation! 7it)in a ty-e ;ea() o" t)e "o&r

#ainty-e! i! bro*en %o7n into "o&r #ore<, b&t i" yo& are one ty-e yo&(annot

be anot)er ty-e.

0any !o(ia/ -!y()o/ogi(a/ !(a/e! #ea!&re ten%en(ie!, e.g., yo& are #ore

o" t)i! or /e!! o" t)at. B&t t)ey %on>t -re(/&%e one -er!on "ro# being #ore o" t)i! an% #ore o" t)at, or anot)er -er!on "ro# being /e!! o" bot).

Ot)er !(a/e! are !it&ationa/, e.g., one (an be #ore e8tro erte% inone!it&ation an% #ore intro erte% in anot)er.

T)o!e 7)o be/ie e in ty-e! %on>t be/ie e in ten%en(ie!, or -er)a-!e enin a/i% !it&ationa/ ten%en(ie! ;("., -a!!i#, 777.*eir!ey.(o# <. T)o!e

7)o be/ie e in ten%en(ie! !ee ty-e! a! an o er!i#-/i"i(ation, -er)a-!

&!e"&/a! an in%i(ator o" ty-i(a/ be)a ior=-er!ona/ity, b&t a! in(o#-/etean% not

ery &!e"&/ in !it&ation! t)at ary.

Di""eren(e i! (r&(ia/ in ter#! o" inter-retation. Ty-e! an%ten%en(ie!are t7o %i""erent t)ing!, ba!e% on t7o %i""erent &n%er/yinga!!&#-tion!.Di""eren(e i! a/!o (r&(ia/ in ter#! o" #ea!&re#ent. 'eir!ey an%

0yer!2Brigg! gi e "or(e% ()oi(e 6&e!tion!. One )a! to ran* "o&ra/ternati e! or )a! to ()oo!e on/y one o" t7o o-tion!. A! a re!&/t,t)o!e

7)o en% &- )ig) on NT #&!t en% &- /o7 on N , an% i(e er!a. T)o!e 7)o en%

&- )ig) on S #&!t en% &- /o7 on SP, an% i(e er!a.

On t)e ot)er )an%, 7e #ea!&re% -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie! by a!tan%ar% Li*ert !trong/y agree 2to2 !trong/y %i!agree !(a/e. T)o!e 7)o en%&-)ig) on one -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(y #ay a/!o en% &- )ig) on any or a//





ot)er -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie!. T)o!e 7)o en% &- /o7 on one #ay en%&- /o7on any or a// ot)er!. Any (o#bination o" )ig) an% /o7 -)i/o!o-)i(a/ten%en(y !(ore! i! -o!!ib/e.

One (o&/% -i(* a -er!on>! )ig)e!t -)i/o!o-)y !(ore an% (/ai# t)at

iti! t)e -er!on>! -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ty-e. Or one (o&/% (reate a%%itiona/ty-e!/i*e ab!o/&ti!t an% re/ati i!t by a%%ing toget)er a -er!on>!I%ea/i!tan% Rea/i!t !(ore! an% t)e -er!on>! Prag#ati!t an% E8i!tentia/i!t!(ore!.

Un"ort&nate/y, -eo-/e %on>t a/7ay! an!7er "or(e% ()oi(e 6&e!tion!int)e !a#e 7ay t)at t)ey an!7er (o#bination! o" &n"or(e% 6&e!tion!.T)&!,(o#bining t)e!e ten%en(ie! #ay not re ea/ t)e re!-on%ent>!

-)i/o!o-)i(a/ty-e. We 7i// e8a#ine a -er!on>! -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ty-e /ater, a! a 7ayo"inter-reting !o#e re!&/t!, b&t t)i! 7i// be an o er!i#-/i"i(ation o"t)e

7ay it 7a! #ea!&re%.

G. 0ea!&re#ent 0et)o%! o" t)e Ten%en(ie! an% Ty-e!

An in entory o" Li*ert2!(a/e ite#!, t)e Ro!!2Barger P)i/o!o-)yIn entory, ;Ro!! Barger, +44 < 7a! &!e% to #ea!&re -)i/o!o-)i(a/ten%en(ie!. ro&-! o" ten ite#! !&r eye% ten%en(ie! to7ar% ea() o"t)e"o&r -)i/o!o-)ie! o" I%ea/i!#, Rea/i!#, Prag#ati!#, an%E8i!tentia/i!#.Sa#-/e ite#! "ro# t)i! in entory are t)e "o//o7ing 'no7/e%ge i!"o&n% by (on!i%ering t)e -ra(ti(a/ (on!e6&en(e! o" i%ea! an%

Rea/ityoriginate! in t)e #ateria/ an% -)y!i(a/ 7or/%.

An in entory o" 1G "or(e%2()oi(e ite#!, t)e 'eir!ey C)ara(terSorter,;'eir!ey, +443< 7a! &!e% to #ea!&re -er!ona/ity ty-e!. Ea() o" t)e"o&rre!-on!e! to t)e "ir!t +G ite#! 7ere to be ran*e% a((or%ing to t)ere!-on%ent>! -re"eren(e. A !a#-/e o" t)i! ty-e o" ite# "o//o7! Ire!-e(t #y!e/" #ore "or 2 being a&tono#o&! an% in%e-en%ent: 2 %oinggoo% %ee%!: 2 )a ing goo% intention!: 2 being bo/% an% a% ent&ro&!. T)e!einitia/ ite#! 7ere "o//o7e% by a !et o" 9 binary2()oi(e ite#!. A!a#-/eo" t)i! ty-e o" ite# "o//o7! Do yo& t)in* o" yo&r!e/" a! 2 a

-ri ate -er!on: 2 an o&tgoing -er!on. T)ere 7ere no noti(eab/e o er/a-! in

(ontent in t)e!e in entorie!.

3. Re/iabi/ity o" S(a/e!

It i! not *no7n 7)et)er re/iabi/ity #ea!&re! e8i!t "or t)e'eir!ey C)ara(ter Sorter. Pre io&! re!ear() )a! been %one 7it) t)e



Ro!!2Barger P)i/o!o-)y In entory, )o7e er. An e8-an%e% 5 ite#er!ion o"

t)i! !(a/e 7a! &!e% 7it) NJ1 3 !t&%ent! at a #i%7e!tern &ni er!ity.T)einter2ite# re/iabi/ity 7a! #o%erate/y )ig) I%ea/i!# a/-)aJ.33,Rea/i!#

a/-)aJ.3 , Prag#ati!# a/-)aJ.G4, E8i!tentia/i!# a/-)aJ.39. a(torana/y!i! !)o7e% !o#e !&--ort "or a "o&r "a(tor !o/&tion, a/t)o&g) it 7a!

not (/ean.

T)e (&rrent re!ear() 7a! %one 7it) NJ !t&%ent! "ro# t7o #i%7e!tern

&ni er!itie!. A !)ortene% Ro!!2Barger P)i/o!o-)y In entory 7it) tenite#!

-er !(a/e 7a! &!e%. T)e!e ite#! 7ere ()o!en to #a8i#i@e (orre(te% ite#2tota/ (orre/ation! "or "a(tor ana/y!i! in -re io&! re!ear().Inter2ite# re/iabi/ity 7a! #i8e% I%ea/i!# a/-)aJ.59, Rea/i!#a/-)aJ.3+,

Prag#ati!# a/-)aJ. G, E8i!tentia/i!# a/-)aJ.G+. E i%en(e !)o7! t)at t)e!e !(a/e! are #ea!&ring !o#et)ing. So#e!(a/e!are #ea!&ring 7)ate er t)ey #ea!&re #ore (on!i!tent/y t)an %o ot)er!(a/e!. Di""eren(e! in re/iabi/ity bet7een !t&%ie! an% range o"re/iabi/ity a(ro!! !(a/e! !)o7 t)at #ore 7or* i! nee%e% to re"ine!(a/e!an% #ea!&re#ent!.

5. De!(ri-ti e Stati!ti(!

5.+. Per!ona/ity ty-e!

'eir!ey Ty-e N K N 9 K NT + 9 K

S +1 9GKSP 3 + KTota/ + K

T7o2"i"t)! o" t)e!e re!-on%ent! are N ;I%ea/i!t!<. Abo&t a 6&arter are S ; &ar%ian!<. One2"i"t) are NT ;Rationa/i!t!<. One2!e ent) are SP ;Arti!an!<.

5.9 P)i/o!o-)i( ten%en(ie!

P)i/o!o-)i( Ten%en(y 0ean St%. De . 0ini#&# 0a8i#&#I%ea/i!# 11. G.1 +5 3Rea/i!# 1 .4 .9 99 4Prag#ati!# 1 . .9 91 E8i!tentia/i!# 1G. .3 9G G

T)e!e re!-on%ent!, on a erage, )a% )ig) e8i!tentia/i!# an% -rag#ati!#

!(ore!, #o%erate i%ea/i!# !(ore!, an% /o7er rea/i!# !(ore!. T)eyarie%



t)e #o!t in t)eir i%ea/i!# !(ore!, t)en t)eir rea/i!# !(ore! ;!t%.%e . an% range<. T)ey arie% /ea!t in t)eir e8i!tentia/i!# an%

-rag#ati!# !(ore!.

Re!-on%ent! 7ere #ore /i*e/y to agree 7it) any !tate#ent t)an %i!agree 7it) it. ;0ean! are a// greater t)an 1 .<

4. Corre/ation o" P)i/o!o-)i( S(a/e!, Per!ona/ity Ty-e!

4.+. Corre/ation o" -er!ona/ity ty-e! in t)e!e %ata

o&r %i()oto#o&! ariab/e! 7ere (reate%, in%i(ating 'eir!ey -er!ona/ity ty-e ariab/e NT J + i" 'eir!ey Ty-e i! NT, ot)er7i!eJ : ariab/e N J + i" 'eir!ey Ty-e i! N , ot)er7i!e J : ariab/e SJ +

i" 'eir!ey Ty-e i! S , ot)er7i!e J : ariab/e SP J + i" 'eir!eyTy-e i! +, ot)er7i!e J . Note t)at t)e!e ariab/e! are not

#at)e#ati(a//y in%e-en%ent i" 7e *no7 t)e a/&e o" t)ree o" t)e!e ariab/e!, 7e*no7 t)e a/&e o" t)e "o&rt).

4.+.9. Corre/ation!

N NT S N NT 2. +MM

S 2. 5MM 2.1 MSP 2.11M 2.9 2.9

NJ MM J - . + M J - .

A// (orre/ation! a#ong t)e!e ariab/e! are negati e. T)i! i! be(a&!e o" t)e 7ay t)e 'eir!ey !(a/e a!*! 6&e!tion! an% #ea!&re! -er!ona/ity ty-e!. I" one i! an N ;N J +<, one (annot be an NT, S , or SP ;NTJ , S J , SPJ <. T)at i!, t)e (orre/ation! are negati e by (on!tr&(tion. ;So t)e!e re!&/t! !ay #ore abo&t #ea!&re#ent, t)an t)ey %o abo&t 7)et)er t)ere are -er!ona/ityty-e! or t)at i" t)ere are -er!ona/ity ty-e!, 'eir!ey i! (orre(t abo&t

7)at t)ey are.<

T)e (orre/ation! are not -er"e(t/y negati e ;i.e., J2+< be(a&!eo" t)e 7ay (orre/ation! are (o#-&te%. ;So#e -eo-/e 7it) NTJ )a e

N J+, b&t #ore -eo-/e )a e NTJ an% N J .<

4.9. Corre/ation o" -)i/o!o-)i( ten%en(ie! in t)e!e %ata

In t)e -)i/o!o-)y !(a/e!, a )ig) !(ore in%i(ate! greaterten%en(y to agree 7it) i%ea! o" t)at -)i/o!o-)y. Sin(e t)i! 7a! not a "or(e%



()oi(e, re!-on%ent! 7)o agree% 7it) E8i!tentia/ !tate#ent! (o&/%a/!o agree 7it) I%ea/i!ti( !tate#ent!, an% !o on.

4.9.+. Corre/ation!

E8i!tentia/i!# I%ea/i!# Prag#ati!#E8i!tentia/i!#I%ea/i!# 2.

Prag#ati!# .99 2. + Rea/i!# 2. 2. 9 .G MM

NJ MM J - . + M J - .

T)e on/y !tati!ti(a//y !igni"i(ant (orre/ation i! bet7eenPrag#ati!# an% Rea/i!#. T)o!e 7)o )a% )ig) Prag#ati!# !(ore! are /i*e/y to)a e )ig) Rea/i!# !(ore!. T)o!e 7)o )a% /o7 Rea/i!# !(ore! are /i*e/y

to )a e /o7 Prag#ati!# !(ore!.

A// ot)er (orre/ation! are not !igni"i(ant/y %i""erent "ro# . No

ot)er (orre/ation! are greater in ab!o/&te a/&e t)an .99 ;- .+ <.

'no7ing )o7 !o#eone re!-on%e% to E8i!tentia/ !tate#ent!, "ore8a#-/e, te//! &! not)ing abo&t )o7 t)ey re!-on%e% to I%ea/i!ti(!tate#ent!.

P&t anot)er 7ay, !o#e o" t)o!e 7)o )a% )ig) E8i!tentia/i!# !(ore!)a% )ig) I%ea/i!# !(ore! an% !o#e o" t)o!e 7it) )ig) E8i!tentia/i!#!(ore! )a% /o7 I%ea/i!# !(ore!, an% i(e er!a.

In t)e -re io&! !t&%y, a// -)i/o!o-)i( !(a/e! 7ere (orre/ate% 7it)

t)e #ini#&# r J .9 . Part o" t)i! %i""eren(e i! a "&n(tion o"re#o ing )a/" t)e ite#! "ro# t)e -re io&! !(a/e!, in or%er to #a8i#i@eite# (orre/ation!. By #a8i#i@ing t)e inter2ite# (orre/ation 7it)in a !(a/e, one e8-e(t! t)e bet7een2!(a/e (orre/ation! to be re%&(e%.

Part o" t)i! #ay be %&e to %i""eren(e! in !a#-/e!, -arti(&/ar/yi" t)ere 7a! %i""erentia/ e8-o!&re to (on!i%eration o" -)i/o!o-)i( ten%en(ie! ;e.g., (/a!! /e(t&re! an% %i!(&!!ion! (o#e to #in%<.

T)i! %i""eren(e in !t&%ie! again in%i(ate! t)e nee% "or "&rt)er re!ear() on an% re"ine#ent o" t)e -)i/o!o-)i( !(a/e!.

P)i/o!o-)i(a/ ty-e! (annot be (/ear/y %i!ting&i!)e%. W)i/e !o#e re!-on%ent! )a% one )ig) !(ore an% t)ree /o7er !(ore!, #o!t )a% !e era/ )ig) !(ore!. In%ee%, t)ree re!-on%ent! %i% not )a e a!ing/e )ig) !(ore b&t in!tea% )a% t)e !a#e )ig) !(ore on t7o !(a/e!.



4.1. Corre/ation o" -er!ona/ity ty-e! an% -)i/o!o-)i( ten%en(ie!

4.1.+. Corre/ation!

N NT S SPI%ea/i!# . 4 2.+5 .+G 2.+1

Rea/i!# 2. MM .1GM .++ . 5Prag#ati!# 2.15MM .99 . 5 .+3E8i!tentia/i!# 2. G .+9 2. + 2.

NJ MM J - . + M J - .

T)ere i! a -attern o" !tati!ti(a//y !igni"i(ant (orre/ation! re/ating t)e N an% NT 'eir!ey -er!ona/ity ty-e! 7it) t)e -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie! o" Prag#ati!# an% Rea/i!#.

'eir!ey I%ea/i!t! ;N < are !igni"i(ant/y #ore /i*e/y to )a e/o7

Prag#ati!# an% Rea/i!# ten%en(ie!. 'eir!ey Rationa/i!t! ;NT< are !igni"i(ant/y #ore /i*e/y to)a e )ig)er Rea/i!# ten%en(ie!. Note t)at t)ey a/!o are /i*e/y to)a e )ig)er Prag#ati!# ten%en(ie!, a/t)o&g) t)i! (orre/ation i! not !tati!ti(a//y !igni"i(ant at any o" t)e &!&a/ /e e/! ;- J .+1<.

We *no7 t)at Prag#ati!# an% Rea/i!# !(ore! are !trong/y(orre/ate%.

We *no7 t)at t)e 'eir!ey !(a/e )a! !et &- ; ee/ing< an% T;T)in*ing< a! o--o!ite!, !o t)i! -attern o" (orre/ation! i! (on!i!tent.

Non2!igni"i(ant (orre/ation! No ot)er (orre/ation i!!tati!ti(a//y !igni"i(ant at t)e &!&a/ /e e/!. In%ee%, no ot)er

(orre/ation i! a! /arge in #agnit&%e a! t)e (orre/ation o" NT an% Prag#ati!# ;.99, -J.+1<.

4. . Per!ona/ity ty-e! an% t)eir re/ation to -)i/o!o-)i(ten%en(ie!

We t)in* o" -er!ona/ity a! being an i#-ortant ()ara(teri!ti(o" in%i i%&a/!. We e8-e(t t)eir -er!ona/ity to in"/&en(e )o7 t)eya(t an% rea(t, 7)at t)ey /i*e an% %i!/i*e, 7)at t)ey "in% goo% an%

ba%.

P)i/o!o-)er! t)in* in #&() t)e !a#e 7ay abo&t an in%i i%&a/>! -)i/o!o-)y. Ho7 one ie7! t)e 7or/% an% )o7 one re/ate! to t)e 7or/% !)o&/% in"/&en(e )o7 -eo-/e a(t an% rea(t, 7)at t)ey

be/ie e, an% 7)at t)ey "in% goo% an% ba%.

Are an in%i i%&a/>! -er!ona/ity an% -)i/o!o-)y !i#-/y t7ona#e! "or t)e !a#e t)ing? Or, i" not t)e !a#e t)ing, i! one %e-en%ent ont)e ot)er? I" 7e *no7 !o#eone>! -er!ona/ity, %o 7e *no7 t)at -er!on>!



-)i/o!o-)y? I" 7e *no7 t)at -er!on>! -)i/o!o-)y, %o 7e *no7)er=)i! -er!ona/ity?

'eir!ey, in %e!(ribing t)e %i""erent -er!ona/ity ty-e! 7)i())e

(/ai#! e8i!t, !o#eti#e! &!e! !tate#ent! 7)i() 7e 7o&/% (/ai# are !tate#ent! o" -)i/o!o-)y. T)&!, 7e 7o&/% e8-e(t a (orre/ation bet7een

-er!ona/ity ty-e! an% -)i/o!o-)i(a/ be/ie"!.

O&r re!&/t! !)o7 t)at t)i! i! not t)e (a!e. W)i/e !o#e -er!ona/ity

ty-e! are #o%erate/y re/ate% to (ertain -)i/o!o-)i(a/ be/ie"!,"or t)e #o!t -art -er!ona/ity an% -)i/o!o-)y are e!!entia//y &nre/ate%.E en 7)ere -er!ona/ity an% -)i/o!o-)y are re/ate%, it i! not a !trong re/ation!)i-.

A n&#ber o" %i""erent (on(/&!ion! #ay e8-/ain t)i! "in%ing

;+< Per!ona/ity an% -)i/o!o-)y are tr&/y %i""erent. Atte#-ting to

&n%er!tan% -eo-/e !o/e/y in ter#! o" t)eir -er!ona/ity i! at be!t

an in(o#-/ete &n%er!tan%ing.

;9< Per!ona/ity ty-e an% -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(y are #ore(/o!e/y re/ate% t)an in%i(ate% )ere, b&t o&r #ea!&re#ent o" -)i/o!o-)yi! too -rone to error to !)o7 it. Certain/y, #ore 7or* nee%! to

be %one to re"ine o&r #ea!&re! o" -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(y.

;9a< In -arti(&/ar, it #ay be t)at t)ere are -)i/o!o-)i(ty-e!, rat)er t)an -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie!. I" -eo-/e 7ere "or(e%to ()oo!e one !et o" be/ie"! o er ot)er!, rat)er t)an &!tagreeing or %i!agreeing 7it) (ertain !tate#ent!, t)e re!&/t! #ig)t be6&ite %i""erent.

;1< It #ay be t)at t)ere are not -er!ona/ity ty-e!, a! o--o!e% to t)e )o/%ing o" 'eir!ey. T)at i!, -eo-/e #ay not "a// into"o&r, (/ear/y !e-arate% (ategorie!. Rat)er, t)ey #ay )a e %i""ering ten%en(ie! a/ong (ertain %i#en!ion!, !o#e o" 7)i() #ay be (on!i!tent 7it) 'eir!ey>! ty-e!, b&t !o#e o" 7)i() #ay be in(on!i!tent. It #ay be t)at -er!ona/ity ten%en(ie! ;e.g., aggre!!ion, %e-re!!ion, et(.< #ay be #ore (/o!e/y re/ate% to -)i/o!o-)i(a/ be/ie"!.

; < P)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie! )a e a #ora/ (o#-onent, 7)erea! -er!ona/ity ty-e! %o not. I" 7e are intere!te% in #ora/ %e e/o-#ent, -)i/o!o-)i(a/ ten%en(ie! a--ear to )a e #ore to (ontrib&te t)an %o -er!ona/ity ty-e!.



Re"eren(e!

'eir!ey, D.0. ;+443<. T)e 'eir!ey C)ara(ter Sorter.;On/ine )tt- ==*eir!ey.(o#=(gi2bin=*eir!ey=*(!.(gi< .

Ro!!, C., Barger, R.N. ;+44 <. T)e Ro!!2Barger P)i/o!o-)yIn entory.;On/ine )tt- ==777.n%.e%&= rbarger=ro!!2barger< .

http://keirsey.com/cgi-bin/keirsey/kcs.cgi

http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/ross-barger

http://keirsey.com/cgi-bin/keirsey/kcs.cgi

http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/ross-barger

do philosophical tendencies correlate with personality types

Documents