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BULLETIN ~~-STATE D~PARTMENT OF EDUCATION

SCHOOL PLANT IMPROVEMENT

PUBLIC FORUMS

NEGRO EDUCATION

L. A WOODS

STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION

DIVISION OF NEGJtO EDUCATION

GORDON WORLEY, DIRECTOR

D. B. TAYLOR, HIGH SCHOOL SUPERVISOR

MRS. R. E. SWANSON, SECRETARY

No. 371

VOL. XIII, No. 2 AUSTIN, TEXAS FEBRUARY, 1937

ISSUED MONTHLY

Entered as second-class matter january 19, 1925, at the postoffice at Austin, Texas, under Act al Aueust 24, 1912

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BULLETIN STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

SCHOOL PLANT IMPROVEMENT

PUBLIC FORUMS

NEGRO EDUCATION

L. A WOODS

STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION

DIVISION OF NEGRO i:..J)UCATION

GORDON WORLEY, DIRECTOR

D. L. TAYLOR, HIGH SCHOOL SUPERVISOR

MRS. R. E. SWANSON, SECRETARY

No. 371

VoL. XIII, No. 2 AUSTIN, TEXAS FEBRUARY, 1937 ISSUED MONTHLY

Entered as second-class matter January 19, 1925, at the postoffice at .Austin, Texas, under Aa •f .Au~:ust 24, 1912

CriBR AR Y OF

STEPHEN F. AUST!N STATE. TEACHERS Cot.LEG .

I •

DIRECTORY

OFFICIALS AND HEADS OF DIVISIONS

State Board of Education

GHENT SANDERFORD, President J. C. BLAIR R. S. BOWERS TOM GARRARD J. 0. GULEKE F. L. HENDERSON JOHN W. LAIRD J. G. STRONG BEN F. TISINGER B. F. YOUNGBLOOD L. A WOODS, Ex-Officio Secretary

State Superintendents

L. A WOODS !State Superintendent of Public Inst1·uction JEREMIAH RHODES, First Assistant

EDGAR ELLEN WILSON, Second Assistant

Department Division Heads

Accounting T. P. WALKER

Agriculture PAUL G. HAINES

Census JOHN OLSEN

Certification C. L.KUYKENDALL

Curriculum W. A. STIGLER

Curriculum and TextbQoks J. C. MATTHEWS

Equalization E. M. SHEPHERD

Homemaking RUTH HUEY

Information and Statistics MYRTLE L. TANNER

Junior High Schools NELL TAYLOR PARMLEY

Negro Education GORDON WORLEY

Rehabilitation and C1-ippled Children J. J. BROWN

School Plant J. FRED HORN

Supervision J. W. O'BANION

Supplies ALMA W. BUCHANAN

Traxies and Industries RAY L. MARTIN

FOREWORD

This bulletin has been prepared for the purpose of trying to extend helpful suggestions on school plant improvement,

offer plans for the organization and operation of public forums

and convey information on the present status of Negro Educa­tion in Texas. Beyond this statement, let the bulletin convey

the story.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The State Committee on School Plant Improvement expresses its appl'<:'­

ciation to the Rosenwald Fund for the financial assistance provided by ti; latter to help make the printing of this bulletin possible. Also it acknowl­edges its indebtedness for the helpful suggestions and data obtained from

Rosenwald bulletins, the Oklahoma School Plant Improvement Bulletin, and from numerous school people over the State who have from time to time

given helpful hints.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE CHAPTER !-School Plant Improvement _______________________________ ,_ ______ ____ _____ 5

CHAPTER II-Public Forum__________________________________________________ ___________________ 21

CHAPTER III-Negro High Schools and Colleges___________________ ___________________ 25

CHAPTER IV-Negro Supervisors and Supervision_ _________________ ,__ _______ _____ _____ 34

CHAPTER V-Vocational Education________________________________________________________ __ 38

CHAPTER VI-Some Costs of Negro Education _________________ ._______ ______ ______ 46

CHAPTER VII-Biographical Sketch of Julius Rosenwald---------·-------------- Gl

• • •

CHAPTER I.

SCHOOL PLANT IMPROVEMENT

Plan for Contest on Improvement and Beautification of School Plants

In order to stimulate the improvement of a maximum number of rural schools the Committee on School Plant Rehabilitation of the Julius Rosen­wald Fund is cooperating with state and county officials in sponsoring Contests on Improvement and Beautification of School Plants. One is for white and one for colored schools, and the Fund is offering four well se­lected Elementary Library Sets as prizes in the State Contest-two for white schools and two for colored schools--in keeping with the following suggestions and regulations: ·

STATE PRIZES: (1) One elementary library set will be offered in the Contest to the white school and one to the colored school making the greatest progress in improvement of buildings, grounds and equipment during the current school year; and (2) one supplementary elementary library set to the white school and one to the colored school rated second by the state judges.

COUNTY AWARDS: An attractive Honor Roll Certificate, signed by the state and county superintendents of education and other officials, will be awarded the winning white school and, to the winning colored school in each county. Such additional premiums as the county superintendents and com­mittees may be able to secure from public spirited organizations, com­panies and indivisJ.uals to stimulate a greater number of schools to enter the Contest will be given locally. The winning white school and the win­ning colored school in each county will be eligible to enter the contest for the state prizes by filing with the Deputy Superintendent complete reports <>f improvements together with pictures.

ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS: In order for a county to qualify in this Contest it is necessary that at least three schools file applications on blanks provided. for this purpose, with the county superintendent. It Is hoped that all schools in every county will participate. If both white and colored schools are entering the contest, three schools of each group should file applications (where there are only two colored schools in a county and both file applications, exception will be made to include them in the Contest).

DATE FOR ENTERING AND CLOSING THE CONTEST: March 15th has been set as the last date for entering the contest. The contest will close on May 15.

THE JUDGES OF THE CONTEST: The County Superintendent will appoint a competent, impartial committee to aid him in judging the schools of his county which have entered the contest. This committee should visit the enrolled schools, judge them, and determine the winners. The county superintendent should then make to the deputy superintendent a summary report of the schools which entered from his or her county and s tipulate the winners. He should send along with the report for the winners such pictures and extra descriptions as he has in his possession

-6- • • • that would be of assistance to the deputy and his district committee in determining the winners in the district. This should be done not later than June 1st.

Then the deputy superintendent and his committee should study, com­pare and when necessary, in case of very close competition between winning schools of two or more counties visit them, and determine the winning school, after which the Deputy Superintendent should report to the State Committee the results and summary of the contest in his district. He, too, will furnish the State Committee with all pictures and descriptions neces­sary to help give the State Committee a true picture of improvements made at the winning schools. This should be in the hands of the State Committee not later than June 15.

The State Committee will study and judge the winning schools from the various districts and visit such of them as it finds necessary in case of very close competition.

State winners will be determined and the State Committee will then make report to the Rosenwald Fund not later than July 1. After which the Rosenwald Committee will make awards to all State and County winners as per the conditions of the plan.

COOPERATING AGENCIES: Doubtless best results can be achieved in the contest by the cooperation of all agencies in the school and community, such as principals and teachers, the pupils, the parent-teacher associations, the F. A. A's. the 4-H Club members, the religious organizations, etc.

SPECIAL SCHOOL DAY PROGRAM: March 5 has been designated by the State Committee as School Improvement and Beautification Day, but in the event of inclement weather or any other reason it is not feasible, you are invited to hold your improvement day at a time more suitable to you, either before or after March 5, but certainly prior to May 1.

SUGGESTED SCORE CARD: A suggested score card is provided in this bulletin to aid county superintendents and other judges who may wish such help in scoring their schools. This card is only meant to afford suggestions.

FINAL N.OTE: It is important that every school in the contest file with the county superintendent a report of improvement (in duplicate on forms furnished the county superintendents by the deputy superintendents) on the buildings, grounds and equipment. The county superintendent will furnish the deputy superintendent summary reports of the improvements made in his county and will give complete reports on the two winning schools. The deputy superintendent will furnish the State Superintendent a summary r eport of improvements made in his district and will give separate and complete reports and descriptions on the two winning schools in his district.

Rosenwald, State, Distrjct and County Committee Set-up

A. Rosenwald Committee

1. S. L. Smith, Chairman, Director for .Southern Office, Julius Rosenwald Fund, Cotton States Building, Nashville, Tennessee.

2. Leo M. Favrot, Southern Representative, General Education Board, Grace American Building, Richmond, Virginia.

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3. W. F. ·Credle, North Carolina State Department of Education, Raleigh, North Carolina.

4. Ray L. Hamon, Department of Schoolhouse Planning, George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville, Tennessee.

5. W. G. Eckles, Director of School Building Service, Mississippi State Department of Education, Jackson, Mississippi.

6. J. B. Calhoun, Director, Division of School Planning, State Depart­ment of Education, Nashville, Tennessee.

7. Raymond V. Long, Director of School Building, State Board of Education, Richmond, Virginia. ·

B. State Committee

L. A. Woods, State Superintendent, Chairman J. Fred Horn D. B. Taylor Gordon Worley

C. District Committee Chairmen, composed of Deputy State District Superintendents John W. Gunstream, West Texas State Teachers College, Canyon G. D. Holbrook, P. 0. Box 1466, Lubbock J. D. Wilson, 601 Avenue B, Southeast, Childress Warner Rasco, 205 City National Bank Bldg., Wichita Falls Alex Dickie, T. C. Station, Denton R. N. Sandlin, Cooper J. L. Moses, Senior High School, Texarkana Madge Stanford, P. 0. Box 363, Abilene H. E. Robinson, Brownwood Mrs. Beulah 0. Cummings, P. 0. Box 444, Cleburne Arthur Maberry, Sixth Floor Records Building, Dallas Bryan Dickson, Courthouse, Tyler Sue B. Mann, Sul Ross Teachers College, Alpine S. Ozell Murdock, Room 20, City Hall, San Angelo. A. M. Tate, Chamber of Commerce Bldg., 414lh Franklin Ave., Waco L. J. Garner, Courthouse, Palestine

E. Esten Day, Nacogdoches Mrs. P. E. Dickison, Fourth Floor Courthouse, San Antonio Elizabeth Smellage, Austin C. B. Barclay, P. 0. Box 1119, Bryan E. E. Chamness, Third Floor Civil Courts Bldg., Houston M. J. Fields, 1108 Hazel Street, Beaumont E. H. Patton, La Grange Katherine Henderson, c/o Casa Ricardo, Kingsville

D. County Committee County Superintendent or County Judge ex-officio, Chairman Other qualified members

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'Suggested School Improvement and Beautification Prognm

It is suggested that Thursday night, March 4th, be set aside for holding '8. preliminary conference and that March 5 be used entirely as work day in improving and beautifying school grounds, buildings and equipment. Suggestions for the Thursday night conference and Friday work day pro­gram are given in this bulletin. In case it is inconvenient to hold the work day on March 5, set your own date to suit your convenience, either earlier or later as desired.

Suggested Program for Th111rsday Night, March 4, 7:30 P . . M.-9 :30 P. M.

1. Song

2. Prayer

3. Biographical sketch of Julius Rosenwald 4. Purpose of this program

'5. Reports of Committee on Work to be done tomorrow

1. Report of committee on school ground improvement and beautification

2. Report of committee on repairs and improvements on buildings

3. Report of committee on repairs and improvements on equipment 6. Announcement by the general chairman of plans for Friday's

work program 7. Song

8. Adjournment

Program for Friday, March 5

An all day program of work as outlined in the reports of the three committee chairmen in Thursday night's Conference is suggested.

WORK .PROGRAM

7 A. M. to 12:00 Noon--Work on the various phases of improvement 12 to 1: 30-Community Lunch

1:30 P.M. to 5 P. M.-Continuation of work started or planned 5 P.M.-Work Day Ends

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An Outline of Suggestions for School plant Improvement

.A. Grounds I. General Statement:

Literally there are thousands . of both Negro and White school campuses in Texas, many of which are a generation old, without even a semblance of landscape improvement. This condition obtains quite generaqy, even over the eastern portion of the State where an abundance of the world's .best landscape plants can be had from the native woods nearby.

II. Definition: School landscape gardening, as it is intended here, is simply the improvement of both the appearance and usefulness of the school grounds, and maximum necessary usefulness should be the first consideration.

III. Groups of values that should be derived from a well-planned, beautifully kept, and rightly used school campus are: 1. Aesthetic values 2. Moral values 3. Religious values 4. Health values 5. Practical or utility values

IV. Phases to be considered in formulating a pla:ri f9r school ground improvement: , 1. Playgrounds-at side and in the rear of buildings where

possible. 2. · W:alks and drives-where needed and only where neded. 3. Outbuildings-to be located to the rear and far back usually. 4. Water supply-should be convenient but located on high

ground. 5. Foregrounds-to be the show window of the school. 6. Tying in or framing the buildings-with appropriate plantings. 7. Unity-to insure a simple, pleasing, single picture of the whole.

·V. Steps to be taken in connection with the work of planning, laying out, planting, and maintaining the school grounds are: 1. The drawing of a definite plan which will provide accurately

for all playgrounds, parking spaces, walks, drives, trees, shrubs, vines, and gardens, wells and out-buildings to be had in the landscape.

2. The preparation of the grounds including grading, leveling, laying off, and constructing playgrounds, walks, drives, and planting and sodding the campus.

3. The procuring of trees, shrubs, vines, and grass to plant the campus.

4. The cultivation, spraying, pruning, and caring for the plantings throughout the balance of their lifetime on the campus.

-vr. Practical ways to get the school grounds landscaped: 1. School may work up its own plan, and do its own work. 2. The school and the community may co-operate in sharing e:x.

pense and in performing work. (The most preferable method us.ually.)

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VII. Suggestions for a co-operative work day: 1. Have everything minutely planned and organized · so that

specific groups will be responsible for specific jobs with full information and instruction to insure the most efficient work.

2. Secure the best or most efficient person to be director and in charge of all the work.

3. Put a chairman in charge of each different type of work to be done and have squads of workers each under a subchairman to perform definite jobs in each type of work.

4. Have a definite hour to begin work, take lunch, resume work, and cease work.

5. With less than the above outlined steps in prepar ation, the cooperative work day will almost surely be a flop.

VIII. Some jobs to re done: 1. Grading and leveling. 2. Laying out and constructing walks and drives. 3. Laying out and preparing athletic and other playgrounds. 4. Installation of playground apparatus. 5. Obtaining tr.ees, shrubs, vines, and sod. 6. Digging holes and setting plants. 7. Fencing the grounds. 8. Digging well or improving curb and mound around well to

make it sanitary. IX. Equipment likely to be needed:

1. Wagons and teams or trucks. 2. Plows, slips, harrows, and graders. 3. Mattocks, picks, axes, spades, and shovels. 4. Measuring lines, stakes, and hand axe.

X. Some points to be kept in mind while making choice of plants to be used in the school landscape are the provision of: 1. A good sprinkle of bright green winter foliage. 2. A beautiful combination of brilliant autumn foliage colors. 3. An assortment of brilliant colored berries and fruits during

fall and winter. 4. A wealth of beautiful spring blossoms during spring and summer. 5. Pleasant fragrance from spring blossoms. 6. Adequate shade of desirable sorts to take care of the comfort

of the children. 7. A supply of nuts and hardy fruits for the children and for

birds. 8. Variety to furnish suitable or adequate laboratory materials

for studies in biology and nature, kindergarten, primary grades, etc.

9. Adaptability of the plants to the soil and climate. 10. Food and protection for birds and other objects of laboratory

interest. XI. A suggested list of some of the very desirable native trees, shrubs,

vines and grasses from which desirable combinations can be worked out for most communities, particularly in the eastern haLf of the State.

XII.

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1. Evergreen trees, shrubs, and vines for fine winter foliage:

Yapon Native Holly Native Red Cedar Native Pines

Magnolia Live Oak Wild Peach Myrtle

Honeysuckle Vine Smilax Vine Bay

2. Flowering or ornamental trees, shrubs, and vines:

Crepe Myrtle Bridal Wreath Burning Bush Red Bud

Dogwood Trumpet Vine . Wild Rose Honeysuckle

Cape Jesamine Cr ab Apple Magnolia Lantana

3. Trees and shrubs especially good for their bright colored fruit and berries in fall and winter:

Yapon Holly Sumac Spanish Mulberry

Sarsparilla Vine Black Haw Red Raw

Gooseberry Black Gum Huckleberry

4. Trees, shrubs, and vines especially fine for their brilliant autumn foliage:

Sumac Black Gum Sweet Gum

Maples Red Oaks White Oaks

Hickory Virginia Creeper

5. Trees and shrubs that provide edible f r uits and nuts for children or birds, squirrels, etc.:

P ecans Hickory

Pears Oaks

Black Haws Black Walnuts

Persimmon Red Haws Huckleberry 6. Trees, shrubs, and vines that are very fine for their fragrance

during blossoming:

Magnolia Cr ab Apple Red Haw

Pears Breath of Spring (Bush

Honeysuckle)

Honeysuckle Vine Cape Jessamine

7. Vines adapted to school ground beautification: Wisteria Smilax Kudzu Sarsparilla Tr umpet Virginia Creeper 8. Grasses and clovers adapted to Bermuda Lespedeza Carpet ·

Honeysuckle

school campus sodding: White Dutch

Clover Sources and places from which plants and seeds may be obtained economically:

1. Native woods nearby. 2. Friends and neighbor patrons of the school. 3. E xchanges with other schools. 4. Root or produce many of your own plants as a project at school. 5. Nearby nurseries.

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XIII. Points that should be kept in mind in placing plants: 1. Break bare walls with appropriate plantings. 2. Avoid putting tall growing plants near enoukh to windows to

exclude needed light. 3. Keep much open space, particularly in front of building. 4. Provide a suitable background. 5. Use good foundation or base plantings of very hardy plants.

XIV. A few simple work suggestions on securing, preparing, and setting plants:

1. Select desirable plants; dig them so as to preserve a good amount of root systems without bruising and breaking them.

2. In case of evergreen plants, it is desirable to keep a large ball of earth in contact with the root system. This can be done by digging around and under the plants and placing a gunny sack around the ball of earth and pinning it together so as to pre­vent the soil from falling away from the roots while the plants are being handled in planting.

3. Do not allow the roots of plants to become exposed to drying or cold conditions of weather before they are transplanted.

4. With sharp knife or shears, cut smooth any broken, bruised, or mutilated roots before transplanting.

5. Just before, or immediately after, setting trees and large shrubs, the tops should be pruned back somewhat in propor­tion to the amount of root system which was broken or cut away in uprooting them.

6. Well-prepared planting beds should be provided, and the plants should usually be placed only one to two inches deeper than they stood in their original locations.

·7. Fill in good top soil about the roots of the plants to be set and preferably settle it by pouring water over it. Then cover with dry soil and do not pack it, but leave a shallow basin about newly-set trees instead of a mound, so that they may h~ more easily watered.

8. Avoid the use of manures and fertilizers under and about newly-set plants during the first season.

9. Keep the soil worked about the newly-set plants and keep the grass and weeds out at least during the first entire year.

10. Keep plants watered during dry weather throughout the first summer at least.

B. Buildings

I. Outbuildings: 1. If pit toilets must be used, secure plans from State Health

Department. 2. It is essential that there be seat covers and that the toilets

be fly-tight from the seat down. 3. Concrete risers and floors are recommended. 4. There should be no possible drainage to the school or neigh-

bors' water supply. 5. Wash toilet seats daily. 6. Repair and paint the toilet building inside and out. 7. A fuel house should be provided and painted.

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II. · Exterior Repairs: ' 1. Repair all ·roof leaks or replace the roof if it is not worth repairs.

2. Repair porches and steps. 3. Protect building with gutters and downspouts. Lead water

away from . building with drains or splash blocks. 4. Make buildings safe and more comfortable by underpinning. 5. Repair weatherboarding and replace broken or decayed boards

where needed. 6. Repair doors and door hardware; bolt doors together where

they are pulling apart. 7. Repair windows by· replacing portions of sash and frames,

and replace all broken window glass, fasten with both sprigs and putty.

III. Interior Repairs:

1. 2. 3.

4.

5. 6.

7.

8.

9. 10.

11.

Repair all broken plaster and fill cracks. Securely fasten all wood ceiling and wood trim. Repair or replace window shades on the sunny sides of the • house. Window shades should be of light tan or buff trans­lucent material. A window should have two shades fixed at the middle, one rolling up and the other down; or be adjust­able so as to cover any portion of the window. Remove fire hazards by repairing the flues. All flues should extend to the ground and have fireproof tile lining or double brick walls plastered smooth inside. Replace defective stovepipe and rivet joints. Repair stoves, and provide for pan of water on stove. In­stall jacketed stove if possible or place a home-made jacket around the stove. Place metal sheet or concrete beneath stove. Repair or replace worn flooring boards. Flat-grain pine is not suitable for school floors. Edge-grain pine or hardwood should be used. Floors should be kept well oiled or waxed. Each classroom should have at least 30 linear feet of good blackboard. Most worn boards can be restored by applying liquid slating. If the boards are too far gone, they should be replaced with new blackboards or, tack boards. Pulp black­boards should be suspended from the top with expansion space left at bottom and ends. Built-in bookshelves should be provided in every classroom. Desks should be repaired by combining good portions of broken desks, tightening up all screws, and tefinishing. Use non­glossy finish. Desks should be arranged so the pupils will receive light from their left; or, if windows are on two sides, from the left and rear. It is important that every child be provided with a seat and desk of the proper height. His feet should touch the floor, the desk should be at elbow height when upper arm is vertical and the seat should underlap the desk by about one or two inehes.

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12. If the structure of the building will permit, the windows should be arranged on one side of the classroom and up against the ceiling.

13. Ventilation can be improved by window deflectors and breeze openings. If window sills are the proper height, use glass de­flectors; if the sills are too low, use wood or opaque deflectors.

IV. Exterior Painting:

1. · Before any painting is done, the building should be carefully repaired and put in good condition.

2. The surface should be thoroughly clean and dry before apply­ing paint.

3. All loose and cracked paint should be removed before paint­ing, using steel brush, blowtorch or paint remover.

4. Knot or sap places in woodwork should be filled with pure grain alcohol shellac. All nail holes, cracks, and other defects should be filled with putty between coats.

5. Exterior paint should be thinned with the best grade of lin­seed oil. Never use gasoline or kerosene in thinning exterior paint.

6. The first coat should have plenty of oil. The second coat should be thicker. Two coats will usually be sufficient on old wood unless the surface is in bad condition. The rule should be two coats every four years. Certain portions of the building which are subjected to severe conditions should be painted every two or three years.

7. Paint both ends of exterior doors and paint or oil the edges of window sashes.

8. Among exterior color schemes are: Solid white; cream or buff trimmed in white; and light gray or yellow trimmed in white or cream. Where undressed weatherboarding has been used or raw wood has been exposed to the weather for a long period, it will probably be advisable to use three coats of paint.

9. Wood shingles should be stained or preferably a coat of linseed oil and graphite applied.

V. Interior Painting:

1. Interior repairs should be made and the surfaces to be painted should be clean and dry before applying' paint. Remove loose paint.

2. Flat oil-base paint should be used in the interior. Interior paint should not be thinned with linseed oil, as it will give it a gloss finish. If it is necessary to thin the paint, use not more than a pint of turpentine to a gallon of paint.

3. Three-coat work is preferable. Size unpainted plaster before painting.

4. Classroom walls and ceilings should be painted in light colors to improve the light reflection and diffusion. The wainscot­ing should. be darker to avoid too much reflection below the eye level.

5. Approved color schemes may be had from the various depart­ments of education. The following colors are satisfactory: Ceilings: Light cream or light ivory. Walls: Rich cream, light buff, light tan, or ivory tan. Wainscoting (below win­dow sills and chalk rails), tan or brown. Wood trim (includ­ing wainscoting if wood), oak stain.

VI. Paint Specifications: 1. Unless a skilled painter is employed, it will probably be more

satisfactory to buy ready-mixed paint. The best grades of paint should be purchased from reliable dealers and manu­facturers.

2. Lampblack should never be used in interior school paint, as it greatly reduces the light reflection. Secure color card from School Plant Division, State Department of Education, Austin, Texas.

C. Equipment I. Suggested library additions and references that may be needed:

1. Procuring appropriate books suitable both for the school children and also for the adults of the Community.

2. Procuring needed bulletins from U. S. Department of Ag.ricul­ture for the children and adults.

3. Procuring suitable newspapers, agriculture magazines and other periodicals needed for the pupils and adults.

4. Procuring Rosenwald Aid on any one or all four of the library sets available through the Rosenwald Fund.

5. Procuring such maps and charts as are needed for effective teaching in the school.

6. Construct or repair and polish or varnish book shelves when needed.

II. Suggested blackboard work: 1. Readjust heights of blackboards to suit size of children where

needed. 2. Re-surface boards where needed. 3. Construct and install chalk troughs where needed.

III. Work likely to be needed in connection with desks: 1. Repair broken desks by utilizing parts of two old broken desks

to construct one good one: Or tighten up desks that need it. 2. Where desks have been marked or cut or scarred: plane and

sandpaper out the scars. 3. Repolish desks which need it. 4. Repolish or varnish teachers desks where needed. 5. Construct or purchase additional desks when needed. Draw­

ings and specifications for construction of desks are carried in this bulletin.

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A SUGGESTED SCORE CARD FOR CONVENIENCE OF COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS IN TEXAS ROSENWALD SCHOOL

PLANT IMPROVEMENT CONTEST

A. GROUNDS Perfect Score

1. Adequate, appropriate and durable walks, drives, and vehicle parking spaces________________________________________ 75

2. Adequate, convenient, sanitary and safe water supply and drinking arrangements_________________________ 100

3. Adequate and appropriate playgrounds and play-ground equipment _________________ -------------------------------------- 7 5

4. Appropriate leveling, terracing, and planting of suitable trees, shrubs, and grass ______________________________ 100

5. Attractive and appropriate fencing of grounds and installation of convenient gates for entrance__ 50

B. BUILDINGS

1. Necessary and adequate exterior and interior repairs of all buildings_____________________________________________ 150

2. Necessary and appropriate paintings of the ex­terior of all buildings_____________________________________________ 150

3. Necessary and appropriate paintings of interior of all buildings and polishing of furniture____________ 100

C. EQUIPMENT

1. Adequate and appropriate pupil and teacher desks in good condition of repair___________________________ 100

2. Adequate and desirable teaching materials; such as maps, globes, charts, flash cards, sand tables, etc. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150

3. A reasonably adequate supply of appropriate li­brary books for the schooL______________________________________ 100

4. Ade9-uate and appropriate blackboards___________________ 50

Total ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1200

MISCELLANEOUS DATA

Score Awarded

for Improve­ments made in Contest

1. Amount of money raised and expended for school plant improvement during the year----------------------------------------------·

2. Amount of money obtained from federal relief agencies during year for school improvement, -----------------------------------·

3. Amount of money contributed by local community in labor, money and materials for improvement during the year _____________________________ .

4. Amount of money received f r om State and County for School Improve­ment during year -------------------------·

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CHAPTER II.

PUBLIC FORUMS

Thoughtful people realize the increasing importance of providing oppor­tunity for continuing educational growth on throughout adult life. More than ever before adults are being called upon to exercise group action in matters of ever increasing perplexities. That our citizens may be better fitted to exercise intelligent democr atic action in such matters, many people are turning to the public forum as an agency or medium of adult education. The desirability of such public forums has been very clearly set forth by United States Commissioner of Education, Dr. J. W. Studebaker in the following statements:

It is basic to good democratic action that we develop the capacity for group discussion of all issues and problems which affect our group life. Without this counseling together and sharing of ideas, facts and points of view we have no adequate basis for coming to intelligent conclusions on public policies. Whether the discussion technic is ef­fectively used by a labor union in getting at a consensus of opinion on a problem of colective bargaining, or by school teachers in dis­covering improved methods in pedagogy, or by taxpayers in getting an understanding of a tax program-or in any cause you may think of-1 am keenly in favor of it.

The public forum as meant here is an institution or agency maintained for the purpose of providing opportunity for adults who wish it to con­tinue in constructive educational growth. It is f.elt that the program set up for any community should emphasize subjects of especial interest to the forum group. Neither factional politics nor political motives should ever enter the forum. It should be maintained strictly for the purpose of assisting the members to acquire the infor mation needed to insure intelli­gent conclusions on matters of community and public policy.

It is realized that in their pr esent economic status in most of the counties of Texas it will be impracticable to attempt to secure funds with which to operate the public forums with paid leaders. That there may ·b~

less efficiency in directing discussions and studies by only par tially ex­perienced leaders is undoubtedly true. However, there may be some com­pensation, for it is conceivable that many will support and participate in the forums, who otherwise would not do so particularly, after it is known that the best prepared men and women obta inable from the County, are devoting their time and energies to the cause without financial remuner­a tion.

Brief set-ups for both the smaller county syst em of forums and the larger group forums are presented in these pages. The first system is illustrated in the Bowie County set-up, while the latter is rep­resented in the McLennan-Falls County set-up, with Waco as .the center.

Bowie County Type--County Superintendent L. H. Griffin, General Chairman

In this, its initial year, the Bowie County Public Forum oper ates in ' eight consolidated school communities. After a series of meetings of the l ocal Superintendents with the County Superintendent in the evolut ion of

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a proposed plan, each local Superintendent carried the tentative plan back to his community for full consideration and discussion, by the people. Parenthetically, this constituted the first forum meeting. The cit~zens of each community indorsed and adopted the idea of the forum and set up salient points, subjects, and speakers which it particularly wanted in­cluded in the forum. After the conclusion of the series of community meetings the local superintendents again came together, with the County Superintendent and set up final plans for the Bowie County Public Forums. Forum meetings are held regularly in each community twice monthly. Four meetings are held on Tuesday and four on Thursday nights.

Each community has its own governing board and the chairman of the local boards constitute with the County Superintendent the County Com­mittee. Forum discussion leaders and subjects for the year hav.e been chosen. Leaders who have accepted include persons whose occupatiom; are as follows:

Two District Court Judges A College Professor of Social Science A Rabbi A Deputy State Superintendent of Education A County ,Judge A County Superintendent of Schools The Eight local School Superintendents A ' Secretary of Chamber of Commerce A District Supervisor of Vocational Agriculture A Special State Supervisor

Subjects Proposed by Bowie County Forum:

1. The Community's Public Forum-Its Function and Program 2. Desirable Reading Material For Life Enrichment In Rural Communi-

ties. 3. Crime. Its Causes and Costs in Bowie County 4. Bowie County School System-Its Needed Changes 5. Bowie County Taxpayer's Dollar and What Becomes of It 6. Changing Living Conditions-In the Old Home Community 7.. Cooperative Enterprises-Which Ones for Bowie County 8. Old and New Sources of Tax Revenue-Which of Both Do We Want 9. Sane Soil Building and Conserving Practices-Which Ones for Bowie

County lO. Beautification of the Farmstead-A Character Building Agency and

An Economic Asset 11. Nutritiorr-The Orchard, the Garden, the Cow, the Sow and the Hen-

As Health Promoters 12. Increasing Farm Tenancy-Its Economic and Social Effects 13. Malaria-Its Annual Cost in Human and Economic Resources 14. Relative Availability of Educational Opportunities in Different Schools

and for Different Racial Groups 15. Nex Year's Educational Program for the Community and the Agencies

to be Coordinated in it.

The County Committee does not claim that this set up is fool proof. lt recognizes handicaps obtaining in it because of the fact that it is inex­perienced in this type of work, that it is resorting to the expedient IJf

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using local talent which in most cases is without special training for the work of forum leadership, and finally the .entire set-up is operated on the magnanimity of the forum leaders and committees since there is no money available to carry on the venture.

In planning for and setting up his type of public forum for smaller counties and communities without money to pay expert leaders, amateur leadership must, to a large extent, be used. Obviously much more work will devolve upon the County Committee and local Committees than will. obtain in the larger centers where trained leaders are available. The· greatest of care and consideration should be exercised in such matters as the choice of subj.ects, of discussion leaders, of local chairmen and com­mittees, of meeting dates and frequencies. Without the most intelligent planning and tact in executing these matters it will be difficult to achieve, much success.

Waco Type-Superintendent R. H. Brister, General .Chairman

The Waco Center of Public Forums is one of several demonstrations dis­tributed about over the country in which the United States Office of Edu­cation is cooperating. The salaries of expert, or thought to be potentially good, forum leaders borrowed chiefly from leading colle.ges and universities are paid by the United States Office of Education. These projects are also linked to the WP A since all the clerical and assistant help must be taken from the rolls of the unemployed, and paid for by the Federal Gov­ernment.

Although the United States Office of Education pays the salaries of the forum speakers and of the clerical and assitant help, the management of this type of forum centers wholly in the local authorities. Superintendent R. H. Brister of Waco is chief Forum Administrator and the Waco School Board is the governing body. Superintendent Brister and his school board make final choice of all such matters as local forum centers, the forum leader-director, forum speakers, subjects to be used, frequency of meetings, place of meetings, etc.

Howev.er, this governing body has an advisory council composed of rep­resentatives from each of the local forum centers. This council is made up as far as possible of people representing a cross section of the different interests of the community. Conscious effort is made to get on this ad­visory committee differing shades of opinion on religion, economics, politics, capital, labor and agriculture. This advisory committee studies the entire forum set up and makes recommendations to the school board which is the final gov.erning body. The latter Board acts as it thinks best on the recommendations of the advisory committee. The governing body now has a long list of speakers and subjects, turned in to it by the advisory com­mittee, from which it may select all or any part of its speakers and subjects for the year.

Each member of this central advisory committee is chairman of a local advisory committee in his local forum. He is urged to keep his own local ad­visory committee composed of a cross section of the community.

This type of forum seems to be designed for the triple role of training forum leaders, promoting adult education and stimulating, encouraging and assisting in the development of Junior forums. in any School in the

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Forum Center territory which desires such aid as can be furnished by the forum authorities and their assistants. Junior Forums are now in the process of being developed in several of the schools of McLennan Falls Bell and Hill Counties. ' '

Several Superintendents have indicated their interest in the formation and operation of public forums in their Counties or Communities. In fact .some are already engaging in , forum activities in a limited way and are •contemplating enlarg-ement into public forums on a wider and more com­pre?ensive basis. If the State Department of Education can be of any assistance to any of the Superintendents in working out their plans it will ~e happy to furnish ~uch assistance as may be in its power. Too, it is hkely true that Supermtendents Brister and Griffin of Waco and Boston respectively, would be wiling to give to interested Superintendents the benefit of their experience and plans.

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CHAPTER III.

NEGRO HIGH SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

There are about four hundred Negro high schools classified as one year, two, year, three year, and four year high schools. Such of these High Schools .as enjoy the distinction of being accredited have received it according to the unit plan; that is, the school is accredited as a whole rather than by sub­jects. Upon application of a Superintendent or School Board possessing a. Negro High School, which it desires to have accredited, the High School Supervisor for Negro Schools visits the School, checks and studies it, pre­]Jaratory to making his recommendation before the State Committee on Classification and Affiliation at its next regular annual meeting in June

:following.

At present there are sixty-nine accredited Negro High Schools in Texas. :Eleven of this number are members of the Southern Association of Colleges .and Secondary Schools. All the latter and all but seven of the former are public high schools.

DIRECTORY OF ACCREDITED NEGRO HIGH SCHOOLS 1936-1937

G1·oup !-Class A

Name of School .Anderson Booker T. Washington Central Central ·Charlton-Pollard Emmett J. Scott I. M. Terrell

.Jack Yates Moore Phyllis W,heatley

"Phyllis Wiheatley

· Group !-Class B

Dunbar Lincoln Longview

Group !-Class C "Blackshear Booker T. Washington Cameron Crockett Dunbar Dunbar Ennis Fred Douglas Gibbons Rebert

Huntsville Jackson Kemp Lincoln Navasota Solomon Cole

Superintendent A. N. McCallum N. R. Crozier S. B. Graham J.P. Buck M. E. Moore J. M. Hodges W. M. Green E. E. Oberholtzer R. H. Brister E. E. Oberholtzer J. C. Cochran

H. W. Stillwell G. M. Simms H. L. Foster

Principal Location W. B. Campbell Austin L. Virgil Williams Dallas W. J. Mason Galveston H. B. Pemberton Marshall R. T. Tatum Beaumont R. S. Austin Tyler L. M. Johnson Ft. Worth James Ryan Houston J. J. Wilson Waco E. 0. Smith Houston S. J. Sutton San Antonio

A. E. Alton W. E. Sampson L. J. White

Texarkana Port Arthur Longview

E. T. Robbins 0. L. Price Taylor Wichita Falls Cameron Crockett

H. D. Fillers A. E. Holland E. A. Perrin 0. J. Thomas I. J. Deck W. M. Henry Frank L. Williams S. 0. Parrish L. C. Proctor C. C. Sampson N. W. McCann B. F. Thomas LaRue Cox M. B. Davis A. H. Chamness T. G. Givens M. E. Moore N. S. Blanks

C. N. Shaver W. H. Norwood S.M. Brown Bonner Frizzell J. T. Ferguson E. H. Hereford

S. W. Houston H. T. Wise R. C. Neal A.M. Story W. E. Jones T. C. Ayer

. Mexia Temple Ennis J acksonvill-l Paris South Park,

Beaumont Huntsville Corsicana Bryan Palestine Navasota Corpus Christi

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G1·oup !-Class D

Ball Joe F. Saegert Sam Thompson Seguin Brenham M. B. Holleman A. R. Pickard Brenham Butler College Academy (Private)-Isaiah Jackson, President-Tyler. Calvert . W. D. Wilkerson W. D. Springer Calvert Center Pomt 0. E. Acker . Mrs. Christine Cash Pittsburg Con:oe H. N. Anderson T. W. Humphrey Conroe Demson F. B. Hughes W. B. Wims Denison Denton R. C. Patterson F. D. Moore Denton Douglass A. H. Hughey W. 0. Bundy El Paso Farmers' Improvement

Agricultural School E. T. Thompson R. L. Smith Wolfe City Flint Hill Jack Overton Paul Rutledge Neches Fred Douglass L. T. Cook F. R. Pierson Sherman Garland High School L. H. Griffin N. S. McClellan DeKalb Georgetown R. L. Hiles S. C. Marshall Georgetown Guadalupe College Academy (Private)-J. R. Lockett, President_:_Seguin. Hempstead Welsey Slack B. S. Luter Hempstead Hooks L. H. Griffin J. C. Washington Hooks Holy Rosary (Private)-Sister M. Ignatius-Galveston. Jarvis Christian College Academy (Private)-J. N. Ervin, Pres.-Hawkins. J~sper J. F. Parnell J. H. Rowe Jasper L1be~ty J. H. Kannenberg C. G. Armstrong Liberty Lufkm I. A. Coston W. H. Brandon Lufkin Luling R. A. Box R. A. Harrison Luling Moton W. E. Lowry Mrs. M. Wallace Orange Mt. Pleasant P. E. Wallace H. R. Jones Mt. Pleasant Nacogdoches Rufus E. Price J. W. Campbell Nacogdoches Naples H. T. Morris P. Y. Gray Naples Powell Pt. J. G. Burton T. B. Mitchell Kendleton Rosenburg F. C. Herndon A. Anderson Rosenburg San Marcos L. J. Berry Boston Grant San Marcos St. Nicholas Academy (Private)-Rev. Geo. Reynolds-Houston. St. Peter Claver's Academy (Private)-San Antonio. Texas Deaf, Blind

Dumb Institute for Colored Youth-J. D. Martin, Prin. and Supt.-Austin. Valley View _Hig~ School Fred Covin T. J. Downs Gilmer

V1ctona Porter S. Garner A. D. Sheffield Victoria Woodland

High School Wortham Yoakum

J. J. Bates M.D. Murphy Geo. P. Barron

A. R. Foreman S. S. Palmer M. J. Barrett

Mexi2. Wortham Yoakum

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ACCREDITING OF TEXAS NEGRO

HIGH SCHOOLS

Group I Group II Class Class Class Class Class

A B c D A Number of years in course ·-------- --- -- - 4 4 4 4 4 Length of term in months ________ _____ __ 9 9 9 9 9 Minimum yearly salary ___ --·· -------- $810 $720 $720 $720 $625 No. units required for graduation ____ 16 16 16 16 12 No. volumes in library ___ _ _______ ___ ___ 1500 600 400 300 200 No. science courses offered __ 2 1 1 1 1 Length of recitation periods (Min.) 45 45 45 45 45

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Maximum number of daily classes per teacher ------------------------------------- 6 6 6 6 7

Minimum % high school teachers with degrees ___________________ : ___________________ .;J5o/o 75o/o 75o/o 75 o/o 75 o/o

Maximum average daily attendan<:e per class ------------------------------------------ 40 40 40 40 40

Minimum average daily attendance 300 200 100 40 30 Minimum number hi.gh school

teachers ------------------------- ------------------- 9 6 4 3 . 2 Other conditions obtaining for the accrediting of Negro high schools are: 1. Adequate personnel records. These will be determined by the State

Department of Education. 2. Adequate library record with the accession book. 3. Certification: At least first class four-year high school certificates for

all high school teachers and no second class certificates for elementary teachers.

4. Buildings: The location of the buildings, the nature and condition of corridors, closets, water supply, furniture, apparatus, lighting, heating, ventilation, and method of cleaning must insure hygienic conditions for pupils and teachers.

NEGRO HIGH SCHOOLS APPROVED BY THE SOUTHERN ASSOCIA­TION OF COLLEGES AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Name of School

Anderson Phyllis Wheatley Central A. J. Moore Booker T. Washington Phyllis Wheatley Jack Yates Central High School I. M. Terrell Charlton-Pollard Booker T. Washington

Location

Austin San Antonio

·Galveston Waco Houston Houston Houston Marshall Fort W'orth Beaumont Wichita Falls

Grades in Total High School Enrollment

4 504 3 590 4 641 4 324 3 717 3 776 3 1071 4 781 4 896 4 716 5 214

TOTAL 7,230

GROWTH IN ENROLLMENT TABLE No. 1- NEGRO HIGH SCHOOLS, 1928-1936

Grade 1928-29 1929-30 1930-31 1931-32 1932-33 1933-34 1934-35 1935-36

------------------------8 7 ,338 7,964 8,642 8,754 9,687 9,803 10,667 11 '197 9 5,001 4,988 4 ,825 6,199 6,925 6,242 7,210 7,671

10 3,353 3,949 3,873 4,281 . 4 ,872 4, 578 4,963 5,430 11 1,852 2,235 2,594 3,0!2 3, 025 3,549 3,533 3,769

------------------------Total 17,544 19,136 19,934 22,246 24,509 24' 172 26,373 28,067

GRADUATES OF FOUR-YEAR HIGH SCHOOLS, 1928-1936

1928-29

I ,578

1929-30

1,901

1930-31

2,061

1932-32

2,594

1932-33

2,512 1

1933-341

2,945

1934-35

3,226

Percentage of Increase

1935-36 as over 1928-29

52.59 53.39 61.94

103.51

59.98

1935-36

3,222

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TOTAL AND CENTRAL TENDENCIES OF FOUR-, THREE-, TWO-, AND ONE-YEAR H;IGH SCHOOLS IN INDEPENDENT DISTRICTS, 1935-1936

Total Total Total Average Average Average Types of 'School Number Number Number Enrollment Number Number

of of of Per Teachers Pupils Per Schools Pupils Teachers School Per School Teacher

Four-Year High School. ... . . 130 19,594 586 150.7 4.5 33 . 4 Three-Year High School. .. . . 81 1,840 84 22.7 1.0 21.9 Two-Year High School. . . . . . 74 837 28 11.3 0.4 29.9 One-Year High School. ..... 29 335 4 12.2 0 . 1 88 . 8

Total. ... . .... .. .. 314 22 ,626 702 72.1 2 . 2 . 32 . 2

DIRECTORY OF COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOLS IN TEXAS 1936-1937

Superintendent

L. H. Griffin S. H. Smyre H. R. Boucher Miss Cora Mackey Lester D. Self W. W. Rogers S. R. LeMay W. B. Denman C. R. Lacey M. D. Barkley G. P. Parker Hulon N. Anderson G. H. Wilemon David W. Boyd C. 0. Pollard C. V. Compton Floyd G. Betts

Address

Boston Caldwell LaGrange Longview Silsbee Greenville Athens Giddings Centerville Midway Jefferson Conroe Conroe Newton Henderson Woodville Wharton

County School

Bowie Maceilonia Colored School Burleson Caldwell Colored School Fayette LaGrange Colored School Gregg Greenville Colored School Hardin Silsbee Colored School Hunt St. Paul Colored School Henderson Athens Colored School Lee Giddings Colored School Leon St. Paul-Shiloh Colored Scho1 Madison Midway Colored School Marion Jefferson Colored School Montgomery Conroe Colored School Navarro Kerens Colored School Newton Liberty Colored School Rusk Henderson Colored School Tyler Woodville Colored School Wharton Wharton Colored School ,

HIGH SCHOOLS

COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOLS (John F. Slater Fund)

County Training Schools are fostered by public support and aid con­tributed by the Slater Fund.· County Training Schools are simply Negro high schools. Durin.g 1935-36 there were twenty-two such schools in Texas. There is a total of eighteen such schools in Texas for the school year 1936-37. Only one is established in a county, preferably in the rural districts. The requirements are: (1) A co-operative board and superintendent, (2) minimum term of eight months, (3) minimum number of three teachers, ( 4) adequate buildings and grounds, (5) a willingness on part of the authorities to supply wanted needs.

As these schools become accredited high schools, they are dropped from the list of county training schools.

The following facts will reveal the importance of county training schools in Texas. During 1935-36 a total of $105,862 from public schools' funds and $2,750 from the Sla ter Fund was spent for the upkeep of the training schools. The Smith-Hughes Fund contributed $12,265 to vocational agri­culture and home economics departments for the support of these schools. A total of $131,989 was spent on the maintenance and upkeep of County Training Schools in Texas during 1935-36.

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For the year 1935-36 the total enrollment of pupils in these schools was 7,062. The avera.ge daily attendance was 5,612. Of the total enrollment 5,407 were elementary and 1,659 were high schoDl pupils.

One hundred and sixty-six teachers taught in these schools in 1935-1936. Vocational Agriculture and Homemaking Education were each offered in all but three of these schools.

COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL ANNUAL REPORT IN TEXAS 1935-36 TABLE No 2

Smith- Rural Other Equipment County Public Slater Hughes Aid Sources Total and

Buildings

Bowie $ 3,069.60$ 90.00 $ 714.00 $1,436.00 ......... $ 5 ,309.60 ..... .....

Burleson 3,345.00 125.00 275 . 00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,745 . 00 ..... .....

Caldwell 3,000.00 90.00 295 . 00 . . . . . . . . . ......... 3,385.00 $ 430.00

""' Camp 6,081.00 250.00 880.00 1,895.50 s 425 . 00 9,531.50 2,175.00

Ellis 5,571.00 90 .00 1,094.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 6,795.00 875.00

Fannin 3,540.00 90.00 .. . .. . .... ········· .... . .... 3,630.00 678 . 00

Fayette 4 , 119 . 00 90.00 . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . . ········ 4,209.00 390.00

Gregg 4,620.00 90 . 00 700.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 4,510.00 114.82

Henderson 5,316.00 90.00 562.50 . . . . . . . . . ... . ..... 5,968.50 720.00

Hunt 2,236.00 90.00 525.00 1,076 .00 116.00 4,043 ' 00 645,00

Lee 3,270.00 400.00 300.00 ....... . . .. .. . .... 3,970.00 975.00

Leon 4,765.00 . . . . . . . . . 750 . 00 2,445.00 ········· 7,960.00 600.00

Madison 3,880.00 . . . . . . . . . 600.00 ... . ..... ········· 4,480.00 5,000.00

Montgomery 7,760.00 500.00 601.87 · ··· · · · ·· 225.00 9 ,086.87 1,450.00

Morris 3,532.00 90.00 427.50 ········· . . . . . . . . . 4,049 . 50 .429.40

Navarro 4 ,600.00 9o . po 750 . 00 ····· · ··· . . . . . . . . . 5,440.00 690.00

Newton 3,650 .00 90 . 00 850.00 100 . 00 · · · · · · ··· 4,690.00 420.00

Robertson 8,430.00 90.00 660.00 ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 9,180.00 562.00

Rusk 3,726.00 90.00 . ,. .... . .. .... . ... . . . . . . . . . 3 ,816.00 19,090.00

Smith 3,734.00 90.00 750.00 1,831.00 361.85 6,766.85 290.,00

Tyler 5,618.00 125.00 750.00 1,200.00 ......... 7,693.00 2 ,067.00

Wharton 12,000 . 00 90.00 780.00 . . . . . . . . . · · · · · · ·· · 12 ,870 . 00 250.00

Total. ... . $105,862.60 $2,750.00 $12,265.87 $9,983.50 $1 '127 .85 $131,989.82 $37,851.22

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Availability or iack of Availability of Accredited Negro High Schools In One Hundred Three Counties of Texas Containing Most

of the Negro Scholastics

Tab)e'-Counties Having Accredited Four-Year Negro High Schools No.4-Yr. Ace. Negro No.4-Yr. Ace. Negro

Counties High Schools Scholastics Counties High Schools Scholastics

Anderson Angelina Bell Bexar Bowie Brazos Caldwell Camp Cherokee Dallas Denton DeWitt Ellis EI Paso Fort Bend Freestone Galveston Grayson Gregg Grimes Guadalupe Harris Harrison Hays Houston Hunt

2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 0

4,049 1,059 1,643 3,712 4,746 2,746 1,270 1,393 3,219

11,660 534

1,342 3,151

420 2,805 2,777 3,152 1,630

. 4,183 2,694 1,332

17,995 9,434

- 397 4,082 1,692

Jasper Jefferson Lamar Liberty Limestone McLennan Milam Montgomery Morris Nacogdoches Navarro Nueces Orange Robertson Smith Tarrant Titus Travis Upshur Victoria Waller Walker Washington Wichita Williamson Wood

1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0

1,748 8,833 2,532 1,731 2,953 5,109 2,646 1,708 1,3,80 2,722, 4,167

664 566

3,443 6,347 5,768

839 4,336 2,432

790 1,615 2,537 3,206 1,135 1,952 1,214

I TOTAL-52 62 165,490 ~

Ina dditio!l to the above accredited public high schools, there are seven accredited private high schools distributed, one each in the counties of Bexar, Galveston, Guadalupe, Harris, Hunt, Smith and Wood.

Table-Counties Containing Practically All the Remaining Negro Scholastics

Counties Austin Bastrop Brazoria Burleson Cass Chambers Cooke Colorado Collin Delta Falls Fannin Fayette Goliad Gonzales Hardin Henderson Hill

And Having No Accredited Negro High School

Scholastic Population 1,499 2,439 1,649 2,099 3,570

371 228

1,809 1,147

266 3,816 1,233 2,050

295 2,057

645 2,067 1,430

Counties Lee Leon Lubbock Madison Marion Matagorda Newton Panola Polk Potter Rains Red .River Refugio Rusk Rockwall Sabine San Augustine San Jacinto

Scholastic Population 1,224 2,642

392 1,150 2,347 1,447 1,472 3,388 1,625

283 238

2,199 319

4,895 498 836

1,123 1,518

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Counties High Schools Scholastics Counties High Schools Scholastics

Hopkins Jackson Johnson Jones Kaufman Karnes Lavaca

936 Shelby 599 Taylor 407 Tom Green 257 Trinity

3,218 Tyler 311 VanZandt 585 Wharton

Wilbarger

TOTAL-51

DIRECTORY OF NEGRO COLLEGES

2,319 524 314

1,109 940 595

2,816 430

71,899

There are thirteen colleges for Negroes recognized by the Division of Col­lege Examiners of the State Dpartment of Education. Six of these are standard senior colleges, two of which are rated as "A" class colle.ges by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, while all of the other four have also been rated by the same association as Class "B" col­leges. The other seven are classified by the Division of College Examiners as junior colleges and one of the number is rated "A" and one "B". Ttte enrollment in these colleges is approximately four thousand students of col­lege grade or classification. A directory of the colleges follows:

A. Senior College Division

PRAIRIE VIEW STATE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, PRAIRIE VIEW, TEXAS

(Under auspices of the State of Texas) T. D. Walton, President W. R .. Banks, Principal

J. B. Cade, Registrar

BISHOP COLLEGE, MARSHALL, TEXAS (Under auspices Baptist Church)

J. J. Rhoads, President W. J. Banks, Registrar and Dean

SAMUEL HUSTON COLLEGE, AUSTIN, TEXAS (Under auspices Board of Education of Methodist Episcopal Church)

S. E . Grannum, President J. Henry Alston, Re-gistrar and Dean

TEXAS COLLEGE, TYLER, TEXAS (Under auspices of Methodist Episcopal Colored Church)

D. R. Glass, President Geo. N. Redd, Dean Ina V. Qualls, Registrar

TILLOTSON COLLEGE, AUSTIN, TEXAS (Under auspices of American Missionary Association)

Mary E. Branch, President Timothy C. Meyers, Registrar W. H. Jones, Dean

WILEY COLLEGE, MARSHALL, TEXAS (Under auspices of Methodist Episcopal Church)

M. W. Dogan, President Mrs. H. L. Bradford, Re.gistrar V. E. Daniel, Dean

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B. Junior College Division

BUTLER COLLEGE, TYLER, TEXAS (Under auspices of Baptist Church)

I. Jackson, Jr., President Miss Sammie E. Waters, Registrar

GUADALUPE COLLEGE, SEGUIN, TEXAS (Unqer auspices of Baptist Church)

J. R. Lockett, President J. H. Brown, Registrar and Dean

THE HOUSTON COLORED JUNIOR COLLEGE, HOUSTON, TEXAS (Under auspices of the City of Houston)

Dr. E . E. Oberholtzer, Superintendent Houston Independent School District, President

R. O'Hara Lanier, Dean

JARVIS-CHRISTIAN COLLEGE, HAWKINS, TEXAS (Under auspices of the Christian Church)

J. N. Ervin, President Miss Venita 0. Carney, Registrar Miss L. B. Smith, Dean

MARY ALLEN JUNIOR COLLEGE, CROCKETT, TEXAS (Under auspices of the Presbyterian Church)

B. R. Smith, President E. H. !3teele, Registrar and Dean

PAUL QUINN COLLEGE, WACO, TEXAS (Under auspices of African Methodist Episcopal Church)

A. S. Jackson, President Miss Bernice Davis, Registrar Mrs. L. T. Moore, Dean

ST. PHILIP'S JUNIOR COLLEGE, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS (Under auspices of Protestant Episcopal Church)

Miss Artemisia Bowden, President _ Miss Katherine Greene, Registrar Nick Ford, Dean

TRAINING OF NEGRO TEACHERS

The academic and professional training of Negro teachers is shown in Table below. It will be observed that more than fifty percent of the ele­mentary principals have four or more years of college training. All of t;he elementary principals have had some college training.

All of the senior high school principals have had some college training. One hundred twenty-seven out of a total of one hundred sixty-six of these principals have four or more years of college training.

It will be observed that two thousand seven hundred and three elementary , teachers have three or more years of college training. One and three of the elementary teachers have not had any college work. Five of the elementary teachers have masters degrees.

By observing the lower column, it will be seen that only 109 of the 5,967 Negro public school t eachers have not had some college training. Thirty-five and seven-tenths percent of the Negro public school teaching force in Texas have four or more years of College training.

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TABLE No. 3-ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF NEGRO TEACHERS, 1935-1936

D egrees H eld Colleges

T hree Two One M aster Bachelor Year Year Year

High School

Four Three Year Years Total

or less

-------1---------------- -Principals:

(a) Elementary ..• . . 6 40 16 5 .... . ... ...... . . 68

(b) Junior High ... . . 2 ... . . · · ·· ··· · ·· · · ··· · ·· ·· · ··· 2

(c) Senior High .... . 8 119 32 7 . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . .. .. . .. 166

Teachers :

(a) Elementary .. . . . 5 1 , 189 1 ,51 4 I ,520 367 78 25 4 ,698

(b) Junior High .... . 5 105 12 2 125

(c) Senior High .. . . . 27 628 172 70 5 5 908

--------------- ------ ---Total. . ... . . . 51 2 ,083 1 '746 I ,604 374 83 26 5,967

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CHAPTER IV.

NEGRO SUPERVISORS AND SUPERVISION

Th State Department of Education and an increasing number of county and city superintendents recognize the justice ,in and value of having their program of education for Negroes more expertly workE::d out and effectively supervised than has been the case in the past. It is also recognized that capable Negro Supervisors are in position to render among their people more efficient service with their teachers, pupils and adult gr oups than could be rendered by white supervisors. Consequently s.everal types of supervisory and itinerant teacher training services are now being main- / tained, and will be discussed briefly in this chapter.

Jeanes Supervision

Th~ Anna T. Jeanes Fund through its president, Mr. Arthur D: Wright, 726 .Jackson Place, N. W., Washington, D. C., is cooperating with the State Department of Education and several of the County Superintendents of Texas in Counties having large Negro population, to pay the salaries of Jeanes teachers or Supervisors. These supervisors are the agents or assistants of the County Superintendents and of the County Boards of

, Education. Most of the Jeanes Supervisors are so well trained for, and adequately experienced in, rural education as to be able to render con­structive service to the teachers in setting up their programs for better health work, for a more practical live-at-home program, and to the Parent­Teacher organizations in their work.

COUNTY

Anderson Bowie Brazos Burleson Camp Cass

Fort Bend Gregg Grimes Harrison

Houston Jasper Kaufman Lamar Lee Leon Limestone Marion Milam

JEANES SUPERVISORY SET-UP FOR SESSION 1936-1937

COUNTY COUNTY SUPT. JEANES SUPERVISOR SEAT Palestine A. J. Overton, Jr. Miss Sophia Montgomery Boston L. H. Griffin Mrs. Marjorie Bland Bryan Mrs. W. E. Neeley Miss Pauline Watkins Caldwell J. M. Har.e Mrs. Roberta Jackson -Pittsburg 0. E. Acker Mrs. Sadie Eubanks Linden Horace Boon Miss Amanda Martin

Mrs. Helen Blount Richmond James G. Burton Mrs. Lula J. Lee Longview Miss Cora Mackey Miss P. A. Ray Anderson M. B. Thomas Mrs. Mary T. Birdwell Marshall Morton Smith Mrs. Lela A. Bryant

Mr. Willie E. Lee Crockett John A. Long Mrs. Addie Ware Jasper V. 0. Easley Miss Barbara K. Benton Kaufman Carroll Rogers Mrs. Mercedes S. Groner Paris P . L. Chism Mrs. Lizzie Ely Giddings R. J. Hejtmancik Mrs. Henrietta Thomas Centerville C. R. Lacy Mrs. Laura Jones Groesbeck J. J. Bates Mrs. B. V. Foster Jefferson E. E. Justice Mrs. Virgie Benton Cameron Guy T. Newton Mrs. Marcia Anderson

Montgomery Conroe *H. N. Anderson Mrs. Lenora R. Meachum Morris Daingerfield Mrs. Roy Moore Mrs. Willie Mae Douglas *H. N. Anderson is Conroe Independent District Superintendent.

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COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY SUPT. JEANES SUPERVISOR SEAT

Nacogdoches Nacogdoches Miss L. J. Toliver Newton Newton

M. Wedgeworth G. J. Gray Miss A. M. Edwards

Panola Carthage J. A. Browning I. W. Popham

Mrs. Frances Packer Miss Nanie Belle Jenkins Mrs. Bernice P. Mark Miss Estelle L. Jordon

Travis Austin Tyler Woodville 0. A. Riley Walker Huntsville Waller Hempstead Washington Brenham Wood Quitman

C. L. Phillips Miss Jimmie Ogg M. H. Ehlert Chas. 0. Blalock

· Mr. Theodore Griffith Mrs. Marion C. Hubert Mrs. N. V. Berry

This service is rapidly growing in favor, in scope and in quality of work being done. The qualifications of the Jeanes Supervisors have increased almost unbelievably fast since the session of 1933-34.

The salaries and length of service hav.e likewise been increased as may be seen from the following 'summaries.

Summaries -of Some Data on Texas Jeanes Teacher Set-Up for 1936-37 Salary Groups

9 Jeanes teachers r.eceive, each __ """"""""""""""" ______ " __ " $1,000.00-$1,700.00 945.00- 960.00 800.00- 880.00 700.00- 760.00 600.00- 680.00 400.00

2 Jeanes teachers receive, each __ " ______ ""·---"-"" ______________ _ 10 Jeanes teachers receive, each ------------"-'"'""--"""·-------"-

3 Jeanes teachers receive, each ------"·"--""·"--"·"····-·"--"· 7 Jeanes teachers· r.eceive, each ---"-""""""""" _________ """"-1 Half time Jeanes teacher receives """""""""""""""""

Months of Service Groups

1 5

11

Jeanes Jeanes .Jeanes

Teacher serves ""-"'" "-----""" ""'---------"-"""'""""'"""-Twelve months Teachers serv.e, each ""'"'"""""""""--·--""""-------"--""""Ten months Teachers serve, each ----------"--""""""----"----"""""""'"" Nine months

14 Jeanes Teachers serve, each ....... " .. ""'""""""""""""""""""""""·· Eight months

Age G.roups

2 Jeanes Teachers are _____ ___ ____ "" _________ " .. " .... : .. __ __ _________ 50 to 60 years 6 Jeanes Teachers are " ___ " __ " _______________ " __ ".""""---"---.40 to 49 years 6 Jeanes Teachers are "" _____ " ___________________ """ _______ ........ 35 to 39 years 9 Jeanes Teachers are """"----"" ____ " __ "_"""" _____ " __ " ____ 30 to 34 years 7 .Jeanes Teachers are .. " .. """""-----"~-------"·-----------------25 to 29 years

Years of Jeanes Teacher Service Group

6 Jeanes Teachers have served for ----------------------------------- """10 to 16 6 Jeanes Teachers have served for ------------------------------------------

6 .Jeanes Teachers have served for -----------------------------------------

6 Jeanes Teachers have served for ----------------------------------------

6 .Jeanes Teachers have served for ------------------------------------------

Degrees Held

19 Jeanes Teachers hold degrees

5 Jeanes Teachers hold two or more ,degres each.

l Jeanes Teacher holds three degrees

Only four of the entire group held degrees in 1933-34.

5 to 9 3 to 4 1 to 2 0 years

of age of age of age of age of age

yem·s years years years

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Vocational Agriculture Supervision

Three Area Supervisors or Teacher helpers and one itinerant teacher trainer for Vocational Education in Agriculture are employed. These Supervisors visit the teachers in their respective areas for the purpose of helping them to work out their problems in connection with their work with the boys in their all day, day unit and part time classes and with the men in their ·evening school classes. They also hold regular monthly meetings of the teachers in each of the districts comprising their respective areas.

In addition to their work of supervision these supervisors each teach evening school classes comprised of adult. farmers. They are proving especially beneficial since their services are not only supervisory and instructional among the teachers and farmers, but they are rendering valuable aid in the work of interpreting and explaining for their teachers and people the United States Department' of Agriculture's program of Soil Conservation.

These Supervisors are: C. H. Banks, Prairie View State College, J. C. Mc­Adams, Crockett, W. A. Flowers, Box 25, Texarkana, and J. N. Freeman, Giddings.

Homemaking Education Supervision

The Vocational Homemaking Division of the State Department of Education uses the teacher-trainer from Prairie View State College as an assistant supervisor to aid in the supervision of the Negro vocational home making teachers in their work in the public high schools of the State. Emphasis in this work is placed on two things: ( 1) Providing acceptable teaching situations so that good standards of home making may be exemplified in the classroom. (2) Seeing to it that the instruction is practical and applied to the improvement of home conditions of Negro families.

The teacher-trainer supervisor for this work is Miss Elizabeth C. May of Prairie . View State College.

Trade and Industrial Education Supervision

The Trade and Industrial Education Division of the State Department of Education, in addition to the regular staff of Teacher-Trainers and Supervisors, uses the Teacher-Trainer from Prairie View State College as an Assistant Supervisor to aid in the organization, development and supervision of the Trade and Industrial classes for Negro boys and girls and men and women.

The Teacher-Trainer from Prairie View also conducts the teacher­training classes necessary to improve Negro Trade and Industrial teachers in service. The Teacher-Trainer and Supervisor from Prairie View College is W. P. Terrell.

Conferences

Each year the State Department of Education sponsors and cooperates in the following conferences for Negro Schools of the State:

1. Conference of Vocational Agriculture Teachers. . 2. Conference of Homemaking Teachers.

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3. State and District Conferences for Jeanes Supervisors. 4. District Conferences for Negro Elementary, Junior High and High

School Principals. 5. State Conference on Negro Education. 6. Librarians Conference for Elementary, Junior High, High School,

Public and College Librarians. 7. Conference of Trades and Industries Teachers. 8. Teacher-Training Conference. 9. College Administrative Conference.

All of the conferences are designed to stimulate and improve the various levels of work in public schools and colleges. Wholesome cooperation is evident in all of these Conferences.

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CHAPTER V.

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION This chapter is included especially for the purpose of setting forth the

basis of employment, requirements for the training of teachers for Voca­tional Education, the Counties and Schools carrying Vocational Education and the directory of schools and teachers of Vocational Education in Agriculture, Homemaking and Trades and Industries.

Vocational Agriculture Establishing Departments of Vocational Agriculture

1. Basis Upon Which A Teacher May Be Employed: A teacher may be employed on either a 100 per cent, 85 per cent, 75 per cent, or 30 per cent basis. (a) A teacher on 100 per cent basis is to devote his entire time to

the developing of an agricultural program in the school and community including two to three 90 minute period classes devoted to ali-day vocational agriculture, and two agricultural evening schools for adults. He should reach 36 all-day school pupils and 60 adults.

(b) A teacher on 85 per cent basis will devote 85 per cent of the ali-day school to the development of an agricultural program in the school and community including not less than two 90-minute classes in vocational agriculture reaching 36 pupils and two agricultural evening schools reaching 60 adults. This basis has been used only, in a few cases, in small schools where the vocational agriculture teacher acts as superintendent.

(c) A teacher on 75 per cent basis should devote 75 per cent of the all-day school day to the development of an agricultural pro­gram in the school and community, including not less than two 90-minute periods and two agricultural evening schools. He should reach 25 ali-day pupils and 60 adults. On this basi<> the instructor usually teaches two periods of non-vocational agricultural subjects.

(d) A teacher on 50 per cent basis will devote 50 per cent of the ali-day school day to the development of an agricultural pro­gram in the school and community including one or more 90-minute periods to teaching all-day vocational agricultural classes, reaching 15 pupils and two agricultural evening schoois reaching 60 adults.

2. Qualifications of Vocational Agriculture Teachers: A teacher of vocational agriculture must have completed a four-year course of college grade in agriculture. He must be at least 21 years of age, must have had at least two years of practical farm experience, and must be familiar and in sympathy with the problems of farm life.

Six weeks on alternate summers, or three weeks each summer, may, with the approval of the local board, be allowed teachers of vocational agriculture for professional improvement, provided such training is secured at institutions approved by the Federal Board for Vocational Education for teacher-training in vocational agri­culture. Teachers' plans for professional improvement should be approved in advance by the State Supervisor.

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DIRECTORY

Colored Departments of Vocational Agriculture 1936-1937

NAME OF SCHOOL NAME OF TEACHER

Apple Springs (Pine Island) Athens Atlanta (Shiloh) Avinger Bartlett Bastrop Belton Bleakwood (Biloxia) Burkeville (Enterprise) Caldwell Caldwell (Silver Valley) Calvert Calvert (Branchville) Cameron Carthage (Holland) Chapel Hill Chester Coleman Conroe (Booker T. Wash.) Coolidge (Echols) Crockett Crockett (Friendship) Crockett ( Gudeblye) Crockett (Mt. Zion) Crockett (Porter Springs) Crockett (Post Oak) Cuero Dayton Dime Box (Fairview) Dime Box (Sulphur Spgs.) Elgin Ennis Fodice Garrison Garwood (Vox Populi) Gary (Woods) Gause (Smith Gr.) Giddings Giddings (Lee County) Gilmer (Upshur Co. Tr.) Gladewater Goliad Greenville Groveton Hammond Hawkins (Fouke) Hearne (Blackshear) Hempstead Henderson Henderson (Antioch) Henderson (Oak Hill) Hooks Jamestown (Union) Jasper Jefferson Jefferson (Macedonia) Kendleton (Powell Point) Kerens Kerens (Goodnight)

Massey, J. E. King, B. Y. Blount, M. C. Matthis, C. C. Cooper, S. E. Fair, E. L. Wright, T. W. Samue,l, L. R. Simmons, L. A. Douglass, Alfred Bauknite, L. D. Yancey, Colquit Johnson, D.P. Staten, Henry Coss, W. H. Duval, D. T. Canada, Dock Humphreys, General Humphrey, T. W. Collins, A. L. White, Demosthenes McCullough, M. B. Watson, Leonidas McAdams, J. C. Langrum, H. C. Johnson, T. H. Sampson, S. A. Turner, B. W. Allen, C. W. Donovan, I. A. Madison, J. C. Thomas, B. F. Anderson, 0. J. Brigman, R. L. Williams, J. H. Lilly, Dwight, Sadberry, Oliver Evans, M. W. Freeman, J. N. Downs, Thomas J. Thomas, Cline Adams, G. W. Vaughn, S. A. Hubbard, G. E. Batts, Fred D. Johnson, Thelmo Tomplin, Doris Luter, Buckner Dix, Eugene O'Neal, A. W. Baldwin, William Montgomery, J. L. Palmer, W. H. Shankle, H. F. M. Givins, Roger Sanders, Floyd Brown, Marshall V. Hardeway, M. Ross, S. J.

NAME OF SCHOOL

Kildare (Perfection) Kilgore (North Chapel) LaRue (Moore Station) Ledbetter (Antioch) Ledbetter (Post Oak) Lexington (Doak Springs) Linden (Fairview) Littig Longview (Gregg Co. Tr.) Longview (Rollin) Longview (Shiloh) Lott Luling Luling (Roosevelt) Madisonville Magnolia Spgs. (Walnut Hill) Malakoff Malakoff (St. Paul) Manor Marietta (Bethlehem) Marietta (Floyd 'Valley) Marshall (Morning Star) Marshall (Rosenwald) Mexia (Dunbar) Mexia (Kate Long) Mexia (Woodland) Midway (Madison Co. Tr.) Montgomery Mt. Pleasant Nacogdoches Naples (Morris Co. Tr.) New Boston (Corley) · Newton Oakwood (St. Paul-Shil.) Overton (Pirtle) Palestine (Flint Hill) Palestine (Tucker) Pittsburg (Center Pt.) Pittsburg- (Rocky Mound) Pittsburg (Union Chapel) Pledger Port Lavaca Queen City CRose!).wald) Quitman (Jones) Richards Rockdale Rosenberg Schulenburg Schulenburg (Eilers) Seguin (Sweet Home) Silsbee Smithville Somerville Somerville (Henley Hill) Texarkans (Macedonia) Timpson (Byfield) Troup (Liberty) Tyler, (Douglass) Tyler (Jackson Tr.) Tyler (Redland) Tyler (Stanton) Washington (Goodwill)

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NAME OF TEACHER

Harrison, W. H. Dansby, Dewey C. Fields, H. D. Graves, Manuel Tomplins, W. H. Sadberry, C. L. Kissam, William L. Terry, Grady P. Cobb, Clyde A. Pearson, R. M. Walker, C. L. Davis, A. B. Harrison, R. A. Spencer, Isaac Davidson, Oscar Lee, E. R. Jones, A. H. Smothers, J. W. Adams, W . . J. Yates, J. J. Washington, C. A. Johnson, C. W. Reagan, John H. Parrish, S. 0. Jones, Gus Washington, E. J. Byrd, N. P. Lawson, M. W. Jones, H. R. Echols, S. N. Gray, P. Y. Flowers, W. A. Simmons, C. W. Collins, E. E.

Rutledge, Paul Singletary, W. Cash, L. B. Collins, Harold Gray, W. D. Williams, I. Smith, T. S. Dorsey, Martin L. Sanders, A. D. Archie, N. L. Powell, G. L. Thomas, Chas. Collins, W. M. Stevens, P. S. Arnold, R. V. Johns, Clarence Thomas, M. M. Smith, Ernest Jingles, Frank Johnson, B. L. Tatum, A. W. Crouch, H. S. Davis, N. L.

Pierce, S. V. Kennedy, N. K. Taylor, B. J. H. Jr.

NAME OF SCHOOL

Wharton Wiergate Willis Woodville

·wortham (Freestone Co. Tr.) Yoakum Zavalla (Vernon Co. Line) Prairie View (P. V. C.) Prairie View (P. V. C.) Prairie View (P. V. C.)

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NAME OF TEACHER

Atkinson, R. A. Brailsford, A. Jingles, C. L. Marks, J. B. Palmer, S. E. Harrington, R. L. Phillips, S. M. Banks, C. H. Potts, L. A. Reid, Orleanis, Junior

VOCATIONAL HOMEMAKING EDUCATION

Standards of Homemaking Departments in High Schools

1. Qualifications of homemakin~ teachers:

The teacher must have a degree from an approved institution, hold­ing the following certificates: Certificate of Approval issued by the State Director of Homemaking Education, and the Legal Permanent SpeCial Certificate issued by the State Board of Examiners.

2. It is highly desirable for the teacher to devote all of her time to developing a homemaking program which meets the needs of the students in school and the homemakers in the community. Work should be provided for the high school students, separate classes for adults, over-age girls, out-of-school youths, and boys.

.3. Ten students to a class should be the minimum. In order to maintain a vocational program, two homemaking classes should be organized for students 14 years of age and over.

4. Schools having homemaking programs are encouraged to develop twelve months' programs with the teachers employed ten calendar months. The teacher guides the students in selecting summer experiences that will supplement the homemaking experiences of the nine months' term as a means of attaining objectives not possible for each student tJ attain during the busy year.

.5. The homemaking department should be planned and equipped to create a working situation similar to that found in the home. It is advisable for the large schools to have a clothing room, foods room, and a combination living-dining room. It is desirable to include a lav­atory. For smaller schools an all-purpose laboratory with a com­bination living-dining room have been found very satisfactory. All doors and windows must be screened. The following dimensions have been found satisfactory for the rooms:

For 16 students: foods room, 22' x 34'; clothing room, 22' x 34'; combination living and dining room, 15' x 22'. For 24 students: foods room, 22' x 38'; clothing room, 22' x 38'; combination living and dining room, 15' x 22'. For an all-purpose laboratory the size should be 22' x 36' for 16 students; 22' x 38' for 24 students.

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Storage space:

Adequate storage cabinets must be provided for the following purposes: a. Storage of foods and general equipment. . b. Hanging brooms, mops, brushes, and caring for other cleaning

supplies. c. Hanging space for aprons and garments. d. Storage for teaching aids and illustrative material.

Desk equipment and library: Library and equipment lists may be obtained from the State De­partment of Homemaking Education, P. 0. Drayver F, Capitol Station, Austin, Texas.

6. Homemaking Supervisors: District 1. Esther Sorensen, Tech Station, Lubbock. District 2. Nell E. Dearmont, 409 East Weatherford, Fort Worth. District 3. Lenora Walters, •Taylor School, Houston. District 4. Gladys Short, 4th Floor, Bexar County Courthouse, San

Antonio. District 5. Josephine Pazdrai, P. 0. Drawer F., Capitol Station,

Austin.

DIRECTORY Colored Homemaking Departments With Vocational Programs, 1936-37

NAME OF SCHOOL Athens Belton Brenham Bryan Burkeville (Enterprise) Calvert Cameron Carthage (Holland) Chapel Hill (Sauney Chapel) Columbus Conroe Corpus Christi Cuero Dekalb (Garland) Denton Ennis Georgeton Goliad Hammond Hempstead Henderson Hillsboro Hooks Hubbard Huntsville Jacksonville Jasper Jefferson Kerens Liberty Longview Longview (Rollin)

NAME OF TEACHER Mrs. Ruby Williams Witherspoon Margaret Marie Regis Lois Brown Imogene Sharpe Mrs. G. K. Tapscott Mrs. Susie L. Singleton Hattie M. Whiting Helen V. Greene Mrs. M. M. Duval Carrie Jenkins Mrs. Ruby Humphrey Mrs. Ethel S. Smith Mrs. C. L. Gathings Lorene M. Gibson Mrs. Eva Hodge Mrs. M. Walden Wilson Mrs. S. C. Marshall Helen Nathaniel Mrs. Thelma Johnson Mrs. A. B. Alton Viola McDonald Consuela Scott Gwendolyn Taylor Hattie Lee Hodge Valerie E . Ross Mrs. Beatrice F. Ford Jessie Pulliam Mrs. Elease Knight Juanita McBroom Mrs. Allie Charles Mrs. Rowena E. Brown Mrs. Lillie H. Pearson

NAME OF SCHOOL

Lubbock Luling Luling (Roosevelt) McKinney Marshall

Nacogdoches Naples Navasota Neches (Flint Hill) Orange . Pittsburg (Center Point) Point (Richland) Richards Rockdale Rosenberg San Antonio (Edison) San Marcos Schulenburg Seguin Seguin (Sweet Home) Sherman Smithville Sour Lake Taylor Teague Terrell Tyler

Tyler (Chandler) Victoria Waxahachie West Columbia Wharton Wiergate (Burkeville) Winnsboro Woodville Wortham Yoakum

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NAME OF TEACHER

Theresa Pratt Imogene Blakely Lanetta I. Bailey Lovie M. Murphy Lollaretta Pemberton Emily Harris Helen E. Kennedy Mrs. P. Y. Gray Mrs. Lucynthia Jones Mrs. J ohnie Cephas Rutledge Katie Sparrow Alice Muckelroy Delphine Marshall Erma Walker Annie L. Barrett Beulah J. Harris Mrs. Lucy Manning Mrs. Eva M. Mosby Mrs. Clera Mason Collins Mrs. Estella P. Burns Mrs. A. C. Lewis Alice Chatman M. E. Williams Mrs. Carrie Wyatte Mildred Boykins Mrs. Mattie C. Brooks Mrs. Alice M. Clark Myrtle Bledsoe Louisa Mae Taylor Mrs. C. V. Smilie Emma Price Mrs. 0. M. Goldthwaite Mrs. Lillie Belle Banks Mrs. Cleo Myers Jones Genevieve Coleman Fannie M. Wright Mrs. Berniece Marks Alice Lee David Sarah Ann Bailey

Vocational Education in Trades and Industries

A. HOUSEHOLD EMPLOYMENT TRAINING-is the most extensive rrade and Industry Program for Negroes. Negro women in every section of the State are enrolled in this type of class.

B. TRADE PREPARATORY CLASSES IN DAY TRADE SCHOOLS-­is to fit young people for useful employment in specific trades. In­struction is given by demonstration and actual practice.

C. TRADE EXTENSION TRAINING-is for adults employed in skilled trades.

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DIRECTORY

Colored Trade and Industrial Teachers--1935-1936

NAME OF TEACHER

Cashaw, Alyce E. Fisher, K. M. Johnson, E. A. Joyce, B. L. Powell, Myrtle Mitchell, Lela White, Bessie C. Singleton, Susie Hereford, G. D. Smith, Mrs. E. S. Sheley, Vivana Webster, Reba Jenkins, Mrs. V. F. Anderson, R. 0. Bazy, Samuel Bryant, Lucille Coleman, Mrs. E. C. Glover, Mattie Jefferson, Ophelia Johnson, Mrs. L. M. Love, Mrs. C. Olga McAlister, M. I. Powell, Mattie Ransom, Mrs. W. E. Scott, Mrs. W. E. Seay, P. E. Shackels, Mrs. E. Smith, Mrs. Lucille Smith, U. S. Trezevant, Mrs. E. Roberts, Thelma Sublette, Nannie C. Marshall, Mrs. S. C. Dement, Amalia Branch, Ernestine P. Dixon, Hrs. M. A. Jones, Mrs. R. B. Brown, Robert C. Dillon, Nellie Johnson, Jessie Knighton, Minnie Mitchell, Mable Nelson, Roberta Smith, Mellownee Wilson, Dellie DeShay, Mattie Gee, Blanche C. Johnson, Scotte E. Ford, Beatrice F. Hays, Mary L. DaCamera, Mrs. M. S. Johnson, Minnie B. Davis, Booker T. Derry, Josie Brown, J. C. Tatum, Geneva 0. Hall, Mrs. 'L. B. Brewer, C. L.

NAME OF SCHOOL

Anderson Colored High Austin Colored High Austin Colored High Austin Colored High Beaumont Bellville Brenham Calvert Cleburne . Corpus Christi Corsicana Dallas Elgin Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth Fort Worth FranRlin Galveston Georgetown Gladewater Hearne Hempstead Hillsboro Houston Houston Houston Houston Houston Houston Houston Houston Hubbard Huntsville Huntsville Jacksonville LaGrange Laredo

~ufkin P alestine P alestine Pittsburg Plano Richards San Antonio (P. W.)

NAME OF TEACHER

Kelly, Allene Scott, Samuel Simmons, 0. W. Washington, R. J. Johnston, Mrs. A. M. Williams, M. E. Mayfield, C. M. Anders, Simon Allen, 0. W. Coger, E. L. Patton, Nancy Taylor, Anna G. Jeffrey, Mrs. 0. M. Nelson, Mrs. M. T. Jingles, Susie L. Moore, Eula M.

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NAME OF SCHOOL

P. Wheatley, San Antonio San Antonio San Antonio Shiro Smithville Sugar land Teague Victoria Waco Waco Waco Wichita Falls Wichita Falls Willis Wortham

Teacher Training Institutions

'Prairie View College-W. P. Terrell, Division of Mechanic Arts

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CHAPTER VI.

SCHOLASTICS, APPROPRIATIONS, TEACHERS AND PRINCIPALS, INSTRUCTIONAL COSTS AND

AVERAGE SCHOLASTIC COST FOR INSTRUCTION

These data which follow in tabular form later, are taken from the school census and from the annual reports of the County and Independent District School Superintendents. They cover one hundred counties in which nearly all of the Negro Scholastics of the State are enumerated. They include such items as the number of scholastics, the amount of State appropriations at nineteen dollars per capita, the number of teachers and principals em­ployed, the total amount of money expended for the salaries of teachers and principals and the average annual salary for the session 1935-1936.

Also the average per scholastic expenditure for teachers' and principal~' salaries for the session 1933-1934 when the State appropriation was $16 and for the session 1935-1936 when that State appropriation was $19, are given. The money listed under appropriations in the column below does not include any of the special or additional money provided by the State as an equalization fund, for teachers' salaries and transportation, or from the State and Federal funds for Vocational education in Agriculture, Home­makin-g and Trades and Industries. Nor does it include any of the income from local tax. But the expenditures for salaries of teachers and prin­cipals and average per capita cost of instruction do include all the money reported by the Superintendents as having been expended on their Negro Schools in payment of the cost of the salaries of the teachers and principals.

Such independent districts as are reported in the census with less than ten scholastics are not listed by name in this bulletin, but their scholastics and appropriations are included in the County totals.

It should be understood these data do not include the cost of such main­tenance items as fuel, light, water, crayon, brooms, janitor hire, payment on bonded indebtedness, and transportation. There is no way of gleaning the expenditure of the items just enumerated as the reports of the Super­intendents do not list separately such expenditures for their Negro and White schools.

County and Independent Districts

Anderson Common Schools .. .. .. ... Bethel. .... . . . . . . . . Elkhart .. .... Frankston .. ...... .. ... Palestine. .... . .... Cayuga ...... ... . . Montalba .. .... . . Neches . . .

Total or Average ...

Angelina Common Schools ········ Huntington .... ...... Lufkin ...

Total or Average ...

Austin Common Schools ······ ·· Bellville . . ..... .. Sealy .. Wallis ..

Total or Average ..

Bastrop Common Schools . . ..... Bastrop. Elgin ... Paige ....... ........ . , .. Smithville ..

Total or Average ...

Bell Common Schools .... Academy ... ........... .. Bartlett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belton ... .. .... .... Holland .. ..... .... Oenaville ......... . .. Rogers ... . . . . . . . . . . . . Temple. .... .. ... Troy ..

Total or Average ..

Bexar Common Schools .... ... . Alamo Heights ....... Los Angeles Heights. San Antonio . ....... . South San Antonio .. . .

Total or Average ..

Bowie Common Schools . . .. Buchanan . DeKalb. .... Hooks ... ... .... Maud ... ....... .... Nash ...... ..... .. .. New Boston. . . . . . . . . . . . . Red Water ... ·· ······ Texarkana .... ........

Total or Average ..

Number of Negro

Scholastics

1, 750 233 219 236

1 ,001 16

197 397

4,049

358 48

653

1,059

1,141 95

118 145

----1,499

' I ,548

253 169 39

430

2,439

323 27

188 183 49 18 73

740 42

I ,643

165 35 95

3,354 63

3, 712

2,266 67

107 329 120 200 135 138

1,400

4, 762

-47-

Salaries of Teachers Instructional Cost State and Principals Per Scholastic

Appropria- Teachers tions at Employed

$19.00 each Total Average 1933-34 1934-35 -----

s 33 '250 53 $ 26,710 $ 503.96 $10.64 $15.26 4,427 5 2,816 563.20 10.00 12.09 4,161 2 770 385.00 6.85 3.52 4,484 4 1,800 450.00 7.44 7.63

19 ,019 19 13,740 723.16 10.43 13 .73 304 .. . .. · i;s2o ····· · 924 3, 743 5 364.00

7,543 10 4,480 448.00 11.28 ------

$ 76,931 98 $ 52,136 $ 532.00 $10.21 $12.88

s 6,802 9 $ 3,955 $ 439 .44 $10.22 $11.05 912 1 520 520.00 10 .40 10 .83

12,407 9 4, 702 522.44 6.95 7 .20 ------

$ 20, 121 19 $ 9,177 $ 483.00 $ 8.44 $ 8.67

s 21' 679 23 $ 9,092 $ 395.30 $ 8.57 s 7.97 1,805 2 990 495.00 7.85 10.42 2,242 3 1,480 493.33 13.58 12.54 2, 755 4 1,637 409.25 7. 70 11.29

------$ 28 ' 481 32 $ 13,199 s 412.47 $11.75 $ 8.81

$ 29,412 41 s 18,750 s 457.32 $10.18 $12.11 4 ;807 7 4 ,680 668.57 16.83 18 .50 3,211 5 2,880 576.00 15.16 17 .04

741 1 312 312.00 16.15 8.00 8,170 8 4, 740 592.50 11.51 11.02

------s 46,341 62 s 31,362 s 505.84 $11.48 $12.86

$ 6,137 6 $ 2,380 $ 396.67 $ 6.89 $ 7 .65 513

Uoo . 525 00 8i2 . iii7 ' 3,572 4 3,477 7 4,530 647 14 18.11 24.75

931 2 660 330.00 13.69 13.47 342

6oo :ioo oo 722 . 822' 1,387 2 14,060 13 8,575 660 38 9.64 11.60

798 1 360 360.00 6.12 8.57 - ------------

s 31,217 35 $ 19 ,215 $ 549.00 $ 9.59 $11 .70

$ 3 , 135 5 s 2,325 $ 465.00 $11.73 $14 .35 665 ' " 4 . :i;256 8i4 00 .. 27:i6 . 3427' 1, 805

63,726 107 159' 864 1 '494. 56 29.74 47.66 1,197 3 1 ,575 525.00 16.22 25.00

------s 70,528 119 $ 167' 020 $1 '403. 53 S28 .45 $44.99

$ 43,054 56 $ 37' 240 $ 665.00 $12.09 $16.43 1 ,273 2 930 465.00 8.89 13 .88 2,033 2 1,125 562.50 19.57 10 .51 6,251 10 4,875 487.50 15.29 14 .82 2,280 1 441 441.00 4.59 3.68 3,800 3 2,200 733.33 8.04 11 .00 2,565 1 595 595.00 4.57 4.41 2,622 4 1,440 360.00 10.47 10.43

26,600 28 16 , 138 576.36 9.54 11 .53 ------

s 90,478 107 $ 64,984 $ 607.33 $11.26 $13.65

County and Independent Districts

Brazoria Common Schools .. .. . . . 0 0 Angleton . . .. . .. . . . ..... . Brazoria . .. .. . . . . ... ... . . Freeport .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . Sweeney ..... . . . ..... .. o Velasco ........ . . . ..... . West Columbia . . . . .... .

Total or Average .. .

Brazos Common Schools . .... . A. & M. Consolidated. Bryan ........... .. ... .

Total or Average .. .

Burleson Common Schools . . . .. o o . Caldwell . .. . .. . . . . . Lyons . .. .. . . .. . . . . . .. .. . Somerville . .. .. . . . . . . ... .

Total or Average . ..

Caldwell Common Schools ...... . 0 . Fentress . . ... . . . . . . ... . Lockhart ....... . . . . . . .. . I.uling . . ....... .. ... . .. 0 Martindale . . . . . .. . . ... .. Maxwell . . . . .. . .. . ... ... . Prairie Lea .. .. .. . ... . .. .

Total or Average .. .

Camp Common Schools . . ... . .. . Leesburg . . . . Jo . . . .... .. 0 Pittsburg . . . . .. . . . ... ... .

Total or Average .. .

Cass Common Schools . . . . .. . . 0 Atlanta . .. . . .. . . . . ... . .. Avinger ... . . . . ... . .... .. Hughes Springs . . 0 . . . . .. . Linden ... . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . Queen City . . . . . . .. . . .. . .

Total or Average . . .

Chambers Common Schools .. . .. . . 0 . Anahuac ... . .. . .. .. . .. . . Barbers Hill . .. . . .... .. . .

Total or Average .. .

Cherokee Common Schools ...... . 0 . Alto .. ... . ..... .. . .. . .. . Blackjack :. 0 ... . .. . . .. .. Galatin . . ..... . . .. : .. . .. Jacksonville .... . . . . .. .. . Mount Selman ... . . .. . . 0 0 Rusk ....... . .... .. .. . .. Summerfield . . . . . . . . . . . • Wells . .. ........ . .. : .. :.

Total or Average . . .

Number of Negro

Scholastics

-48-

State Appropria- Teachers

tions at Employed $19.00 each

Salaries of Teachers and Principals

Total Average

Instructional Cost Per Scholastic

1933-34 1934-35 ----1-----~---1----1---- ------

790 $ 15,010 24 $ 12,490 s 520 .42 154 2,926 5 2 ,840 568. 00 153 2 ,907 5 2,068 413.60 132 2,508 1 3 1, 800 600 .00 155 2,945 5 1,763 352.60 42 798 1 480 480 . 00

223 40237 7 4 ,500 642 .86

$13.39 16 .60 14 .43 16 .82 12 .36 7 .82

14 .68

$16.16 18 .44 13. 52 13 .64 11 .37 11.43 20 . 18

--~-. 6-4-9 -I--, -3-1~. 3-3-:-1 · l---5:::0- -,--25-, -94_1_1_$_5_1_8 .-82- - ,-13-.-85- - ,-15 ___ 73_

1,692 s 32 ,148 39 $ 16,167 $ 414 .54 193 3,667 5 2 ,242 448. 40 861 16 ,359 17 11 ,080 651.76

$ 9 .24 10 .38 13. 49

s 9. 55 11 .62 12. 87

----:2-. 7-4-6-l--, - 5-2-,1-7-:-4 -l---6::-:1-l--,-2-9-, 4-8-9 -l-,- 4-8-3 .-4-3 -,-1o-.-so- - ,-lo-.-74-

1,613 $ 30,647 50 s 25,099 212 4,028 6 3,720 85 1,615 4 1,680

189 3,591 4 2,187

s 501.98 620 .00 420.00 546 .75

$15.34 9 . 18

19 .77 12 .64

$15.56 17 .55 19.76 11.57

-----1-----1----1·-----:----------2,099 $ 39 ,881 64 $ 320686 s 510.72 $14 .63 $15 .57

613 71

203 299

25 11 53

11,647 1,349 3 ,857 5,681

475 209

1,007

18 $ 5, 805 s 322 .50 2 640 320 .00 6 2,585 430 .83 9 4,120 457 .78 1 358 358. 00 I 460 460 .00 2 800 400 .00

s 8. 74 10 .19 8 .75

10 .67 12 .75 30 .00

6 .91 - --- - ----·1-- - - ·1-----

1,275 24,225 39 $ 14,768 $ 378.67

974 78

321

( 1,373

2,872 215 112 104 206

61

3,570

18,506 1,482 6, 099

26, 087

54,568 4 ,085 2, 128 1,976 3, 914 1,159

67 0830

35 2 5

42

99 5 4 3 4 2

117

22,877 960

3,060

26,897

63 ,812 2,360 1,593 1,400 20000

945

72,110

198 s 3 , 762 *6 $ 2,400 67 1, 273 3 10063

106 2,014 2 840

$ 653 .63 480 .00 612 .00

s 640.40

s 644.57 472 .00 398.25 466.67 500 .00 472 .50

$~61 6. 32

s 400 .00 354 .33 420 .00

s 9 .40

$21.96 10 .94 6.46

$16 .60

$17 . 14 7 .27 5 .66

10 .29 8 .67 9.21

$15 .18

$10 .00 11 .29 6 .05

---3-71-~-,--7-,0-4-9 --1::-:1-l·-,--4-,3-03::- -,-3-9_1._1_8 - ,-IJB-.-97-

1,831 220

68 63

549 109 158 162 59

34,789 4,180 1,292 1, 197

10,431 2,071 3 ,002 3,078 1,121

64 4 2 2

12 3 3 2 02

31,991 1,230 1,020

870 8o145 1,380 1, 800

930 1,000

$ 499.86 307 .50 510 .00 435 .00 678. 75 460 .00 600 .00 465 .00 500 .00

$14 .01 6. 03

13. 71 15 .00 14 .47 15. 00 5 .94

12 .46

s 9.47 9 .01

12 .73 13. 78 14 .32 41 .82 15.09

$11.58

$23.49 12.31 9.53

....,.--­$19.59

$22.22 10 .98 14 .22 13 .46 9. 71

15 .49

$20 .20

$12.90 15 .87 7 .92

$11 .60

$17 .47 5.59

15 .00 13 .81 14 .84 12 .66 11 .39 5.74

16 .95

3 ,219 s 610 161 94 ' 48,366 s 514 .53 $12 .74 $15 .03

*1936-37 Data not available-used 1936-36 Data.

Number of County and Negro

I ndependent Districts Scholastics

Collin Common Schools .. . . ··· ·· 281 Allen . . . .. . .. ...... ... . . 42 Celina .. . . .... . . ..... .. . 107 Farmersvi lle . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Frisco ... ....... ........ 56 J osephine .... ........ ... 16 McKinney ............ 237 Meli&,a .. .. .. ..... .. .. 18 Nevada .. .. ···· ·· ···· ··· 61 Plano. . . . . . . ' . . . . . 231 Prosper . ... .... 12

Total or Average. 1 ,147

Colorado Common Schools .. .. ... . 682 Columbus .. .. .. . ... · ·· · · 531 Eagle Lake . ... .... ... . . 278 Garwood. .. .... .. .... 88 Glidden. ...... . .. . .... . 65 Weimar. · · · ···· ···· .. . .. . 165

-----Total or Average .. 1 ,809

Dallas Common Schools .. ... .... 527 Addison ... . ..... ... 82 Carrolton .. . .... 45 Dallas . . ... ....... . .. . 100089 Garland ...... . . .... .... . 113 Grand Prairie . . . ....... .. 40 Highland Park. . . . . . . . . . . 43 Irving .. . ... 35 Lancaster ... ... ...... .. . 75 Mesquite ..... .. ······ 86 Richardson . .. ······· ···· 66 Rowlett .. . . ... .... . . . . . . 36 Seagoville ....... . . . . . . . . 174 Wilmer-Hutchins .. . .. ... 250

Total or Average. 11 , 661

Delta Common Schools .. .... 53 Ben Franklin .. ... ···· · · 19 Cooper .... ······· ... ,, 138 Klondike .. . . . . . . . .. ..... 20 Pecan Gap ..... .... 36

Total or Average. 266

Denton Common Schools .. ... .... 145 Denton .... . . . . ····· .... 194 Lewisville . . ........... .. 39 Pilot Point ........... . .. 106 Sanger .................. 50

Total or Average . . . 534

DeWitt Common Schools .. ··· · ··· 566 Cuero ........ .. ······· .. 331 Nordheim .... .. . . . . . . . . 29 Yoakum ... . .. ······· ... 352 Yorktown .... .. .. . . .... 64

Total or Average. .. 1 ,342

-49-

Salaries of Teachers Instruct ional Cost State and Principals Per Scholast ic

Appropria- Teachers tions at Employed

$19.00 each Total Average 1933-34 1934-35 --- - - -

$ 5 ,339 4 $ 1, 850 $ 462.50 $ 6. 63 $ 6 . 78 798 1 600 600.00 12.00 14 .29

2, 033 3 1,050 350.00 9 .64 9. 81 10 634 2 1,160 580.00 17 .56 13 .49 1,064 1 525 525.00 6 .92 9.38

304 ..... ····· ... · .. 4: oso . 582:86 · i6 :oo i 722 " 4, 503 7 342 1 300 300 .00 22,14 16. 67

I , 159 1 300 300 .00 3.40 4.92 4 ,389 4 1,69,6 424 .00 7.46 7.34

228 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ----~-----

$ 21,793 24 $ 11,561 s 481. 71 s 9 .54 $10 .08

$ 12,958 18 $ 7,601 $ 422.28 $ 9.86 $1 1.15 10 ,089 10 5,080 508. 00 10 . 10 9.57 5,282 6 3,547 591.17 9.80 12. 76 1,672 3 1o800 600.00 21. 30 20.44 1,235 2 1,125 562 .50 12 .06 17 .31 3 ,135 4 1 , 755 438 .75 9. 11 10 .64 --- - ------

$ 34 ,371 43 s 20,908 s 486 .23 $10.08 $11 .56

i 10,013 12 $ 6, 700 s 558.33 s 8.38 $13. 01 10558 2 900 . 450.00 7 . 77 10 .98

855 I 540 540. 00 12.14 12.00 191,691 215 215,079 1000 .37 15. 42 21. 32

2, 147 3 1,480 493.33 10 .52 13.10 760 1 560 560 .00 10 .00 14.00 817 .. .... ..... .. 495. · 495:oo·

.. . · · · · · ··· 665 1 7 .14 14. 14 10425 2 1,000 500. 00 9. 01 13.33 1,634 2 700 350 .00 5. 12 8.14 1,254 . .. ... .. .... ...

·56o· "56o oo ..

684 1 ·9 :o4· 15.56 3 ,306 2 560 280 .00 3.36 3.22 4 , 750 6 1 , 715 285 .83 3 . 76 6.86

------$ 2210 559 248 $ 230,289 s 928. 58 $ 14.48 $19 .75

$ 1,007 1 $ 420 $ 420 .00 $ 7.09 $ 8.57 361 I 360 360 .00 .22. 10 18.95

2,622 3 1,520 506.67 8. 17 11. 01 380 1 330 330. 00 22. 40 16.50 684 1 560 560. 00 . . . . 15.56

------s 50054 7 $ 3 ,190 $ 455. 71 $ 8.84 $11 ' 99

$ 20 755 3 s 1, 157 $ 385.67 $ 6.47 $ 8.97 3o686 5 3,688 737.60 17 .34 19. 01

741 1 350 350.00 9.37 8.99 20 014 2 770 385 .00 4.66 7 .26

950 1 390 390 .00 8.82 7 .80 --- ---

$ 10, 146 12 $ 6, 355 $ 529.58 ... $11 .90

$ 100 754 17 $ 7, 380 $ 434 . 12 $10 .57 $13 .04 6,289 11 6 ,614 601.27 16 .73 19.98

551 1 300 300 .00 13 .33 10 .34 6,688 9 6 ,080 675 .56 16. 00 17.27 1, 216 2 840 420.00 6 .40 13 .13

------$ 25 ,498 40 $ 21, 214 $ 530 .35 $13. 46 $15. 81

-50- -51-

Salaries of Teachers Instructional Cost Number of State and Principals Per Scholastic

County and Negro Appropria- Teachers Independent Districts Scholastics tions at Employed

$19.00 each Total Average 1933-34 1934-35 ------

Salaries of Teachers Instructional Cost Number of State and Principals Per Scholastic

County and Negro Appropria- Teachers Independent Districts Scholastics tions at Employed

$19.00 each Total Average 1933-34 1934-35 ------

Ellis Common Schools .. ....... 1,034 $ 19,646 22 $ 6,n7 s 314.86 $ 4.59 $ 6. 70 Alma ..... . ....... .... .. 34 646 1 390 390.00 7.20 11.47 Avalon ...... ..... . ·· ··· · 58 1,102 1 285 285.00 3 .00 4. 91 Bardwell ... ······ ··· ···· 63 1,197 1 315 315 .00 5.25 5.00 Ennis .... . .. ··· ········· 585 11,115 10 5,596 559 .60 7. 75 9.57 Ferris .... . . . . 195 3,705 4 1,330 332.50 3.98 6.82 Forreston . . ... . .......... 58 1,102 2 930 465.00 7.56 16 .03 Carrett . ............. .. 29 551 I 270 270.00 6.06 9.31 Italy ............ .. .. . ... 120 2,280 2 1,080 540.00 8.76 9.00 Maypearl ...... : . ........ 42 798 I 387 387.00 5.11 9.21

Freestone 1,783 $ 33,877 28,630 Common Schools ..... . ... 58 $ s 493.62 $13.31 $16.06

Donie ....... . . .... . .... . 70 1,330 2 910 445.00 14.12 13.00 Fairfield ..... . ........ .. . 214 4,066 6 2,642 440.33 13 .30 12.35 Kirven . . .......... .... .. 129 2,451 3 1,645 548.33 7. 97 12.75 Streetman ... .. .......... 146 2, 774 4 1,330 332.50 8.83 9.11 Teague ........... ....... 220 4,1 80 7 3,870 552.86 13 .83 17.59 Wortham .. . ............ . 215 4,085 8 4, 896 612.00 15.89 22.77

--- - --Total or Average . . . 2,777 $ 52,763 88 $ 43.923 $ 499.13 $13.00 $15.82

Midlothian ... ....... .. . . 39 741 I 315 315 .00 7.32 8. 08 Milford ...... ·· ··· ······ 118 2,242 2 1,300 6!i0.00 8.32 11.02 Palmer ... ... ····· ···· 152 2,888 2 665 332.50 4. 78 4.38 Red Oak ............. .. . 32 608 I 300 300 00 5.89 9.38 Waxahachie ..... . . . . . ... 592 11,248 13 7,242 557.08 10.24 12 .23

------

Galveston Common Schools .. ....... 330 $ 6,270 9 $ 5,590 $ 621.11 $13.95 $16.94 Galveston . . .... . ...... . . 2,689 51,091 76 86,736 1,141.26 24. 84 32.26 League City ......... .. .. 27 513 I 495 495 .00 15 .00 18.33 Texas City ........ ...... 106 2,014 3 2 ,025 675.00 14 .08 19.10

Total or Average. 3,151 $ 59,869 64 $ 27,332 $ 427.06 $ 6.58 $ 8.67 ------Total or Average ... 3, 152 $ 59,888 89 $ 94,846 $1,065.69 $13.38 $30.09

El Paso Common Schools ....... . 36 $ 684 I $ 450 $ 450 .00 $ 7.00 $19.57 El Paso .... ·········· .. 384 7,296 12 10,053 837.75 22.76 26.18

Goliad · Common Schools .. . ... ... 147 $ 2,793 6 $ 1,800 s 300.00 $11.86 $12.24

Goliad . . . .. . .. .......... 148 2,812 6 3,525 587.50 14 .67 23 .82 ----- -----------Total or Average .. . 420 $ 7,980 13 s 10,503 $ 807.92 $21.15 $25.00

Total or Average ... 295 $ 5,605 12 $ 5,325 $ 443.75 $13.15 $18.05

-Falls

Common Schools . .. .... .. I, 728 $ 32,832 42 $ 15 ,260 $ 363.33 $ 8.47 $ 8.83 Chilton ... . .... .. .... ... 245 4,655 5 1,379 275.80 5.36 5 .63 Lott ........ . . .. ······· 142 2,698 3 1,163 387.67 6.07 8.19 Marlin ..... .. .. . ········ 1,009 19,171 20 11,468 573.40 9.17 11.37 McCollum. ······ ····· ·· 67 1,273 2 960 480.00 10.71 14.33 Mooreville. ........ ······ 63 1,197 2 390 195.00 4. 76 6 .19 Reagan .. ...... ... ··· ·· 339 6,441 5 1,620 324.00 3.96 4.78 Rosebud .. .. .. ·· ·· · .... . 212 4,028 4 1,880 470.00 6.09 8.87 Travis . ··· ·· ········ ... . 11 209 ... . .. .. ... ··-···· ..... . . ... ... ...

---Total or Average ... 3 ,816 $ 72,504 83 $ 34,120 s 411.08 $ 7. 76 $ 8.94

Fannin Common Schools ······· · 550 $ 10,450 17 s 5,329 $ 313.47 $ 8.87 $10 33 Bonham ......... .... .... 238 4,522 5 3,060 612.00 12.47 12.86 Dodd City .............. . 22 418 I 293 293.00 6.95 13.32 Honey Grove . . ·· ··· ····· 211 4 ,009 4 1,800 450.00 9.66 8.53 Ladonia .. . .. . . ······ ···· 96 1,824 3 1,085 361.67 10.87 11 .30 Leonard ... . . . . ······ ···· 21 399 I 350 350.00 11.68 16 .67 Savoy ......... . . . . . . . . . . 66 1,254 I 520 520.00 6.88 7.88 WiBdom ....... .... .... .. 29 551 I 600 600.00 9.57 20.69

---Total or Average ... 1, 233 $ 23,427 33 $ 13,037 $ 395. 06 $10.09 S10.57

Gonzales Common Schools ......••. 1,237 $ 23,503 13 $ 13,905 $1,069 .62 $ 9. 72 $11.24 Gonzales ... . .. ... .. .... . 433 8,227 9 4,140 460.00 8.78 9.56 Harwood .. . ... . ......... 113 2,147 2 910 455.00 6.87 8.05 Nixon .... . ... ... ...... . . 107 2,033 2 700 350.00 7 . 73 ·6.54 Waelder ..... . .......... . 167 3,173 6 2,250 375.00 9.47 13.47

------Total or Average ... 2,057 $ 39,083 32 $ 21,905 $ 684.53 s 9.28 $10.65

ray son Common Schools .... .. • .. 446 $ 8,474 9 s 5,165 s 573.89 $10.15 $11.69 Denison ..... ........ . ... 584 11,096 12 8,100 675.00 13.27 13.87 Golden Rule . ... ...... ... 18 342 I 360 360.00 14.40 20.00 Sherman . . ............ .. 450 8,550 12 8,883 740.25 18 .69 19.74 Van Alstyne . . . ... . ...... ' 74 1,406 2 990 495.00 10 .00 13.38 Whiteright . ....... . .... . 58 1,102 1 525 525.00 8.20 9.05

------Total or Average . .. 1,630 $ 30,970 37 $ 24,023 $ 649.27 $13.27 $14.74

regg Common Schools .. ....... 1, 878 s 35,682 59 $ 34,931 $ 592.01' $14.50 Sl8.60 Gladewater ... . ......... . 3&5 6,745 9 r,,755 750.56 12.44 19.03 Kilgore .. ............... 569 10,811 13 10,100 776.92 14.29 17.75 Longview ................ 1,381 26,239 22 14,010 636.82 25.97 10.14 ---------------------------

Total or Average ... 4,183 $ 79,477 103 s 65 ,796 $ 638.80 $12.33 $15.73

G

G

Fayette 29,545 47 $ 22,269 s 473.81 $17.46 $14.32 Common Schools . .. . . , •. 1,555 s

Flatonia ..... . . . . . ....... 113 2, 147 3 1,280 426.67 12.37 11.33 LaGrange .......... .. ... 244 4,636 6 4,119 686.50 14.68 16 .88 Schu.lenberg .... .. ...... 138 2,622 5 3,120 624.00 18.86 22.61

---Total or Average ... 2,050 $ 38,950 61 $ 30,788 $ 504.72 $12.54 $15.02

Fort Bend $14.59 Common Schools . .. ... .. . 1,958 s 37.202 50 $ 28,575 $ 571.50 $12.60

Beasley .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 437 I 420 420.00 10.67 18 .26 Needville ... .. .... . ··· · · 17 323 I 525 525.00 27.75 30.88

!"imes Common Schools .. .... . .. 1,453 $ 27,607 37 $ 14,115 s 381.49 $ 9.21 $ 9. 78 Anderson .... .......... .. 126 2 ,394 5 3,060 612.00 11.81 24 .29 lola ...... . ............. . 42 798 ····· ...... .....

":i7:i os ... .. .... Navasota ......... . . . . ... 471 8,949 13 4,~50 7.21 10 .30 Plantersville . ......... .. . 92 I , 748 2 1,040 520.00 7.88 11.30 Richards ................ 329 6,213 7 2,660 380.00 6.19 8. 13 Shiro . . ........ ....... 98 1, 862 3 910 303.33 6.81 9.29 Victory ........ ...... .... 85 1,615 2 700 350.00 7.50 8.24 --------- ------Total or Average .. 2,694 s 51,1S6 69 $ 27,335 $ 396.16 $ 8.26 $10.16

G

Richmond . . . . . . . . . ... . . 238 4,522 4 I, 760 440.00 3.90 7.39 Rosenberg ... . ... ........ 299 5,681 7 5,235 747 .86 11.75 17.51 Sugar Land ... .... .... .. . 220 4,180 5 3,520 704.00 10.32 16.00 Tavener .. . . . . . . . .. ····· · 50 950 I 400 400.00 8.18 8.00

---Total or Avorage. 2,805 s 53,295 6,9 $ 40,435 $ 586.01 $11.45 $14 .42

G uadalupe Common Schools .... .... 826 $ 15.694 33 $ 16,333 s 494.94 $15.59 $19.77 Seguin .............. ... . 370 7,030 10 6,300 630.00 17.45 17.03 Wolters-Nixon .......... . 136 2,584 4 2,000 500.00 .... .... 14.71

------Total or Average . .. 1,332 $ 25,308 47 s 24,633 $ 524 .11 $16.06 $18.49

-52-

-53-Salaries of Teachers Instructional Cost

Number of State and Principals Per Scholastic County and Negro Appropria- Teachers

Independent Districts Scholastics tions at Employed $19.00 each Total Average 1933-34 1934-35

------Hardin

Salaries of Teachers Instructional Cost Number of State and Principals Per Scholastic

County and Negro Appropria- Teachers Independent Districts Scholastics tions at Employed

$19.00 each Total Average 1933-34 1934-35 Common Schools ... ...... 61 $ I, 159 I s 520 $ 520.00 $19.25 s 9.81 Kountze .......... ....... 79 1,501 2 960 480.00 10.41 12.15 Silsbee ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 6,099 8 5,835 729.38 13.61 18.18 Sour Lake .... .... .... ... 134 2,546 4 2,420 605.00 15.03 18.06 Village Mills .. ........... 50 950 1 455 455.00 8.33 9.10

--------------Total or Average. 645 s 12,255 16 $ 10,190 s 636.88 $13.05 $15.80

--------------Houston

Common Schools. ..... . .. 3,100 $ 58,900 96 s 52,005 $ 541.72 Sl5.21 $16.78 Crockett ... . ..... 625 11, 875 10 5,850 585.00 6.96 9.36 Grapeland . ...... 87 1,653 3 840 280.00 9.00 9.66 Lovrlady .. ..... ... 270 5,130 8 3,255 406.88 9.28 12 .06 ---------- ------Total or Average .. 4,082 $ 77,558 117 $ 61,950 $ 529.49 Sl3 .21 $15.18

Harris Common Schools . ... 791 $ 15,029 19 s 9,245 s 486.58 $21. 82 $15.03 Alief .. ..... ·· ···· ... 76 1,444 2 770 385.00 6.03 10.13 Cedar Bayou. .... ···· ··· 63 I, 197 I 440 440.00 8.30 6.98 Crosby ....... ,,,, .... 250 4, 750 4 1,200 300.00 4. 78 4.80 Galena Park .. ... ....... 131 2,489 3 2,575 858.33 12.49 19.66 Goose Creek .... ......... 360 6,840 9 6, 708 745 .33 13.48 18 .63 Houston .. ... ..... .... 16,038 304,722 341 370,201 1,085.63 17 .95 23.08 Humble. .... .... ... 36 684 .....

4so oo 6.30 ..

Katy .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 1,406 I 480 7 .67 6.49 LaPorte .. ......... . ... 32 608 1 675 675.00 19 .6.3 21.09 Spring .. ........ ... ... 104 1,976 2 1, 125 562.50 16.79 10 .82

Hunt ....

Common Schools ··· · ··· 482 $ 9,158 12 s 7,594 $ 632.83 $13 .98 $15.76 Caddo Mills ..... . ... . . . . 11 209 1 275 275.00 17.40 25.00 Campbell ..... . .. .... .. . . 19 361 I 325 325.00 14.77 17.11 Celeste ...... . . . . ... .. ... 64 1,216 1 300 300 .00 2.94 4.69 Commerce .... ... . . .. . .. . 183 3,477 3 1,480 493.33 6. 18 8.09 Floyd .... ...... .. ·· ····· 32 608 I 402 402.00 10 .00 12 .56 Greenville ........ . ... . . . 697 13 ,243 12 5,489 457.42 7.74 7.88 Lone Oak . .. . ..... . .. .. . 84 1,596 2 870 435.00 9.00 10.36 Quinlan ....... ........ .. 23 437 1 294 294.00 9.60 12.78 Wolfe City .... ...... .. .. 97 1, 843 3 1,552 517.33 13.98 16.00 -------------------

Total or Average. .. 17,955 $ 341' 145 383 $ 393,419 $1,027.20 $17.75 $21.91 Total or Average ... 1,692 $ 32,148 37 $ 18,581 s 502.16 s 9 .51 $10.98

Harrison Common Schools. .... . . .. 6,554 $ 124 ,526 125 $ 46,650 $ 373.20 s 5.87 s 7.12 Marshall ... ..... . .. . . ~ . . 2,114 40,166 43 29,169 678 .35 12.83 13.80 Waskom .. ..... ... .. ... 766 14,554 13 4,715 362.69 4.83 6.16

------Total or Average. 9 ,434 $ 179,246 181 $ 80,534 $ 444.94 $ 7.21 $ 8.54

Jasper Common Schools .. ······· 910 17 ' 290 26 14, 830 570.38 15 .81 16.30 Bessmay ..... ··· · ·· 88 1,672 2 1,080 540.00 15 .00 12.27 Buna .. ..... .. . ········· 24 456 ... ... . .... · s: iso 679 i7

.. Jasper ........ ....... 582 . 11,058 12 9.42 . i4 00 Kirbyville .. . .. ...... . ... 73 1,387 2 1,140 570.00 11.91 15 .62 Rernlig ... . ... .. . . . . ... .. 71 1,349 1 360 360.00 6.14 5.07

Hds ommon Schools. .... ... . 73 $ 1,387 1 $ 385 $ 385.00 $ 4.58 $ 5 .27

Buda. ..... .... .. ..... .. 52 988 I 350 350 .00 4.83 6. 73 Kylo. . . . . . . . . .... ... . . 60 1,140 2 1,050 525.00 17.28 17.50 San Marcos ..... .... .. ... 212 4,028 6 3,845 640 .83 14.58 18.14

------Total or Average .. 397 $ 7,543 10 $ 6,6~0 s 563.00 $11.60 $14.18

Henderson Common Schoo!s. ..... 928 $ 17,632 25 s 16,062 $ 642.48 $14.19 $17.31 Athens .... ... ......... 585 11,115 8 5,316 664.50 9.07 9.09 Brown'3boro .. .... .. . . . . 144 2, 736 5 3,372 674.40 21.13 23.42 Chandler. ········· .... 83 1,577 2 I, 120 560.00 13.54 13.49 Malakoff, ....... ... .... 184 3,496 3 1,600 533.33 7.33 8.70 Trinidad. .... ... ..... ... 143 2,717 3 1,435 478.33 7.25 10.03

--------------Total or Average ... 1,748 $ 33,212 43 $ 25' 560 $ 594.42 $12.69 $14.62

Jefferson Common Schools ... ··· ·· 209 s 3,971 5 s 3,015 s 603.00 $13.34 $14.43 l3eaumont .... ..... .... 4,308 81,852 80 64,663 808.29 13 . 17 15.01 China .. .. ....... ·· · ···· · 111 2,109 2 1,170 585 .00 9.39 10.54 French .... .. .. ... ..... .. 865 16,435 13 6,396 492.00 5.92 7.39 Nederland ..... . . ... ... 16 304 I 540 540.00 22.50 33.75 Nome ............ ···· ··· 60 1,140 I 459 459.00 6.28 7.65 Port Arthur . ..... . ... . .. 2,194 41 ,686 34 27' 223 800.68 9.59 12.41 Rosedale .... 192 3,648 3 I ,080 360.00 8.63 5.63 South Park. 878 16,682 21 15,650 745.24 16 .99 17.82 ---------------------------Total or Average .. 8,833 $ 167, 827 160 s 120,196 $ 751.23 $11.67 $13.61

---------------Total or Average. 2,067 $ 39,273 46 $ 28,905 s 628.37 $12.08 $13.98

Hill Common Schools . . ..... . . 409 s 7,771 8 s 2,135 $ 266.88 J 3.53 s 5.22 Abbott ..... ... . ...... .. 41 779 1 350 350.00 12.00 8.54 Brandon .. .. . . . . ........ 37 703 1 240 240.00 4.76 6.49 Bynum. ··········· 35 665 1 300 300.00 5.41 8.57 Covington ... ... ········· 22 418 1 525 525.00 23 07 23.86 Hil.shoro ... .... ········ 376 7,144 11 5,854 532.18 13.07 15.57 Hubbard ... .. · •· .. .. .... 123 2,337 3 1,450 483 .33 12 .53 11.79 Irene ... ... ····· ······· 59 I, 121 2 1,050 525.00 14.92 17.80 Itasca .. . . . . . . . . ····· 112 2,128 3 1,199 399.67 8.05 10.71 Malone. ····· ··· ···· 71 1,349 1 400 400.00 5.57 5.63 Mertens ..... ... ... .. ... 27 513 I 300 300.00 6.81 11 . 11 Mount Calm .. . . . . . . . . . . 91 I, 729 1 450 450.00 4.58 4.95 Whitney ...... ......... 27 513 1 350 350.00 13.46 12.96

.Johnson Common Schools . ······· 65 $ 1,235 2 s 806 $ 403.00 $10.95 $12.40 Alvarado ..... ... ······· · 30 570 I 330 330.00 7 .89 11.00 Cleburne ..... .. ····· · ··· 219 4,161 6 4,430 738.33 14 .72 20.23 Grandview ... .. .. ..... 47 893 1 367 367.00 7.66 7.81 Lillian ....... .. . .. 14 266 .. . .. . . ... . ... Rio Vista ... . . ... . . 19 361 ········· .... .... Venus ...... 13 247 ... . ....

Total or Average. ----------

407 s 7' 733 10 $ 5,933 s 593.30 $10.75 $14.58

Jones Common Schools ······ ·· 21 $ 399 .... Anson ........ . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1,425 2 $' · s4o s 42o:oo i 6:oo $11.20 Hamlin .. ....... 49 931 1 360 360.00 9. 97 7.35 Stamford ..... . . .. .. 112 2,128 3 1,710 570.00 11.15 15.27 ----- ----- ------

Total or Average .. . 1,430 $ 27' 170 35 $ 14,603 $ 417.23 $ 8.01 $10 .21 ------------------------- ----Total or Average .. 257 $ 4,883 6 $ 2,910 $ 485.00 $ 8.83 $11.32

Hopkins Common Schools ..... . . . . 479 $ 9,101 18 s 9,360 $ 520.00 $14 .08 $19 .96 Como ............. . ..... 14 266 ....... .. ..

·. 2;4i3 · 4s:i:6o 4:44 .. ..

Sulphur Springs ... . ...... 443 8,417 5 5.45 ---

Total or Average ... 936 $ 17,784 23 $ 11' 773 $ 511 .87 $ 9.14 $12.58

Karnes Common Schools . . 117 s 2,223 4 $ 1,590 $ 397.50 SIO .35 $13.59 Karnes City ...... ······ · 50 950 1 420 420.00 7.20 8.40 Kenedy . . ..... . .. ·····- 83 1,577 2 I, 134 567.00 13.33 13.66 Runge ... . ... .... 61 1,159 2 1,125 562.50 13.71 18 .44

Tgtal or Average . -------------311 $ .1,909 9 $ 4,269 s 474.33 i111.41 $13.73

Number of County and Negro

Independent Districts - Scholastics

Kaufman Common Schools ········ 1,604 Crandall. ...... ........ . 34 Elmo .... ...... ........ . 151 Forney. ......... ··· · · · · 249 Kaufman ............ ... 220 Kemp. ....... .... .... 148 Lawrence ............. 84 Mabank ............. . . . . 70 Stubbs (Phenix) ......... 26 Terrell ... ........... .... 632

Total or Average ... 3,218

Lamar Common Schools ........ . 1,275 Blossom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Deport .................. 44 Howland ............. • .. 57 Paris ........ . ...... . .. . 971 Petty .................. . 34 Roxton .............. .... 86

Total or Average ... 2,532

Lavaca Common Schools. ........ 592 Ha!letsville ... .......... 175 Moulton ............. . .. 17 Shiner .......... .... .... 74

Total or Average ... 858

Lee Common Schools .. ...... . 982 Giddings ......... .. .... . 182 Lexington .......... ..... 60 '

Total or Average ... 1,224

Leon Common Schools ... . . ... 1,975 Buffalo ....... ... ....... 187 Jewett .................. 71 Normangee ........... . .. 137 Oakwood .............. 272

Total or Average ... 2,642

Liberty Common Schools .. .. .. .. 496 Cleveland. ....... ....... 165 Dayton. .......... ..... 334 Hull-Daisetta .... ....... 242 Liberty. ....... ······· 494

Total or Average. .. 1, 731

Limestone -Common Schools ········ 1,653 Collidge .... .... ..... .. . 132 Groesbeck .. ............ 235 Kosse .. ... .. .. . ... 79 Mexia .. .... .......... . . . 594 Prairie Hill. .. ··· ·· · 61 Tehuacana .. .... ··· · · 107 Thornton. .. . ..... 92

Total or Average. 2,953

-54-

Salaries of Teachers Instructional Cost State and Principals Per Scholastic

Appropria- Teachers tions at Employed

1\19.00 each Total Average 1933-34 1934-35 -----

$ 30,471 35 $ 13,338 $ 381.09 $11.41 $ 8.32 646 2 1,330 665.00 13.78 39.12

2,869 ····· ..... ... .. '2:226 ... 14.98 ....

4, 731 5 445.20 12.46 8.94 4,180 5 1,955 391.00 7.54 8.89 2,812 2 660 330.00 4.02 4.46 1,596 2 861 430.50 9.16 10.25 1,330 1 400 400.00 5.88 5.72

494 .. i:i ····· ... ... i4:.54 12,008 9,188 706.77 6.33

--------------$ 61' 142 65 $ 29' 958 $ 460.89 s 7.33 $ 9.31

$ 24,225 37 $ 14,017 $ 378.84 $10.56. $10.99 1,235 2 1,155 577.50 12.77 17.77

836 1 445 445.00 6.00 10.11 1,083 2 650 325.00 8.71 11.40

18,449 21 14,615 695.95 14.94 15.05 646 1 350 350.00 7.11 10.29

1,634 2 875 437.50 7.57 10.17 ------

$ 48,108 66 $ 32,107 $ 486.47 $ 6.23 $12.68

$ 11' 248 23 $ 8,431 $ 366.56 $16.60 $14.24 3,325 4 1, 755 438.75 10 . .57 10.03

323 1 240 240.00 7. 95 14.12 1,406 2 800 400.00 10.72 10.81

------------s 16 ,302 30 $ 11,226 $ 374.20 $13.58 $13.08

$ 18,658 35 $ 21,880 625.14 20.08 22.28 3,4.18 7 3,630 518.57 19.68 19.95 1,140 1 420 420.00 5.93 7.00

------$ 23,256 43 $ 25,930 $ 603.02 $18.96 $21.18

$ 37,525 56 '$ -, 27,082 $ 483.61 $10 .91 $13.71 3,553 5 1, 715 343.00 10 02 9.17 1,349 1 ~ 390 390.00 5.14 5.49 2,603 4 1,350 337.50 5.90 9.85 5,168 7 3,836 548.00 12.55 14.10

--------------$ 50,198 73 $ 34,373 $ 470.86 $.;9.55 $13.01

$ 9,424 14 $ '5, 725 $ 408.93 $10.18 $11.54 3,135 2 720 360.00 5.10 4.36 6,346 7 3,870 552.86 9.02 11.59 4,598 5 2,320 464.00 7.67 9.59 9,386 10 '5,346 534.60 10.13 10.82

----~-$ 32,889 38 $ 17,981 $ 473.18 $ 9.11 $10.39

'

$ 31,407 48 $ 29,334 $ 611.13 $13.88 $17.75 2,508 3 1,440 480.00 6.17 10.91 4,465 5 2,565 513.00 8.40 10.91 1,501 2 640 320.00 5.62 8 .10

11 '286 15 9,204 613.60 12.64 15.49 1' 159 1 250 250.00 5.33 4.10 2,033 3 900 300.00 8.92 _.,8.41 1

1, 748 2 • 600 300.00 8.69 6.52 ------------ ---

$ 56,107 79 s 49,933 $ 632.06 $12.14 $16.91

County and Independent Districts

Lubbock Common Schools ........ . Lubbock ............... . Slaton ................. .

Total or Average .. .

Madison Common Schools ...... . . . Madisonville ......... ... . North Zulch ............ .

Total or Average ...

M~~~mon Schools ........ ~ Jefferson ............... .

Total or Average .. .

Matagorda Common Schools ........ . Bay City ............. .. Blessing ................ . Markham ...... .. ...... . Matagorda ............. . Palacios .. . ........ .. .. .

Total or Average ...

,Mclennan Common Schools ....... . Crawford ............. . ElmMott ............ . Hewitt ......... ........ . Highland ............. . . La Vega ............... .. Lo:-ena ......... .. ...... . Mart ...... .. ...... . McGregor .............. . Moody ......... .. ...... . Nalley ............. .. . . . Riesel. ................. . South Bosque ........... . Speelglevilie ............ . Waco ................. . West ................ ..

Total or Average ..

Milam Common Schools ........ . Burlington . ............. . Cameron ............... . Gause .... .. ............ . Rockdale ............ . . Thorndale ............ . Milano ................ .

Total or Average ..

Montgomery Common Schools . ....... . Bobbin ............... .

~~~[o0ri~~:::::::::::::::: ~il(;~gome.ry . : : : : : : : : : : :

Total or Average ... h.i

-55-

State Salaries of Teachers

and Principals Instructional Coot

Per Scholastic Number of Negro

Scholastics Appropria- Teachers 1------.---+--....,---

tions at Employed $19.00 each Total Average 1933-34 1934-35

----J----J---1--~-'1-------

2~~ $ 5,g~~ ...... 4 ..... 3,446 ... 861.50 ··io.3t ··i2:95' 76 1,444 2 990 495.00 13.56 13.03

----1-----J----1-~---J----------392 $ 7,448 6 $ 4,436 $ 739.33 $ 9.57 $11.32

997 144

9

18,943 2, 736

171

29 4 1

16,365 2,145

330

$ 564 .31 536.25 330.00

$14.43 11.54 21.78

$16.56 14.90 36.67

----1----!·---1----1-----~--1,150 $ 21,850 34 $ 18,840 $ 554.12 $14.52 $16.38.

1, 788 559

2,347

817 395 52 75 52 56

33' 972 10,621

44,593

15,523 7,505

988 • 1,425

988 1,064

44 13

57

25 9 2 2 1 1

23,002 6,473

29,475

12,602 4,096 1,040

800 585 240

$ 522.77 497.92

$ 517.10

$ 504.08 455.11 520.00 400.00 585.00 240.00

$10.55 9.34

$10.23

$16.69 8.29

21.22 20.42 10.08 3.87

$12.85· 11.58

$12.51;

$1.5.4:Z 10.37 20.00 10.67 11.25 4.29

1,447 $ 27,493 40 $ 19,363 $ 484.08 $14.01 $13.38

930 $ 17,670 36 684 47 893 62 1,178 39 741

346 6,574 90 1,710

352 6,688 169 3,211 143 2, 717

18 ' 342 154 2,926 70 1,330 41 779

*23 1 2 1 2 9 3 7 5 3

2,503 47,557 57 109 2,071 2

10,285 420 805 490 858

4,b60 1,015 2,832 2,240 1,040

$ 447.17 420.00 402.50 490.00 429.00 506.67 338.33 404.57 448.00 346.67

1,680 560.00 595 595.00

. .. ''44:954 ... 788.67 910 455.00

$ 8. 73

iii 42 7.90

25.20 8.89 5.93 6.51 9.50 6.34

5.53 6.37

17.28 10.82

--·--J----J----1-----J---------5,109 $ 97,071 119 $ 72,681 $ 610.79 $12.27

1, 796 45

350 52

197 56

150

34,124 855

6,650 988

3, 743 1,064 2,850

45 1 9 2 5 1 5

18,525 400

6,314 980

3,195 412

1,657

$ 411.67 400.00 701.56 490.00 639.00 412.00 331.40

$ 8.11 11.42 17.20 15.81 11.99 7.06

$11.10 11.67 17.13 7.90

22.00 13.18 11.28 8.05

13.25 7.27

· io :ili 8.50

17.96 8.35

$14.23

$10.31 8.89

18.04 18.85 16.22 7.36

11.05 ----1----1----:-::-----------

2,646 s 50,274 68 $ 31,483 462.99 9.76 11.90

199 131 464

62 456 396

3, 781 2,489 8,816 1,178 8,664 7,524

4 3

11 2

13 11

1,710 1,408 7,670 1,190 6, 780 4,560

427.50 459 .~3 697.27 595.00 521.54 414.55

7.11 11.07 10.49 10.56 10.10 13.17

S.59 10.75 16.53 19.19 14.87 11.52

1, 708 $ 32,452 44 $ 23,318 s 529 95 $ 10.72 $13.65

*1936-37 Data not available-Used 1935-36 Data.

'· '

County and Independent Districts

-Morris Common Schools ... . Cason ... . .... .. .. Daingerfield ..... . Naples ... 'Omaha

Total or Average ..

Nacogdoches Common Schools .. Appleby. Chireno. Cushing ........ . .... . .. Garrison ..... ..... . ... . . N aoogdoches . . ...... . Sacul. ................ . Woden ................. .

Total or Average.

Navarro Common Schools .. Barry .. .... ........... .. Blooming Grove .... . .. ••. Corsicana ......... . . .. . . Dawson.. . . . ......... . Frost. .. ........ . . . Kerens.... . ... . ..... . . Roane ............. . Rural Shade .

Total or Average.

Newton Common Schools .. Burkeville. Newton . . .

Total or Average.

Nueces Common Schools. Bishop ..... .... Corpus Christi .. Robstown .. . ....... .

Total or Average.

Orange Common Schools . . ..... . . Orange

Total or Average . .

Panola Common Schools. Beckville .... . Carthage .... . Long Branch

1 utaL or Average . ..

Polk Common Schools ...... .. . Corrigan .. . Goodrich .. . Leggett ... . I1ivingston Moscow ..... . . New Willard ........... . Onalaska ...

Total or Average ..

Number of Negro

Scholastics

-56-

State Appropria- Teachers

tions at Employed $19.00 each

Salaries of Teachers and Principals

Total Average

Instructional Cost Per Scholastic

1933-34 1934-35 -----1-----1----1---~-1---------

745 14,155 23 178 3,382 3 159 3,021 4 200 3,800 6 98 1, 862 3

---·1----1,380 26,220 39

1,488 28,272 42 40 760 1

135 2,565 ' 21 57 ' 1,083

140 2,660 4 776 14,744 14 60 1,140 2 26 494 1

----1----1 2,722 51,718 . 67

12 ,730 1,245 1,640 3,960 1,215

20,790

17,934 360 720 420

2,130 8,220

938 450

31,172

2,032 58 85

957 259 55

38,608 47 16,169

598 39

• 84

1,102 2 480 1,615 1 390

18 ,183 21 13, 325 4,921 3 1,01 2 1,045 1 350

11 ,362 12 7,280 741

1,596 "9oo

$ 553.48 415 00 410.00 660.00 405.00

$ 533.08

$ 427.00 360.00 360.00 420.00 532.50 587.14 469.00 450.00

s 465 .25

$ 344.02 240.00 390.00 634.52 337.33 350.00 606.67

45o oo

$10 .47 5. 71 7.19

17.60 8 .57

$10.38

il'

$13. 17 8 .12 3 .36 2. 72

16.82 8. 70

13 .00 9.57

S17 .09 6.99

10 .31 19.80 12.40

$15.07

$12.05 9.00 5.33 7.37

15 .21 10.59 15.63 17.31

$10.93 $11.45

$10.93 5.85 3.10

10.46 6.45 4.28

11 .00 4.54 6.15

s 7.96 8 .28 4.59

13.92 3.91 6.36

12.17

10 .71 ----1---------1----1-------

4,167 79,173 89 39,906 s 448.38 s 8. 12 $ 9.58

997 18' 943 *33 21 '652 $ 656 .11 $14.88 16.17 18.33

$21.72 20.20 30.59

318 6,042 9 6,423 713,67 157 2,983 5 4,802 960.40

-------1----1--·--1----1--- ------1,472 27,968 47 32,877 s 699.51 $15.84 $22.33

27 33

506 98

664

56 510

566

513 627

9,614 1,862

12,616

1.064 9,690

10 ,754

. . i. 11 2

14

1 14

15

2,544 48,336 66 372 7,068 9 244 4,636 5 228 4,332 6

· .. 54o· s 54o oo i5 :4z 8,520 774.55 14.74

955 477.50 5.92

16.36 16.84 9. 74

10,015 s 715 .36 $12 .82 $15.08

525 s 525.00 $10.71 $10.50 8,347 596.21 12.92 16 .37

8,872

26,905 3,395 2,448 2,015

s 591.47

s 407.65 377.22 489. 60 335.83

$12.61

$14.48 4.41 8.87 8.82

$15.67

$10.58 9.13

10.03 8.84

-----1----1·---------------3,388 64,372 86

489 9,291 16 128 2,432 3 156 2,964 5 111 2,l09 3 u1 ~4n 9 107 2,033 3 106 2,014 2 187 3,553 6

34,763

6,555 1,955 2,200 1,360 4,464 1,640

843 2,560

s 404.22

s 409.69 651.67 440.00 453.33 496.00 546.67 421.50 426.67

$13.58

$10.65 8.42

11.77 12.57 10 .36 11.44 9.45

11.70

$10.26

$13.40 15.27 14.10 12.25 13 .09 15.33 7.95

13.69 -----1-----1----1·----1---- ------

1,625 30,875 47 21 ,577 s 459.09 $10 .78 $13.28

•1935-37 Data not available-Used 193E-36 Data

f

I

County and Independent Districts

!Rains Common Schools ...

Total or Average .. .

Red River Common Schools .. Anona ...... , .. . . Bagwell ............... . . Bogata ..... . ........ . .. . Clarksville .... . . . . .. . .. . . Detroit ... ........ .... . . . Fulbright.. .......... . .. .

Total or Average . . .

Refugio Common Schools .. . . . .. . . Austwell. .. ............ . Woodsboro ............. .

Total or Average ...

.Robertson Common Schools . .. . .. .. . Bremond ............... . Calvert . . .... . ......... . Franklin .. ..... . ...... . . Hammond ...... ...... . . . Hearne . ............. . .. . Mumford ....... . ....... .

Total or Average . . .

.Rockwall Common Schools .. . . ... . . Heath .... .. . Rockwall . ...... ...... .. . Royse City . ............ . Fate. . ............... .

Total or Average ..

. Rusk Common Schools ....... . . Gaston ............... . Henderson ... ........ . Laneville .............. . . Leverett's Chapel . . . . .. . . London . ... Minden. Motley ................ . . Mount Enterprise. Overton Sulphur Springs. Tatum .....

Total or Average ..

Sabine Common Schools ..... . . . . Bronson .. . ........... . . . Geneva .. .... ..... . . Hemphill ..... ... .. ..... . Pineland .. . ............ .

Total or Average .. .

.San Augustine Common Schools .. San Augustine . .

Total or Average ...

-57-

Number of t- Negro Scholastics

State Salaries of Teachers Instructional Cost

and Principals Per Scholastic Appropria- Teachers

tions at · Employed $19.00 each Total Average 1933-34 1934-35

-----1-----1----1·--------------

238 4,522 5,729 s 716.13 $19.58 $27.81

238 4,522 5,729 $ 716.13

1,463 27,797 41 17,334 s 422.78 76 1,444 3 1,575 525.00 23 437 1 420 420.00 68 1,292 2 800 400.00

431 8,189 7 3,860 551.43 110 2,090 3 2,064 688.00 28 532 1 430 430.00

$19.58

$10 .82 10.79 21.00 12 .45 9 .22 6.65

13.33

$24 .07

$11 .85 20.72 18.26 11 .76 8.96

18.76 15.36

-----1----1---1----1"--- ------2,199 41,781 58 26, 483 s 456.60

206 3,914 5 2,565 513.00 75 1,425 2 1,040 520.00 38 722 1 525 525.00

$10.50

13.98 10 .96 14 .18

$12.04

12.57 13.87 13. 82

--------l--------l-----1-------1---------------319 6,061 8 4,130 516 .25

882 16,758 23 241 4,579 5 943 17,917 20 144 2, 736 2 244 4,636 7 702 13 '338 13

8,080 2,198

10 ,190 540

3,540 5,985 1,505

s 351.30 439.60 509.50 270.00 505.71 460.38 376.25

13.15

$ 8.51 8.03 8.46 3 .80

13.20 6.89 5 . 78

12.95

$ 9 .16 9.12

10 .81 3.75

14 .51 8 .53 5 .24 287 5,453 4

----1----·1----1----1----------3,443 65,417 74 32,038 $ 432.95 $ 8 .04 $ 9.31

279 17

132 70 31

5,301 323

2,508 1,330

589

1,301 $ 325.25 $ 5.17 s 4 .66

· .... · .. 6ao· · .. a iii :oo · .. · 5:Ss · · .. 4:77· 450 450.00 5.52 6.43 300 300. 00 9.68

----1----1-·--------------529 10 ,051 2,681 $ 335 .13 $ 5.08 $ 5.07

2,291 $ 43,529 67 33,599 $ 501.48 287 5,453 8 5,025 628. 13 523 9,937 7 3, 726 532.29 103 1,957 3 1,530 510.00 90 1,710 6 5,535 922.50

165 3, 135 3 1,470 490.00 52 988 2 990 495.00

120 2,280 4 3,420 855.00 ' 131 2,489 4 1,470 367.50 136 2,584 4 2,070 517 .00 195 3,705 5 2,210 442.00 802 15,238 18 9,240 513.33

$12.04 11 .21 6. 70

12.45 3. 07

. i4 :ii' 30 .00 9 .25 9.62 7.68 7. 70

$14 .67 17 .51 7.13

14.85 6.15 8. 91

19 .04 28.50 11 .22 16 .22 11.33 11.52

----1----- ------1·----1---- ------4,895 93,005 131 70,285 s 536.53 $11.14 $14.36

$ 464.29 $ 6.64 $12.31

· "36o:oo· · "5:is 6.24 478.00 9.10 9.33 555.00 8.80 9 .30

264 5,016 3,250 15 285

173 3,287 ·i:oso· 205 3' 895 1 '912 179 3,401 1,665

----·-1----1---1----------------836 15,884 17 7,907 s 465.12 s 7.19 $ 9.46

$10.51 $12.13 6.87 8.15

887 16 ,853 22 10,760 s 489.09 236 4,484 4 1,923 480 .75

--------------1-----1---- -------1,123 21,337 26 12,683 s 487.81 $9.76 $11.29

-58- -59-

Salaries of Teachers Instructional Cost Number of State and Principals Per Scholastic

County and Negro Appropria- Teachers Independent Districts Scholastics tions at Employed

$19.00 each Total Average 1933-34 1934-35

Salaries of Teachers Instructional Cost Number of State and Principals Per Scholastic

County and Negro Appropria- Teachers Independent Districts Scholastics tions at Employed

$19.00 each Total A~erage 1933-34 19~4-35 ------ -------------an Jacinto Common Schools .......• . 177 s 3,363 4 $ 1,690 $ 422.50 $ 8 .34 $ 9.55 Cold Springs .. .. ......••. 521 9,899 13 6,125 471.15 10.14 11.76 Evergreen ............... 149 2,831 4 1,840 460.00 10.22 12.35 Oakhurst ... . . ........... 383 7,277 8 2,390 298.75 6.04 6.24 Shepherd .......... .. .... 288 5,472 7 3,420 488.57 8. 71 11.88

------Total or Average ... 1,518 $ 28,842 36 $ 15,465 $ 429.58 $ 8 .64 $10.19

s Trinity Common Schools .. .. .... . 227 s 4,313 15 s 9,083 $ 605 .• 13 $18.37 $40.01 Groveton ............ .... 393 7,467 4 2,340 5R5.00 7.06 5. 95 Pennington . ........ . ... 131 2,489 4 1,691 422.75 12.26 12 .91 Trinity ............. . .. 358 6,802 7 3 ,060 437.14 5.12 8.55

------Total or Average ... 1,109 $ 21,071 30 $ 16,174 s 539.13 $13 .34 $14.58

helby 1,218 s 23,142 36 Common Schools . ... ..... s 15,686 $ 435.72 $11.08 $12.88

Center ........ . ....... . . 433 8,227 6 2,890 481.67 6.06 6.67 Joaquin ................. 71 1,349 1 640 640.00 6.81 9.01 Shelbyville .............. 185 3,515 4 1,210 302.50 6.97 6.54 Teneha ....... . .......... 168 3,192 3 1,085 361.67 4.60 6.46 Timpson ................ 244 4,636 8 2,983 372.88 6.67 12.23

------

s Tyler

Common Schools .....• . . . 424 $ 8,056 12 $ 6,250 $ 520.83 $18.79 $16.53 Colmesneil. ....... . .. .. .. 143 2,717 4 2,415 603.75 15.92 16 .89 Doucette ... . ........ . ... 181 3,439 2 1,395 697.50 5.23 7. 71 Woodville ............... 192 3,648 7 5,415 773.57 12.01 28.20

----- ------Total or Average . . . 940 $ 17' 860 25 $ 15,475 s 619.00 $14.07 $16.46

'I otal or Average ... 2,319 $ 44,061 58 $ 24,494 s 422.31 $ 8.64 $10.56

mith Common Schools ......•.. 3,377 $ 64' 163 102 s 51,471 $ 504.62 $10.68 $15.24 Arp ..................... 198 3, 762 6 2,320 386.67 7. 79 11.72 Bullard ................. 188 3,572 3 1,005 335.00 18.56 5.35 Lindale . ................ 110 2,090 2 980 490.00 7.42 8.91 Ou1en ...... ............. 184 3,496 4 1,530 382.50 6.51 8.32 Troup .................. · 269 5,111 5 2, 880 576.00 5.01 10.71 Tyler .............. .. · .. 1,633 31,027 27 18,763 694.93 10.32 11.49 Whitehouse . ...... . ..... . 388 7,372 10 4,400 440.00 9.76 11.34

-----------------Total or Average .. . 6,347 $ 120,593 159 $ 83,349 $ 524.21 $10.02 $13 .13

s

Upshur Common Schools .... .... 1, 751 $ 33' 269 50 s 24,141 $ 482 .82 $12.29 13 .79 Big Sandy ...... ...... 211 4,009 4 1,645 411.25 6.84 7.80 Gilmer ............. " ... 391 7,429 13 6,050 465.38 11.60 15.47 Ore City .......... ... ... 79 1,501 2 1,040 520.00 20.44 13.16

------Total or Average ... 2,432 s 46,208 69 $ 32,876 $ 476.46 $11.96 $13.52

Van Zandt Common Schools ....... 334 s 6,346 12 s 7, 799 $ 649.92 $18.76 $23.71 Canton ... 64 1,216 2 640 320.00 3.47 10.00 Edgewood . ...... :: ... ... 33 627 1 390 390.00 7.38 11.82 Martins Mill .... . .. , .. .. . 25 475 1 422 422.00 13.81 16 .88 Wills Point ....... . ...... 139 2,641 3 1,656 552.00 11.18 11.91

---------- ------Total or Average .. 595 $ 11,305 19 $ 10,907 $ 574.05 $14.48 $18.33

arrant Common Schools . .. ..... 134 $ 2,546 ······· ...... i;f,:ia · .. .

51o:oo . . i:i 87' ... ....

Arlington .. . ............. 98 1,862 3 15.61 Birdville .... . ........... 13 247 . . . . . . . . . . ........ ..

49o oo . 7:ii. ... 7:66' Euless ......... . ........ 64 1,216 1 490 Everman ......... . . . . ... 14 266 1 150 150.00

. i 8:7i 10.71

Fort Worth .............. 5,380 102,220 121 109,882 908.12 20.42 Grapevine . .... . ..... . .. . 25 475 1 275 275.00 39.84 11.00 Mansfield ............... 40 760 2 805 402.25 18.37 20.13

Total or Aver~ge ... ------

5,768 s 109,592 129 $ 113' 132 $ 876.99 $18.33 $19.61

T ictoria Common Schools .... .... 253 s 4,807 10 $ 3,520 $ 352.00 $13.04 $14.61 Bloomington .... ... ..... 87 1,653 2 1,215 607.50 11 .36 13 .97 Victoria ........ .... ..... 450 8,550 11 7' 715 701.36 16.73 17.14

----- ----------Total or Average ... 790 $ 15,010 23 $ 12 ,450 s 541.30 $15.66 Sl5. 76

alker Common Schools ...... • .. 1,571 $ 29,849 39 $ 14,467 s 370.95 $ 8.49 s 9.21 Huntsville .............. . 687 13,053 16 7,685 480.31 12.60 11.19 New Waverly ............ 279 5,301 6 2,275 379.17 6.44 8.15

v

w

------aylor Common Schools ...... ... 23 s 437 ·········· .. .. 4;o5o · s· sio:oa· 'S'7:ii' Ts:ia· Abilene ... .............. 488 9,272 5 s Merkel .... . ....... ...... 13 247 1 313 313.00 20.00 24.08

------Total or Average .. . 524 $ 9,956 6 $ 4,363 $ 727.17 $ 7.20 $ 8.33

ltus Common Schools .....•.• • 395 s 7,505 10 s 3,305 $ 333.50 $ 9.28 $ 8.63 Mount Pleasant . . .. ..•. .. 399 7,581 8 4,943 617.88 11.43 12.39 Talco . .. . .......... ... .. 45 855 1 450 450.00 6.66 10.00

T

T

Total or Average . . . 2,537 s 48,203 61 $ 24,427 s 400.44 s 9.30 s 9.63

all or Common Schools . .. ...... 339 $ 6 ,441 7 $ 2,380 $ 340.00 $11.88 s 7.02 Brookshire ...... . . ··· ···· 373 7,087 10 4,440 444.00 12 .16 11.90 Hempstead· ........... ... 534 10,146 14 8,822 f>30.14 15.92 16 .52 Manorville ......... .. .. 242 4,598 8 3, 960 49j. 00 15.06 16.36 Waller ........... ....... 127 2,413 1 520 520 .00 3.21 4.09

-----------------Total or Average ... 1,615 s 30,685 40 $ 20,122 $ 503.05 $12.34 $12.46

w

------Total or Average ... 839 $ 15,941 19 s 8,698 $ 457.79 $ 9 .98 $10 .37

om Green Common Schools ........ • 10 $ 190 ········ ·· ············ ········· ······ ·· ····· · ·· Lakeview .. . .... . .... . ... 23 437 ....... ...

5;295 ' i 756 43 siii:ili ....

San Angelo .............. 281 5,339 7 s $18.84 ------

T

ashin9ton Common Schools . .. · · · · ·· 2,485 $ 47,215 56 $ 29,921 $ 534.30 $11.26 $12.04 Brenham .. .. ..... ... . .. 547 10 ,393 10 8,120 812.00 7.83 14 .84 Chapel Hill. ...... . . .... 174 3,306 4 2, 844 711.00 12 .79 16 .34

------Total or Average ... 3,206 $ 60,914 70 $ 40,885 $ 584.07 $10.77 $12.75

w

Total or Average . . . 314 $ 5,966 7 $ 5,295 s 756.43 $16.91 $16.86

ravis Common Schools .. ... .. .. 1,366 $ 25,954 37 $ 16,078 $ 434.54 $10.24 $11.77 Austin .... ...... ..... . . 2, 717 51,623 71 56,088 789.97 20.47 20.64 Manor .................. 145 2, 755 4 2,2~0 570.00 12 .80 15.72 Pflugerville ... .. ......... 108 2,052 2 770 385.00 7. 77 7.13

--------- ------

T

harton ,.,

Common Schools ... . .... . 1,693 s 32,167 33 $ 15,175 $ 459.85 s 7.82 $ 8.96 Boling ....... . . . . . . . . . . 164 3' 116 3 1,560 520.00 7. 76 9.51

East Bernard . . ..... . . . . . 362 6,878 ... ... ':i'

. .... z ,o25 . 675 00 .. i2 :i2

.. El Campo ..... .... . ..... 180 3,420 11.25

!ago ... ... ...... .. . ..... 93 1,767 2 840 420 .00 5.10 9.03

Wharton ...... ..... 642 12 , 198 13 7,490 576.15 11.48 11.67 ----------

w

Total or Average ... 4,336 $ 82,384 114 $ 75,216 $ 659. 7g Sl6.20 $17.35 Total or Average .. 3' 134 s 59,546 54 $ 27,090 $ 501.67 $ 8.64 s 8.64

-60-

Number of State County and Negro Appropria- Trachers

Independent Districts Scholastics tions at Employed $19.00 each

---Wichita

Burkburnett .. .. . .. ... . ~ 66 $ 1,254 1 Electra . . . ... .... .. .. . . 29 551 1 Wicbita Falls. ... . ····· 1,040 19' 760 22

Total or Average ... 1,135 $ 21,565 24

Wilbarger Common Schools .. ··· ·· ·· 99 $ 1,881 .. . .. Oklaunion ... ....... .... 73 1,387 1 Vernon ........... ~ .. ... 258 4,902 6

Total or Average ... 430 $ 8,170 7

Williamson Common Schools . ..... _ . , 596 $ 11,324 12 Florence ..... . ....... . ... 22 418 I Friendship .............. , 41 779 1 Georgetown ...... ...... , . 219 4,161 6 Granger . . . . .... ..... .. 174 3,306 4 Hutto ... ·· ···· ···· ····· 99 1,881 2 Jarrell .... .... ····· ·· 19 361 1 Round Rock . . ····· ··· 80 1,520 3 Taylor .. ... ········· ··· 646 12,274 14 Thrall .. , .... .......... 56 1,064 2

Total or Average. I ,952 s 37,088 46

Wood Common Schools .. ·· ····· 658 $ 12,502 23 Golden .. ...... . . . . . . . . . 16 304 1 Mineola ........ ... .... .. 273 5,187 5 Quitman ...... . . .. . . . ... 119 2,261 2 'Winnsboro .. . ... ...... 148 2,812 4

Total or Average . .. 1,214 s 23,066 36

Grand Total or Average ... . . 236,590 $4,495,210 5,727

Salaries of Teachers and Principals

Total Average - -------

$ 540 $ 540.00 540 540.00

20,170 916.82 ~

$ 21,250 $ 885.42

. , . . .. . 360 , ·360.00

3,518 586.33

$ 3,878 554 .00

s 4,140 $ 345.00 358 358.00 420 420.00

3,600 600.00 2,145 536.25

720 360.00 240 240.00

1,463 487.67 8,141 581.50

715 357.50 -------

$ 21,942 $ 477.00

s 14,9()2 $ 650.52 270 270.00

2,319 463 .80 1,215 607.50 2,205 551.25

s 20,971 $ 599.17 --------

$3,515,098 $613.78

Instructional Cost Per Scholastic

1933-34 1934-35 ------

s 12.00 $9.47 10.80 18.62 14.46 19.39

------$13.94 $18.72

s 7:o5 $'493' 11.84 13.64

------7.48 9.02

s 5.66 s 6.95 11.32 16.27 17.45 10.24 13.78 16.44 3.75 12.33

........ 7.27 12.63 . i3:S6' 18.29

9.03 12 .60 8.80 12.77

- - - ---$ 9.03 $11.24

$17.67 $22.74 15.38 16.88 7.45 8.49

10.17 10.21 8.40 14.90

- ----$13.24 $17.27 -----

$12.20 $14.86

-61-

CHAPTER VII.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Julius Rosenwald was born Augu~t 12, 1862, at Springfield, Illinois, the city which had been the home of Abraham Lincoln. His parents lmew many of Lincoln's friends, and he grew up among constant reminders of the Great Emancipator. He was a typical mid-western American boy. Like other boys in Springfield he jittended the public schools and on Saturdays and vacations earned his spending money by working at odd jobs such as helping in his father's store, pumping the church organ, and, on those rare occasions when circuses came to town, helping to water the elephants.

It was recently estimated that Mr. Rosenwald, in addition to the creation of the Julius ·Rosenwald Fund, has given more than $40,000,000 for educa­tional, civic, and charitable purposes. The gift he remembered with the greatest personal enjoyment, however, was an elaborately decorated tea set, costing about tw!E!nty dollars, which he gave his mother on her china wedding anniversary. At that time Mr. Rosenwald was fourteen years old and the gift represented a summer's work and savings.

Mr. Rosenwald at seventeen entered business in New York City where he remained for five years. In 1885 he became President of Rosenwald and W eil, clothing man:ufacturers, Chicago. In 1895 he bought an interest in Sears, Roebuck and Company and devoted the remainder of his business career to building up this mail order house, serving first as Vice-President and Treasurer, then as President, and fina}Jy as Chairman of the Board of Directors. Under his leadership Sears, Roebuck and Company grew into one of the nation's greatest industries handling today approximately two hundred times the business that it did in 1895. Mr. Rosenwald believed that permanent and successful foundations for business operations are to be found in making each transaction of mutual advantage to all concerned. In other words, the customers and employees must benefit as well as the company and stockholders. Soon after Mr. Rosenwald's entry into the Company, he initiated the policy of "your-money-back-if-not satisfied."

In 1916, under Mr. Rosenwald's guidance, Sears, Roebuck and Company established the Employee's Savings and Profit-Sharing Pension Fund for the benefit of workers of ten years' standing. Many employees on small salaries hiwe acquired very substantial estates through this profit-sharing plan. For example, one girl who started as a clerk at $15 a week seventeen ,years ago has accumulated some ten thousand dollars under this plan.

During the critical period of business readjustment after the World War, Mr. Rosenwald risked a heavy personal loss to protect the stockholders. He returned to the treasury of the company $21,000,000 of his personal holdings of Sears, Roebuck and Company common stock. Thus, through his courage and confidence, the company was able to readjust its finances without injury to 'its stockholders.

In spite of the tireless effort he gave tq business, Mr. Rosenwald fotind time , to devote himself to many outside interests. Just prior to the World War, in 1916, President Wilson called him to Washington as a member of the Advisory Commission of the Council of National Defense. In August

-62-

1918 he went on a special mission to France for the Secretary of War. He served in Washington as a member of the President's Industrial Con­ference, 1919-1920. Mr. Rosenwald devoted much time to work for philan­thropic, educational, and civic organizations. For many years he served as President of the Jewish Charities of Chicago. He was Chairman of the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency and a member of the Executive Com­mittee of the Chicago Plan Commission. He was a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation, the Baron de Hirsch Fund, University of Chicago, Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, United Charities (Chicago), Hull House (the famous Chicago settlement house directed by Jane Addams), the Art Institute (Chicago), and many other organizations.

A list of Mr. Rosenwald's gifts indicates the range of his interests. Schools, museums, scientific research, the fine arts, social settlements, relief agencies, hospitals, clinics, and dental services have benefited. He gave three million dollars for an industrial museum in Chicago, four million to aid .Jewish colonization on farms in Russia, five million to Jewish charities and Jewish institutions, two million to war work and war relief, three million to general education and research, four million to Negro education and welfare other than through the Fund which he has created, three million to hospitals and health agencies, and four million to the University of Chicago, besides establishing the Julius Rosenwald Fund with twenty million dollars dedicated to the "weel-being of mankind."

Mr. Rosenwald was greatly interested in the betterment of the American Negro. As trustee of Tuskegee Institute, he was in sympathetic touch with Booker T. Washington, whose plans he aided, first by gifts to Tus­kegee, then by a program of cooperation in the building of rural public schools. Aid from Mr. Rosenwald has made possible the erection of sixteen

... , Y.M.C.A. buildings and two Y.W.C.A. buildings for Negroes. In 1929 he financed on a business basis a large project to house 1,500 Negroes in Chicago.

The Julius Rosenwald Fund is of course entirely separate from the per­sonal giving of Mr. Rosenwald. The Fund has helped in building over 5,000 rural schools for Negroes, which are a part of the regular public school systems for fifteen southern states. The Fund has also aided many other aspects of Negro education and Negro welfare. In addition it has carried on active programs of medical service and medical economics and has aided in programs of general education and social studies. The Fund at present is most active in attempts to improve rural education regardless IOf race.

There are now 5,357 "Rosenwald schools," a number of them with separate buildings for shops and teachers' homes, standing in the fifteen states of the South. One may picture to himself over fourteen thousand teachers (in these modern schools, which dot the hills and valleys i~ almost every county of the South), giving elementary instruction in the three R's, in homemaking, and in simple farming and mechanical industries to more than six hundred thousand colored children. The significance of this program in a large degree is in the fact that these schools are a part of the great American system of public education for all the people and have been an incentive to the progress and development of schools generally in

-63-

the South. The Rosenwald schools represent investments of twenty-eight million dollars. Of this total the Negroes have contributed approximately four and three quarter millions, white citizens have raised by direct gift a million and a quarter, public tax fl.jnds have entered to the extent of eighteen millions, and approximately four and one-third million dollars have been provided by Mr. Rosenwald and the Rosenwald Fund. The Rosenwald contributions, it will be noted are less than the total raised by the Negr.oes themselves in small a~ounts, county by county and village by villabe. The importance of these figures is that they show a willingness to cooperate Qn th~ part of the public authorities and private white and Negro citizens.

The William E. Harmon Awards for Distinguished Achievement in Race Relations presented Mr. Rosenwald in 1927 with a special gold medal in recognition of the national importance of his work on behalf of Negroes. At that time he said-"! am interested in the Negro people because I am also interested in white people. Negroes are one-tenth of our popula­t~on. If we promote better citizenship among the Negroes not only ar they improved, but our entire citizenship is benefited."

•