Bantu Migration and Effects of Migration The Bantu originally lived in West Africa but migrated throughout much of sub-

Saharan Africa The Bantu were agriculturalists and as sedentary agriculture increases population,

the Bantu moved in search of new lands to farm The Bantu migration occurred between 1000 B.C.E. and 1000 C.E. – although some

researchers suggest the Bantu began their migration even earlier As the Bantu populated much of sub-Saharan Africa, they spread agriculture, iron-

making and their language – thus, many people in sub-Saharan Africa speak a language derived from Bantu

The Bantus are important to African culture because they come the closest to resembling a common cultural source in sub-Saharan Africa – many peoples in sub-Saharan Africa have been influenced by Bantu culture and have elements of Bantu culture within their cultures

Technologies of Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherer Societies During the Paleolithic Era or Old Stone Age, people were nomadic – moving from

place to place in search of foods As hunters and gatherers, Paleolithic people moved and did not settle but

nonetheless, developed some technologies Technology basically means using knowledge to make useful tools or toolmaking Paleolithic peoples made arrowheads and learned how to use fire Yes, archaeological evidence indicates that Paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies used

controlled use of fire for warmth and as an aid in hunting and foraging

Economic Effect of Food Surpluses on Early Agricultural societies When people learned to farm and domesticate animals (the Neolithic Revolution),

they also learned – over time – to farm more efficiently and to produce more food Within a period of time, some farmers were producing more food than they could

consume or eat – so, extra food existed – this is called surplus food Surplus food meant that some people did not have to farm – some people were

released from farming – and these people could live in cities and buy food – they could perform other jobs

An economic effect that food surpluses had on early agricultural societies was that trade practices emerged with the capacity to feed artisans who then had time to practice craft specialization

Yes, trade emerged in order to sell a farmer’s surplus food to a person who was not a farmer – like an artisan or a craftsman – and this artisan could then make beautiful jewelry or furniture – this artisan could specialize or concentrate on a particular skill

Confucius – When did he live? /What did he believe? Confucius lived during the Zhou Dynasty but in the period of the Zhou Dynasty

known as the “Age of Warring States” The “Age of Warring States” was a period of fighting and chaos

During this period in the Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou rulers were not very strong and powerful lords fought to overthrow the dynasty – it was a time of lots of fighting

So, Confucius – like many philosophers of the time – wanted to find a way of living that would lead to peace and harmony, that would stop the fighting

Confucius came to believe that order in society prevented fighting and returned a society to peace and harmony

An orderly society was a society where each person act according to his role in society – a husband was acted as a superior and a wife obeyed as an inferior

Confucius lived during the Late Zhou dynasty “Era of Warring States” And Confucius concluded that there were Five Relationships in society: Emperor

and subject, Father and son, Husband and wife, Elder brother and younger brother, and friend and friend – in most relationships, there is a superior and an inferior – the superior sets a good example and is the leader and the inferior is respectful and obeys

What Early Civilizations in the Americas Often Lacked Most early civilizations in the Americas lacked writing systems Only the Mayas had a fully developed writing system The Americas were isolated from Europe, Africa and Asia for many thousands of

years Whereas the people of Afro-Eurasia benefitted from the Sumerian invention of

writing (cuneiform) – through diffusion this idea of writing spread – in the Americas isolation from other continents and geographic barriers within the Americas made diffusion difficult

So, why are many societies of the Americas considered unusual because they reached an advanced state of civilization without developing systems of writing

Yes, in general, when a student thinks of civilization or a complex society, the student thinks of a writing system but in the Americas, complex societies or civilizations developed but these civilizations often lacked writing systems

A Characteristic of Afro-Eurasian Urban Centers before 600 C.E. Cities served as centers of commercial activity – this statement accurately describes

a characteristic shared by Afro-Eurasian urban centers before 600 C.E. Of course, this is not surprising – cities are usually centers of trade Many cities were originally ports and as trading centers, they flourished and

became cities Urbanization (movement to cities) and trade go together Where there is a trading center, a city is usually found

Monsoons and Impact on South Asia Monsoons are seasonal winds There are dry monsoons that bring no rains and monsoons that bring rains On the Indian Ocean, monsoons blow predictably in one direction for half of the

year and in the other direction for the other half of the year Mariners or seafaring traders relied on monsoon winds for traveling

The monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean tied Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and east Africa together in a maritime trade route

Emperor Constantine and Christianity Emperor Constantine was a Roman Emperor The Romans had persecuted or mistreated Christians for many years But Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity When the Emperor converted to Christianity, it ended the persecution of Christians

and many subjects in the Roman Empire converted to Christianity Eventually, Christianity was declared the official religion of the Roman Empire Yes, the emperor who allowed Christians to practice their faith openly for the first

time in the Roman Empire was Constantine

The Silk Roads after the Collapse of the Roman and Han The Silk Roads – an overland trade route that connected China through Central

Asia to the Eastern Mediterranean coast Began during the Han Dynasty Flourished when surrounding empires were strong and could protect trade routes Luxury goods travelled on the Silk Roads like silk and porcelain The silk roads declined after the collapse of the Han and Roman empires because

there was less activity, but trade revived along the routes in the sixth century C.E. Yes, trade would flourish and decline depending on the strength of surrounding

empires and under the Mongols in the 1200s and 1300s, the Silk Roads really flourished as the Mongols reduced banditry on the Silk Roads

The Silk Roads did not “die” until 1498 when Vasco da Gama, sailing for the Portuguese, discovered an all-water route to Asia – then the land route became unnecessary and too costly

Buddhism The founder of Buddhism was Siddhartha Gautama, an Indian prince Siddhartha had been raised a Hindu but came to discover the existence of suffering

and was unable to find the answer to ending suffering in his Hindu belief system He eventually founded a new belief system, Buddhism In Buddhism, desire causes suffering but suffering can end through right

concentration and right mindfulness The truths that the Buddha claimed either draw on or depart from the fundamental

principles of Hinduism – while Buddha (the name given to Siddhartha upon his Enlightenment, meaning “The Enlightened One”) rejected the caste system and came to new ideas about suffering and its end through his Four Nobel Truths, he did accept the Hindu concepts of karma and samsara or reincarnation

Wu Di Wu Di was an important emperor of the Han Dynasty The Han Dynasty represents the classical age of Chinese culture Many important ideas were adopted by the Han that continued after the Han

Wu Di established an imperial academy in China to train men for the examinations for government service – the examinations were based on Confucianism and Chinese history

Chandra Gupta has nothing to do with Wu Di; Chandra Gupta was the founder of the Mauryan Empire – an Indian empire

One of the most important rulers of the Mauryan Empire (323 – 185 B.C.E.) was Asoka

Thus, this is the following pair of historical figures that did NOT impact the same region: Wu Di and Chandra Gupta

Wu Di’s impact was on China and Chandra Gupta’s impact was on the Indian subcontinent

Song Dynasty – Foot Binding Foot binding is a practice that dates from the Song era in China Foot binding was the practice of breaking the bones in a girl’s foot and then binding

the foot incorrectly to create a smaller foot A small foot was considered beautiful and the procedure was done to increase the

perceived beauty of the woman Foot binding limited the mobility of women This practice became popular during the Song Dynasty (960 – 1276 C.E.); during

the Song Dynasty, patriarchy or male dominance was strengthened in China and women lost rights

Religions in Times of Disorder Sociologists who study religion have noted that religions that emphasize individual

faith will sometimes spread rapidly in societies experiencing disorder and a decline in influence of traditional sources of authority.

The clearest example of this tendency is the spread of Buddhism in China after the end of the Han dynasty

The collapse of the Han Dynasty led to a period of disorder in China and a time of confusion as different lords and different families competed to gain control of China

In this time of suffering, Buddhism increased in popularity as Buddhism offered an end to suffering

Buddhism also emphasizes individual faith in that the individual is responsible for the end of suffering and is not dependent on a government or a nation – Buddhism is an individual’s journey toward the end of suffering

Through the individual’s practice of the Four Noble Truths and participation in a sangha or a Buddhist community, nirvana or an end to suffering can occur

China’s Influence on Its Neighbors China exerted the strongest cultural and political influence on Japan, Korea, and

Vietnam – its neighbors Chinese ideas and practices spread to Japan, Korea and Vietnam The Chinese brought the ideas of Confucianism to these lands Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan from China The Chinese introduced their cultural ideas to their neighbors

Byzantine Emperor Justinian Considered the most significant emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Justinian greatly

expanded the empire and codified or collected all Roman laws Justinian was the early Byzantine emperor that had the longest lasting impact on

civilization in the eastern Mediterranean and beyond The nearly forty-year reign of Emperor Justinian I (reigned 527 – 565) led to

extensive territorial expansion and military success, along with a new synthesis of Greco-Roman and Christian culture

In the religious sphere, Justinian was a defender of Orthodox Christianity

The rebuilding of Hagia Sophia from 532 to 537 was the paramount achievement of

Justinian’s building campaigns As the capital’s cathedral and the most important church during the empire’s long

history, the new Hagia Sophia rebuilt by Justinian set a standard in monumental building and domed architecture that would have a lasting effect on the history of Byzantine architecture

The Code of Justinian or the Corpus Juris Civilis was a collection of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

This codification of Roman law has served as the basis for many modern European law codes today with its ideas of innocent until proven guilty and equality before the law

Official Language of the Byzantine Empire After the fall of the western portion of the Roman Empire, the official tongue of

Constantinople shifted from Latin to Greek It is important to remember that the Byzantine Empire was formerly the Eastern

Roman Empire It was centered in Constantinople and included the Balkans and North Africa as

well as some of the Middle East Of course, Greece is located in the Balkan peninsula The Byzantine Empire included Greece and its capital, Constantinople, was closer

to Greece than Rome – thus, its official language was Greece

Location of Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire flourished as a crossroads of trade connecting the

Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Asia

The Byzantine Empire included lands in Europe, Asia, and North Africa The empire was located on the crossroads of trade – connecting Europe and Asia

and North Africa – the Byzantines controlled trade on the eastern Mediterranean Sea

The origins of the great civilization known as the Byzantine Empire can be traced to 330 C.E., when the Roman emperor Constantine I dedicated a “new Rome” on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium

The Byzantine Empire was thus formerly the Eastern Roman Empire Though the western half of the Roman Empire crumbled and fell in 476 C.E., the

eastern half survived for 1,000 more years, spawning a rich tradition of art, literature and learning and serving as a military buffer between the states of Europe and the threat of invasion from Asia

The Byzantine Empire finally fell in 1453, after an Ottoman army stormed Constantinople

Constantinople Throughout most of its history the capital of the Byzantine Empire was

Constantinople When the Ottomans conquered Constantinople, they renamed the city Istanbul –

today the city is known as Istanbul Because Constantinople lay on the European side of the Strait of Bosporus, the

Emperor Constantine understood its strategic importance and built his new capital, Constantinople there in 324 C.E.

Constantinople had a great location for trade and was a well-fortified city It was not conquered by the Ottomans until 1453 C.E.

Bantu and Agriculture The earliest Bantu were agriculturalists The Bantu originated in West Africa and around 1000 B.C.E., began to migrate

throughout sub-Saharan Africa in search of new farm lands An agricultural way of life leads to an increase in population and an increase in

population leads to a new for more land As the Bantu migrated, they spread agriculture, iron-making and language In fact, many languages in sub-Saharan Africa are known as Bantu languages

because the languages have been derived from or influenced by Bantu

Why Were Trade Networks Slower to Penetrate Sub-Saharan Africa In general, people want to trade – trade allows for new and different products –

without trade, there would be no oranges or chocolate bars in New York When trade is slower to occur, it is usually because of geographic barriers – it is

harder to trade across a desert or over a mountain Yes, trade and communications networks were slower to penetrate sub-Saharan

Africa compared to other regions because there were formidable geographic barriers to overcome

Think about it – the Sahara desert separates North Africa from West Africa and the Sahara desert is the largest desert in the world

Of course, it is not impossible to cross the desert and with the introduction of camels from Arabia to Africa (sometime before 200 C.E.) – it became more manageable to cross the desert

Remember that the great kingdoms of West Africa (Ghana, Mali, and Songhai) depended on taxes from the Trans-Saharan Trade (a trade that connected North Africa to West Africa and was conducted across the Sahara desert – also known as the salt for gold trade)

Impact of Arrival of Camel on Africa The camel was introduced to Africa from Arabia sometime before 200 C.E. The camel is the perfect desert animal Camels can travel great distances across hot, dry deserts with little food or water Camels can walk easily on soft sand where trucks today would get stuck, and carry

people and heavy loads to places that have no roads The arrival of camels in Africa quickened the pace of communication across the

Sahara Before the arrival of the camel in Africa, a few brave or intrepid individuals crossed

the desert but with the arrival of the camel, it was easier to cross the Sahara desert and so more people crossed the desert

Yes, the camel quickened the pace of trade and communication across the Sahara

Copts in Egypt The Copts were and still are a Christian minority in predominantly Islamic Egypt Christianity first arrived in North Africa, in the 1st or early 2nd century C.E. The Christian communities in North Africa were among the earliest in the world In the 4th century C.E. the Ethiopian King Ezana made Christianity the kingdom’s

official religion In Egypt, the Coptic Orthodox Church is the main Christian Church in Egypt,

where it has between 6 and 11 million members – of course, the majority of people in Egypt today practice Islam but there are still practicing Copts in Egypt

The word “Copt” comes from the Greek word “Aigyptos”, meaning Egyptian

Griots and Oral Tradition in Sub-Saharan Africa Griots were and are oral historians in West Africa Before the arrival of Islam, West Africa lacked writing systems (Muslims brought

Arabic to the region and thus a writing system) However, even without writing, people want to preserve the history of their people Griots preserved the history of the people by memorizing and reciting the history Yes, African literature of the post-classical period was preserved through oral

tradition

Status of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa With the rise of agriculture, patriarchy was born – patriarchy is male dominance

and in patriarchal societies, women have fewer rights than men However, not all patriarchal societies were the same Women in the small communities of sub-Saharan Africa tended to be treated better

than women in other patriarchal societies

Women in sub-Saharan Africa were valued as fieldworkers and for educating children

This is primarily because in sub-Saharan Africa the digging stick was still used and it had not been replaced by the plow

A plow requires a tremendous amount of upper-body strength and in societies where the plow was used, men took over farming

But in sub-Saharan Africa, women were still primarily the farmers (until much later in the 1800s with the Age of European Imperialism – when men replaced women as farmers in the new cash crop farming systems)

Thus, since women were vitally important as farmers, they were respected more – of course, there was still patriarchy but it was not as severe as in other regions of the world

Characteristics of Civilizations A civilization is a complex society Hunters and gatherers do NOT have civilization because by moving regularly, their

social structures are fairly simple: they do not build monuments; they do not have bureaucracies or governmental departments in highly organized governments; and they do not have intense specialization or people performing lots of different jobs – the men hunt and the women farm but there are not scribes and doctors and tax collectors

Yes, a civilization has a degree of craft specialization (different jobs) and a level of social stratification (a class hierarchy with rich and poor people) and the development of irrigation systems (farmers need water for their fields) and the construction of architectural monuments (like pyramids and temples)

Yes, all of the features of civilization just mentioned were features of civilizations in Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica, the Indus River Valley, and the Yellow River Valley

But religious systems that included sacrifice rituals – this is not a feature of civilization – this could occur even without a complex society – even hunters and gathers could have sacrifice as part of a religious ritual

Four Noble Truths The Four Noble Truths are the fundamental beliefs of Buddhists The Four Noble Truths address the causes of suffering and how suffering can end Buddhists believe that life has suffering, that desire causes suffering, that suffering

can end, and that by following the Noble Eightfold Path (or eight actions to end suffering like Right Speech and Right Concentration), suffering will end

The Four Noble Truths are associated with Buddhism The founder of Buddhism was Siddhartha Gautama; he had been raised a Hindu

but upon discovering the Four Noble Truths, he was called the “Buddha” or the Enlightened One and a new belief system was born

Monasticism in Buddhism and Christianity The word monasticism is derived from the Greek monachos (“living alone”) A monastic can be a monk or nun but it is always a person who has dedicated his or

her life to the religious life

The term monasticism implies celibacy, or living alone in the sense of lacking a spouse, which became a socially and historically crucial feature of the monastic life

Monastics do not have husbands or wives – they dedicate their lives to religion Monasticism is a characteristic of Catholicism – a branch of Christianity Monasticism is also a characteristic of Buddhism Women are allowed to be monastics or nuns in both Catholicism and Buddhism In other words, there are alternatives for marriage for women in Catholicism and

Buddhism

Hellenism Hellenism is a Greek-like culture that was spread by Alexander the Great The word “Hellas” is the ancient Greek word for Greece Hellenism is mostly Greek but it has elements of Persian and Egyptian and even a

bit of Indian cultures Constructing buildings and monuments in stone in southwest Asia is an accurate

example of Hellenism The ancient Greeks were superb builders – they built columns in architecture and

this architectural influence can still be seen today around the world

Status of Merchants in Han China Merchants had low status in Han China Merchants were viewed as social parasites – individuals who did not produce or

make anything but merely profited from moving objects about Merchants also violated filial piety – the belief that sons should honor and obey

parents and ancestors – because merchants traveled far from parents and ancestors As the Han Dynasty of China adopted Confucianism with its values of filial piety

and education, merchants were viewed negatively Yes, merchants and traders were placed in a lower social class than farmers and

artisans in Han China

Mandate of Heaven The Mandate of Heaven was the Chinese belief – established during the Zhou

Dynasty – that the gods gave the emperor the mandate or right to rule An emperor kept the mandate or right to rule if he ruled competently and well – this

would be evident by good times in China For example, if floods or famines or wars engulfed China, then the emperor had lost

the Mandate of Heaven The Mandate of Heaven therefore justified rebellion because if the emperor lost the

mandate, the people could rebel In the Zhou dynasty, the Mandate of Heaven meant that rulers were allowed to keep

their power if they ruled justly and wisely

Confucianism and Order in Society Confucius was an important Chinese philosopher who lived during the “Age of

Warring States” period of the Zhou Dynasty

Living during a time of warfare and chaos, Confucius believed that peace and harmony could only be restored through an orderly society

If people knew and acted according to their roles in society, there would be peace and harmony

Thus, an emperor had to act like an emperor and a father like a father Confucius believed in Five Relationships: Emperor and subject, Father and son,

Husband and wife, Elder brother and younger brother, and friend and friend In every relationship – except friendship – there was a superior who had to rule

benevolently and set a good example and an inferior who had to obey Order was the key to ensuring a peaceful society, according to Confucius Yes, in China, Confucianism emphasized the idea that harmony could be achieved

by the proper behavior of each member of the family or society

Polytheism in Africa and Americas Polytheism is the belief in many gods An accurate statement about both the Americas and West Africa before 1500 is that

polytheism was the dominant belief system in these regions In the Americas, the Native American Indians were animists (believing that

everything in nature has a spirit) and polytheists Monotheism (in the form of Christianity) was NOT introduced in the Americas until

the arrival of the Europeans and while Columbus arrived in 1492, mass conversions did not occur until the 1500s

In Africa, animism and polytheism were popular too While it is true that Islam (a monotheistic religion) entered West Africa along the

trans-Saharan trade routes, usually elites or high class individuals converted to Islam

Animism and polytheism were still practiced in much of West Africa prior to 1500

Largest Desert The world’s largest desert is the Sahara desert The name Sahara derives from the Arabic noun ṣaḥrāʾ, meaning desert, and its

plural, ṣaḥārāʾ Filling nearly all of northern Africa, it measures approximately 3,000 from east to

west and between 800 and 1,200 miles from north to south and has a total area of some 3,320,000 square miles

The Sahara is bordered in the west by the Atlantic Ocean, in the north by the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea, in the east by the Red Sea, and in the south by the Sahel – a semiarid region that forms a transitional zone between the Sahara to the north and the belt of humid savannas (grasslands) to the south

In the 21st century, there was recognition that the Sahara and its border region to the south, the Sahel, were creeping southward owing to desertification (the process by which fertile land becomes desert)

Champa Rice The crop that dominated Korean and Vietnamese agriculture in the 1400s was rice In particular, a new variety of rice known as Champa rice

In the early part of the Song dynasty in China, a new variety of early-ripening rice was introduced into China from Champa, a kingdom located in what is now Vietnam

Champa rice was more drought-resistant Champa rice could be grown in places where older varieties had failed, especially on

higher land and on terraces that climb hilly slopes, and it ripened even faster than the other early-ripening varieties already grown in China

This made double-cropping possible in some areas, and in some places, even triple-cropping became possible

The hardiness and productivity of various varieties of rice were and are in large part responsible for the density of population in South, Southeast, and East Asia – or the increase of population – more food allows for more people to survive and thrive

Confucian Thought The following statement BEST encapsulates Confucian thought: Social harmony is

attained when superiors treat those below them with kindness, while inferiors respect those above them

Confucius believed that an orderly society was a peaceful society He believed that when individuals know their respective places in society and act

according to their proper roles, peace and harmony ensure Confucius taught that in relationships there is a superior and an inferior The superior must rule and lead and set a good example The superior must be kind and benevolent (well-meaning and kindly) The inferior must show superiors respect And inferiors must obey superiors

Hindu Concept of Samsara The Hindu concept of samsara is BEST described as a belief that one’s soul lives,

dies, and is reborn many times, until it is pure enough to escape the cycle of rebirth Both Hindus and Buddhists believe in samsara Samsara means reincarnation Hindus believe that the soul is born, dies and is reborn again – it is this cycle of

samsara that Hindus seek to escape from In Hinduism, moksha is the end of samsara – in moksha, the soul is reunited with

the cosmic spirit that is Brahman (the supreme spirit) For Buddhist, samsara ends when nirvana is achieved (the end of suffering)

Effects of Andes on Pre-Columbian Civilization Civilizations existed in the Andes before the arrival of the Spaniards – pre-

Columbian means before the arrival of Christopher Columbus and the conquistadors or Spanish conquerors

The Andes are mountains in South America It is, of course, difficult to farm on mountains and therefore for a civilization to

develop, the people of the region had to work together to make farming possible

Yes, the harshness and ruggedness of the terrain in the Andes Mountains affected the way that societies there evolved because people were forced to cooperate with each other and work out a division of labor

To farm on mountains, terraces have to be built Building terraces or stretches of flattened land on a mountainside required the

cooperation of many peoples

Benefits of Agriculture There were many benefits that the discovery of agriculture bestowed upon early

societies One benefit was that farmers had a greater ability to affect the environments in

which they lived – they could clear land for farming or redirect rivers for irrigation Another benefit was a more reliable way of obtaining a more diverse supply of food

– hunters and gatherers have to find food but farmers grow food Still another benefit of agriculture was the ability to establish permanent

communities and the reasons to do so – farmers settle because they must tend to crops and fields throughout the year

And a final benefit of agriculture was that it increased the tendency to cooperate and form more cohesive (well-integrated or unified) societies – farmers need irrigation canals and sometimes terraces – to build an irrigation canal or terrace requires cooperation

Chinese Inventions The Chinese invented many important objects The Chinese invented explosive powder The Chinese invented the magnetic compass The Chinese invented movable type The Chinese invented paper money But the Chinese did NOT invent steam-powered machinery – that was a European

invention

The Most Vital and Overland Silk Road The longest and most vital overland trade route before 1000 C.E. was the Silk Road The Silk Road was established during the Han Dynasty The Silk Road connected China to the Eastern Mediterranean coast Luxury goods were transported on the Silk Road Trade was conducted as a relay trade on the Silk Road as merchants passed goods

to one another along the route Every time a good was transferred to another merchant, its price rose as each

merchant had to make a profit from the transaction

Selective Borrowing of Japanese Regarding Chinese Japan has geographic proximity or closeness to China Japan is an archipelago or series of islands but it is very close to China The Japanese borrowed many ideas from the Chinese However, the Japanese did NOT borrow every Chinese idea

Despite extensive modeling of the Chinese imperial system, the Japanese civilization hew (adhered to or followed) to established tradition in the postclassical era

Examination systems were not a part of the selection process for the imperial elite In China, the examination system determined government service – a man had to

pass a rigorous examination to be granted a government post In Japan, however, the examination system was NOT used – the Japanese believed

that birth mattered more than merit in this time period Thus, the Japanese selectively borrowed from China

Code of Hammurabi The Code of Hammurabi was one of the earliest written law codes It provided a consistent set of regulations and rules for society – it could not be

changed in a moment’s notice because the king’s mood changed It was developed in Babylon – a kingdom in Mesopotamia The Code of Hammurabi had class divisions – it treated people differently according

to class – thus for a poor man, it was an eye for an eye but for a rich man it could be an eye for a fine

The Code of Hammurabi had harsh punishments The following is an excerpt from the Code of Hammurabi: “If anyone steals from a

temple or the court, he shall be put to death, and also the one who receives the stolen thing from him shall be put to death…If anyone buys from the son or the slave of another man, without witnesses or contract, silver or gold…he is considered a thief and shall be put to death.” ~Code of Hammurabi, Babylon, circa 1780 B.C.E.

The laws cited in this excerpt are evidence of the protection of property in Babylonian society

Reason and the Historian Historians are like detectives – piecing together the past Historians have to find evidence for their arguments (thesis statements) and

conclusions Thus, different sources are used for proving different historical arguments An example of this is a historian researching the timeline of the spread of iron

metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa The historian researching the timeline of the spread of iron metallurgy in sub-

Saharan Africa would find the following source most useful: archaeological evidence of early forges and smelting operations

Archaeological evidence of early forges and smelting operations would reveal where iron metallurgy occurred and where it spread in sub-Saharan Africa

The evidence must connect to the topic of research

Women in Buddhism and Christianity In Buddhism and Christianity (the Catholic form of Christianity especially), there

were alternatives to marriage for women Women were allowed to enter monastic orders and become nuns – nuns dedicated

their lives to religion and were celibate in that they did not marry and did not have children

Buddhism and Christianity also allowed women to participate spiritually in the religions

Buddhism and Christianity were two religions that gave women a possible path to spiritual salvation

Buddhists believed that salvation occurred through an end to suffering - nirvana Christians believed that salvation (Heaven – being saved from Hell) occurred

through faith in Jesus

Daoism Daoism emerged as a belief system in the “Age of Warring States” period of the

Zhou Dynasty In this time of warfare, chaos, and disorder, the great philosophers of China sought

ways to restore peace and harmony to society Laozi – the founder of Daoism – believed that peace and harmony could be restored

through the principle of living naturally, away from cities – in nature He also believed that the government that governed least was the best form of

government for it allowed people to live according to their true natures The following exchange is evidence of the Daoist point of view: “‘I cannot make a

tree grow or flourish’ [said the gardener]…‘All I do is avoid hindering a tree’s growth – I have no power to make it grow.’ – ‘Would it be possible to apply this philosophy of yours to the art of government?’ asked the questioner. – ‘My only art is the growing of trees,’ said [the gardener]. ‘Government is not my business.’” ~ Liu Zongyuan, Chinese scholar-official, circa 800 C.E.

The ideas expressed in this exchange were most strongly influenced by Daoism

Daoism and Proper Governance Daoists believed that the government that governed least governed best Daoists believed in letting individuals live naturally and that rules forced individuals

to live contrary to their true natures A historian of Tang China (618-907 C.E.) would probably find the passage of Liu

Zongyuan in the previous flashcard most useful as a source of information about ideas about proper governance

After all, Liu Zongyuan said, “Government is not my business.” – his business or only art is the growing of trees

Yes, Daoists are free spirits – by living close to nature and living naturally, people experience happiness and happy people do not fight – peace and harmony is restored by living naturally, according to Daoists

A similarity between the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty There are many obvious differences – the Qin actively supported Legalism and the

Han actively endorsed Confucianism But patriarchy or male dominance existed in both dynasties and landowners had

more power than peasants It is also accurate of both the Qin and Han dynasties to state that the central

government was powerful

The Qin unified China with a strong central government and it is from the Qin Dynasty that China has been given its name

But the Han Dynasty also had a strong central government – it adopted Confucianism and the examination system; it determined who worked in government service

Both dynasties had strong central governments

The Freedom of Nuns The establishment of communities of nuns in both Christian and Buddhist societies

by 600 C.E. had the following major consequences: Nuns were able to exercise power within their communities more extensively than in their respective societies

Christian and Buddhist societies were patriarchal in that men exercised power over women

Nowhere was patriarchy more evident than in marriage: women had to obey husbands

Yet in Christian and Buddhist societies by 600 C.E., there was an alternative to marriage and that alternative was the monastic lifestyle – to become a nun

In monasteries, nuns lived separately from men and in their monasteries, they made their own rules – to some extent – and had more freedoms because no men were present in their monasteries – they had some autonomy or freedom

Roman Republic The Romans invented the republic A republic is a form of government where citizens elect representatives in

government In the Roman republic, only patricians or wealthy landowners could elect

representatives The Roman republic was established in 509 B.C.E. It ended in 27 B.C.E. when the establishment of the Roman Empire and Roman

emperors Thus, the civilization that encouraged citizen participation in government was Rome

Pastoral Nomads A pastoralist is a herder or an individual who raises animals or livestock Pastoralists are nomadic because herds have to be moved to new grazing lands While pastoralists differ from farmers in that farmers are settled and pastoralists

are nomadic, there are some similarities between the two Yes, pastoral nomads are comparable to established farmers in that they both

domesticate livestock To domesticate an animal is to breed or train (an animal) to need and accept the

care of human beings