Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission Slide 1

Energy Harvesting Sensor SystemsA Proposed Application for 802.15.4f

Date: 2009-01-21

Name Affiliations Address Phone email Frank Whetten Boeing PO Box 3707

Seattle WA 98124 206.852.8914 Frank.L.Whetten@Boeing.com

Authors:

Frank Whetten (Boeing)

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission Slide 2

AbstractA new class of sensor and control systems, using the harvesting of

ambient energy to power the system are becoming increasingly technologically mature

The current market environment for these sensor and control systems is that of proprietary protocol stacks, which intrinsically curtails interoperability

A robust standardized protocol stack, designed around extremely low-power devices is needed

Frank Whetten (Boeing)

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Outline

• Objectives

• Applications

• Architectures

• Challenges

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Energy Harvesting Objectives

• Reduce weight• Reduce cost of installation• Enable rapid introduction of new features• Enable rapid reconfiguration

• With focus on• Low data rate applications• Eliminate “difficult” wires:

long runs, span moving joints, difficult access areas, hostile environments

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Examples of Power Generation and ConsumptionP

ower

(W

atts

)

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

10-6

107

108

109

1010

10-7

Space shuttle at liftoff (11 GW)

150 lb human male running 8 minute mile (280 W)

Heel-strike energy harvesters (2 W)

Very large wind turbine (5 MW)

Quartz wristwatch (1 μW)

Laser in a CD-ROM drive (5 mW)

MicroStrain, Inc. wireless sensor (45 mW)

Midsize automobile (112 KW)

Laptop computer (60 W)

Cell phone (600 mW)

Boeing 747 at cruise (65 MW)

Boeing noise reduction chevrons (2 kW)

AAA LED flashlight (100 mW)

LA

RG

E-S

CA

LE

EF

FE

CT

INF

OR

MA

TIO

NT

RA

NS

FE

RS

MA

LL

-SC

AL

EE

FF

EC

T

EnOcean wireless sensor (24 μ W)

U of W dimmable window (4 mW)

Typical realm of energy harvesting

Typical realm of energy regeneration

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Energy Harvesting Power Generation & Utilization

1W

100 mW

10 mW

1 mW

100 µW

10 µW

1 µW

Harvesters ConsumersAverage Power

Small piezo beam vibe harvesters

Large inductive vibe harvesters

1 in2 TEG on crease beam

TEG stringer clip

1 cm2 a-Si PV in cabin lighting

1 cm2 a-Si PV in blue sky

1 cm2 a-Si PVin sun lit airplane pax window

Wireless dimming window

Push button transmitter

Sensor @ 2.8 hrs interval

AAA LED flash light

Cell phone

Wireless sensor @ 1 HzPush button harvester

GSE monitoring sensor(log data every 10sec, Tx 2X per day)

Zigbee mesh network node(w/ Rx from wireless sensor)

TI MSP430 microprocessor (awake)

TI MSP430 microprocessor (asleep)Chipcon CC2500 radio (asleep)

Chipcon CC2500 radio (Tx mode)

6 mm2 TEG on hydraulic line

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Wireless Sensors

And Thermoelectric Stringer Clip

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Sensor Applications

• Structural health monitoring

– Corrosion

– Cracks

– Impact damage

• Flight Test

– Acceleration, strain, temperature, etc.

– Troubleshooting

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Thermoelectric Stringer Clip

• Generates several mW from ΔTacross insulation blankets in flight

– Cold side: -30ºC (structure)

– Warm side: 20ºC (air)

• Enables wireless sensors anywhere on fuselage without batteries or wires

Patent Pending

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Thermoelectric Challenges• Power management

– Boosting low voltages– Optimizing impedance of boost circuit to support energy storage

• Heat sink thermal efficiency versus weight optimization• Thermal interface material optimization

INP

UT

OU

TP

UT

Boosts to 2.6V Requires start-up of 0.3 to 0.75 V depending on Output load

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Wireless Corrosion Sensor

And Vibration Harvester

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Corrosion Issues• Corrosion costs aircraft industry $2.2 billion per year.*

– Unpredictable– Difficult to access locations– Current prevention programs rely on scheduled,

invasive visual inspections– Causes unnecessary and costly aircraft downtime

*Koch, G.H.,“Corrosion Cost and Preventive Strategies in the United States,” 2001.

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

vibrating structurevehicle

frequency

Acc

el. P

SD

mechanical energy corrosiondata

time

inde

x

Self-powered Wireless Corrosion Sensorlow power

wireless transceivercorrosion sensorenergy harvester

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Time [hrs]

Cor

rosi

on S

enso

r R

esis

tanc

e [

ohm

s]

Pristine sensor readingfirst transmission

Sensor placed in Nitric acid solution

Severe corrosion observed

Test stopped

Stored voltage builds up to provide short bursts of regulated voltage Simulated corrosion sensor changes resistance when corroded

Self-Powered Wireless Sensors

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Time (s)

Vol

tage

(V

)

Vcap

Vout

Transmission interval

Regulated Voltage

Storage Cap Voltage

Transmission duration

200 40 60 80 100 180160120 140

Time (seconds)

4

0

Vol

tage

3

2

1

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

USB Transceiver

Wireless Transceivers

• Wireless Transceiver– Moteiv Tmote Sky transceiver– Based on UC Berkeley design – TinyOS operating system– Programmed to power on, take a corrosion reading

and transmit report to a base station

• Conclusions– Was able to detect the onset of corrosion– Wirelessly transmitted corrosion reports every 30 minutes while

powered exclusively by characteristic aircraft vibrations

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Vibration Harvesting Challenges

• Need broadband vibration harvestersto support highly variable aircraftvibration spectrum

• Need low-power, wide area sensors to detection corrosion or structural damage

• Need standardized communications protocol so disparate devices can report through a common communications channel

Multi-Frequency Piezoelectric Energy HarvesterU.S. Patent No. 6,858,970

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Simplified Passenger Services System

And Finger-Powered Transmitter

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Traditional Passenger Services System

• Traditional system architectures are– Complex– Heavy– Expensive

• IFE system required for basic passenger services

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Traditional Passenger Services System

SEB

OEU OEU OEU OEU OEU

SEBSEB SEB

ADBLAC

PESCPSC

switch

light

E/E Bay

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Simplified Passenger Services System

Powered Passenger Service Unitmounting rails

Finger-powered wireless Passenger Control Units

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Simplified Passenger Services System

switch

light

Each seat group / PSU pairform a mini wireless network

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Simplified Passenger Services System

BEFORE

AFTER

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Self-Powered Dimming Window

And Return Air Grill Thermal Harvesting

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

787 Dimmable Window

787 Window 70% larger than competition “View from every seat” Re-connect passenger to “magic of flight”

Dimming Window Features Traditional slider doesn’t fit Greater control for passenger Reduced maintenance Allow cabin crew to operate dimming from central location

787 A330/A340

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Dimmable Window for Retrofit Market

System Power Consumption

Window 220 mW X 0.75% duty

Processor 15 mW X 5% duty

Radio 35 mW X 2.5% duty

Ave Power Consumption

3.3 mW

Open-circuit memory effect No power needed to hold state Power only needed to change state

Low Power Control Circuitry Low power electronics Maximize use of sleep modes

Wireless Flight Attendant control

Patent Pending

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Return Air Grill Thermoelectric Device

CabinSide Wall

Return Air Grill

Cabin Floor

InsulationBlanket

Insulation Blanket

Heat Sink

Thermoelectric Element

Crease Beam

Skin

Patent Pending

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Test Results

55mW @ 3.6 Ohms

30mW @ 160 Ohms

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Ultra-Low PowerWireless Architectures

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Hybrid Star/Mesh Sensor Network for Ultra-Low Power Sensors

ULPS

Node

Node

Gateway

Node

Node

Sensor-to-NodeNode-to-NodeNode-to-Gateway

InfrastructureNetwork

ULPS

ULPS

ULPS

ULPS

ULPS

ULPS

ULPS

ULPS ULPS

ULPS

ULPS

ULPS

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

• Very low energy requirements– Power consumption should be minimized, but is not key

criterion• Layer 1 & 2 security required

– Ensure only authorized devices associate with wireless backbone network

• Minimal “keep-alive” network traffic required – Network nodes may only transmit once in multiple days

• Frame length sufficient for adequate reports– Variable payload size desired

• Frequency independent (highly desired)– Specialized or high-criticality applications are unlikely to use

unlicensed spectrum

Proposed (Fuzzy) Requirements

Slide 30 Frank Whetten (Boeing)

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f

Submission

Thank You