docs.niwa.co.nzdocs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/frdop21.pdf · lntroduction the objective of this...

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Assessment of the Deep-water FishResource of the New Zealand Area

byR. C. Francis

andK. A. Fisher

Fisheries Research Division Occasional Publication No. 21

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 21 (1979)


byR. C. Francis*

andK. A. Fisher

*Present address:

National Marine Fisheries Service,Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.

Fisheries Research Division Occasional Publication No. 21I 979


Gontents

lntroduction

The FisheryDeep-water fìshing grounds

Vessels 6

o' Estimation a

Puge

3

5

5

Fishery Potential

Discussion

Acknowledgments .

Ref'erences

20

11

26

26

Appendixl..... 27

Appendix2.... 30

Published by the New Zealand Ministry of

Agriculture and Fisheries

Wellington

1919

ISSN 0110-1765


lntroduction

The objective of this work is to provide an im-mediate crude assessment of the status and potentialof the deep-water demersal fishery resource of theNew Zealand 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) (Fig. l). The reasons for this are twofold.First, New Zealand officially declared jurisdictionover a 200-mile EEZ on I April 1978. With thisdeclaration came the responsibility to manage thefisheries of the EEZ to promote optimum use ofstocks within the zone (Beeby 1975). Therefore im-mediate scientific advice had to be provided to enable

Fig. l: The New Zealand 200-mileExclusive Economic Zone anddeep-water fishing areas.

lnset 1

management of the foreign fishery exploiting theresource. Second, scientific assessments are needed

to help plan the future course of the fishery. As willbecome evident, these two needs require different ap-proaches to scientific assessment.

The direct estimates made here depend entirely ondata provided from the activities of Japaneseresearch and commercial vessels fishing in NewZealandwaters from October 1975 to February 1977.

ró0' r)o"e ì80 l7o" w

.S

40'

-50"

Cooslol

Deep-wqlet


Fig. 2: Major bathymetric features, surface currents, place names, and topographic features of the New Zealand region.


The Fishery

Two distinct demersal fisheries operate inside theNew ZealandEEZ (Fig. 1). First, there is the coastaltrawl, Iong-line, and set-net fishery which operateslargely around the North lsland in depths rangingfrom 0 to 200 m. Recent annual catches have been

about 60 000 t (40 000 New Zealand and 20 000

foreign). The main species are snapper (Chrysophrysauratus), tarakihi (Cheilodsctylus macroplerus),trevally (Caranx georgianus), barracouta (Thyrsitesatun), andjack mackerels (Trachurus declivis and T.

novøezeløndiøe).

Second, there is the deep-water trawl and bottomlongline fishery which operates around the SouthIsland (Areas l, 4, and 5), on the Chatham Rise(Area 2), and on the Campbell Plateau-Bounty Plat-form (Area 3) (Fig. 1). This fishery, almost exclus-ively foreign so far, operates in depths ranging from200 to 1000 m. Heavy exploitation in this fisherystarted in the early 1970s when large trawlers fromthe Soviet Union began fishing the deeper watersalong the east coast of the South Island and the vasttrawlable expanse of the Campbell Plateau-BountyPlatform. At the same time the Japanese expandedtheir coastal trawling operations into the deeperwaters along the east coast of the South Island andbegan to explore the potential for bottom long-liningin various areas around New Zealand.'The totaldeep-water demersal catch for l97l-75 averagedabout 100 000 t and was evenly divided betweenJapan and the Soviet Union.

ln 1976 the catch rose to about 200 000 t' Part ofthis increase was due to the establishment of theJapanese bottom longJine fishery on the south side

of the Chatham Rise (Area 2) and part was due to theexpansion of the Japanese trawl fishery into areas

along the edge of the shelf to the east and south ofStewart Island (Area 4) and along the west coast ofthe South Island (Area 5) (Fig. l). The Japanese com-mercial trawlers were guided on to heavy concen-trations of silver warehou (Seriolella puncloto) in theSouthland shelf area in December 1975 and JanuaryI 97 6 and hoki (M a c r u r o n us n o v s e ze I a n d i a e), Engli s h

hake (Merluccius austrslls), and barracouta along thewest coast of the South Island from May toSeptember 1976 by the Japan Marine FisheryResource Research Center (JAMARC) exploratoryfishing stern trawler Shinkai Maru. The fishing data

lnset 1i

provided by this vessel served as the basis for theestimates made in this paper. ln 197'7 the deep-waterdemersal catch again increased to about 380 000 t as a

result of increases in effort by Japan and the SovietUnion and the entrance of South Korean trawlersand bottom long-lin-ers into the fishery.

The main species in the deep-water trawl fishery ofrecent years has been hoki, a deep-water hake whichis caught in both the subtropical waters of Areas 1, 2,

and 5 and the subantarctic waters of Area 3. Hokimade up more than 3590 of the 1976 deep-rvatertrawl catch. The main species (75V0 of the 1976

catch) in the bottom long-line fishery is ling(Genypterus blocodes). Illustrations and descriptionsof the major species exploited in the New Zealanddeep-water demersal fishery, as well as species codes

used later in this publication, are given in Appendixl.

Deep-water fishing groundsThe most important deep-water fishing grounds

are shown in Fig. 1. Figure 2 shows the majorphysical features ol the region.

East coast, South lsland (Area 1lA significant trawl fishery exists here throughout

the year. The major species caught are hoki, bar-racouta, red cod (Pseudophycis bacchus), warehou,jack mackerels, and arrow squid (Nololoclorusstoanii). The estimated 1977 deep-water catch was

83 000 t.

Chatham Rise (Area 2)

This area supports a year-long trawl fishery alongits north and west boundaries as well as most of thebottom long-line fishery along its southernboundary. The major species caught jn the trawlfishery are hoki and silver warehou and in the bottomlong-line fishery, ling. The estimated 1977 deep-

water catch was 52 000 t (32 000 by trawl and 20 000

by bottom long-line).

Campbell Plateau-Bounty Platform (Area 3)

This vast area of subantarctic water has supporteda yearlong trawl fishery, though recently most of thefishing has been in summer. The major species

caught are squid and hoki along the westernboundary (in the area of the Auckland Islands) and


southern blue whiting (Micromesistius oustrølis) inspring and suntmer on the Campbell Plateau and inwinter on the Bounty Platform, where they arereported to spawn (Shpack 1978). The esrimated 1977deep-water catch was 70 000 t.

Southland (Area 4lThis arca has supported a sporadic summer trawl

fishery. The major species caught are silver warehouand squid along the eastern boundary and ling alongthe western boundary. The estimated 1977 deep-u,ater catch rvas 28 000 t.

West coast, South lsland (Area 5lThis area supports a winter and spring trawl

fishery for spawning concentrations of hoki, hake,and barracouta. Extremely high catch rates of morethan 50 t per hour have been recorded. The estimated1977 deep-water catch was 125 000 t.

VesselsThe most common fishing vessels in the deep-water

fishery are 1000- to 4000-GRT factory stern trawlers

(up to 120 m in length). Table I shows the 1976Japanese trawl catch and effort by size class. Thehigh catch rate recorded by size class 6 was due totwo boats fishing mainly in A¡ea 5 at the height ofthe winter season with high-opening nets. Unfor-tunately no comparable records are available forSoviet fishing. In addition to large factory sterntrawlers (up to 85 m), the Soviets use smaller (55 m)side trawlers to fish for squid in Area 3 around theAuckland Islands. Most bottom longline vessels aremodified tuna long-liners ranging in length from 45to 60 m, with a gross tonnage of up to 300 t. Catchrates range from 5 to 15 t per day. Examples offishing vessels are shown in Figs. 3-6.

TABLE 1: Japanese trawl catch and effort (1976) by size class

CRT550-1 000

I 000-1 500| 500-2 0002 000-2 5002 500-3 0003 000-4 000

Total

Size Days Catch Catch rateclass fished (t) (t/day)35326.Q4 977 21 504 22.015 915 14 583 15.946 131 12 927 98.687 785 32 738 4t.'108 44'1 l8 663 4t.75

3 260 100 447 30.8r


Fig. 3: Japanese stern trawler.

Fig. 4: Japanese bottom longliner.


Fig. 5: Soviet RTM factory stern trawler.

Fig. 6: Soviet SRTM side trawler.

8


Estimation

Since the inception of the New Zealand 200-mileEEZ several estimates of deep-water demersalresource potential have been put forward. TheFishery Agency of Japan (Anon. 1978a) estimates thetotal (coastal and deep-water) demersal biomass to be

8.792 million t with a maximum sustainable yield(MSY) of 879 000 t. Shpack (1978) estimates thesouthern blue whiting standing stock of the CampbellPlateau-Bounty Platform to be as high as 1.24

million t u/ith a MSY of 250 mO t. Blagodyorov andNosov (1978) estimate the hoki population to the east

and south-east of the South Island to range from130 000 to 300 000 t with a safe biological yield of34 000 to 75 000 t. Dudarev (1978) estimates the safe

biological yield of deep-water dory (Neocittus rhom-boidalis) to the east of the South Island to be 60 000

to 70 000 t. Finally, Nosov (1978) estimates the stan-ding stock of jack mackerel (the Soviets recogniseonly one species, Trachurus declivis) to be about800 000 t with a MSY of 140 000 t.

This is the first attempt to document not only theestimates of deep-water demersal standing stocks andpotential catches, but the estimation proceduresthemselves. The estimates presented here depend en-

tirely on two sources of data: detailed trawl-by-trawlrecords of the 3400-GRT Japanese research-exploratory fishing stern trawler FRV S/¡inkai Maruand summaries of Japanese commercial trawling ac-

tivities in New Zealand waters for an overlappingtime period.

Shinkai Mqruworked the New Zealand deep-waterfishing areas from October 1975 until February1977*. In that time the vessel fished for 300 days,made 1100 trawls, and caught a total of 9063 t offish. Her characteristics were as follows: length 94.93m; breadth 16.00 m moulded; tonnage 3393.23 GRT;horsepower 5000 PS; net, a commercial fourseambottom trawl with headline length 50.00 m; averageheadline height 7.00 m; groundrope length 70.00 m;net length 89.70 m; doors 28.00 x 40.00 m; distancebetween wing-ends 39.00 m; cod-end, 100-mmdouble. Summaries of her four cruises are given inFig. 7 and Table 2. Records of location, time of day,

+shinkai Maru data for April to August 1975 have recently come

to our notice. These were not included in the original data set

received from JAMARC, but they are now being analysed.

catch by species, average depth, aYerage speed, timefor haul, and surface and bottom temperature were

available for each station.

The second major data base for our study was

detailed catch and effort information from allJapanese commercial trawlers which fished the NewZealand area in 1975 and 1976. Summaries of catchby species and hours fished are given by month, % o

latitude by lr" longitude, and vessel size class. These

data are summarised for the periods of the ShinkaiMaru cruises in Table 2.

The primary intent of the four Shinkai Morucruises was to determine where deep-water commer-cial trawling potential was greatest at various timesof year in the New ZealandEEZ. The fishing planwas therefore to explore an area until commercialconcentrations of fish were found and then, with thehelp of the Japanese commercial fleet, fish these con-centrations as hard as possible. Obviously this is notan "ideal" experimental design for a groundfishsurvey (Jones and Pope 1973).

For the estimation of stock densities extensivestratification was required. The entire groundsurveyed was divided into five areas based on historicfishing patterns and predominant species caught (see

Fig. l). Areas 2, 3, and 4 were each divided into twosubareas because of non-homogeneity of bothphysical and biological characteristics' Separateestimates were made for each subarea before beingcombined into areal estimates. The Chatham Rise(Area 2) was divided into east and west subareas at

180o, the Campbell Plateau was separated from theBounty Platform in Area 3, and Southland (Area 4)

was divided into east and west subareas because ofthe basic faunal differences between the two sides ofthe Stewart Island shelf.

Preliminary analyses indicated that catch variationwithin areas was most significant with depth andlocation. Species tend to have preferred depths andthey tend to aggregate spatially. In areas where therewere diurnal fluctuations in catch rates, ShinkaiMaru did most fishing during daylight hours.Therefore diurnal influences on catch rates were

minimal. For these reasons, and since the Japanese

commercial data were given by % o squares, it was


708 80'

4

¡t\ )3

lÞ.ì 2

ì 2

I ì

ì

3 3 2

3 3 74 t

I 2 ì8

I 3 12 3 I

I 2 2 I I a 2

4 lì 2 2 I

3 2 0

4

FB

5 I

7 2

ì 21 4

32 t2

21 ó 3

I 3

2

I

50I

2

2

2 2

6

tól 4 9 I'2

l0


170" E 80'

I

\r2 1

l

I

I l

4( S

2

2

a< ó

I 4 5 5 4 ó 2 6 3

9 tì 2 l

4 l7 C

ó 3)o

2

"t I I

4

6 ì

2 3 2

Figs. 7a and b (above and left): Number of Shinkai Maru sfations in each t/z ' latitude by %' longitude squarer Cruises I and 2,

ll


170'E I lo'

2 240 s

D] 3

ì I L ltló 7 ô,

20 l3

I 3l 33

a 4 2 5 4 tó 7 I

ì 2 J I I

5 12 5 (5

)0

3 I

{ I I

2 I

J

3

50 s

l

Fig. 7c: Number of Shinkai Maru sfarions in each lz ' latitude by %'longitude square, Cruise 3.

t2


tio'E (

lråc

40 S

I )2 t lt

41,

et (q

2 ?

6 I Iì 2 5 2

I z 2 2

2

8 t0

3 1 0

10

37 2J

I

3 5 2

2 6 6 4 2

2 2 3 4 3

ì 4 l

2

5C S

I

2 5 3 I

2 3 2 I I

4 t2 2 2C 3

2t I I 4 iì l3 t7

3 3 I 2 6 4

I 2 2

Fig. 7d: Number of Shinkai Maru slafions in each Vz ' latitude by %' longitude square, Cruise 4.

t3


TABLE 2: Summaries o1 Shinkai Moru c¡uises and corresponding Japanese comme¡cial trawl d¡ta

Shinkai Maru

No. ofArea stations

Cruise I Oct 1975-I'eb 1976

Catch(t)

r42.'n417.760

t07.4618.3'77

730.5401 425.610

21.321251 .924

l 8.978

446.6't88.ó56

252.02229.238

130.259393.328

9.429

I 50.840t40.74322.18t22.992

2 258.70974.212

109.280

63.58542.368

1 493.20081 .170

433.M2l ó9.953

CPHF* Sp. (qo)t

.lapanese commercial

Catch(t) CPHF Sp. (90)

I

2E2W3E3W4E4W

5

6

42l023

68ó

ll09

42

16

Cruise 2 Apr-Jun 197ó

r652F.52W 26

3E64E 15

53968

Cruise 3 Jul-Sep 1976

IN2W 36

4E ll4W4

2.20 -+0.8e HoK(48)t.92 HOK(66)0.48 SBw(70)1.30 BUT(48)2.'t6 BUT(77)l.16 BUT(38)1.96 BAR(39)2.16 JMA(72)

3.s0 HoK(20)0.706.&1.50 sBìù/(97)l,83 BUT(58)2.81 HAK(51)2.17 JMA(79)

l.00 JMA(43)t.t40.701.80 LrN(42)3.95 HOK(56)3.90

1.85 SQU(38)1.26 HOK(56)r.tz sBw(?6)2.20 SBW(,16)l.l8 BUT(57)1.56 LrN(67)1.42

600-800 m Totalt0 629 f7 200t3 972 55 8796 981 4779

13 948 26 84t83 912 254 35718 at 23 9962 233 8 857

9 U6 25 281159 562 477 192

5

7

127

7

t4r86

l.l80.661.55

0.402.053.230.802.020.54

l.9l0.533.341.48

2.162.540.50

1.09t .100.5óL494.262.16

1.092.051.032.420.932.03I .50

HOK(43)HOK(57)HOK(72)sBw(8s)sBw(79)swA(80)sKr(26)BAR(s1)FRO(45)

HOK(3e)HOK(35)oRH(44)sBw(97)swA(83)HAK(57)sKr(50)

swA(22)swA(22)HOK(2O)LrN(49)HOK(5r)BYX(90)

HOK(,t0)HOK(79)sBV/(83)sBrw(55)sv/A(32)LrN(62)FRO(34)

I 719

3l150

l05 318

9 3't043

2 0584 663

l0 313,|

l0ll30

3 685

3 748701

857

157

2827

27 93678

Cruise 4 Nov 1976-Feb 1977

t342W93E3W

22 78587

46l 896

3 9622 234| 444

4E 284V/ 62

536+ Catch per hour fished (t/h trawled).t Predominant species in catch (90 of total).f No predominant species.

decided that within each subarea-time period forwhich estimates of standing stock density were to bemade, separate estimates would be made for each Vz"square-depth interval. Three depth intervals wereused: 200-400 m, 400-600 m, and 600-800 m. Thesedepth constraints were forced by the facts thatShinkai Møru rarely fished shallower than 200 m ordeeper than 800 m and that species tended to concen-trate in 200-m depth ranges. Estimates of bottomarea by depth interval and fishing area are given inTable 3.

For each area, estimates of stock density weremade in time periods for which Shinkoi Maru made aminimal number of hauls, preferably at all threedepth intervals. Table 4 shows the timing of theestimates, which were made over periods rangingfrom I to 3 months. The length of each period relates

to the amount of time that Shinkai Maru spent in agiven area during a given cruise. Separate estimateswere made for June-July and August-September1976 in Area 5 because the species composition anddepth distribution of the catch changed significantlybetween these two periods.

TABLE 3: Estimates of bottom a¡ear (km') by depth interv¡l fordeep.wåfer fishing areas

Area 200-400 m 400-600 ml 8 035 18 536

2E 15 768 26 1392W t9 076 t8 722

3E 5',125 7 r703W t9 r42 l5l 303

4E 1974 37814W 3990 26345 9310 6325Total 83 020 234 610

* Bottom areas are approximate because of inadequatebathymetric data.

t4


Year197 5

tg't6

TABLE 4: Timing o[ estimates made from Shinkai Maru data

Area12345

XXX

x

geometric mean method (Shimada and Schaefer1956). Let

C,,,- : catch (t) for size class k during month Ju^ in Vzo square i (k = 0 for ShinkaiMaru)

.f ,,o = hours fished for size class k during

Shinkai Møru)

u,jo : c¡y'lurnL = number of /2o square-months where" f,ro )5 and/ro )l

Then

pr¿ = relative fishing power of size class k to" Shinkai Maru

[, ( r,,r\f- exp jr? i,ot' \ ¿r,i l

These values are given in Table 5.

For a given time period-area-depth stratum, theestimation of relative stock density was done by athree-step procedure.

l. Shinkai Maru (SM). Make a direct estimate forall Vz'squares where Shinkai Maru fished for morethan I hour at depth range d

Y,, = catch (t) of trawl / at depth range d in" /2 o square i

MonthNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJul

AugSepOctNovDecJan

TimeApr-Jun '76Nov '75May, Jul-Sep'76Jan "16, Dec "l6-Jan'77Nov-Dec '75Il/.ay'76Nov-Dec'76Jun-Sep'76

xxxX

XXx

X

xX

X

XXxt9't7

The analytic technique which was used for theestimation of standing stock is a modification of thatdiscussed by Alverson and Pereyra (1969). Themethod is founded on the basic assumption (Gulland1969) that catch per unit of effort (CPUE), in this in-stance catch per distance trawled, is a function ofstock density in the stratum being surveyed and thatchanges in CPUE are proportional to changes instock density. If one is then willing to make certainassumptions about the width of the sweep of a trawl,the efficiency of the gear (escapement), and the ver-tical distribution of the stock in the water column(availability), it is possible to calculate stock densityand subsequently estimate the total standing stock ofdemersal fish in a defined area.

In most instances in which estimates could bemade, the Japanese commercial trawl fleet fished alarger overall area than that fished by Shinkai Maru'However, since the commercial records were sum-maries of catch and hours trawled by Vr" square,month, and vessel size class, they could not be useddirectly in the estimation of stock density. The de-tailed individual trawl records from Shinkai Maruhad to be the basis of all estimates. The commercialfleet data had to be standardised to those of ShinkaiMaru so that they could be used together. For a givenarea-time period stratum, the average efficiency(catch per hour fished) relative to Shinkai Maru ofeach commercial size class was computed by the

AreaI2

3

4

5

40.829 99

0.682 85

0.652 120.667 l00.641 05

= speed (knots) of trawl / at depth ranged in % o square i

: time (hours) of trawl / at depth range din /2" square i

% o squares i where l.: t,, ) II

relative stock density (t/km trawled)

P Y¡tI

1.852 Ð s,, f,,I

2. Step 1. Make a comparative estimate for all Vzo

squares (i) where Shinkoi Maru fished for less than Ihour at depth range d, the Japanese commercial fleetfished for more than 5 standard hours, and more

sii

t¡t

Then for all

Di :

5

0.239 49

0.250 68

0.558 56

0.409 88

7

1.206 26

0.614 500.352 350.464 64

1.5'14 6'1

8

1.241 60l.û'1 09r.o23 2l1.t84 '72

o.691 760.947 621.386 56

1.553 48

TABLE 5r Relative fishing power of Japanese commercial lleel to Shinkai MaruSize class

6

2.068 98

0.854 0l

2.358 52

l5


than 2090 of the bottom area between 200 and 800 mlies in depth range d. Let

Y¡t : catch of size class k in /2" square i (k: 0 for Shinkai Maru)

f ,o : hours fished of size class k in Vz'square ,

ait : bottom area of Vz" square i at200-400m

qiz : bottomareaof Vz"squarei at4O0-600m

ai3 : bottom area of % o square i at 600-800m

oid : bottom area of Vz" square i at depthrange d

Zi¿ :a,o/@¡1 +ai2+sß)Ui : catch per standard hour fished

(CPSHF) of Japanese commercial fleetin Vz." square i

: Ð Y¡¡r/Do¡rf¡¡,kk

Then for all Vz" squares I where

a' î¡o 1lb. Ðp *l¡* )5

k+oc. Z¡¿ >0.20

and all % " squares j where SM estimates have beenmade, let

R,j : u,/utX¡ : longitudinal distance (') between- squares i andjYU = latitudinal distance (o) between" squares i andy

wu : z¡¿/(xi¡'+ v,j)

then

Di

Therefore for a given depth range d the Step Iestimates are weighted means of the existing SMestimates at that depth adjusted for differences incommercial catch rates. The weighting factor be-tween a /2" squarei where the Step I estimate is to bemade and a Vz" square j where a SM estimate hasalready been made is directly proportional to thefraction of r/2" squareT at depth d and inversely pro-portional to the distance between rZ o squares i and j.'l'his system oI weighting was chosen on an empiricalbasis as was the form of the Step I estimator. It wasfelt that I/, should take into account the distancebetween rZ o squares and the likelihood that the com-

mercial CPSHF in Vz" squareT was recorded at depthrange d.

3. Step 2. For all % o squares (i) which have bottomarea at depth d, but which do not satisfy the criteriafor either Shinkai Maru or Step I estimates, computea weighted average of all previous estimates wherethe weighting factor is identical to that for Step Iestimates. Therefore, letting j range over all Vz"squares where Shinkai Maru and Step I estimateshave been made at depth d,

D =DW.D./8W..I IJJ Ujj

It was originally hoped that the fact that a t/2" squarehad no Shinkai Maru or commercial effort in it dur-ing a given period might indicate that stock densitieswere low in that area, and that this informationmight be used in the Step 2 estimation procedure.However, tests indicated no significant relationshipbetween catch rates and the total amount of effortexpended in a Vz

o square-time period. That is whythe Step 2 estimates are simple weighted averages ofthe SM and Step I estimates.

The % o square-depth estimates of relative stockdensity are then combined to give an estimate ofrelative stock density for the time-area stratum atdepth d as

Dd :\o¡Pi/lo,ott

These estimates are further combined to give anaverage stock density for the time-area stratum as awhole. Estimates are given for total standing stock aswell as certain selected species in Table 6. For a givenarea missing time-depth strata densities are estimatedby use of the analysis of variance model

YU :tL+a, +ßr+e,where

i : time of estimatej : depth stratumY,, : natural logarithm of relativestock den-" sity at time l, depth 7

natural logarithm of mean density forthe area as a whole

ai : deviation of YU from ¡r due to time ißj : deviation of I,, from ¡^r due to depthi,,j = random variable distributed N(0, o'?)

The parameters ¡r, {c, } , 1B ,l are then estimated by themethod of least squares." The form of the linearmodel resembles that of Robson (1966). The basic71 o square parameters and variables used in theestimates are presented in Appendix 2.

It is clear that Shinkai Maru did not fish at randomor according to a predetermined grid pattern. Within

V2"

t/z "

/\=\l*f,Pl'l','

16


TABLE 6: Estimates of relative stock density (t/km trawled)

Area DateI Apr-Jun '76

2E Nov'75

May'16

2W Nov'75

trlay'76

Jut-Sep '76

3E Dec"16-Jan'77

3W Jan'76

Dec'76-Jan'77

4E Nov-Dec'75

May'76

Nov-Dec'76

4W Nov-Dec'75

Nov-Dec'76

5 Jun-Jul'76

Aug-SeP'76

* Estimated by analysis of variance

Species

TotalHOK

TotalHOKTotalHOKTotalHOKTotalHOKTotalHOK

TotalSBWHOKTotalSBWHOKTotalSBWHOK

TotalSVVATotalSWATotalSWATotalLIN

TotalLIN

TotalHOKHAKBARTotalHOKHAKBAR

0.0910.0540. I l0*0.053 r

0.1000.0670.123+0.065 r0.065 t0.007 "0.0210.0010.0000.o370.0000.0070.4690.1340.264

0.7 100.6000.4040.3840.2470.1360.1590.0120.1480.007

o.27 |0.0000.0000.0070.7180.0010.0000.463

600-800 m0.2310.054

0.1690.1090.205 *

0.107 t0.2430.1700,1950. ll70.1260.009

0.0820.0630.0000. l6l0.0240.0970.1180.0120.086

0.722*0.023 +

0.387 *

0.012 *

0.1720.0000.129*0.082 +

0.2480.183

0.3010.1390.1220.0000.1630.0070.1400.000

Total(200-800 m)

0.2010.068

0.1060.0640.1290.0630.1420.0990.2100.1050.0970.013

0.0850.0630.0050.1980.1050.0560.23 80.1170.083

o.7170.1640.;1830.0840.1690.0120.t220.033o.2020.105

0.3840.1930.0ó30.0030.4400.0890.0s 8

0.175

200-400 m 400-600 m

0. 108 0.2250.009 0.103

0.0810.0460.0990.0450.1460.1040.2140.1420. ll80.021

0. 1370.i140.0170.2370.t640.0390.2750.1730.0s9

0.6980.6190.3520.2760.1 140.0050.0610.o220.2440.187

0.6760.55 80.0700.0000.4540.3430.0180.018

a given area she tended to fish, if possible, wherefishing was the best. Therefore one might expect thatthe density where she did fish was considerablyhigher than the average density in that area as awhole and that this might be reflected by an upwardbias in the estimates of biomass density, Our hopewas that the stratification was sufficient to eliminateany bias of this sort from the estimates. To test forthis bias, a comparison was made of statistics anddensity estimates generated by Shinkai Maru wilhsimilar statistics and estimates produced from asystematic grid survey by the Japanese fisheriesresearch vessel Kaiyo Msru in late 1977 and early1978.

Kaiyo Maru (Anon. 1978b) \¡/orked three NewZealand deep-water fishing areas: Chatham Rise-Mernoo Bank (Areas I and 2), Pukaki Rise (Area3W), and Campbell Island Rise (A¡ea 3W) from ll

December 1977 lo 12 February 1978. In that periodthe vessel fished for 45 days, made ll6 trawls, andcaught a total of 92 t. Her characteristics were as

follows: Iength 91.87 m; breadth 15.00 m moulded;tonnage 2539.48 GRT; net, a fourseam research bot-tom trawl with headline length 52.70 m; averageheadline height 5.00 m; average distance betweenwing-ends 19.00 m; interchangeable cod-ends of104.3-mm, 76.1-mm, and 60.2-mm mesh, with a

30-mm mesh cod-end cover.

The location of stations latticed over thesurveyed by Kaiyo Maru is given in Fig. 8.

methods of comparison of the Shinkai Maru surveywith the Kaiyo Maru survey were used. In the firstthe ratio between research vessel and Japanese com-mercial trawler catch rates (catch per hour trawled)was computed for selected times and areas for thetwo surveys. The commercial fleet was divided intotwo size classes of vessels because of differences in

gridTwo

l1


170" 175'E

-----J IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

55 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

..i

r80"

w45"

50'

4

80Compbell

4

Fig.8: Kaiyo Mørucrtise track and station locations, December 1977 to February 1978.

relative fishing power: size class 5 - (smaller than in this first analysis . The Kaiyo Maru survey statistics2000 GRT) and size class 6 + (larger than 2000 GRT). of December 1977 are compared with Japanese com-Unfortunately no Japanese commercial trawl mercial statistics from the fourth quarter (October,statistics are at present available for the first quarter November, December) of 1977 and the Shinkai Maruof 1978 in Area 3 and so that area could not be used survey statistics of November and December 1975 are

l8


TABLE 7: C¡tch Ìates of resc¡rch vessels and Japanese commercial vessels

compared with the Japanese commercial statisticsfrom the fourth quarter of 1975 (Table 7).

Table 8 gives the ratios of the research vessel catchrates to the commercial catch rates. The Kaiyo Marucatch rates were first multiplied by 39/19 (: 2.05),the ratio of the width of sweep of the Shinkai Marunet to that of the Kaiyo Maru net, to make the ratioscomparable. Further corrections in fishing po\ilercould be made to account for the change in commer-cial cod-end mesh size between 1975 and 1977 and thedifferences in average headline height between thetwo research vessels. However, these two factors,when estimated, appear to cancel each other out.

TABLE E: Ratios ot ..*T;lloï."Ël catch rrtes to commercial

Source Area I Area2 Atea | +22.05 x Kaiyo Moru/S- 1.33 1.92 l.7l2.O5 x Kaiyo Maru/6+ 1.68 0.77 0.80Shinkai Maru/S- l.Æ l.6l l'54Shinkai Maru/6+ 0.@ 0.80 0.71

Table 8 shows that, once the discrepancy in fishingpower between Kaiyo Maru and Shinkai Maru is ac-counted for, there is no indication that differences insurvey designs gave Shinkai Maru a significantlyhigher fishing power than Kaiyo Maru in relation tothe commercial fleet.

The second method of comparison between thet\ilo surveys \ryas to estimate average stock density forcomparable time-area-depth strata. Kaiyo Maruestimates were made for Areas I and 2 for 200-600-m

Area It.l21.73t.17l.l80.841.83

Catch rate (t/h)Area 21.05L122.801.420.88L77

Areal+21.081.302.76t.290.841.82

depth range during December 1977 and for Area 3Wfor 200-800-m depth range during January andFebruary 1978. (The estimates for Area 3W weremade with no concomitant commercial statistics.)These are compared with Shinkai Maru estimates forAtea2 for 200-600-m depth range during November1975 and for Area 3W for 200-800-m depth rangeduring January 1976 and December 1976-January1977. The estimates are given in Table 9.

TABLE 9: Average stock density (t/km t¡awled)

Source Area I Atea2 Area 3WKaiyo Maru Dec '77-Feb '78 0.073 0.109 0.0842.O5 x Kaiyo Maru 0.150 0.224 0.1722.05 x 1.,10 x Kaiyo Maru 0.209 0.313 0.241

Shinkoi Maru Nov'75 -r 0.103Shinkai Maru Jan'76 0.198Shinkai MaruDec'76-Ja¡'77 0.238

I No estimates made during time period.

Three sets of Kaiyo Maru estimates are given: theraw estimates of average stock density, the estimatescorrected for differences in width of sweep betweenthe Shinkai Msru and Kaiyo Maru nets (2.05 x KaiyoMaru), and the estimates corrected for differences inwidth of sweep (2.05) and average headline height(7/5 (= l.4O)) between Shinkai Maru and KaiyoMaru. Again, once the Kaiyo Maru estimates arecorrected for discrepancies in fishing power relativeto Shinkai Maru, there is no indication that theShinkai Maril survey, because of its design, tended toproduce upwards biased estimates of biomass den-sity.

SizeclassSource

Kaiyo MaruJapanese commercialJapanese commercialShinkai MaruJapanese commercialJapanese commercial

5-6+

5-6+

Timeb,ec'774th quarter'774th quarter'77Nov-Dec'754th quarter'754th quarter'75

I ns€t 3 l9


Fishery Potential

The fishery potential of the deep-water areasurveyed by Shinkai Muru was estimated accordingto the methods described by Alverson and Pereyra(1969). Estimates of unexploited standing stock weremade from the estimates of relative standing stockdensity. Then potential stock production could beestimated. In this publication estimates of fisherypotential were made for the total biomass and thetwo predominant species in the fishery, hoki andsouthern blue whiting. Table l0 gives the estimates ofrelative stock density (tonnes/kilometre trawled)selected to be used as the basis for the estimates offishery potential. Time periods of highest recordeddensity were used for A¡eas 3, 4W, and 5. Note thatin Area 5 the estimate for the 200-400-m depthstratum was chosen from the August-September 1976period, a time when barracouta was densely concen-trated at this depth, and the estimate for the twodeeper strata was chosen from the June-July 1976period, when hoki and English hake were denselyconcentrated in the deeper waters of this area.

The entire deep-water fishing ground of Areas l, 2,and 4E lies under the Subtropical Convergence (seeFig.2). There is evidence (Paul 1979) to indicate thatcertain stocks, in particular silver warehou, migratealong the Subtropical Convergence between thesethree areas. It was therefore decided that theestimates of relative stock density to be used as abasis for estimates of fishery potential for these threeareas should all be made for the same general timeperiod. The period around May 1976 was chosen forthis reason.

For a given fishing area i, letAi : total bottom area between 200 and 800

m (km')D i = estimate of relative stock density (t/km

trawled)a : width of the area swept by the Shinkai

Maru net (km)| - E = fraction of the stock available to the

Shinkai Maru net

Then: standing stock biomass of area i: Dr{/a(l - E)

B.I

The difficulty in the extrapolation is in the deter-mination of ø and E for different species and areas.Here, values of a range from 0.039 km (estimateddistance between the wings of the Shinkai Moru net,T. Inada pers. comm.) to 0.033 km (head rope lengthdivided by 1.5, a value commonly used by theJapanese in their trawl assessments) (Liu 1976). Thevalue of .E was subject to much speculation.Although escape of small fish through the ShinkaiMaru l00-mm double cod-end was virtually nil(Fisheries Agency of Japan pers. comm.), the factthat the net reached to an average headline height ofonly 7 m certainly limited its ability to sample fullythe demersal community. Values of ^E were usedwhich ranged from,E = 0.0 (10090 availability) to .E: 0.5 (5090 availability, a value commonly used bythe Japanese) (Liu 1976). This value comparesfavourably with the average availability (l - E =0.57) to Soviet and American research trawlsreported by Edwards (1968) in his attempt to estimatethe total fish resource of the continental shelf offNew England in the north-west Atlantic Ocean. (Thisestimate is only for fish that go right to the bottomand are available to bottom trawl gear in substantialnumbers in certain seasons or at certain times of thedav.)

Several methods are at present being used toestimate potential fishery production of latent (unex-ploited) resources. The method used here, attributedto J. A. Gulland, is described by Alverson andPereyra (1969) and Francis (1974) and is based on thefollowing assumptions :

l. At or near the level of MSY, F (instantaneousfishing mortality) is approximately equal to M (in-stantaneous natural mortality).

2. According to the logistic stock productionmodel of Schaefer (1954), MSY is reached when theexploitable population reaches about half of its unex-ploited biomass (Bo).

With these two assumptions, MSY can becalculated as

MSY: 0.5MBo

Tables I I and 12 give estimates of standing stockbiomass and MSY in their extreme values (ø = 0.039

20


km,.E = 0.0 and ø : 0.033 km, E : 0.5) and underthe assumptions that:

l. All stocks were virtually unexploited whensampled by Shinkai Maru,

2. M : 0.4 for southern blue whiting (SBW),

3. M : 0.3 for hoki (HOK),

4. M : 0.3 for all other demersal species combined(orH).

TABLE 10: Estimates of relative standing stock density used to estimate potential stock production (t/km trawled)

2 May'76

DateApr-Jun '76

Dec'76-Jan'7'l

IÙlay'76Nov-Dec '76Jun-Sep '76

AreaI

3

4E4W

5

Species

TotalHOKTotalHOKTotalHOKSBWTotalTotalTotalHOK

200-400 m0.1080.0090.1170.0600.36'70.2030.1030.440.1480.7180.001

400-600 m0.22s0.1030.t'720:0850.2680.0570. 170

0.3520.u40.6760.558

Total600-800 m (200-800 m)

0.231 0.2010.054 0.0680.202 0.1590. 110 0.0820. I 13 0.2230.074 0.0760.019 0.1120.387 0.383o.u8 0.2020.30t 0.5480.139 0.193

TABLE 11: Biomass est¡mates (10rt). where a : 0.039 km and .Ð = 0.0

SBW

BO MSY

162

HOK OTH

BO MSY

127 19198 30252 38236 35467

230 35

I 089 164

BO

300468596558109544

2 5'75

Total

BO

192410

I 60823646

355

2 84'l

Area

I23

4E4rw

5

Area

I)3

4E4W

5

Bo

652t2548

t25950t62

808

808

MSY

103282

l9t43

MSY

2962

28235

754

469

TABLE 12: Biomass est¡mstes (10't), whe¡e ø : 0.033 km and E = 0.5

SBTW

BO MSY

I 910 383

I 910 383

MSYOTHHOK Total

BO

454969

3 801558109839

6'730

BO

154501

I 295

2952 245

MSY

2476

194

45719083t'783

389

45

339

MSY

69t4766',7

83l7

128

I llr

lnset 3r 2t


Discussion

The question now becomes: How does oneevaluate these broadly ranging estimates of potentialdeep-water demersal production? Regier (1978) sug-gests that "theory relevant to fisheries systems as

such can be intuited, perhaps most readily by com-paring and contrasting relatively gross events andlarge scale processes in a number of resource systemsthat appear to bear some resemblance to eachother." We therefore decided that a more accurateoverview of New Zealand deep-water demersalfishery production could be obtained if variousphysical and biological parameters from this systemwere compared with those of other major temperatedemersal fisheries around the world.

First we looked at the relationship between poten-tial demersal production (million tonnes/year) - forall practical purposes MSY - and bottom shelf area(million square kilometres) for the major temperatedemersal fishing areas around the world (Fig. 9)(Gulland l970a) and compared these with our two ex-treme estimates for the New Zealand area surveyedby Shinkai Moru (Table 13, Fig. 10). It is apparentthat unless there is something abnormal about theNew Zealand deep-water demersal fishing area, ourfirst estimate (0.469 million t) is rather low whencompared with those from other major temperate

Fig. 9: Major temperate demersal fishing areas of the world (after Gulland 1970a).

demersal fishing areas. However, the traditionalargument (Waugh 1977) has been that since all life inthe sea ultimately depends on photosynthesis, andsince primary production (the production of plantmaterial) tends to be low in New Zæaland waters (dueto New Zæaland's relatively small land mass and thebasic west to east oceanic circulation in the SouthPacific), one cannot expect the sea around NewZealand to abound in the basic foods for fishes.

With this in mind we decided to investigate whatwas known about the relationship between primaryproduction and demersal fishery production, as wellas what information was available on the level of

TABLE 13: PDP* ¡nd BAt for mrjor tempcrate demenal fishing¡re¡s ¡nd New Ze¡l¡nd ¡re¡

AreaNW Atlantic (a)NE Atlantic (b)NW Pacific (c)NE Pacific (d)SW Atlantic (e)SE Atlantic (ÐNew Zealand

¿ : 0.039 km, ,E = 0,0 G)ø = 0.033 km, E = 0.s (h)

I Potential demersal production.1 Bottom area.

BA PDP(106 km':) (106 t/yr) PDP/BA

1.2@ 3.550 2.823.155 6.650 2.ll0.959 l.4ll 1.471.090 |.ffi 1.34r.940 3.825 1.970.520 1.080 2.08

0.477 0.69 0.980.471 l.lll 2.t3

Potentiol demersolproduction (t,tOó)

Produclion density(r/km2)

22


TABLE 14: DPDi ¡nd PPt fo¡ some major temperate demers¡l fishing areas

AreaNE Pacific-Transition, Gulf of Alaska (a)NE Atlantic, North Sea @)NE Atlantic, Barents Sea (c)SW Atlantic, Argentina, Uruguay (d)SE Atlantic, Angola, S Africa (e)SE Atlantic, SW Africa (f)I Demersal production density.t Total annual primary production.

BA(l06km'z)

0.3ó80.6001.300l.1800.3100.200

PP(gC/m'w)

150100100t2550

2N

PDP(10'tlyr)

0.7001.0003.5003.0000.5850.720

DPD(t,/km,yr)

1.901.672.692.s4I .893.60

primary production in New Zealand waters. FromGulland (1970a) one can obtain the relationship be-tween potential demersal production density andtotal annual primary production for some of themajor temperate demersal fishing areas around theworld (Table 14, Fig. 1l).

Bradford and Roberts (1978) provide the most re-cent estimates of the areal distribution of integratedprimary production for the New Zealand region.Estimates of total annual primary production in theNew Zealand deep-water fishing area (J. M. Brad-ford, N.Z. Oceanographic Institute, pers. comm.) liein the range of X) gC/m'zyr (subtropical water) to 130gC/m'yr (subantarctic water). Therefore it appearsthat primary production in the New Zealand deep-water fishing area is average when compared withother temperate demersal fishing areas at a similarlatitude. Accordingly, by use of a linear regression of

production density on total annual primary pro-duction for Table 14, one gets a range of pointestimates of potenlial production for the NewZæaland deep-water fishing area of 0.992 million to1.178 million t (corresponding to an estimated rangeof production density of 2.08 to 2.47 t/km2 and afishable bottom area of 477 L92 km'?), with a 950/o

confidence interval of potential demersal productionwhich ranges from 0.615 million to 1.506 million tannually. If the above regression (y : 1.2097 +0.N97x, where -y : DPD and x : PP) is usedseparately for subantarctic and subtropical fishingareas, one obtains a point estimate of potentialdemersal production for the subantarctic waters ofthe Campbell Plateau-Bounty Platform (Area 3) of0.695 million t (PP : 130 EC/m'yr) and for the sub-tropical waters of Areas l, 2, 4, and 5 of 0.408million t (PP : 90 gC/mzyr). These values comparefavourably with our direct estimates if ø = 0.033 kmand E : 0.5 are assumed.

o

ÀôÀ

Fig. l0: Potential demersal production (PDP) plotted against bottom shelf area (see Table l3).

23


--

Ei2:oèo

95%, C.l. for Zeolond PDP

0.ó15 million I

ïNew

Finally, by use of food chain dynamics estimatessimilar to those of Steele (1965) and Gulland (1970b)and the assumption of a l09o efficiency of transferbetween trophic levels and the same primary pro-duction values as above, one obtains potentialdemersal production estimates for the subantarctic'\ilaters of Area 3 of 0.627 million t and for the sub-tropical waters of Areas 1,2,4, and 5 of 0.309million t. Once again, these resemble our directestimates if ø : 0.033 km and E : 0.5 are assumed.All estimates of potential demersal production aresummarised in Table 15.

These comparative estimates, though useful forassessing the order of magnitude of the deep-waterproduction potential, are conglomerates of many ef-fects and should be treated with care. Gulland

200Totol onnuol primory production (SC/ m2yr)

Subantarctic0.2820.ffi10.6950.o'1

+ ì0OI

I

N. Z.

Subtropìcol

rN.Z.

Subo nto rctic

Fig. ll: Potential demersal production density (DPD) plotted against total annual primary production (see Table l4).

(1970b), Schaefer (1965), and Ryther (1969) havepointed out that not only primary production, butthe associated food chain dynamics, act additively toproduce differences in fish production. The deep-water demersal fishery of the New ZealandEÊZ ex-ploits a much deeper bottom area (400-500 m beingpotentially the most productive) than most of theother major demersal fisheries with which the abovecomparisons have been made. Regier and Henderson(1973) report on work by Ryder (1970), Jenkins(19?0), and others who have shown that fish catchesfrom lakes and reservoirs of a geographical region,fished at roughly equal intensities, are inverselyrelated to mean depth. The implication is that theshallower a lake is, the less constant is the environ-ment that it provides and the higher is the average en-vironmental temperature, two factors which are

TABLE 15r Summary of estimates of PDP (106 t/yr)

SourceDirect (Shinkai Maru)

Regression (primary production)Food chain (Steele 1965)

Assumptionsø=0.039km,.E=0.0¿:0.033km,8=0.5

Trophic efficiency = 0.10

PDPSubtropical

0.187o.4440.,108

0.309

Totalo.469l.llll.1030.936

24


hypothesised to be directly proportional to fish pro-duction. J. A. Gulland þers. comm.) feels that thisdepth factor would put the deeper New Zealandwaters somewhat below the general trend line of pro-duction density on total annual primary productiondiscussed above. On the other hand, K. RadwayAllen þers. comm.) feels that one cannot carry overRegier and Henderson's (1973) inference from closedfreshwater lakes and reservoirs to open marinesystems.

One interesting point to note is that stomach con-tent analyses indicate that the most abundant speciesin the New Zealand deep-water demersal fishery,southern blue whiting and hoki, feed primarily in themid-water layers on planktonic crustaceans and smallmesopelagic fish. The same is true of the gadoids(cods, hakes, and pollocks) that predominate in theother major temperate demersal fisheries around theworld. The implication is that the difference inaverage bottom depth between the New Zealanddeep-water demersal fishery and most of the othermajor temperate demersal fisheries with which com-parisons have been made is of minor importance.

Alverson and Pereyra (1969) aptly put these typesof first approximation estimates into perspective insaying: "More sophisticated scientific investigationobviously will permit refinement of these preliminaryforecasts and estimates. Nevertheless the estimatescan serve as a basis for a rational approach tomanagement problems. In fact, at times one wonderswhether management decisions at an early stage offisheries development based on the analysis of ex-ploratory survey data might not lead to a more stableand economically viable fishery than a fishery that

follows the normal course of boom and bust, fol-lowed by a parade of scientific post mortems." Ourgeneral feeling is that until these estimates becomemore refined and certain, for the immediate manage-ment of the resource we must act as if our most con-servative estimates of resource potential are correct.

Our basic conclusion is that our second estimate ofl.1l I million t per year is the most realistic estimateof potential demersal production in the area surveyedby Shinkai Maru. The two sets of comparativeestimates (regression and food chain) certainly tendto bear this out. In addition, they indicate that thedirect estimates predict a relative distribution ofdemersal fish production between the subantarcticwaters of Area 3 and the subtropical waters of Areas1,2, 4, and 5 which seems reasonable when com-pared with other fishing areas about which more isknown. However, this does not imply that the NewZealand fishery will be able to support a sustainedannual yield of over I million t. To quote Larkin(1977), ". . it should be stressed that it [MSY] pro-vides a valuable rough index of production potential.As a first rough cut at management policy for majorcommercial species, MSY is probably acceptable. Butonce the level of MSY is attained, it should be ex-pected that it may not be sustained." Therefore wefeel more confident in predicting that the NewZealand deep-water demersal fishery will most likelybe able to support a sustained annual yield of be-tween 500 000 and I million t. Finally, one shouldkeep in mind that these estimates were made for thedeep-water trawl grounds surveyed by Shinkai Maru,around and to the south and east of the South Island.Because of a lack of basic information no estimateswere made of deep-water trawl potential around theNorth Island or deep-water long-line potential.

25


This is dedicated to the memory of Dr DavidEggleston, former deputy director of FisheriesResearch Division, a colleague whose ideas andguidance motivated much of what is contained in thispublication. We thank all of our colleagues atFisheries Research Division for their helpful com-ments and suggestions throughout this project. In ad-dition, we thank the Japan Marine Fishery Resource

Acknowledgments

References

Research Center, Far Seas Fisheries ResearchLaboratory, and Fisheries Agency of Japan for mak-ing the detailed Shinkai Maru, Koiyo Maru, andJapanese commercial trawl data available to us.Finally we thank J. A. Gulland, D. J. Garrod, andD. L. Alverson for their thoughtful and provocativereviews of this paper.

AlvEnsoN, D. L., and Pen¡vn¡, W. T. 1969; Demersal fishexplorations in the northeastern Pacific Ocean - anevaluation of exploratory fishing methods andanalytical approaches to stock size and yield forecasts.Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26:1985-2001.

Aror.¡. 1978a: On the biomass estimates and the potential yieldof bottom fish in New 7æaland waters. (Unpublishedmanuscript from Fishery Agency of Japan, held inFisheries Research Division lib¡ary.)

Arvo¡¡. 1978b: Report of the voyage and investigations of the KaiyoMoru 1977, 1978 in New Zealand waters. JapanFisheries Agency. Tokyo. 259 pp. (In Japanese.)

Benny, C. D. 1975: The United Nations Conference on the law ofthe sea: A New Zealand view. Pacific Viewpoint 16:lrt-42.

Bl¡,coovonov, A. L, and Nosov, E. V. 1978: Thebiological basis of rational exploitation of Macntronusnovoezelandiae. (Unpublished TINRO manuscript.English translation held in Fisheries Research Divisionlibrary.)

Bn¡orono, J. M., and Ro¡¡nrs, P. E. 1978: Distribution ofreactive phosphorus and plankton in relation to upwell-ing and surface circulation around New Zealand. N.Z'Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 12: l-15.

Duo¡.nsv, V. A. 1978: A brief summary on biology and fisheriesof the ,,s of theNew TINROmanus FisheriesResearch Division library.)

Eounos, R. L. 1968: Fishery resources of the North Atlanticarea. In Gilbert, D. W. (Ed.), The future of the fishingindustry of the United States, pp. 52-60. University ofWashington Publications in Fisheries, New Series, Vol.4.

Fn¡r.rcrs, R. C. 1974: Relationship of fishing mortality to naturalmortality at the level of maximum sustainable yieldunder the logistic stock production model. fournal ofthe Fisheries Research Board of Canada !I: 153942.

Gullarlp, J. A. 1969: Manual of methods for fish stock assess-ment. Part I. Fish population analysis, f7l O Manuals inFisheries Science, No. 4, 154 pp.

(Comp. and Ed.) 1970a: The fish resources of theoceats. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 97, 425 pp.1970b: Food chain studies and some problems in world

fisheries. In Steele, J. H. (Ed.), "Marine FoodChains", pp.296-315. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.

JENKTNs, R. M. 1970: Reservoir fish management. /n Benson, N.G.(Ed.), A century of fisheries in North Americå, pp.173-82. Special Publication, American Fisheries Socie'ty, No. 7.

Joues, B. ril., and Pope, J. G. 1973: A groundfish survey ofFaroe Bank. Research Bulletin, International Com-mßsion for the Northwest Atlontic Fisheries, No. I0:53-61.

L¡nxrr, P. A. 1977: An epitaph for the concept of maximum

sustained yteld. Transactions ofthe American FisheriesSociety I06i l-ll.

L¡u, H.-C. 1976: The demersal fish stocks of the waters of northand northwest Australia. Acta OceanographicaTaiwanica. Science Reports oJ the National TaiwanUniversily, No. 6: 128-34.

Nosov, E. the Ne\, 7-eala¡dand its fishery

anuscriPt. EnglishDivision library.)

P¡,ur, L. J. 1979: Deep-water fish resources off the south-eastcoast of New Zealand. In Elder, R. D', and Taylor' J.L. (Comps.), Prospects and problems for NewZealand's demersal fisheries: Proceedings ofthe demer-sal fisheries conference, October 1978, pp. 52-6.Fisheries Research Division Occasionol Publication'N,Z. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, No. 19.

REcteR, H. A, wable resourceswith . UniversitY oîI{ash G 78-1. 108 PP.

RecrEn, H. 4., and HB¡.lopnsox, H. F. 1973: Towards a broadecological model of fish communities and hsheries'Transactions oJ the American Fisheries Society 102:56-72.

RoBsoN, D. ofin m'm3:5-14.

Rvppn, R. A. 1970:North AmA centurySpecial Pu

Rvrs¡n, J. H. 1969: Photosynthesis and fish production in thesea, Science, New York 166 (3901):72-6,

Scrn¡rnn, M. B. 1954: Some aspects of the dynamics of popu-lations important to thé management of the commercialmarine fiìheries. Bulletin, Inter-Ameilcan TropicolTuna Commission I: 27-56.1965: The potential harvest of the sea' Tronsøctions of

the Ameilcan Fisheries Society 94: 123-8,

S¡¡rtr,rnon,

351-4ó9.Ssp¡cx, V. M. 1978: The results of biological investigations of the

southern putassu1937) on the Newits fishery. (Unputranslation held in

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26


Appendix IMajor deep-water fish species of the New Zealand 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone. (Alphabetic species

codes as used in this publication.)

BARBARRACOUTA Thyrsites atun. Family Gempylidae (snakemackerels).New Zealand and southern coasts of Australia, South Africa,and South America, Dark blue back; silvery sides and belly;skin smooth. Distinguished from the gemfish by a single lateralline. Average size 60-90 cm. Common, locally abundant, incoastal ìraters in 100-200 m. Trawled throughout its range, butmain grounds around the South Island.

BYXALFONSINO Beryx splendens. Family Berycidae (goldensnappers).Widespread in many oceans, Brilliant scarlet above; sides redwith a silvery tinge; body slender; large scales, smoother thanred snapper; large eye; tail deeply forked. Average size 30-50cm. Widespread, but only locally common in 200-800 m.

FROFROSTFISH Lepidopus coudalus. Family Trichiuridae(cutlassfishes).Widespread distribution in most cool oceans. Uniformly silver;skin smooth. The elongated, ribbonJike body, sharp head, andthin attachment of tail to body are clear distinguishingfeatures. Average size 120-160 cm. Apparently fairly commonin some off-shore areas, probably west of Cape Farewell andon Chatham Rise, but distribution and concentrations poorlyknown. Sometimes strands on beaches.

HAKIIAKI' Merluccius australis English hake. Family Merluc-cüdae (hakes), subfamily Merlucciinae,New Zealand and southern Australia; similar specieselsewhere. Silvery-grey above; white below; small scales.Distinguished from cods by two dorsal fins and one anal fin(anal and second dorsal indented). Average size 50-90 cm. Oc-curs around the South Island in 200-800 m. Main trawlingground off Westland in winter.

HOKIÌOKI MacrutonusÌ novaezelandiae whiptail, blue hake,blue grenadier. Family Merlucciidae (hakes), subfamilyMacruroninae.New Zealand and southern Australia. Blue-green above; silveryon sides and belly; dark fins; skin smooth. Distinguished fromthe smaller javelin hsh by the pointed snout, smaller eye, andsilver belly. Average size 60-100 cm. Most abundant aroundthe South Island in 200-800 m. Trawling grounds on outershelf, Chatham Rise, and Campbell Plateau.

JMAJACK MACKERELS Trachurus declivrs (illustrated) and f.novaezelandiae horse mackerels, mackerel scads. Fam-ily Carangidae (lacks).New Zealand and southern Australia; T, novoezelandiae alsoin South-east Asia and Japan. Blue or g¡een with faint brownbands above; silvery-white below; small scales and a row ofrough scutes along the body. Average size T, declivis 35-50 cm,T, novaezelondiae 3G-¿lO cm. Widespread and common on thebottom and in mid water around most of New Zealand out to300 m. Main trawling grounds off the North Island's westcoast.

27


LINLING Genypterus blacodes. Family Ophidiidae (cusk-eels).New Zealand and southern coasts of Australia and SouthAmerica, with a similar species (king-klip) off southern Africa.Not related to European ling, but superhcially similar. Robustand eel-shaped, becoming relatively thicker with increasingsize. Orange-pink and brown above, with irregular markings;paler to white below; skin smooth, Average size 80-140 cm.rilidespread and common in 200-700 m around the SouthIsland.

ORHORANGE ROUGHY Hoplostethus otlanticus. FamilyTrachichthyidae (roughies).Widespread in temperate seas. Orange body and fins, somesilver on sides; deep body; massive head with conspicuous bonyridges and cavitiesi scales small and irregular in shape and pat-tern, lateral line scales larger than body scales; a keel of largerscales on belly of smaller specimens. Average size 25-40 cm;juvenile specimens unknown from New Zæaland. Spasmodic indistribution and abundance, but very common in some a¡cason the Chatham Rise in 500-lüÐ m.

RCORED COD Pseudophycis bøcchus. Family Moridae (moridcods).New Zealand and southern Australia. Greyish-pink above;white below; prominent dark pectoral spot; soft scales.Distinguished from hake and southern blue whiting by pinkcolouring and from bastard red cod by square-tipped tail, Lesseasily distinguished from several uncommon deep-water cods.Average size 30-50 cm. Occurs mainly around the South Islandin 100-300 m. Main trawling grounds in the outer CanterburyBight and off Westland.

sBwSOUTHERN BLUE WHITING Micromesistiusaustralis southern poutassou. Family Gadidae (cods).New Zealand and southern South America; a similar speciesoccurs in the Northern Hemisphere. Grey, faintly bluish above,with many small black spots; silvery-white below; small loosescales. Distinguished from small hake by three dorsal and twoanal fins, but similar to some other deep-\À,ater cods. Averagesize 30-50 cm. Abundant on the Campbell Plateau in 3ü}{û)m.

8K¡GEMFTSH Rexeo soland¡i southern kingfish, silverkingfish, hake. Family C-rcmpylidae (snake mackercls).New Zealand, southern Austrelia, md J¡pan. Blue back;silvery sidebar¡acoutathroughout150-2(þ mmajor grounds known.

soRSPIKY OREO Neocylf r.,s sp. spiky dory, FamilyOreosomatidae (oreos).New Zealand, southern Australia, and South Africa. Bodygrey; frns dark grey; scales rough, ol moderate size, and can bedislodged with pressure. There are t$,o other superficiallysimilar species (black oreos, ,4 llocyttus spp.) which have darkerbodies, black fins, and rough scales which cannot be dislodged.Average size 20-30 cm. Occurs around and south of NewZealand in 300-1000 m.

28


souARROW SQUID Nototodarus sloanii, Family Om-mastrephidae.New Zèaland, with similar species in Australia, Fiji, Philip-pines, and Hawaii. Smooth, pale pink skin with blood-red tobrick-red chromatophores scattered over the body and concen-trated as a dark band along the back. Average size 15-35 cmmantle length. Concentrated in shelf regions along the SouthIsland and southern North Island in depths of 50-250 m.Caught by jigging and trawling.

ssoSMALL-SPINED OREO Pseudocyttus maculatus' FamilyOreosomatidae (oreos).New Zealand and southern coasts of Australia, South Africa,

400-800 m.

SWA BUTSILVER WAREHOU Seriolella punctata : S.porcsa spotted warehou. Family Centrolophidae (butter-fishes).New Zealand and southern coasts of Australia and South

Island in 300-500 m.

29


I

Appendix 2

Relative stock density est52 = Step 2), and bottom(CPSHÐ (tonnes/hour) byotherwise stated.In all tables. , = no Japanese commercial fishing;- : no bottom area in depth range.

t Bottom areas are approximate because of inadequate bathymetric data.

f For example, the area designated 48 o 170 o is the area from 48 o to 48 o 30 ' and 170 o to 170. 30 ,.

30


EasÈ CoasÈ, South Island (A¡ea 1), April-June 1976

Japanes eCosrn.CPSHF

t:

1.96

L -28L.O20 .933.82L.7 2

2,56

0.823. 151.352.30

r.åi1.157 .3r3.082.872.74

6. 10

4.932.r51. 03,.:r.

0o.320.452.992.19

3. 30

Re1.dens i ty

0.0400. r40

0. 1090.0880.0380.0950. 11ó0. I140.L270. 08r

0. 205o.2240.27L0. 136o.tz2

0. 103

0.I250.0630.r22

:

0.1700.1620. 1600. 187

200-400 m

TYP"

400-600 m

TYPe

s2S2

S2s2S1S2

SM

SM

S1SISM

SM

S2S1S2SM

SM

SM

sz

SM

S1ù¿S2SM

s2

S1SISM

SM

t:

S1S1s2S1S2

BotÈomaTea

29853399T

20939

300469

39315

I I3Or 195

26661

45r 952L 670I tt7

ttr__

374748848

| 435r 809r 272

T22t2474237t:

3t2L5

3118430

Re1.dens i ty

o.2090.188o.2770.2500.2700.205o.1760. r40

0.526o.2370.217

0.2750.197

o. ,aã0.3780.2670. 1390.0840 ,080

0. 3510. 3180.30ó0,3010. 2100. 0940.0440.0620. 4r30. 384

0.4550.423

BottomaT ea

795299372

196209

20

39283

623263

I 098257I67385559

1 188

37405231

19

31

256

t,2992L2

ui19743

141

ReI.dens i ty

0.2470. 2380.2610. 2600.2670.2640.3090. r55O.II30. 5190. 304o.277o.2240. 103o.2470.L520.3860.1270.r76

o.177o.270o.229o.2270.L24o.174

0.2660.t44o.3290.1570.229

o. ,ri0. 341o.3290. 3850.325

600-800 m

BottomTyp" ârea

AreaLat.

410 30'4t 304L 30424242 3042 3042 3042 3043434343434343 3043 3043 3043 3043 304444444444444444444444 3044 3044 3044 3044 3044 3044 3044 3044 3044 30454545 3045 3046

Long.

17 40t74 30L75r73 30r74173 30t74 30175L75 30173r73 30174174 30L75L75 30L73 30I74r74 30t75r75 30T7LL7L 30172L72 30t73I73 30174L74 30175r75 30t7lr7t 30172r7z 30L73I73 30t74174 30175t75 30171t7t 30170 30T7TT7L

0.107 s20.106 s20.102 s20.100 s20.104 s20.08I sl

0.088 s2

'iS2S2

s2s1S2

SM

S1

29;L795265

r50332339554

295597ta:

327T

106936

L 2666Il343I56

941565433495611059I1I25

372L5

340r02

S1st

S1

s2SISM

S2S2

SIs2

SISM

SM

szS2

S2

'iS1

'l

'iSIS2s1

SISIS2

s2S2

:

S2etS2S2

S2S2

s2S2S2S2S2

S2S1S1S1SI

S1S2


Chatham Rise (Area 2), Novernber 1975

Japane seComm.CPSHF

r.621.65

0.56

0.33

0. 80

Bo t tomarea

Bottomarea

687745520379128135

1282763274113085l

655334

26

312822

| 3t7I 9272 I58| 9072 023L 702| 374

456302880

L 2OIt22

I 202823620854899

I 050I 746r 8ó0

766r84

r 7781 360

Bottomaï ea

302263283

76325034736047543734073r?oc

456501116,:

:

315668206719

r 702655

443233673I6392L52

'1

200-400 m

Re1.density Typ"

0. t02 s20. r04 s2

"',:

0.1000. 1020, 1030, 1040.1020.0980.0930.0880.0840.0 79o.o120.07 6

0.0940 .0650. i49O.II80. r080. I03

0. I000. 1000.10I0.1010.0990.09ó0.09 2

0. 0870.0820.0760.0ó00.019

S2q?

S2S2

S2S2S2>¿

S2

ùZ

S2s2SM

SM

S2s2S2

S2S2s2S2S2S2ctS2S2S2

S1

400-600 rn

Re1.density Type

0. r84 s20.207 s20.247 s20.301 sM0.236 SM

O. I89 SM

0.059 s20.065 s20.078 s20.076 s20.063 s20.060 s2

600-800 m

Re1.density Typ"

AfeaLat. Long.

420 30' 176042 30 176 3042 30 L7742 30 r77 3042 30 I7842 30 178 3042 30 r7942 30 t79 3042 30 179 30 !f42 30 179 rd

42 30 r78 30 r^l

42 30 178 r,¡

42 30 t-t1 30 h'

42 30 r77 W

42 30 176 30 W

42 30 t7 6 r,,l

42 30 115 30 il43 17643 lt6 3043 r7743 r71 3043 r7843 I78 3043 r7943 t19 3043 t19 30 W

43 t79 t^J

43 t78 30 W

43 I78 W

43 r7't 30 t,l

43 r7 7 r"l

43 176 30 W

43 t76 W

43 r75 30 t^]

43 175 W

43 174 30 W

43 30 L7643 30 t76 3043 30 r1743 30 r77 3043 30 17843 30 178 3043 30 t7943 30 179 3043 30 t 79 30 l4l

43 30 17 9 r^l

43 30 178 30 rt43 30 r78 W

26141347

s2òZ

S2SISM

S2

S2SM

S2ctc,

S2S2S2S2

'1SM

S2S2

ct

S2SM

SM

SM

S2

S2S2SM

SM

SM

S2

S2s2

S2

S2S2S2S2S2S2S2s2S2s2SM

o.264o.2700.2770.2780.291o.276o,2060.1380.I200.tz't0.1380.1490. t570.1630.1690.1730.r77

t 516r 8502 1262 t5lI 760r 349

828244I3

25710946970097039859I193

19

974I 259I 221

810835702247285

r 379| 974

354785

00.1970.22I

0. 1950.1520. r490.05 7

0. 0310.05 7

0. 0890 .0910.048o.o320.0 750.0730.07 6

0 .080

0.1690. r780.1850. r810.r600. I330,llI0.0750.0580.0700. 1090. 150

o. 16; s;0,169 520.174 s20.t71 s20. r80 s20.183 s2

0.2640.2680.270o.266o.2460. 208,.tt:

S2S2S2S2S2S2S2


l

Chathaur Rise (Area 2), YIay 1976

JapaneseCor¡m.CPSHF

r.53

2.46

3.625.69

0. 39

Lat.

420 3ol42 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 304343434343434343434343434343434343434343 3043 3043 3043 3043 3043 3043 3043 3043 3043 3043 3043 30

BottoEâree

2614I*ra

:

:

r 516t 8502 L262 lsLr 7ó0I 349

828244t3

257109469700970398591193

19

974r 259r zzt. 810

835702247285

L 379r 974

35478s

BotEomarea

687745520379128tr:

t2827632741130E

'l655J34

26

372822

r 317I 9272 158L 9072 023I 702L 374

456302880

I 201L22

t 202823620854899

r 050I 746r 860

766184

r 778I 360

Bottorrârea

200-400 m

Rel.density Typ"

400-600 n¡

Re1.density Typ"

600-800 ¡n

Re1.denslty Type

0.075 sM

0.291 sM

0.631 SM

0.242 SM

0.298 SM

0.222 SM

0.233 320.232 r:

::

::

::

::

O. 19; S;0.158 520,118 s20.155 520. r93 s20.206 s20.210 t:

Long.

r7óo176 30L77t77 30178L78 30179r79 30r79 30 I{T79 IJ

178 30 r,r

r78 !ù

177 30 hr

o.267o.3770.3440. 1610. 3880.317

0. 1820. 1360.1030.0810. 0660.054

0.302o.329o.3L4

0.3040,3020.275o.2240.1690.t240.0950.0770 .0600 .0010 .051.0.0640.0790.09t

0. 3030. 309o.3020. 2900. 28óo.276o.250o.2060.1570. r170.0940.078

SM

SM

SM

SÌ{SM

'ïS2

S2S2szs2

"?_

s2S2s2

s2s2S2szs2s2s2s2SM

ST

SM

S2s2S2

to2t63:83225263!50t47tr:

L77176 30 I{r

176 I^I

L75 30 I¡l

t76L76 30177r77 30I78178 30179r79 30L79 30 r{L79 T{

178 30 l.l

178 I¡l

t77 30 W

r7 7 r"l

t76 30 W

L76 W

L75 30 r.r

L75 W

r74 30 S¡

t76176 30L77L77 30t78178 30179179 30t79 30 S¡

\79 W

r78 30 r{r78 t¡

s2s2s2S2s2S2S2

s2s2s2S2

SM

4;323367316392L5Zt:


Chathan Rise (Area 2t'l), Juty-September 1976

AreaLa t.

Bottomefea

BoCÈomarea

BottomâreeLong.

L760L76 30L77r77 30178r78 30179I79 30L76L76 30177L77 30178178 30L79r79 30t76176 30177r77 30I78178 30L79L79 30176L76 30I77t77 30178 30r79t79 30t76

200-400 m

ReI.density Type

400-600 m

ReI.densíty Type

ó00-800 m

ReI.densíty Type

42o 30'42 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 3042 30434343434343434343 3043 3043 3043 3043 3043 3043 3043 304444444444444444 30

1.10t.37o.92

2¿

141347

0.0950. 1630. 2090.1520.1200.071

0.1890.1560.1ó1

0. r090.0600.0840. 0990. t550. r500.1360.1100.ttz0.0920. 0950. 1030. I460,L420. I32

0. 110

0.0970.060o.t74o.2520.0870. 1030. 1130.1I8

SM

SM

SM

SM

s2

'iSM

s2s2

44323367316392152

3Z589601519

91

114690411

56

S2

SM

SM

SM

SM

S2S2S2

687745520379r28tt:

655334

'A

063

r03

I 516I 8502 t262 I5Lt 7ó0L 349

828244974

I 259T 22L

810835702247285*:

:

372a2z

L 3I7r 927L 202_

823620854899

I 050L 746r 860

7L553244

329

:0.1280. 1380. r370.1260.1200.I200.12I0.r270. r300. I330.r320.1250. I23o.L230. r28

S2SM

S2s2s2s2S2S1s2s2s2s2S2

s2ùz

:

S2

s2S2s2s25ZS2

S2S2

s2S2S2

S2S2s2S2


0. 1020. 100o.0240.03r0.05I0.0980. r110. 1050.0410.0630.0920, r040.0640.081


Campbell Plateau (Area 3W), January 1976

AreaJapanese

Com.CPSHF

1.072.660.78

0. 96

1.13I .03

r.46

o.73

2OO-400 m

ReI.density Typ.

BotEomarea

13144

Rel.dens i ty

400-ó00 m

TyPeBotLon

area

175437ut:

44I3144

44963253t:

306219

I 270I 114

86T 4I4I 885L 971L 977I 200I 67t

643

60030077L

| 414857

86

643851

2 014I 9711 843I 885| 67r2 0L41 500r 585

ReI.dens i ly

0.238o.25r0.2540.2520.2450.237o .2280.2200.2r30.2060.2000. 0900.0950. 1030.1140.1300.r520. I79o.207o.2310.246

0.2340.2260.2180.2100.2040. 1980.1930.082

0, I040.1I80.1370. I630. t9r0.216

o.2r:30.207

600-800 m

TYP"

S2

SM

S2

S2ò¿S2S2

S2S2S2<,s2

S2S2s2S2

S2c,

S2S2

s2S2S2

S2S2

S2s2S2

S2

S2

Bottoma rea

536I Il7I 006

814874

I 137L 443I 224

874I 224

656438

I 051I 708I 9262 0t4r 576I 4891 620| 620

,01

434343

71r343943

432r4

2I4I I57I 9282 014I 371I t57

386429

La t.

4go 30'48 3048 3048 3048 3048 3048 3048 3048 3048 3048 3049LO

4949494949494949494949494949494949

49 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 3049 30

Long.

I700170 30I7I171 30172t72 30173173 30t74174 30t7516ó166 30r67167 30168168 30I69169 30170r70 30t7tt71 30172172 30I13r73 30174t74 30L75I75 3016616ó 30I67167 30168ró8 30I69169 30r70r70 30171171 30t72t72 30r73r73 30174

0.0370.o37

S2s2

0.225 520.176 sM0. t43 t:

0.227 520.230 s20.235 52

0.173 320, 169 s20.17r s20,179 52

o.o3; ta

o.o3; s;0.037 520.037 52o.o37 t:

0.03; s;o.o37 520.037 s20.037 r3

0.03; s;0.037 s20.037 s20.037 r:

44

72;986471t:

257343857rt]

I7tr29to?

o.22;o.2350. 250o.291o. t7Io.o230.175o.2590.2370.2340.2390.245

S;S2S2

SM

S2SM

SM

SM

S2S2S2

S2

0. I58 520.148 520. r48 s20.162 s20. I81 520.202 s2

0-230 s20.237 520.242 s20.240 s20.191 520.150 s20.186 520.224 s20.214 520.240 s2


Campbell Plateau (Area 3W), January 1976

JapaneseCom.CPSHF

0

3.02

02,09

( conc. )

Re1.density

200-400 m

TyPe

400-600 m

TYP'

S25Z

S2ctc?

S2S2

5ZòZ

S2S2q,

S2JLS2JZ

S2

S2S2

SM

SM

S2

S2S2S2

S2ç?<tst

S2s2

s2S2S2

S2s2S2

S2S2

S2S2S2ò¿

s2

600-800 m

TYPe

>LS2S2

S2

s2

S2S2

'1

ùZS2S2t:

Ar eaLa t.

4go 30'49 305050505050505050505050505050505050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 3050 305I515151515I5l515I515l5151

Long.

1740 30't75165 30I66t61 30I68168 30169169 30170r70 30I7II71 30172172 30r73113 30114165 30I66166 30I67t67 30168168 30169169 30170170 30tlIt7t 30172t12 30r73rt3 30165 30I66166 30L67t61 30I68168 30169169 30r70170 30t7lL7L 30

BotÈomare a

4lt64,r:-

493r23241r23288

4I4I

tr:

348309

:

Rel,dens í ty

0.2460.2520,1620. t430.1510.1730.I970.2r90.2330.2410.2430.239o.2250.2140.2r90.2320.2430.2510.1600.1370. 1020.063o.111o.r12^

I OA

0.2230.2380.2410.2520.2540.2540.2530,2560.26r0.2610.1650. 1460. r230. 1170.1530.L710.2050.2280.2420.2520.2590.2650.270

Bottoma rea

I I14864l

r64493

I 973r 850I 315

82336

| 427r 973| 913I 9t3r 973I 93I

J7884

20649

| 233t 685| 973| 932r 932I 809I 385I 595r 973r 973r 973r 9311 805

r26464

t l2rr 275I 160I 391I 12rI 932L 932r 932r 932| 932! 932I 932

Re1.dens i ty

0.20I0. r950 .0120.075

0.L230. 1460,r710.1960.2r3

0.2r20.2070.2010 .065

Bottomar ea

686L 114

4I8Z

t23658

I 891| 637

546

42I 469

966I23

s88378

42I68

I 133155r55618713>4181I

0.037 s20.037 s20.037 s2

0.037 s20,037 s20.037 sM

0.037 s20.037 s2

0.037 s20.037 520.037 s2

::0.037 s20.037 t:

-:

0.L74 520.191 s2

0,2060.203^

I OO

0.0560.0550.0740.0940.096a .ar:

S2

S2

S25ZS2>z


Carnpbell Plateau (Area 3W), Jariuary I97ó (cont.)

AreeLat. Long.

1.58L.321.Ilt.49

12.530

2.442.66) 1)

2.002.54

s;S2

s2t:

400-ó00 s¡

Re l.density Typ"

5lo515t515L51 3051 3051 30sl 3051 3051 3051 3051 3051 3051 3051 3051 3051 3051 305i 3051 3051 3051 305252525252525252525252525252 3052 3052 3052 3052 3052 3052 3052 3052 3052 3052 3052 30

1720t72 30t73I73 30t74r66lóó 30t67L67 30168168 301ó91ó9 30170170 3017tt7I 30t72r72 30t7Jr73 30174L74 30L67L67 30168168 30L69169 30170170 30L7TI7I 30172172 30L73r68168 30r69169 30r70170 30t7I17t 30172r72 30r73t73 30

o. 03;0.0370.037o,0370.0370.03 7

0.0370.03 7

0.03 7

0.0370.037

0.0370.0370.03 7

789I 498L 222

tt:

-

1r3831r13151133

76

3868049L

76529

76113302

0.279o.2890.295

0. I540.155

0.193o.zt60.233o.2430.249o.266o.276o.2790. 304o.3260.332

:

0.2100.225

o.2360. 1960. 2850. 2880. 3480.3810.37Io.zzt0.23L0.2370.2380.235o.234o.2670.29to.4360.4690. 3650.379

S2

S2

'3

s2S2

s2S2

s2S2S2SM

SM

S2s2s2

'1

S;t:

S2

SM

SM

S2

s2S2s2s2S2S2

S2szSM

SM

s2st',1

SM

SM

S2

S2S2

s2S2s2S2

s2S2s2S2s2

S2

S2t:

li-

932932883

Bot tomereâ

35;237

552r43276710380932932932932695u2_

302,r_

3408r3889587511756771227680

3838

2478898I37765I181347338

o. 1ó;0.1ó70.1710.r730.0940.098

0.I570. 162O. Ió40.166

Bot--onarea

7q9I 8e3t 104

79

8ó71 ó56| 932I 380

237I 0ó4I 2ò3I 035

r58)41901

I 3e8

3023?8

I 133L 209I 3ó0

-:

7676

378z)4

c?

S2s2s2s2s2s2t:

S;S2s2S2ctct

S;S2s2S2

I

1

IFisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 21 (1979)

Campbell Plateau (¡.rea 3hl), December 197í-January 1977

La t.

JapaneseC onrn.CPSHF

Re1.dens i ty

0.32r

200-400 m

TYP"

bZ

s;S2S2t:

Bottomarea

13;44

400-600 m

ReI.density Type

0.248 520.226 s20. 193 52

600-800 m

Re1.densíty Typ"

Bottomarea

_ -o4ð4848484848484848484849494949494949494949494949494949494949494949494949494949494949494949494949

30 1

30303030303030303030

Long.

I 7oo170 30171t7r 30112t12 30t73tl3 30174174 30t75t6ó166 30t67t67 30168168 30I69169 30170170 30t71r71 30t72r12 30I13r13 30t74t74 30175r75 30r66166 30L67L67 30I68168 30r69169 30170170 30171171 30I72L72 30L73t73 30174

0.48; s;0.48ó 52

o.2540.3600.372

0. 258o.2460.2350.231

0.1250.1160. 1040.0930.0850.0820. 0830.0840,0790.0 700.0650. 1410. r360,r210.12I0, I280,r370. 1400,1370.r290. 119

0.0840.0850.0850.07I0.0660 .0600.0640. 146

0.I320. 1400. r490. I490. 1430.134

o. 08;0.080

Bottomare a

175437656

30ó219

| 270I It4

86| 4r4r 885T 91IL 971I 200L 677

643

600300771

I 4L4857

86

643857

2 0L4r 971I 843I 885I ó712 014I 500I 585

s2 536s2 I t17s2 I 006s2 874s2 874SM L I37s2 I 443s2 I 224s2 874s2 I 224s2 656s2 438s2 I 05rs2 I 708sM I 926s2 2 0I4s2 | 576s2 I 489s2 I ó20s2 L 620s2 744

44I3t44

44963253

88

S;s2S2

ò¿s2S2t:

0.497 520.494 320.492 520.489 s2

::0.242 s20.249 520.286 52..rt: t:

S;S2s2cts2SM

s2SZ

43434J

771343943

43zL425;

343857171

72898ó47r

86

4;171r29343

0.25; s;0.264 s20,263 520.253 520.228 SZ

0. I78 520.124 sM0.119 sM

0.245 s20.506 sM

0.403 sM

0.371 s2

0.263 520.243 52o.2zr s20.2t5 s20.224 s20.23t s2

0.258 520.268 52o.27I 520.261 320.248 520.210 s20.t67 s20.12I SM

0.2t6 s20.344 S2

3030303030303030303030303030303030

0.50;0. 50I0.49ó0.492

s2 2t452 I I51s2 I 928s2 2 014s2 I 37I

': ""_

::s2 38ós2 429


Campbell Plateau (Area 3W), December 1976-January 1977 (cont.)

400-600 m

Re1.density Typ"

0.366 520.352 520.296 520. 283 520.181 s20.23t sM

0.224 520.241 s20.259 320.213 320.280 s20.284 520,218 520.259 520.225 52

^ 100 c?

0.236 520.292 520,335 520.341 320.210 s20.181 320,066 sM

0.178 520.210 s20.237 320.26L 520.216 520.286 320.299 520.307 s20.303 s20.28t s20.213 320.278 320.370 s20.456 SM

0.253 SM

0.223 520.168 32O. I49 SM

0.191 s20.23t s20.264 320.274 520.275 520.305 s20.342 52

600-800 m

Bo t tomType areà

Ar eaLat. Long.

49o 30' Li4o 30'49 30 17550 165 3050 16650 167 3050 16850 168 3050 16950 169 3050 17050 I70 3050 tll50 I7t 3050 r7250 r12 3050 L1350 173 3050 17450 30 L65 3050 30 16650 30 166 3050 30 16750 30 167 3050 .30 16850 30 168 3050 30 16950 30 169 3050 30 17050 30 r70 3050 30 rlt50 30 rlr 3050 30 r1250 30 L12 3050 30 11350 30 Lt3 3051 165 305I 1665t 166 305I 16751 167 3051 1685t 168 3051 16951 169 3051 17051 170 305t tlL51 LlL 30

Japane s e

Comm.CPSHF

Rel.dens i ty

200-400 m

TyPeBottom

ar ea

r 114864l

t64493

| 973I 8501 315

ó¿

336r 427r 973I 913I 913r 913I 931

J7884

20649

247I 233I 685r 913r 932r 932I 809r 385I 595r 913| 973| 973r 9311 805

L26464

I T2LI 2151 160I 39tI 121L 932| 932I 932r 932L 932r 932L 932

Re1.dens í ty

0.0700.0650, 15I0. 154

0.2L2 520.202 s20.345 52

Bottomarea

4L164904

493L23

L23288

4L4I

r64

J4Ò

309

0. l0t0.0980.0950.1560.1620. r700, 1810.203o.326

686I IT4

4L82

L23658

1 891| 637

546

42L 469

966t23

588378

168r 133

1551556187735418tl

S25lS2

0. 168 s20. I80 s2O. 156 SM

0.22L 520.371 s2

0.557 520.572 520,564 52

::0.L250.r80

O.I7I 520.16I 520. 149 s20.t31 s20.t27 11

0.094 s20.090 s20.085 s20.155 t:

0. t39 s20, I28 52

S2

S2

^5Z

S2S2

S2S2S2

SM


Campbell PIâteau (erea 3I'l), December 1976-January 1977 (cont.)

ó00-800 m

Rel.density Type

AreaLat. Long.

tTzoL72 30t73r73 30t74165 30t66166 30t67167 301681ó8 30I69169 30170r70 30I71t7r 30t72172 30t73r73 30t74174 30t67t67 301ó8168 30r691ó9 30170r70 30t7LI7T 30t72t72 30173ló8168 301ó9169 30170

JapaneseConm.CPSHF

r .48

r.04

1.15L.43

Bottoûatea

:

0*

:

78;1 498L 22?

tt:

Bottomar€e

L 932r 932t 883

0*

35;237

552I 143

276710

I 380r 932| 932r 932L 932I ó95

tr:

:0. r000,0980.096

0.1610. 1ó7o.L770. t86ara:

0. 1010.10I0.1010. 1000.0980,16r0. 145ttt:

0. 1030.0970.0960. l-000. I04a. tt:

Bo !Èoûrareâ

749I 893I 104

200-400 m

Re1.densíty Type

-:OSM

::0.707 s20.670 s20.601 s20.549_ r:

o.7020.7590. 6800.5640.5070.492

0.6ó;0.7160.5470.424o.426

400-600 m

Re1.densl ty Type

0.310 sM

0.318 520.315 "?

0.168 SM

0.28; s;0.242 52

0.206 sM0.118 sM0.227 32o.27t s20.274 s20,202 sM0.269 sM0.477 SM

0.358 520.344 520.347 t:

5ro5I51515l515I5l5I515I515151515I515I5I5I515l51515252525252525Z5252525Z52525252525252

S2S2S2

30303030303030303030303030303030303030

:

o.2s2o.3r2

0.r720. 406O. 2Eó0. 3480. 3700. 3680.3930.2ó8o.3320.5450.3040. 388

231I 064I 2ó3I 0?5

1581a1

907I 398

3.69

2.LZ.

2.97

30276

SM

SM

s;s2s2S2s2S2S2SMS2

SM

s2s2S2t:

I1;831tt3t5t

I 13376

3;680491

76529

S;sì,1

SM

S2

s2S2S2S2sÌ.,1

SMe?

SM

S2S2s2S2S2

'1

34;I 8r3I 889I 5871 5rr

756227227ó80

3838

L 247

3030303030

* Insufficíent bathyrnetric data avaílable for bottom area calculation.


Canpbell Plat.eau (Area 3W), December 197ó-January 1977 (cont.)

AréaLat. Long.

JapaneseCon¡n.CPSHF

2.35

3.552.08

0.78L.49

2 -68

2.34

t.37

Rel.dens i ry

Bo ttomarea

Bottomarea

7676

378264355

| 562355604462

1T

7L355391462

I 03017880r87r592488348906

r 045488

70

400-600 m

Rel.densiLy Type

0.187 SM

0.304 s20.350 s20.460 sM

Q.334 SM

0.500 sM

0.415 s2

0. 258 520.L44 SM

0.344 SM

0.285 SM

0.390 sM

0.325 520.340 s20.329 SM

0.356 SMo.r': 'j

600-800 m

Re1,densi Ly Typ.

5205252

52

52535353535353535353535353535353535353535353

30 ' 1700 30'30 17I30 17r 3030 L7230 L72 3030 L7330 t73 30

168168 30169169 30r70170 30LlT171 30112I12 30t73r73 30

30 168 3030 Ió930 169 3030 17030 170 3030 17130 I71 3030 r7230 t12 30

0.46; s;0.414 520.478 t:

::O.Ió9 SI0,309 sI0.367 SZ

0.449 520.463 52,.r: r:

76I13-,

497710497

L42355tt:

-

,oì9232848r7

I 175I 633I 13ó| 349I 278

,t:

139357035

0. 0830.0810. 1050. 1080.1I60.0980.0410.0900.0950.09 8

0.0990.0930,0690 .0120. 1210. 1120. I020.0900.0940.0930.0960.0980.0940.0820.080

S2S2S2>¿S2ctSISIc?

S25L

SISM

S2

S2S2S2

SM

S2szS2

S2S2


Southland (East) (area 4E), November-December 1975

AreaLat. Long.

JapâneseComn.CPSHF

2.384.272.983.7 43.92

3.434.163 .90

7.335.17

' .:i

4.69

?.i;5.ót

..

Bot t,omaxee

, 400-600 m

Re1.density Type

4604646464747474747474748484E4848484ö484848484848

3030

30303030

3030303030303030

I 7ooL70 30169. 30170r69Ió9 30I70167 30168 30r.69169 30167 30r68168 30169169 30166 30t61L67 30168 30169169 30r70170 30

0. 4990. 336o.6970.595o.2961.158

0. 5150.397

I.380I.26L0.89ó

0. i680.998,.rt:i

s2sLSM

S2SM

SM

SM

SM

S1

SM

s2

SIs2SM

SIs2S1

t1249041L7814735

303291506

L7

s2sl.SM

s1SM

'y

SM

SMc?

slSM

S2s2

90179t44l-08295

8829

358I,r_

559244

76

0.443o.3220.5600.372o.62r0.L26

1.o440.8550.571I.2210. 6990.8590.768

o.7841.001r.234

0. 784o.7t4

Bottomareâ

3ó4L9269538

r 404147

342I 593

767

954I 9962 It8r 222

8r553

| 245

I 670I 147

553I 187

s2s2


Re1.densi ty

600-800 n

BotEofnTyp" area

- JO

' 419

- 269

:":- L404_ t47

- 342- 1 593

- ,,:

_ 954- 1996- 2118- L722-81- 553_ L245

- I 670_ rt41- 5s3- 1187


SouÈhland (East) (Area 4E), November-December I97ó

I

Lat.Area

Long.

r 7oo170 30169 30170r70 30168168 30r69169 30I70167 30t68 30lé9169 30L67 30r68168 30169l-ó9 30t6ó 30167t67 30168168 30169169 30170170 30

JapaneseComm.CPSHF

0.9 302.L60. 820L.261,24

1.07t.44I.25

5.212.21r.44t.::

1 .9óI .90L.7 62.42

Rel.dens i ty

o,2070. 2110.207o.203

0. r530.146

0. 1430. I19

0.4030.046o.22r

o -3440.351t.tt:

200-400 m

TyPe

S2S2SM

t:

SM

'y

Bottomârea

400-600 m

Rel.denslty Type

0.093 s20.099 s2o.o72 sl0.090 r:

0.08ó sM0.100 rT

O. I2I0.161O. II20. 3080. 1910. I690.132

0.1230. 1480 .094

0. r340. L26

SM

s!.,1

s2SIs2SM

s2

SM

s2

'lS2

'1

600-800 m

Re1.density Type

0j 154 520: l6t s20.118 51

''":':

0. ró6o: 165

0r 187o.I7 7

0.176

0. I370. 1600.1830. 1890.1300, 1030.052

o.263o.2t20. 193o. res

SIs2

stSM

S2

SIstSIs2s2S2

'Y

SIS2

S2ct

Botgomarea

60t79t79tt:

678tt:

L735

Bo t.tomåtea

364L9269tr:

L 404r47

3lr2I 593

767

954r 9962 118r 222

8T

553r 245

I ó70L T41

5531 I87

SM

SM

S1

SM

t:

s2S2t:

4604646464647474747

474747474848484848484848484848484848

303030

30303030

303030303030303030

90179t44ta:

295

8829

358I,:

559244,2

LL249047t7874735

303291to:

I


SouÈhland (tlest) (Area 4!'l), November-December 1975

AreaLat. Long.

JapaneseConrn.CPSHF

'. l:

JapaneseCom.CPSHF

2.34

z.6rI .48r.07

0.64

I.53

Re1.dens i ty

0.L72o.1720. r750. 1680. I680. r680.1530.r35

0.1350.1250. r450. 135o.r440.145

200-400 m

200-400 m

TyPe

S2S2S1SZ

S2S2S2SI

Bottomarea

400-600 m

Re1.density Typ"

600-800 m

ReI.density Type

45o 30' ló6046 16546 16646 16646 30 16546 30 16646 30 16646 30 16147 16547 16ó47 L6747 30 16641 30 16ó48 16648 30 166

Lât.

45o 30'464646-46 3046 3046 3046 3047474747 3047 304848 30

Long.

I660165 3016616ó 30165 30166t66 30t67165 30166 30t67166166 30r6ór66

Rel.dens i Èy

0.1390. 1460. 1340. 1320. 1690.16I0. I4to.o7z

Bottomarea

I23161819640730I14t20484

o.227o.2450.2r20.It70.2820.3750. 3500.189o.27 Io.2520.1I20.2550.25I0.248o.244

0. 298o.3290. 1660. r750. 28r0. 1980.0800. 2380. 191o.2250.222

Bottomarea

135138

6

Bottomarea

239407257r67236

E888

I064L8I

244

30

3030 n;

407257L67236

8888

r064T8I

244

t23I6t8r9640730r14120484

l8r47224L77

87r46

Typ.

S2JL

SM

s2S2S252S2

S2

SM

S2

S2S2s2

1ó6293586120383155227215l2657l59599370

0.06I0.06r0.0610.0610.06 r0 .0610.0610. 0610.0610. 0610. 0610.0610.0610. 0610.061

Bottomârea

166293586L20383155227275l2657L59599370

BoÈtomârea

S2S2SM

SZS2S2S2S2s2S2s2S2S2S2S2

S2S2SM

SM

S2SM

SM

S1S2S2SIs2s1S2s2

S2SM

SIc,

S2S2slS2s2s2s2

3030

Sou¡hIand (I.lest,) (Area 4W), NovembèT-Decembe¡ 1976

400- 600 rn

ReI.Densíty Type

0.260 s2 1350.286 52 1380.283 52 6

18L47224L77

87146


[Ies! Coast, South Island (Area 5), June-July 1976

Areâ Rel.dens i ty

200-400 m

TYP"

S2s2

'iS1

s2

SM

S2

SM

:

SISM

s2S1s2S2s2S2

Bot tomatea

r47L 47L

oo!

I 3771 63r

| 75735

tt:

Bottomatea

L 2t3at:

t45942

4562LT

588r r:'

Re1.densi ty

0.2480,24ro.266

400-600 rn

ReI.densíty Typ.

600-800 m

BottomType area

s2 37s2 2 243r] '':

La t. Long.

169 0

t72169 30L70170 30171171 30t72169 30170170 30171170r70 30t7lI70170 30168 30169169 30170170 30169169 30170r68168 30t69

40o4040 3040 3040 3040 3040 3040 304l4l4l4I41 304t 3041 30424242 3042 3042 3042 3042 3043434343 3043 3043 30

0.370.96

2.48

0.9 6

02.O93. 80

2.853.50

2.703. 30o0.447,493.033,583.96,.0.:

0.2340.2470

O.2II0.23r

0.1320.240

0.356

o. 38;0.536o.5770. 7s00.4900.458o.492o.547

0.46;o.537

sls2

:_0.608 s20.635 S1

0.719 SM

0.008 sM

0.711 SM0.s5e rl

0.203 sM

o.2g;

0.426

:0.0600.3120. 341

0.4950.332

0.30r0. 334o.370

L,139

r1 r 40;

sM I 003

::SI 67SM 67Is2 34

SM 859s2 t32

s2 33s2 397s2 33

436470

34330595

3399

t32

87326999

46333339966

0. 5580. 6690. 6650. 8481.380

0. 8500. 8890.956

SISTS2SIS1

S2

s2s2


Wes! Coâsto South Island

Ar eaLat. Long.

4oo r71o 30'4A ).12

40 30 169 304A 30 17040 30 170 3040 30 I7140 30 ).7r 30

4L r7Q41 170 30

4L 171r+ L L724t 30 I704t 30 170 304L 30 r7L42 17042 170 3042 30 16942 30 169 3042 30 17042 30 170 30

43 16943 169 3043 17043 30 16843 30 168 3043 30 169

(Area 5), August-SePtember I976

JâpaneseComin.CPSHF

O. LIo.n.:

. ::1.5 /

I 10

4.33

I 10

3,88?AR

2 .45

" ::r.4ð

Re1.dens i Èy

L 2t3880

I45942

4562rl

588553

436470

34330595

3J99

r3z

Bottomarea

312 243

993

r 739

I 405

I 003

61611

34

859132

33391

J)

-.0.692 520.791 s20.858 s2

0.482 SM

0.885 t1

0.766 511.206 Sl

I.086 SM

---0.362 S1

0.605 sM

0.651 520.597 520.570 s20.705 s20.690 520.669 32

-.0.592 SM

0.023 SM

0.554 s20.e46 tY

0.280 sM

0.544 sM

a.229 sM

0.366 SM

0.219 520. r95 sl0.319 520.326 520.295 52

0.363 520.35 I 52ô.336 52

0.15; s;0, 145 32

0.0ee tl

0. t45 sl

-:0.245 SI

::O. I55 SM

0.111 520.175 520. i70 s2

0.176 520, 175 52

0.174 s20.175 520.175 32

r41L 471

404

r 377t 63I

I 15735

813269

99463

?'ì339966

P. l). HAS\t I lJt:R(i, (iovtrRN\ltrNl l'Rl\ lt:R, \Àt:l I IN(¡l()N, :{t:\À lt:Al ^Nl) -

1979 32185H tM


il lL HcD'*'vtt;rr':-l


byR. C. Francis

andK. A. Fisher

Fisheries Research Division Occasional Publication No. 21


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