Thesis

Submitted to

JIWAJI UNIVERSITY, GWALIOR

For the award of the Degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

in

Political Science

Submitted by

Nisar Ahmad Shiekh

Under the Supervision of

Prof. A.P.S. Chouhan

SOS in Political Science and Public Administration

2015

Dedicated to My

Loving Parents

Appendix-5

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE {(Para-18 (5)(b)}

I declare that the thesis entitled “Millennium Development Goals in South

Asia: Progress and Problems with particular focus on Elimination of Poverty

and Hunger in India” is my own work conducted under the supervision of Prof.

A.P.S. Chouhan (Head, S.O.S. in Political Science and Public Administration, Jiwaji

University, Gwalior, M.P.) and approved by research degree committee. I have put in

more than 200 days of attendance with the supervisor.

I further declare that to the best of my knowledge the thesis does not contain

any part of work which has been submitted for the award of any degree either in this

University or in any other University/Deemed University without proper citation.

........................................................ ...........................................................

Signature of the Supervisor Signature of the Candidate

Prof. A.P.S. Chouhan Nisar Ahmad Shiekh

...............................................................

Forwarded

Signature of Head of UTD/Principal

Dated:

CERTIFICATE OF THE SUPERVISOR{Para-18 (5)(C}

This is to certify that the work entitled “Millennium Development Goals in South

Asia: Progress and Problems with Special focus on Elimination of Poverty and

Hunger in India” is a piece of research work done by Nisar Ahmad Shiekh under my

supervision for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science, Jiwaji University,

Gwalior (M.P.), India. I certify that the candidate has put in an attendance of more than

200 days with me. I further declare that:

To the best of my knowledge and belief the thesis:

1. Embodies the work of candidate himself,

2. Has duly been completed,

3. Fulfills the requirements of the ordinance relating to the Ph.D. degree of the

University and

4. Is up to the standard, both in respect of contents and language, for being referred to

the examiner.

Signature of the Supervisor

………………………………..

(Prof. A.P.S. Chouhan)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The best moments of my Research journey involves help and support from

numerous individuals and agencies. It has been a great privilege to work at School of

Studies in Political Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.). This is the places

where I constantly felt inspired by the intelligence and humanities surrounding me. I

saw so many faculty and staff members doing their best every day, both in their

professional roles and more importantly, in their roles as members of mankind. I, to

the best of my memory, will try to mention all those who contributed in one or the

other way towards my research work and preparation of this document. In doing so, I

may miss some names more because of lapse of memory than anything else. So at the

outset, I wish to thank all who helped me for their support, guidance and

encouragement but I forgot to mention here.

First and foremost I would like to bestow my deepest sense of gratitude to the

Almighty ALLAH for granting me the wisdom to initiate and forbearance to

accomplish this piece of work. I bow before His Holiness to offer my special thanks

for His Kindness, Benevolence and Majesty and the vital support and strength that He

encouraged me with. It is due to His divine intervention that my effort assumed the

present form. My special prays to Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) who is the torch

of guidance for humanity forever.

It is indeed a great privilege for me to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude

to my worthy mentor and Supervisor, Prof. A. P. S. Chouhan, Head, S.O.S. in

Political Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P) for his inexorable research

guidance, interminable, magnanimous encouragement, proficient stewardship,

analytical views, intellectual precision and painstaking efforts throughout the study

without which the present work would have been impossible and, it is a dream come

true under his guidance. His unwavering courage and confidence will always inspire

me.

Obligation and affection can never be repaid but I am trying to place on

record my sincere and humble regards to the eminent personalities like

Prof. Sangeeta Shukla (Hon'ble Vice-Chancellor, Jiwaji University, Gwalior),

Dr. Deepak Verma, Dr. Kalpana Senger, Dr. Satender Sakarwal and all other staff

at Department of Political Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior who have been kind

enough to extend their help at various phases of my professional journey. I thank

them all for their generous help and constructive suggestion during the entire course

of work.

At this moment of accomplishment, I would like to express my deepest

gratitude to Dr. S. M. Pasha, Professor Political Science, Jamia Millia Islamia

Scientist, Prof. Noor Ahmad Baba, Deptt. Of Political Science, University of

Kashmir, Prof. G. M. Wani, Director, Kasmir Studies, University of Kashmir-C,

Dr. Mohd. Yousuf Bhat, Prof. Lateef Ahmad Salmani and Dr. Shahid Murtaza,

Asst. Professors at G.D.C. Pulwama, who were a source of inspiration and pioneer to

this course of intense journey. I really feel obliged for their deep interest in my work

and analytical views, pertaining zeal for perfection and unparalleled enthusiasm

contributed a lot for the completion of research work.

Words are not enough to pay sincere thanks and regards to

Prof. Mushtaq Ahmad Lone, Head, Department of Chemistry, G. D. C. Pulwama and

Dr. Nazir Ahmad Simnani, Head Department Of Political Science, G.D.C. Pulwama

for their scholastic guidance and encouragement afforded to me during the pursuit of

this study. I have literally drawn upon their rich and versatile experience to

accomplish my study in the present shape.

My gracious thanks are to all the staff members of Central Libraries of

Jiwaji University, Gwalior, University of Kashmir, Jamia Millia Islamia, University

of Jammu and Jawahar Lal Nehru University for providing necessary information,

help and endorsement during the course of my study whenever I needed.

I feel complacement by placing on record my sincere thanks to my cousin,

Ashfaq Hussain and to Tawheeda Majeed for their perseverant help, valuable

suggestions and cherishing attitude through the progress of study. Their much needed

support has been always forthcoming and has been a great factor in taking this work

to a desired end.

I have been very blessed in my life, particularly in my friendships and I whole

heartily acknowledge the help received from my friends, namely , Dr. Mushtaq Ah.

Mir, Dr. Mohd. Yousuf Nengroo, Dr. Moh. Yaqoub, Dr. Mudasir Ahmad,

Mr. Zahoor Ah. Lone, Mr. Arshid Ahmad and Mr. Mukhtar Ahmad Lone,

Mr. Tahir Zahoor, Mr. Naseer Ah. Shiekh and Mr. Aijaz Ah. Lone.

Words fail to express appropriately my gratitude and deep sense of eternal

indebtedness to my family members for giving me a place where the door is always

open. I record my cordial reverence and grateful feelings to beloved parents,

Mr. Nazir Ahmad Shiekh and Mrs. Sara Bano, my brother Shiekh Parveiz, my

sisters Insha Nazir and Shiekh Shahnaza, and to all other family members and

relatives who not only supported me morally but also inspired me to achieve the

higher ideas of life. They did not mind my long absence from home, their patient and

affectionate care inspired me to pursue this academic attainment.

Many more deserve a lot of thanks but, it is space that compels me to stop

here. Thanking each and every person who raises their hands before GOD for me and

soliciting their good wishes for my bright future. At the end, my profound apologies to

anyone related to or associated with this piece of work whom I have inadvertently

forgotten to mention here. I deeply regret it.

Nisar Ahmad Shiekh

SOS in Political Science & Public Administration,

JIWAJI UNIVERSITY GWALIOR-M.P. (474011)

PREFACE

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the world’s biggest promise – a

global agreement to reduce poverty and human deprivation at historically unprecedented

rates through collaborative action. They differ from all other global promises for poverty

reduction in their comprehensive nature and the systematic efforts taken to finance,

implement and monitor them. While the MDGs have a warm aura around them – ‘they

envelop us in a cloud of soft words and good intentions and moral comfort’ – there are

fierce debates in academic and professional circles about their value. While these

viewpoints reach dramatically different conclusions about the MDGs, they all share a

similar approach. All take the MDGs as a given and then, through vastly different

analytical frameworks, make projections about their potential outcomes and

consequences.

The work is I have taken is divided into six chapters. In chapter 1, the focus is on

the processes that led to the Specification and agreement on the MDGs and explore the

implications of a historical analysis of the MDG story. The chapter provides a

chronological account of the evolution of the MDGs. It examines their historical

antecedents; the UN conferences and summits that provided their content; the role of

OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in formulating the International

Development Goals (IDGs); the influence of the UN’s Secretariat in drafting the

Millennium Declaration; and the final negotiations between the UN, DAC, World Bank,

and IMF to amend the IDGs into the MDGs in 2001.

Soon the MDGs were framed; regions as well as countries around the world

began to rally behind them. They began to incorporate the MDGs in policy

implementations. As more than a decade has passed since the MDGs were framed in

2000, the progress has varied across regions and countries. Despite South Asia’s rapidly

growing economies, governments’ commitments to the MDGs as expressed in the United

Nations Millennium Declaration, and each country’s rights-based constitution and

ambitious development plans, the MDGs remain unmet in most countries in the region.

More children live in absolute poverty in South Asia than in any other region in the

world. South Asia has by far the largest prevalence of underweight children under five.

The level of child mortality is also one of the highest: one out of every three children who

dies is from South Asia. While there has been progress in providing drinking water and

sanitation, over 900 million people, many of them children, still live without access to

improved sanitation facilities. The chapter 2 provides an insight into the progress made

by South Asian region as a whole with respect to MDGs. An attempt is made to compare

it with the progress made in other selected regions.

The region comprises eight countries, sharing some common features. All the

countries are signatories to the Millennium Declaration and are committed to achieve the

goals set by the declaration. The countries are striving for high growth rate to address

poverty, malnutrition, unemployment, mortality as high Human Developed Index (HDI).

While doing so, some countries have been able to record significant progress while the

performance of some has been dismal on many targets. It is important to note that not

even a single country is able to achieve all the targets by their specified deadline and

majority of the states are going to miss many targets by 2015. Chapter 3 discusses the

progress of MDGs among SAARC member countries.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been widely accepted as a

yardstick for measuring the development progress across the countries. India, as a

signatory to the Millennium Declaration (2000), aims at achieving the MDG by the year

2015. As per MDG mandate, the prime responsibilities for achieving these goals lie with

the individual countries. To monitor the progress globally, it is necessary to track the

progress nationally and identify the key obstacles.

Chapter 4 deals with India’s performance on Goal 1: Eradication of Poverty and

hunger. The chapter offers a comprehensive analysis of poverty and hunger in India.

Poverty has declined steadily in all states and for all social and religious groups.

Accelerated growth between fiscal years 2004–2005 and 2009–2010 led to an

accelerated decline in poverty rates. However, despite some successes, poverty and

hunger continues to be a major problem India. The Government has launched various

countrywide programmes for extending the benefits of its policy initiatives and

demonstrated its commitment by significant enhancement of allocations for these

programmes in the recent budgets. The chapter makes an analysis of some of the poverty

and hunger alleviation programmes pursued by the Government from time to time and

makes an evaluative analysis of MGNREGA.

The world has undergone some ‘seismic’ changes since the MDGs were framed.

Many countries have experienced remarkable growth rates. Scientific and technological

advances have begun to transform lives. Despite progress on some issues, such as on

eradicating extreme poverty, ensuring access to water, and tackling HIV/AIDS, the

international community will fail to reach most of the goals. In the face of climate

change, greater competition for resources and uncertain economic times, the scale of the

challenge now calls for a different approach — one that tackles the structural causes of

poverty and environmental degradation rather than merely the symptoms; one that

reflects a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape; and one that can respond to an

uncertain future. Dialogue on the ‘post-2015 agenda’2 is gathering pace. The UN ia

actively engaged in crafting goals which will replace MDGs after 2015. Meanwhile, non-

governmental organizations, UN agencies, academics, businesses and other stakeholders

have immersed themselves in local, national and regional debates.

The chapter 5 takes a short tour of the ‘post-2015’ stage, viewing it through a

wide lens to capture the breadth of the debates, and describe the major propositions.

Further, as many countries are going to miss many of the targets by the 2015 deadline,

the chapter discusses the barriers faced by countries in the achievement of MDGs with

particular focus on South Asia. focus on South Asia.

Finally, at the end, Chapter 6 concludes the whole work. The chapter includes a

set of suggestions and recommendations for member states of SAARC which could help

them to design their policies accordingly to make faster progress towards the goals. The

chapter also includes a list of recommendations for making Post- 2015 development

agenda more realistic, practical and more equitable.

Abbreviations

AAY : Antydaya Anna Yojana

AHS : Afghanistan Household Survey

AMS : Afghanistan Mortality Survey

APL : Above Poverty Line

ART : Antiretroviral Therapy

AWCs : Angan Wadi Centres

BBS : Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

BDHS : Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey

BDHS : Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey

BE : Budget Estimate

BLSS : Bhutan Living Standards Survey

BPL : Below Poverty Line

BSS : Behavioral Surveillance Survey

CBNT : Capacity Building and Training

CD : Community Development

CDS : Community Development Society

CPAW : Consumer Price for Agricultural Workers

CPI : Consumer Price Index

CPIW : Consumer Price for Industrial Workers

CPR : Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

DCI : Direct Calorie Intake

DCS : Department of Census and Statistics

DDP : Desert Development Programme

DHA : Designated Hill Area

DOTS : Directly Observed Treatment Short course

DPAP : Draught Prone Area Programme

DRDA : District Rural development Authority

DWCRA : Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas

EAS : Employment Assurance Scheme

EST & P : Employment through Skill Training and Placement

FAO : Food and Agricultural Organisation

FCI : Food Corporation of India

FPSs : Fair Price Shops

GHI : Global Hunger Index

GPI : Gender Parity Index

HCR : Head Count Ratio

HIES : Household Income and Expenditure Survey

HIPC : Highly Indebted Poor Countries

HLP : High Level Panel

IAEG : International Agency and Expert Group

IAY : Indira Awaas Yjana

ICDS : Integrated Child Development Services Scheme

ICPD : International Conference on Population and Development

IDGs : International Development Goals

IFPRI : International Food Policy Research Institute

IMF : International Monetary Fund

IMR : Infant Mortality Rate

IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPU : Inter Parliamentary Union

IRDP : Integrated Rural Development Programme

ISCAP : Independent South Asian Commission on Poverty Alleviation

ISHI : India State Hunger Index

ITDP : Integrated Tribal Development Programme

JGSY : Jawahar Gram Simridhi Yojana

JRY : Jawahar Rozgar Yojana

LDCs : Least Developed Countries

LLDC : Land Locked Developing Countries

MAF : MDGs Acceleration Framework

MDGs : Millennium Development Goals

MDM : Mid- Day Meal Scheme

MICS : Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey

MMR : Maternal Mortality Rate

MMRP : Modified Mixed Reference Period

MOH : Ministry of Public Health

MOPH : Ministry of Health and Poulation

MPC : Monthly Per capita Consumption expenditure

MPI : Multi Poverty Index

MRP : Mixed Recall Period

MWS : Million Wells Scheme

NACO : National Aids Control Organisation

NACP : National Aids Programme

NER : Net Enrollment Ratio

NERICA : New Rice for Africa

NFHS : National Family Health Survey

NGOs : Non- Governmental Organisations

NHCs : Neighborhood Communities

NHGs : Neighborhood Groups

NOAPS : National Old Age Pension Scheme

NPC : National Planning Commission

NP-NSP : National Programme for Nutrtional Support to Primary education

NREP : National Rural Employment Programme

NRLM : National Rural Livelihood Mission

NRLM : National Rural Livelihood Mission

NRLM : National Rural Livelihood Mission

NRY : Nehru Rozgar Yojana

NRY : Nehru Rozgar Yojana

NRVA : National Risk And Vulnerability Assessment

NSS : National Sample Survey

NSSO : National Sample Survey Office

NULM : National Urban Livelihood Mission

NULM : National Urbal Livelihood Mission

ODA : Official Development Assistance

OECD : Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development

OPHI : Oxford Poverty and Human development Initiative

OWG : Open Working Group

PDHS : Pakistan Demographic Health Survey

PDS : Public Distribution System

PIHS : Akistan Integrated Health Survey

PLSM : Pakistan Living Standards Measurement Survey

PMIUPEP : Prime Minister’s Integtated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme

PRIs : Panchayati Raj Institutions

PRSP : Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

PSLSM : Pakistan Social & Living Standards Measurement Survey

RE : Revised Estimate

RLEGP : Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme

RPDS : Revamped ublic Distribution System

SAARC : South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

SCSP : Schedule Caste Sub Plan

SDGs : SAARC Development Goals

SDGs : Sustainable Development Goals

SDHS : Sri Lanka Demographic and Health Survey

SEP : Self- Employment Programme

SGRY : Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana

SGSRY : Swaran jayanti Shahari Rozdar Yojana

SHGs : Self Hel Groups

SITRA : Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans

SM & ID : Social Mobilization & Institutional Development

STE-UP : Skill Training for Employment Promotion amongst Urban Poor

TPDS : Targeted Public Distribution System

TRYSEM : Training of Youth For Self Employment

TSP : Tribal Sub Plan

UBSP : Urban Basic Services for Poor

UCDN : Urban Community Development Network

UNCTAD : United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDG : United Nations Development Group

UNDP : United Nations Development Programme

UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme

UNESCO : United Nations Economic and Social Council

UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation

UNFCCC `: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNICEF : United Nations Children’s Fund

UNO : United Nations Organisation

URP : Uniform Recall Period

USEP : Urban Self Employment Programme

UTs : Union Territories

UWEP : Urban Wage Employment Programme

UWSP : Urban Women Self-help Groups

WB : World Bank

CONTENTS

List of Tables

List of Figures

Particular Page No.

Chapter 1: Millennium development goals: A conceptual

understanding

1.1. Origin of Millennium development Goals .

1.1.1. From summit declarations to list of target:

DAC launches a document, shaping the

twenty first century: the role of

development cooperation

1.1.2. Framing of International Development

Goals: Responses and progress

1.1.3. Preparing for Millennium Assembly: ‘We

the Peoples’ and Millennium Declaration

1.1.4. From “We the Peoples” to the Millennium

Declaration &Millennium Assembly

1.1.5. The Millennium Declaration

1.1.6. From Millennium Declaration to the

Millennium Development Goals

1.2. UN Initiatives for Achieving Millennium

Development Goals

1.3. Synergies between the Goals

1.4. Evaluation of MDGs: Strengths & Weaknesses

1 – 36

1

24

29

32

Chapter 2: Progress of Millennium development goals: A cross

regional analysis

2.1. South Asia: An Introduction of Basic Data

2.1.1. Geography

2.1.2. Territory and Ethnic groups

2.1.3. Economy

2.1.4. Intra-regional trade

2.1.5. Inter-state conflict in South Asia

37 – 80

38

2.2 The Framing of SAARC Development Goals: A

South Asian Response to MDGs

2.3. Progress on Millennium Development Goals: A

Measure of Cross- Regional Analysis

44

Chapter 3: Measuring the Progress of MDGs in SAARC Member

states

81-134

Chapter 4: Elimination of poverty and hunger in India: A study of

hunger and poverty Eradication Programmes with

particular focus on MGNREGA

4.1. Poverty and Hunger Situation in India: An Analysis

4.2. Hunger Eradication Programmes in India

4.3. Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India: An analysis

with particular focus on MGNREGA

4.4. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): A right based

initiative towards poverty alleviation through

employment generation

135-194

135

153

166

185

Chapter 5: Problems in achieving millennium development goals in

south Asia a post-2015 MDG debate

5.1. Uneven Progress across Regions, Countries and

Indicators

5.2. Barriers in Achieving MDGs in SAARC Member

State

5.3. A Post- 2015 MDGs Debate: Development Agenda

beyond 2015

5.4. United Nations on Post- 2015 Development Agenda:

Appointment of High level Committees

195-223

195

204

212

215

Chapter 6: Conclusions and suggestions 224 – 246

Bibliography 247 – 266

Appendices

List of Tables

Table No. Contents Page No.

Table 1 Millennium Development Goals and Targets 20-23

Table 2 Demographic Parameters of SAARC Countries 39

Table 3 Intra- regional trade (Export of major trading blocs) 41

Table 4 Intraregional trade (exports) of SAARC countries 1995-2008 42

Table 5 Types of conflict b/w the member- states of SAARC 43

Table 6 SAARC Development Goals 47-48

Table 7 Net Enrolment Ratio in Primary Education 57

Table 8 Proportion of Pupils Starting Grade 1 who Reach Grade 5 58

Table 9 Literacy Rate Youth Male and Female (15-24 years %) 58

Table 10 Under- Five Mortality Rates Per1,000 Live Births 63

Table 11 Percentage of Children (12-23 Months) Immunized against Measles (%)

65

Table 12 Antenatal Care Coverage, Unmet need for Family Planning, Adolescent Birth Rate

65

Table 13 HIV Prevalence, Adult Aged 15- 49, Percentage 71

Table 14 Incidence and Death Rates Associated with Malaria 73

Table 15 Incidence and Death Rates associated with Tuberculosis (per 100,000 population)

74

able 16 Emission of CO2, 1990, 2006 & 2010 (Billions of metric tons)

76

Table 17 Terrestrial Areas & Marine Areas Protected, 1990 & 2012 (%)

77

Table 18 Poverty Head Count Ratio at National Poverty Line, Percentage

83

Table 19 Poverty GAP Ratio at National Poverty line, percentage 85

Table No. Contents Page No.

Table 20 Poorest Quintile’s Share in National Income/Consumption 86

Table 21 Employment to Population Ratio (%) 87

Table 22 Proportion of Employed People Living Below USD1 per Day (%)

87

able 23 Proportion of Own- Account workers in total Employment (percent)

88

Table 24 Proportion of under- weight children under five years of age 90

Table 25 Proportion of People below Minimum Level of Dietary Consumption(%)

91

Table 26 Net Enrollment Ratio in Primary Education, Percentage 92

Table 27 Proportion of Pupils Starting Grade 1 Who Reach Grade 5 93

Table 28 Literacy Rate of 15-24 Year Olds 95

Table 29 Gender Parity Index at Primary Level 97

Table 30 Gender Parity Index at Secondary Level 98

Table 31 Gender Parity Index at Tertiary Level 98

Table 32 Share of Women in Wage Employment in the Non- agricultural Sector

99

Table 33 Share of Women in National Parliament 101

Table 34 Under-5 Mortality Rate, Per 1,000 Live Births 102

Table 35 Infant Mortality Rate, Per 1,000 Live Births 103

Table 36 Proportion of One Year Old (12-23 months) Immunized against Measles Percentage

105

Table 37 Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 births) 106

Table 38 Proportion of Births Attended By Skilled Health Personnel 108

Table 39 Contraception Prevalence Rate (%) 110

Table 40 Antenatal Care Coverage (at least one visit) 111

Table No. Contents Page No.

Table 41 HIV Prevalence among Population 15-49 years 113

Table 42 Proportion of Population with Advanced HIV Infection with Access to Antiretroviral Drugs

115

Table 43 Prevalence and Death Rated Associated with Malaria 116

Table 44 Prevalence and Death Rates Associated with Tuberculosis Per, 100,000 Populations

117

Table 45 Proportion of TB Cases Detected and Cured Under DOTS, % 119

Table 46 Proportion of Land Area Covered by Forest, % 121

Table 47 Carbon Dioxide Emission (metric tons per capita) 122

Table 48 Terrestrial and Marine Areas Protected to Total Territorial Areas, (%)

123

Table 49 Proportion of Population with Access to Safe Drinking Water Source, (%)

125

Table 50 Proportion of Population having access to Improved Sanitation Facility, (%)

126

Table 51 Net ODA Received (Percent of GNI) 128

Table 52 Net ODA Received Per Capita (Current US $) 128

Table 53 ODA Received (Million US $) 129

Table 54 External Debt Services as percentage of Exports of Goods & Services

129

Table 55 Fixed Telephone Subscription per 100 Inhabitants 133

Table 56 Cellular Subscriptions per 100 People 133

Table 57 Internet Users per 100 Populations 134

Table 58 Adjusted Per Capita Income 135

Table 59 Estimates of Poverty in India, Percent of Population 138

Table 60 Poverty Line and percentage of Poor (Expert Group Methodology)

140

Table No. Contents Page No.

Table 61 Poverty estimates based on the 55th NSS Round year 1999-2000 (percent of population)

141

Table 62 Poverty estimates based on 61st NSS round year-2004-05 (percent)

142

Table 63 Poverty Estimates based on Tendulkar Methodology 144

Table 64 Geographical concentration of rural poor in select states and total poverty ratio at the state level (%)

145

Table 65 Underlying components of ISHI and ISHI scores 149

Table 66 Severity of India State Hunger, by State 151

Table 67 Performance of Public Distribution System (up to 1996) 155

Table 68 Allocation/ off take of Food grains under Annapurna Scheme 161

Table 69 Number of beneficiaries under Annapurna 162

Table 70 Year wise outlay under Mid-Day Meal Scheme (Rs.in crores) 163

Table 71 Physical and Financial performance of SGSY 171

Table 72 Physical & Financial achevements of IAY 178

Table 73 Financial performance (Cumulative) under SJSRY 1997-2011

180

Table 74 Physical performance (cumulative) under SJSRY (1997-2011)

180

Table 75 Financial/Physical Progress under SJSRY (2012-13) (Rs in crores)

180

Table 76 Financial and physical achievements under Scheduled Caste Sub Plan (SCSP) and Tribal Sub Plan under SJSRY (for 2011-12 & 2012-13)

180

Table 77 Financial and Physical progress under NULM for 1st Jan. 2013-31st March 2014

184

Table 78 Financial and physical achievements under SCSP and TSP from 1stjan 2013 to 31st March 2014

184

Table No. Contents Page No.

Table 79 Financial Performance of MGNREGA from 2006-07 to 2013-14(up to December 2013)

189

Table 80 Physical Performance of MGNERGA (2006-07 to 2013-2014 (Dec. 2013)

190

Table 81 Performance of MGNERGA during FY 2014-15 191-92

Table 82 Progress of Millennium Development Goals across Regions 200

Table 83 Progress of SAARC countries on selected indicators 203

Table 84 Illustrative list of Post-2015 Goals and Targets 217-19

Table 85 Sustainable Development Goals 221

List of Figures

Figure No. Contents Page No.

Figure 1 ODA from DAC countries as Percentage of GNI, 1960- 1995 6

Figure 2 Proportion of Population below $1.25 (PPP) Per Day 51

Figure 3 Poverty Gap Ratio at $1.25 (PPP) Per Day 52

Figure 4 Employment to population Ratio, percentage 53

Figure 5 Proportion of Employed People living below$1.25 (PPP) per day 54

Figure 6 Employment- to- Population Ratio, Women and Men, 2012 Percentage

54

Figure 7 Proportion of People who are undernourished, (percentage) 55

Figure 8 Proportion of Underweight Children under- five Years of Age 56

Figure 9 Gender Parity Index at Primary Education 59

Figure 10 Gender Parity Index at Secondary Education 60

Figure 11 Gender Parity Index at Tertiary Education 60

Figure 12 Share of Women in Non- agricultural Wage Employment (%) 61

Figure 13 Share of Women in National Parliament (Single or Lower House Only)

62

Figure 14 Neonatal Mortality Rates (Per 1,000 Live Births), percentage 64

Figure 15 Major Causes of deaths in children under age five 65

Figure 16 Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100, 000 Live Births) 67

Figure 17 Proportion of People Living with HIV Who are Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy (percentage)

72

Figure 18 Forest Area as a Percentage of Land Area 75

Figure 19 Proportion of Population using Improved Drinking Water Sources 78

Figure 20 Proportion of Population Using Improved Sanitation Facilities 79

Figure 21 Trends in Nutritional Status of children 147

Figure No. Contents Page No.

Figure 22 Ranking of states within India from lowest to highest India state hunger Index score

151

Figure 23 Financial Progress of ICDS 158

Figure 24 Physical Progress of ICDS 159

Figure 25 Budget Outlays for SGRY ( Rs. in crores) 175

Figure 26 Physical Progress under SGRY (Persondays Generated in Crores) 175

Figure 27 Works Break up Under MGNREGA 2006-07-2013-14 (in Lakhs) 191

Figure 28 MDG progress across selected Indicators in Developing Country Regions

197-198

Figure 29 Country Disparities in the achievement of selected indicators 200