document resume author giljahn, jack w.; matheny, … · the manual is a valuable contribution...
TRANSCRIPT
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 434 485 EF 005 479
AUTHOR Giljahn, Jack W.; Matheny, Thomas R.TITLE A Guide for the Adaptive Use of Surplus Schools.INSTITUTION Columbus Landmarks Foundation, OH.PUB DATE 1981-00-00NOTE 235p.; Photographs and colored pages may not reproduce
adequately.PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom (055) Reports Descriptive (141)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Building Conversion; *Building Obsolescence; *Educational
Facilities; Elementary Secondary Education; *FacilityGuidelines; *Public Schools
ABSTRACTThis manual provides recommendations for school boards and
communities concerning the leasing, selling, and marketing of schoolbuildings. The reuse potential of each type of school building isinvestigated, and suggestions are made for successful conversions. Designconsiderations and the many aspects of acquiring and developing a schoolreuse project are discussed, including ownership, building codes, feasibilityanalysis, design guidelines, and financing. Finally, successful school reuseprojects from across the country, along with designs developed by theauthors, are cited to further demonstrate the great reuse potential whichschool buildings have. Appendices provide the Secretary of the Interior'sStandards for Rehabilitation and selected funding sources. (Contains 40references.) (GR)
********************************************************************************
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
********************************************************************************
U.S
. DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
ED
UC
AT
ION
Offi
ce o
f Edu
catio
nal R
esea
rch
and
Impr
ovem
ent
ED
UC
AT
ION
AL
RE
SO
UR
CE
SIN
FO
RM
AT
ION
CE
NT
ER
(E
RIC
)T
his
docu
men
t has
bee
n re
prod
uced
as
rece
ived
from
the
pers
on o
r orga
niza
tion
orig
inat
ing
it.
0 M
inor
cha
nges
hav
e be
enm
ade
toim
prov
e re
prod
uctio
n qu
ality
.
Poi
nts
of v
iew
or
opin
ions
stat
ed in
this
docu
men
t do
not n
eces
saril
yre
pres
ent
offic
ial O
ER
I pos
ition
or po
licy.
a gu
ide
for
the
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
fS
urpl
us S
choo
lsby Ja
ck W
. Gilj
ahn
Tho
mas
R. M
athe
ny
Col
umbu
s La
ndm
arks
Fou
ndat
ion
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
Ats
LE
3
,
Cov
er P
hoto
: The
vaca
nt M
ichi
gan
Ave
nue
Sch
ool,
loca
ted
in C
olum
bus'
his
toric
Vic
toria
n V
illag
ear
ea, h
as r
ecen
tly b
een
conv
erte
d fo
rus
e as
hou
sing
for
elde
rlype
rson
s.P
hoto
by
Jack
W. G
iljah
n.
5
6
a gu
ide
for
the
&6-
,'D'U
Wig
U@
@©
Om
Tok
m,
21@
h(D
e)@
by Jack
W. G
iljah
nT
hom
as R
. Mat
heny
publ
ishe
d by
Col
umbu
s La
ndm
arks
Fou
ndat
ion
22 N
orth
Fro
nt S
tree
tC
olum
bus.
Ohi
o 43
215
7
Copyright 0 1981 by Jack W. Giljahn and Thomas R. MathenyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of America
Printing and distribution made possible by funds from:
Ohio Arts Council
OrdiCDHOZROTO@
YITGZGITVEitnaiiiOff
The printing and distribution of this manual has been financed in part with Federal fundsfrom the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Department of the Interior, admin-istered through the Ohio Historic Preservation Office. However, the contents and opinionsdo not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior, nor doesthe mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommen-dation by the Department of the Interior.
8The Adaptive Use of Surplus Schools
Tab
le o
fC
onte
nts
Ack
now
ledg
men
tsP
refa
ceIn
trod
uctio
n
The
Con
serv
atio
nIs
sue
The
Rea
sons
Beh
ind
Sch
ool
Clo
sing
s
Dec
linin
g E
nrol
lmen
tsM
obili
ty a
nd P
opul
atio
n S
hifts
Oth
er R
easo
ns
Mak
ing
the
Dec
isio
n to
Clo
seT
he S
choo
lhou
se a
s C
omm
unity
Cor
ners
tone
Adv
ice
to S
choo
l Boa
rds
Mot
hbal
ling
Lega
l Con
stra
ints
Leas
ing
Sur
plus
Sch
ools
Sel
ling
Sur
plus
Sch
ools
Mar
ketin
g S
urpl
us S
choo
ls
The
Pos
sibi
litie
s fo
r R
euse
Mor
e S
pace
for
Edu
catio
nS
harin
g an
d R
entin
gM
ixin
g S
choo
l and
Com
mun
ityA
dapt
ive
Use
2 C
lass
ifica
tion
of S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gsH
isto
ry a
nd E
volu
tion
of th
e S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gC
lass
ifica
tion
of S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs
Cre
atin
g N
ew U
ses
Reu
se P
oten
tial
Typ
e. A
Typ
es B
, C &
D
Typ
es E
& F
Bui
ldin
g C
odes
Bas
ic C
ode
Req
uire
men
ts
Bui
ldin
g C
odes
and
Ada
ptiv
e U
se
iii ivB
uild
ing
Cod
es (
con'
t)B
uild
ing
Cod
e O
ffici
als
His
toric
Bui
ldin
gs a
nd B
uild
ing
Cod
es48
Des
ign
Con
side
ratio
ns49
Fou
nd S
pace
49A
dditi
ons
50
3A
cces
sibi
lity
51
3E
nerg
y E
ffici
ency
534
Mec
hani
cal R
etro
fit55
4R
oofin
g56
5M
ason
ry58
6C
eilin
gs60
8W
indo
ws
and
Doo
rs60
8 8(J
J Im
plem
enta
tion
8T
rans
fer
of O
wne
rshi
p65
10T
he D
evel
opm
ent P
roce
ss66
11F
inan
cial
Con
side
ratio
ns67
13P
endi
ng L
egis
latio
n73
13 13g
The
Sta
te o
f the
Art
13S
t. M
ary'
s S
choo
lC
olum
bus,
Ohi
o78
15C
entr
al G
ram
mar
Sch
ool
Glo
uces
ter,
Mas
sach
uset
ts80
DeW
itt J
unio
r H
igh
Sch
ool
Ithac
a, N
ew Y
ork
82Lo
yola
Hig
h S
choo
lB
altim
ore,
Mar
ylan
d84
19O
ld C
entr
al H
igh
Sch
ool
Tul
sa, O
klah
oma
8621
Fel
ton
Ele
men
tary
Sch
ool
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
90T
hurb
er E
lem
enta
ry S
choo
lC
olum
bus,
Ohi
o10
0
37S
umm
ary
111
37C
redi
ts11
238
App
endi
x I
115
43S
ecre
tary
of t
he In
terio
r's S
tand
ards
for
Reh
abili
tatio
n46
App
endi
x II
116
46S
ome
Fun
ding
Sou
rces
46B
iblio
grap
hy11
8
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
0
AcknowledgmentsAn undertaking such as this one requires a considerable amount ofhelp from a large number of people. The authors would like toexpress their sincere appreciation to the following three individualswhose varied areas of expertise, dedication to preservation, andwillingness to review countless drafts have been essential to thesuccess of this project.
Paul E. Young, Jr., AIAProfessorDepartment of ArchitectureThe Ohio State University
Judith L. KitchenDepartment Head, Technical Preservation ServicesOhio Historic Preservation OfficeOhio Historical Society
Robert D. Loversidge, Jr., AIAArchitectSchooley Caldwell Associates
Special thanks are also in order for additional advice, informationand counseling contributed by: Frank Maraffa, Assistant Super-intendent, Columbus City Schools; Stephen Vargo, FacilityPlanning, Columbus City Schools; David Jones, Architect, ColumbusCity Schools; Franklin B. Walter, Superintendent of Public Educa-tion, State of Ohio; Dr. Irene Bandy, Executive Director, Depart-ment of Education, State of Ohio; Charles H. Brewer, Jr., ChairmanDepartment of Architecture, The Ohio State University; and HollyFiala, Field Representative, Midwest Regional Office, National Trustfor Historic Preservation. Their support and encouragement aregratefully acknowledged.
11iii The Adaptive Use of Surplus Schools
.
Pre
face
Com
mun
ities
acr
oss
the
coun
try
are
faci
ng th
e ch
alle
nge
of r
e-us
ing
scho
ol b
uild
ings
whi
ch a
re n
o lo
nger
nee
ded
for
educ
atio
nal p
ur-
pose
s.T
he C
olum
bus
Land
mar
ks F
ound
atio
n is
ple
ased
to p
rese
nt
A G
UID
E F
OR
TH
E A
DA
PT
IVE
US
E O
F S
UR
PLU
S S
CH
OO
LS,
prep
ared
by
Tho
mas
R. M
athe
nyan
d Ja
ck W
. Gilj
ahn.
The
des
ign
man
ual,
whi
ch h
as g
row
n ou
tof
stu
dies
beg
un a
s a
part
of t
hegr
adua
te s
peci
aliz
atio
n in
Arc
hite
ctur
al a
nd E
nviro
nmen
tal P
rese
r-va
tion
in th
e D
epar
tmen
t of
Arc
hite
ctur
e at
The
Ohi
o S
tate
Uni
ver-
sity
and
whi
ch u
ses
the
Col
umbu
s C
ity S
choo
l sys
tem
as
a la
bora
-to
ry, s
tudi
es th
e im
port
ant
prob
lem
of s
urpl
us s
choo
l spa
ce, t
akes
an in
-dep
thlo
ok a
t the
bui
ldin
gs in
volv
ed a
nd e
xam
ines
the
pote
n-tia
ls fo
r sc
hool
reu
se.
Incl
uded
are
arc
hite
ctur
al a
nd p
rese
rvat
ion
cons
ider
atio
ns, d
evel
opm
ent e
cono
mic
s, r
ecom
men
ded
new
use
san
d ca
se s
tudi
es o
f sch
ool r
e-us
e pr
ojec
ts w
hich
hav
e be
en c
ompl
eted
acro
ss th
e co
untr
y.
The
man
ual i
s a
valu
able
con
trib
utio
n to
war
d un
ders
tand
ing
the
DE
SIG
N p
ossi
bilit
ies
inhe
rent
in o
ur s
tock
of s
urpl
us s
choo
ls. T
hus,
it fil
ls a
n im
port
ant g
ap in
the
liter
atur
e av
aila
ble
on s
choo
l re-
use,
whi
ch h
as g
ener
ally
con
cent
rate
d on
adm
inis
trat
ive
or p
oliti
cal
appr
oach
es. T
he in
tent
of t
he m
anua
l is
to h
elp
scho
ol b
oard
s, c
om-
mun
ity g
roup
s, g
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s,ar
chite
cts,
dev
elop
ers
and
othe
rs b
ecom
e aw
are
of a
trem
endo
us c
omm
unity
res
ourc
e th
atha
s so
ofte
n be
en c
onsi
dere
d a
liabi
lity.
Pub
licat
ion
of th
is m
anua
l is
an a
ctio
n re
spon
se to
the
two
mos
t im
-po
rtan
t goa
ls o
f the
Col
umbu
s La
ndm
arks
Fou
ndat
ion:
I. LE
AD
ER
-S
HIP
(in
volv
ing
pres
erva
tion
prin
cipl
es)
and
II. E
DU
CA
TIO
N (
pres
-er
vatio
n ad
voca
cy, a
war
enes
s an
d vi
sibi
lity)
. CLF
is g
rate
ful t
o th
eO
hio
His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
n O
ffice
and
the
Ohi
o A
rts
Cou
ncil
for
thei
rsu
ppor
t in
mak
ing
this
pub
licat
ion
poss
ible
. Of c
ours
e, w
ithou
t the
time
and
ener
gies
dev
oted
to th
is p
roje
ct b
y T
om M
athe
ny a
nd J
ack
Gilj
ahn
coun
tless
hou
rs s
pent
to r
esea
rch,
writ
e, e
dit,
desi
gn, d
raw
,ph
otog
raph
, rev
ise
and
past
e-up
the
man
ual
ther
e w
ould
be
nopu
blic
atio
n.
Thi
s m
anua
l pro
vide
s th
e ne
cess
ary
tool
s; o
nly
the
imag
inat
ion
ofth
e re
ader
can
ser
ve to
lim
it th
e cr
eativ
ity w
ith w
hich
they
are
ap-
plie
d. S
urpl
us s
choo
ls a
re a
val
uabl
e re
sour
ce.
Rob
ert D
. Lov
ersi
dge,
Jr.
Pro
ject
Dire
ctor
Col
umbu
s La
ndm
arks
Fou
ndat
ion
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
Oct
ober
, 198
1
1 2
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
Intr
oduc
tion
Sch
ool d
istr
icts
and
com
mun
ities
thro
ugho
ut th
e co
untr
y ar
e fa
cing
an in
crea
sing
ly d
iffic
ult p
robl
em. D
eclin
ing
birt
hra
tes
and
shift
ing
resi
dent
ial p
atte
rns
have
pre
sent
ed s
choo
lof
ficia
ls w
ith a
sig
nific
ant
num
ber
of s
choo
l fac
ilitie
s w
hich
are
no lo
nger
nee
ded
to h
ouse
the
curr
ent s
tude
nt p
opul
atio
n.T
he is
sue
is a
com
plex
one,
and
toun
ders
tand
it, a
thor
ough
inve
stig
atio
nof
the
root
s of
the
prob
lem
,its
hist
ory,
and
its
effe
cts
on s
choo
l boa
rds
and
com
mun
ities
isre
quire
d.T
houg
h m
any
scho
ol d
istr
icts
reco
gniz
e th
e ne
ed to
find
new
use
s fo
r th
ese
build
ings
, the
yar
e on
ly ju
st b
egin
ning
to id
entif
ypo
tent
ial t
enan
ts a
nd e
xplo
re th
em
any
optio
ns a
vaila
ble.
Vac
ant s
choo
ls c
an b
ecom
ea
new
res
ourc
e, o
ften
alre
ady
paid
for,
inw
hich
a h
ost o
f pub
licpr
ogra
ms
and
activ
ities
can
take
pla
ce; a
nd, i
fno
sui
tabl
e pu
blic
use
exi
sts,
the
priv
ate
sect
or o
ffers
stil
l fur
ther
poss
ibili
ties
for
deve
lopm
ent.
Imag
inat
ion
on th
e pa
rt o
fan
ow
ner
and
arch
itect
, -cr
eativ
e in
vest
igat
ion
into
the
avai
labl
e so
urce
s of
finan
cing
, an
appr
ecia
tion
of th
e bu
ilt-in
amen
ities
in a
n ex
istin
gbu
ildin
g, a
nd c
oope
ratio
n fr
om th
e lo
cal
gove
rnm
ent c
an p
rovi
dere
war
ding
res
ults
in a
dapt
ing
surp
lus
scho
ols
to n
ew u
ses.
Thi
s m
anua
l was
des
igne
das
an
awar
enes
s to
ol fo
r ed
ucat
ors,
adm
in-
istr
ator
s, fa
cilit
y pl
anne
rs, d
evel
oper
s,ar
chite
cts,
citi
zens
for
any-
one
face
d w
ith s
urpl
us s
choo
l spa
ce.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
are
pro
vide
dfo
r sc
hool
boa
rds
and
com
mun
ities
conc
erni
ng th
e le
asin
g, s
ellin
gan
d m
arke
ting
of s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs.
The
reu
se p
oten
tial o
f eac
hty
peof
sch
ool b
uild
ing
is in
vest
igat
ed, a
nd s
ugge
stio
ns a
re m
ade
for
suc-
cess
ful c
onve
rsio
ns.
Des
ign
cons
ider
atio
ns a
nd th
em
any
aspe
cts
ofac
quiri
ng a
nd d
evel
opin
ga
scho
ol r
euse
pro
ject
are
dis
cuss
ed, i
nclu
d-in
g ow
ners
hip,
bui
ldin
gco
des,
feas
ibili
ty a
naly
sis,
des
ign
guid
elin
esan
d fin
anci
ng.
Fin
ally
, suc
cess
ful s
choo
lre
use
proj
ects
from
acr
oss
the
coun
try,
alo
ng w
ith d
esig
nsde
velo
ped
by th
e au
thor
s,ar
e ci
ted
to fu
rthe
r de
mon
stra
te th
e gr
eat
reus
e po
tent
ial w
hich
sch
ool
build
ings
hav
e.
Sin
ce th
is p
roje
ct w
as b
egun
,a
grea
t num
ber
of s
choo
ls h
ave
gone
to th
e au
ctio
n bl
ock
as s
choo
l sys
tem
str
y to
rec
onci
le fu
ture
nee
ds
vT
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls14
with
pre
sent
rea
litie
s.S
ome
of th
ese
scho
ols
have
been
suc
cess
-fu
lly a
dapt
ed fo
r co
ntin
ued
use,
whi
le o
ther
s ha
ve s
adly
met
the
wre
ckin
g ba
ll.It
is c
erta
in th
atm
any
mor
e sc
hool
s w
ill b
e sl
ated
for
an u
nkno
wn
futu
reas
enr
ollm
ent p
roje
ctio
ns c
ontin
ueto
forc
esc
hool
boa
rds
to la
bel
even
mor
e sc
hool
s "s
urpl
us".
It is
our
hop
e th
at th
is b
ook
prov
ides
the
info
rmat
ion
and
ince
ntiv
ene
cess
ary
to c
hang
e th
e co
urse
of t
hose
surp
lus
scho
ols
whi
chm
aybe
hea
ded
tow
ard
negl
ect
and
dem
oliti
on, t
oon
e of
suc
cess
ful r
e-us
e an
d an
ext
ende
d lif
e.
Jack
W. G
iljah
nT
hom
as R
. Mat
heny
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
Oct
ober
, 198
1
15
the
con-
5erv
abon
,is
sue
17
The
Rea
sons
Beh
ind
Sch
ool C
losi
ngs
Dec
linin
gE
nrol
lmen
ts
Dur
ing
the
1950
's a
nd 1
960'
s th
e gr
eat m
ajor
ity o
f sch
ool d
istr
icts
in th
is c
ount
ryex
perie
nced
eno
rmou
s st
uden
t gro
wth
dire
ctly
ass
oci-
ated
with
the
post
WW
II ba
by b
oom
. Tha
t gro
wth
pro
duce
d tw
ode
cade
s of
unp
rece
dent
edsc
hool
bui
ldin
g as
the
need
for
addi
tiona
l
spac
eex
ceed
ed th
e fa
cilit
ies
avai
labl
e.S
choo
l dis
tric
ts c
augh
t up
in
this
exp
losi
on fo
und
them
selv
es c
ontin
ually
pur
suin
g la
rger
bud
gets
.ad
ditio
nal o
pera
ting
levi
es,
and
new
bon
d is
sues
, and
con
sequ
ently
,
wer
e co
mpl
etel
yun
prep
ared
for
the
dile
mm
a th
at w
as p
rodu
ced
whe
n en
rollm
ents
beg
an to
dro
pin
the
1970
's.
In 1
959,
the
aver
age
U.S
. fam
ily h
ad3.
7 ch
ildre
n, to
day
the
aver
age
fam
ily c
onta
ins
1.8
child
ren.
1In
197
1, th
ere
wer
e 18
birt
hs p
er10
00 p
opul
atio
n w
hile
in 1
976
ther
e w
ere
only
14.7
.2T
he 1
970'
sen
rollm
ent i
ncre
ase
pred
icte
d as
pos
twar
bab
y bo
om w
omen
reac
hed
mat
urity
has
nev
er m
ater
ializ
ed.
Sin
ce 1
961,
the
risin
gnu
mbe
r of
wom
en o
f chi
ldbe
arin
g ag
e ha
s be
en o
ffset
by
a de
clin
ing
fert
ility
rat
e (t
he n
umbe
r of
birt
hs p
er 1
000
wom
en a
ged
15-4
4.S
ee F
igur
e 1)
.
A lo
ok a
t som
e st
atis
tics
unde
rsco
res
the
pres
ent d
rop
in s
choo
len
rollm
ent.
The
Cou
ncil
of E
duca
tiona
l Fac
ilitie
s P
lann
ers,
in it
spu
blic
atio
n, S
UR
PLU
S S
CH
OO
L S
PA
CE
---
TH
E P
RO
BLE
M A
ND
TH
E P
OS
SIB
ILIT
IES
, sta
tes:
The
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Offi
ce o
f Edu
catio
n pr
edic
ts th
at s
choo
ls in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
will
face
a 1
2% d
rop
in e
nrol
lmen
t bet
wee
n 19
72 a
nd19
82.
The
ave
rage
for
scho
ol e
nrol
lmen
t in
all g
rade
s pe
aked
in19
70 a
t 51.
3 m
illio
n st
uden
ts.
Ele
men
tary
sch
ool e
nrol
lmen
t has
been
dec
linin
g si
nce
the
1969
figu
re o
f 36.
79 m
illio
n, a
nd is
ex-
pect
ed to
con
tinue
dec
linin
g; 1
980
proj
ectio
ns in
dica
te a
n ap
prox
-im
ate
30.9
mill
ion
stud
ents
will
be
enro
lled
in e
lem
enta
ry s
choo
ls.
(It s
houl
d be
not
ed, t
oo, t
hat n
atio
nal e
nrol
lmen
t pre
dict
ions
now
18
indi
cate
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f inc
reas
ed K
-8 e
nrol
lmen
ts a
fter
abou
t19
83.
Alth
ough
del
ayed
, the
effe
ct is
the
sam
e fo
r se
cond
ary
scho
ol e
n-ro
llmen
ts (
grad
es 9
-12)
. Hav
ing
peak
ed in
197
6 w
ith 1
5.6
mill
ion
stud
ents
, sec
onda
ry s
choo
l enr
ollm
ents
are
exp
ecte
d to
dim
inis
h to
12 m
illio
n in
198
9. T
he p
ictu
re fo
r bo
th e
lem
enta
ry a
nd s
econ
dary
scho
ol e
nrol
lmen
ts s
how
s 51
.3 m
illio
n st
uden
ts in
197
0; 4
9.8
mil-
lion
in 1
974,
and
44.
8 m
illio
n in
198
4. T
hus,
dur
ing
the
four
teen
year
per
iod
from
197
0 to
198
4, w
e m
ay w
itnes
s a
12.7
% e
nrol
l-m
ent d
rop.
4
Fig
. 13
Fer
tility
Rat
es4 3 2 1 '6
0'6
2'6
4'6
6'6
8'7
0'7
2'7
4'7
6
The
12.
7% e
nrol
lmen
t dro
p fig
ure
used
her
e is
a n
atio
nal a
vera
ge.
Mor
e in
dica
tive
of th
e m
agni
tude
of t
he p
robl
em is
the
fact
that
man
y ur
ban
area
s ar
e re
port
ing
enro
llmen
t dec
lines
as
high
as
25%
.
19T
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls3
Fig
. 2 6
Enr
ollm
ent P
roje
ctio
ns60 50 40 20 10
K-1
2
K-8
9-12
'68
'70
'72
'74
'76
'78
'80
'82
'84
4T
he C
onse
rvat
ion
Issu
e
20
The
se e
nrol
lmen
t tre
nds
can
be s
een
mor
e cl
early
in F
igur
e 2.
The
stea
dy d
eclin
e of
thes
ecu
rves
indi
cate
s a
gene
ral d
ecre
ase
in e
nrol
l-m
ent s
ince
196
8. A
nat
iona
l sur
vey
of 4
9 sc
hool
dis
tric
ts b
y R
icha
rdA
ndre
ws
of th
e U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
show
s th
at a
lmos
t thr
eequ
arte
rs o
f tho
se s
urve
yed
cite
dec
linin
gen
rollm
ent a
s th
e m
ajor
fact
or b
ehin
d sc
hool
clo
sing
s.5
Mob
ility
and
Pop
ulat
ion
Shi
ftsM
obili
ty a
nd p
opul
atio
n sh
ifts
are
also
cau
ses
of e
nrol
lmen
t los
s.N
atio
nally
, mig
ratio
n is
occ
urrin
gaw
ay fr
om th
e ea
ster
n an
d m
id-
wes
tern
sta
tes
to th
e w
arm
er s
outh
ern
and
wes
tern
clim
ates
. Sin
ce19
70, t
hese
are
as h
ave
expe
rienc
ed 8
5% o
fou
r na
tion'
s gr
owth
,w
hile
the
Nor
thea
st a
nd M
idw
est
have
bee
n lo
sing
pop
ulat
ion
and
indu
stry
.7
With
in m
etro
polit
anar
eas,
pop
ulat
ion
is g
row
ing
in s
ubur
ban
area
san
d ne
arby
sm
all t
owns
, lea
ving
inne
rcity
sch
ools
with
few
erst
uden
ts.
The
mor
e re
cent
"bac
ktot
heci
ties"
mov
emen
t,sp
arke
d by
a r
enew
ed in
tere
stin
urb
an n
eigh
borh
oods
,do
es n
otse
em to
be
sign
ifica
ntly
cha
ngin
g th
ese
urba
n tr
ends
. Man
y of
thes
ene
w u
rban
dw
elle
rs a
re e
ither
youn
gmar
rieds
put
ting
off h
avin
gch
ildre
n or
"em
ptyn
este
rs"
beyo
nd c
hild
bear
ing
year
s. A
dditi
on-
ally
, the
dis
plac
emen
t cau
sed
as m
ultif
amily
bui
ldin
gs (
man
y ol
dur
ban
hom
es w
ere
conv
erte
dto
apa
rtm
ent b
uild
ings
as a
nei
ghbo
r-ho
od d
eclin
ed)
are
conv
erte
dba
ck to
sin
gle
fam
ily r
esid
ence
sco
n-tr
ibut
es to
enr
ollm
ent l
oss
with
inth
e co
mm
unity
.
Oth
er R
easo
nsM
any
citie
s ha
ve r
ecen
tly b
een
forc
ed to
inst
itute
des
egre
gatio
npl
ans
whi
ch h
ave
cont
ribut
edto
the
surp
lus
mos
tpr
oble
m. C
ourt
orde
red
busi
ng, a
n in
tegr
alpa
rt o
f mos
t des
egre
gatio
n pl
ans,
has
allo
wed
sch
ool d
istr
icts
to c
onso
lidat
e st
uden
ts fr
om p
artia
llyus
edbu
ildin
gs in
to a
sm
alle
r nu
mbe
rof
fully
util
ized
faci
litie
s, th
usle
avin
g ad
ditio
nal v
acan
t sch
ool
build
ings
.
21
Rec
ent d
eseg
rega
tion
plan
s in
man
y ci
ties
have
res
ulte
d in
the
busi
ng o
f som
e st
uden
tsou
tsid
e th
eir
neig
hbor
hood
.
Com
poun
ding
this
pro
blem
is th
e un
plea
sant
pro
spec
t of e
ven
furt
her
enro
llmen
t dec
lines
as
mor
e pe
ople
look
with
gre
ater
inte
rest
tow
ard
priv
ate
scho
ols
for
educ
atin
g th
eir
child
ren
in m
any
case
sa
dire
ct r
esul
t of d
eseg
rega
tion.
Als
o, la
rge
city
sch
ool s
yste
ms
have
a re
puta
tion
(des
erve
d or
not
) fo
r a
stea
dily
dec
reas
ing
qual
ity o
fed
ucat
ion8
, res
ultin
g, a
gain
, in
incr
ease
d pr
ivat
e sc
hool
enr
ollm
ent.
In s
ome
case
s, s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs a
re a
band
oned
due
to p
hysi
cal d
eter
i-or
atio
n.In
stil
l oth
er c
ases
, the
bui
ldin
g ha
s be
com
e fu
nctio
nally
obso
lete
, bei
ng in
adeq
uate
for
cert
ain
type
s of
edu
catio
nal p
rogr
ams,
or n
ot e
asily
ada
pted
to n
ew te
acki
ng p
hilo
soph
ies.
The
se a
resm
alle
r, th
ough
stil
l pre
vale
nt p
robl
ems.
22
Mak
ing
the
Dec
isio
n to
Clo
seT
he r
educ
tion
in th
e en
rollm
ent r
ate
was
at f
irst w
elco
med
by
scho
olbo
ards
as
a re
spite
from
the
grow
th p
robl
ems
of th
e pr
evio
us tw
ode
cade
s.H
owev
er, h
arsh
rea
litie
s so
on h
ad to
be
conf
ront
ed a
s it
quic
kly
beca
me
appa
rent
that
dec
linin
g en
rollm
ents
did
not
pro
duce
a co
rres
pond
ing
redu
ctio
n in
cos
ts. I
n fa
ct, a
n in
flatio
nary
eco
nom
yco
mbi
ned
with
a d
eclin
ing
stud
ent b
ase
sent
per
pup
il co
sts
soar
ing.
Exp
endi
ture
s fo
r E
duca
tion
914
00
1200
C +c/
i 100
0
a. to 8
00cu
ac
Co 6
600
0 -40
0
200 '3
7'4
3'4
7'5
3'5
7'6
3'6
7'7
3'7
7
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
5
23
The
cos
ts o
f ope
ratin
g ha
lfem
pty
scho
ols
is p
artic
ular
ly w
aste
ful.
Man
y ba
sic
expe
nses
of o
pera
ting
unde
rutil
ized
sch
ools
con
tinue
as th
ough
the
build
ing
wer
e fu
lly o
ccup
ied.
Alm
ost a
s m
any
teac
hers
and
cust
odia
l wor
kers
are
req
uire
dto
sta
ff a
part
ially
use
d sc
hool
,an
d ne
ither
util
ity b
ills
nor
debt
ser
vice
char
ges
fall
with
dec
reas
eden
rollm
ents
.
Fac
ed w
ith d
ram
atic
ally
dec
linin
gen
rollm
ents
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
stud
ies
pred
ictin
g th
at th
epa
ttern
will
con
tinue
, sch
ool d
istr
ict
offic
ials
hav
e ge
nera
lly r
ecom
men
ded
the
clos
ing
of o
neor
mor
esc
hool
s as
the
sim
ples
t and
leas
tex
pens
ive
imm
edia
te s
olut
ion.
As
men
tione
d, d
eseg
rega
tion
plan
s, w
hich
are
bein
g in
stitu
ted
in m
any
scho
ol d
istr
icts
, hav
e al
low
edm
ore
latit
ude
in w
hich
sch
ools
can
be
clos
ed.
Con
solid
atio
n of
stu
dent
s an
ded
ucat
iona
l res
ourc
es h
as im
med
iate
educ
atio
nal b
enef
its.
It al
low
s:10
bala
ncin
g of
cla
ss s
izes
shar
ing
of e
duca
tiona
l mat
eria
lsst
aff r
educ
tions
bette
r us
e of
spe
cial
ists
easi
er s
uper
visi
on o
f the
prog
ram
few
er d
olla
rs s
pent
on
fuel
,m
aint
enan
ce, a
nd p
erso
nnel
Thi
s la
st fa
ctor
, how
ever
, is
muc
h le
ss s
igni
fican
t tha
n is
com
mon
lyas
sum
ed.
The
maj
or c
riter
ia u
sed
by s
choo
l boa
rds
in d
eter
min
ing
whi
chsc
hool
s ar
e to
be
clos
edar
e:
the
enro
llmen
tpa
ttern
s an
d ch
ange
s in
the
scho
olag
e po
pula
tion
in th
e ar
ea s
erve
d by
the
scho
ol.
the
flexi
bilit
y an
d ad
apta
bilit
yof
the
build
ing
for
vario
uspr
esen
tan
dfu
ture
educ
atio
nal
prog
ram
s.F
unct
iona
llyob
sole
tebu
ildin
gs a
re u
sual
ly c
lose
d fir
st.
the
age
and
stru
ctur
al c
ondi
tion
of th
e bu
ildin
g. O
lder
build
ings
in n
eed
of c
onsi
dera
ble
repa
irar
e pr
ime
cand
idat
es fo
r cl
osin
g.
6T
he C
onse
rvat
ion
Issu
e
24
mai
nten
ance
cos
ts.
Som
e bu
ildin
gsar
e in
here
ntly
mor
e ex
-pe
nsiv
e to
mai
ntai
n th
an o
ther
s.
tran
spor
tatio
n co
sts.
Thi
s is
a fa
ctor
der
iven
dire
ctly
from
dese
grat
ion.
Sch
ool b
oard
s m
ust
now
look
at w
hich
com
bin-
atio
n of
util
ized
bui
ldin
gs w
illre
sult
in th
e lo
wes
t tra
nspo
rtat
ion
cost
s.
size
.G
iven
a c
hoic
e be
twee
ncl
osin
g tw
o sc
hool
s in
the
sam
ear
ea, t
he s
choo
l boa
rd w
ill g
ener
ally
clos
e th
e sm
alle
r of
the
two.
The
phe
nom
enon
of
empt
y de
sks
is u
sual
ly n
ot c
onfin
edto
one
scho
ol, a
lthou
ghon
e se
ctio
n of
a d
istr
ict m
ay d
eclin
eea
rlier
than
othe
rs.
All
the
elem
enta
ry s
choo
lsin
a d
istr
ict w
ill fe
el th
e ef
fect
s,as
will
the
inte
rmed
iate
and
hig
hsc
hool
s in
a fe
wye
ars
whe
n th
een
rollm
ent d
eclin
e re
ache
sth
e up
per
grad
e le
vels
.F
acin
g th
ese
futu
re p
robl
ems
early
will
giv
esc
hool
dis
tric
ts m
ore
time
to p
repa
re.
The
Sch
oolh
ouse
asC
omm
unity
Cor
ners
tone
Man
y pr
oble
ms
aris
e w
hen
a sc
hool
bui
ldin
g is
clo
sed,
but
per
haps
the
ultim
ate
liabi
lity
ofa
tota
lly c
lose
d bu
ildin
g is
the
impa
cton
its
neig
hbor
hood
.
A s
choo
l bui
ldin
g is
a co
mm
unity
cor
ners
tone
.It
is a
sym
bol o
fco
n-tin
uity
and
sta
bilit
y fr
omon
e ge
nera
tion
to a
noth
er. T
o re
side
nts,
asc
hool
rep
rese
nts
thei
rpr
oper
ty ta
xes,
the
educ
atio
n of
thei
rch
il-dr
en, a
nd a
n in
stitu
tion
arou
nd w
hich
a m
ultit
ude
ofco
mm
unity
activ
ities
and
inte
ract
ions
take
pla
ce.
The
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d sc
hool
build
ing
freq
uent
ly b
ecom
esha
llow
ed g
roun
d in
the
min
ds o
f tho
sedi
rect
ly e
ffect
ed b
y th
ede
cisi
on to
clo
se.
25
At
The
insc
riptio
ns fo
und
abov
e th
e en
tran
ces
to m
any
scho
ols
are
indi
cativ
e of
thei
r im
por-
tanc
e to
the
com
mun
ity.
Whe
n th
e w
indo
ws
are
boar
ded
up o
n th
at fa
mili
ar r
ed b
rick
build
-in
g, it
mea
ns to
man
y pe
ople
that
the
com
mun
ity is
cha
ngin
g, a
ndpr
obab
ly n
ot fo
r th
e be
tter.
Res
iden
ts in
the
com
mun
ity fe
ar th
atcl
osin
g a
scho
ol w
ill c
ause
the
com
mun
ity to
go d
ownh
ill a
ndde
clin
e.
Em
pty
scho
ol b
uild
ings
are
ofte
n ta
rget
s fo
r va
ndal
ism
, cre
atin
gco
m-
mun
ity e
yeso
res.
"You
ng fa
mili
es, m
any
of w
hom
ran
k pr
oxim
ityto
goo
d sc
hool
s as
a h
igh
prio
rity
in s
elec
ting
a ho
me,
may
inte
n-tio
nally
avo
id th
ose
neig
hbor
hood
s in
whi
ch s
choo
ls h
ave
been
clos
ed. S
ome
area
s ha
ve e
xper
ienc
ed a
dec
line
in r
eal
esta
te v
alue
sfo
llow
ing
a sc
hool
aba
ndon
men
t as
a re
sult
ofyo
ung
coup
les
'ski
p-pi
ng o
ver'
the
neig
hbor
hood
."11
No
conc
rete
figu
res
yet e
xist
on
this
phe
nom
enon
, how
ever
.
Kee
ping
a s
choo
l bui
ldin
g an
act
ive
vita
l par
t of t
he c
omm
unity
inth
e fa
ce o
f dec
linin
g en
rollm
ents
isps
ycho
logi
cally
ver
y im
port
ant
to th
at c
omm
unity
. Thi
s ca
n be
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
usi
ng th
e sc
hool
for
a ho
st o
f alte
rnat
ive
educ
atio
nal
prog
ram
s; le
asin
g th
e bu
ildin
gto
one
of m
any
publ
ic o
r pr
ivat
e no
npro
fitor
gani
zatio
ns lo
okin
gfo
r ec
onom
ical
spa
ce;
or, a
fter
care
ful c
onsi
dera
tion
of fu
ture
need
s, le
asin
g or
sel
ling
the
build
ing
to th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
.
27T
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls7
Dec
linin
g en
rollm
ents
can
lead
to a
pos
itive
and
con
stru
ctiv
e re
-or
gani
zatio
n of
the
dist
rict a
nd a
cha
nce
to im
plem
ent n
ew e
duca
-tio
nal o
ppor
tuni
ties.
In a
dditi
on, t
here
are
a r
apid
ly in
crea
sing
num
ber
of s
choo
l bui
ldin
g re
use
proj
ects
.S
choo
l clo
sing
s ca
n be
-co
me
aca
taly
stfo
r ed
ucat
iona
l and
com
mun
ity im
prov
emen
tsw
hich
mig
ht n
ever
hav
e ot
herw
ise
occu
rred
.T
hese
new
opt
ions
keep
vac
ant b
uild
ings
from
ser
ving
as
pain
ful m
onum
ents
to a
neig
hbor
hood
's d
emis
e by
inje
ctin
g ne
w li
fe in
to th
e co
mm
unity
.
Adv
ice
to S
choo
l Boa
rds
Mot
hbal
ling
Wha
t hap
pens
to a
ll of
thes
e ab
ando
ned
scho
ol b
uild
ings
? S
ome
vaca
nt s
choo
ls a
re d
emol
ishe
d as
a r
esul
t of a
fals
e pe
rcep
tion
that
the
build
ing'
s ad
apta
bilit
y to
oth
er u
ses
is r
elat
ivel
y lim
ited
and,
inm
any
case
s, th
at th
e bu
ildin
g its
elf i
s a
liabi
lity
only
the
land
(pro
pert
y)is
an
asse
t.S
ince
dem
oliti
on is
obv
ious
ly ir
reve
rsib
le,
all
othe
r op
tions
sho
uld
be th
orou
ghly
inve
stig
ated
bef
ore
this
cour
se o
f act
ion
is ta
ken.
Man
y sc
hool
s ar
e si
mpl
y bo
arde
dup
and
"mot
hbal
led"
unt
il th
esp
ace
is n
eede
d ag
ain
or th
e bu
ildin
g's
futu
re d
ispo
sitio
n ca
n be
dete
rmin
ed.
The
van
dalis
m a
nd p
hysi
cal d
ecay
ass
ocia
ted
with
com
plet
e m
othb
allin
g, a
s w
ell a
s its
effe
cton
the
surr
ound
ing
neig
h-bo
rhoo
d, m
ake
this
a le
ss th
an p
erfe
ct s
olut
ion.
Som
ewha
t bet
ter
is th
e m
etho
d us
ed in
Col
umbu
s, O
hio,
whe
resc
hool
offi
cial
s ha
ve e
lect
ed to
kee
p m
aint
enan
ce h
eat i
n th
eir
vaca
nt s
choo
lbu
ildin
gs, a
long
with
min
imal
cus
todi
al s
ervi
ces.
Acc
ordi
ng to
sch
ool o
ffici
als,
this
pra
ctic
e co
sts
betw
een
$10,
000
and
$15,
000
per
year
per
sch
ool (
1979
), b
ut a
void
s m
uch
of th
ese
vere
det
erio
ratio
n an
d va
ndal
ism
acc
ompa
nyin
g co
mpl
ete
mot
h-ba
lling
.
8T
he C
onse
rvat
ion
Issu
e28
Ofte
n, th
e sa
ving
s ex
pect
ed fr
om c
losi
ng a
sch
ool n
ever
mat
eria
lize.
Siri
ce m
any
scho
ol c
osts
are
on
a pe
r pu
pil b
asis
, clo
sing
a s
choo
ldo
es n
ot a
lway
s br
ing
all o
f the
exp
ecte
d de
crea
ses
in c
osts
. The
nth
ere
are
the
initi
al c
osts
of m
othb
allin
g as
wel
l as
ongo
ing
cost
sfo
r m
inim
al m
aint
enan
ce, u
tiliti
es, s
ecur
ity a
nd r
epai
r.
In th
e lig
ht o
f the
se a
nd m
any
othe
r pr
oble
ms
caus
ed b
y sc
hool
aban
donm
ent,
scho
ol a
dmin
istr
ator
s, lo
cal o
ffici
als
and
com
mun
itygr
oups
are
rec
omm
endi
ng th
at a
ltern
ativ
e us
es fo
r su
rplu
s sc
hool
sbe
foun
d.
Lega
lC
onst
rain
tsT
here
may
be
cert
ain
lega
l con
stra
ints
whi
ch w
ill e
ffect
a d
ecis
ion
to a
band
on a
sch
ool b
uild
ing.
Dis
tric
ts in
som
e st
ates
lose
con
trol
of th
eir
build
ings
whe
n th
ey a
re n
o lo
nger
use
d as
sch
ools
.In
Cal
iforn
ia, f
or in
stan
ce, a
ny p
rofit
mad
e fr
om th
e sa
le o
f a s
choo
lgo
es to
the
stat
e tr
easu
ry.
In M
assa
chus
etts
, sch
ools
are
con
trol
led
by th
e ci
ties,
ther
efor
e ab
ando
ned
scho
ols
rem
ain
the
prop
erty
of
the
city
rat
her
than
the
dist
rict.
In N
ashv
ille,
Ten
ness
ee, a
ny b
uild
-in
g de
clar
ed s
urpl
us b
y th
e bo
ard
of e
duca
tion
is to
be
adm
inis
tere
dby
the
Pub
lic P
rope
rty
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
whi
ch m
ay c
hoos
e to
ren
t,le
ase,
or
sell
the
build
ing
at p
rivat
e au
ctio
n.12
And
in C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o, w
here
the
scho
ol d
istr
ict o
wns
the
scho
ol b
uild
ings
,m
oney
from
the
sale
of a
sch
ool c
anno
t be
used
tow
ard
oper
atin
gex
pens
es,
but m
ust b
e pl
aced
into
a c
apita
l im
prov
emen
ts fu
nd.
Sta
te la
ws
shou
ld b
e ch
ecke
d fo
r re
stric
tions
whi
ch m
ay c
ontr
olal
tern
ativ
es.
In s
ome
stat
es, a
sch
ool b
uild
ing
cann
ot b
e us
ed fo
rot
her
than
sch
ool p
urpo
ses
with
out a
com
mun
ity r
efer
endu
m. A
nd,
assu
min
g a
build
ing
can
be le
ased
or
sold
, che
cks
shou
ld b
e m
ade
for
rest
rictio
ns o
n th
e ac
tiviti
es th
at c
an b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t with
in it
.In
som
e st
ates
, sch
ools
can
not b
e le
ased
to a
rel
igio
us g
roup
, pol
itica
lgr
oup,
or
a pr
ivat
e sc
hool
.
Leas
ing
Sur
plus
Sch
ools
Onc
e a
scho
ol b
oard
has
dec
ided
to s
earc
h fo
r al
tern
ativ
e us
es fo
r its
29
surp
lus
scho
ols,
one
of t
he fi
rst q
uest
ions
con
fron
ting
it is
whe
ther
to le
ase
or s
ell t
he b
uild
ing.
If al
l or
a m
ajor
por
tion
of a
faci
lity
isto
be
used
by
a no
nsch
ool a
genc
y or
org
aniz
atio
n, o
wne
rshi
p co
n-si
dera
tions
are
ver
y im
port
ant.
Som
e di
stric
ts h
esita
te to
sel
l bui
ld-
ings
bec
ause
pos
sibl
e fu
ture
enr
ollm
ent i
ncre
ases
may
mak
e th
emon
ce a
gain
nee
ded
as s
choo
ls.
Leas
ing
prov
ides
a h
edge
aga
inst
the
day
scho
ol s
pace
is n
eede
d ag
ain.
And
, lea
sing
is p
oliti
cally
pop
ular
beca
use
the
scho
ol s
yste
m is
not
giv
ing
anyt
hing
aw
ay.
Ano
ther
opt
ion
exis
ts s
houl
d th
e in
tend
ed p
rimar
y us
er o
f a fa
cilit
ybe
ano
ther
gov
ernm
ent a
genc
y. T
he s
urpl
us s
choo
l cou
ld b
e le
ased
to th
is a
genc
y fo
r a
toke
n pa
ymen
t, an
d si
nce
the
new
use
r w
ould
be ta
x su
ppor
ted,
the
inte
rest
s of
the
taxp
ayer
s w
ho b
uilt
the
build
-in
g or
igin
ally
wou
ld b
e se
rved
.
Leas
es c
an b
e w
ritte
n so
that
the
dist
rict r
etai
ns it
s ba
sic
right
to th
epr
oper
ty, w
hile
the
tena
nt a
ssum
es a
ll co
sts
of u
pkee
p an
d op
era-
tions
.13
Als
o, le
ases
can
be
arra
nged
in e
xcha
nge
for
subs
tant
ive
inki
nd s
ervi
ces.
Ren
t pay
men
ts to
the
scho
ol s
yste
m c
ould
be
mad
e th
roug
h se
rvic
es to
the
syst
em, t
here
by fr
eein
g a
subs
tant
ial
amou
nt o
f the
sys
tem
's c
apita
l for
oth
er u
ses.
Adv
anta
ges
of L
easi
ng
Bui
ldin
gs c
an b
e re
clai
med
aga
in if
nee
ded
sinc
e ow
ners
hip
isre
tain
ed.
Inex
pens
ive
spac
e ca
n be
mad
e av
aila
ble
to g
over
nmen
tal,
non-
prof
it, a
nd c
omm
unity
org
aniz
atio
ns.
Leas
ing
is a
hed
ge a
gain
st fl
uctu
atin
g en
rollm
ents
.
Inco
me
is o
btai
ned
from
unu
sed
spac
e.
Dis
adva
ntag
es o
f Lea
sing
Man
y ow
ners
hip
cost
s, s
uch
as m
aint
enan
ce, c
ontin
ue.
Tho
ugh
not u
sed
as a
sch
ool,
prop
erty
stil
l gen
erat
es n
o ta
xre
venu
e.
Sch
ool s
yste
ms
are
usua
lly n
ot p
repa
red
to b
e pr
oper
tym
an-
ager
s.
J.
1."y
,
31>
117t
;
.al
teA
MM
O'
ST
OU
TIN
7S11
11;:
tit II
I 0 0
110
4' -
:::
I19
2,
The
Col
umbu
s D
epar
tmen
t of R
ecre
atio
n an
d P
arks
has
con
vert
ed th
e fo
rmer
Thi
rd S
tree
tS
choo
l for
use
as
a G
olde
n A
ge H
obby
Sho
p.
3 0
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
31T
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls9
Sev
eral
alte
rnat
ives
exi
st fo
rth
e fu
ture
disp
ositi
on o
f a s
urpl
us s
choo
l,an
d ea
chm
ust b
e in
vest
igat
ed fo
rits
par
ticul
arad
vant
ages
and
dis
adva
ntag
esbe
fore
ade
term
inat
ion
can
be r
each
edco
ncer
n-in
g w
hich
is b
est i
n a
part
icul
arsi
tuat
ion.
10T
he C
onse
rvat
ion
Issu
e
Sel
ling
Sur
plus
Sch
ools
Whe
n al
ldi
stric
t nee
ds h
ave
been
acco
unte
d fo
r, a
nd a
ll pu
blic
agen
cies
that
cou
ld im
med
iate
lyus
e av
aila
ble
spac
e ha
ve b
een
satis
-fie
d, a
n in
crea
sing
num
ber
of s
choo
l dis
tric
tsar
e ch
oosi
ng to
sel
lth
eir
prop
erty
to th
e pr
ivat
ese
ctor
, ofte
n w
ith a
gua
rant
eeth
at th
ebu
ildin
g w
ill b
e re
habi
litat
edfo
r a
spec
ific
use.
It is
unw
ise
to d
is-
pose
of e
very
bui
ldin
g do
wn
to th
e m
inim
um n
umbe
rre
quire
d to
hous
e th
e cu
rren
t stu
dent
popu
latio
n.If
this
wer
e do
ne a
nden
roll-
men
ts w
ere
to c
limb,
a s
choo
lbo
ard
mig
ht fi
nd it
self
inth
e em
bar-
rass
ing
posi
tion
of fa
cing
the
vote
rs s
ever
al y
ears
hen
ce w
itha
bond
issu
e fo
r a
new
bui
ldin
gat
wha
t wou
ld u
ndou
bted
lybe
ten
to tw
enty
times
the
sale
pric
e of
the
one
rece
ntly
sol
d!S
ome
exce
ss s
pace
mus
t be
reta
ined
for
flexi
bilit
yin
cop
ing
with
fluc
tuat
ing
enro
ll-m
ents
.C
ompr
ehen
sive
and
long
rang
epl
anni
ng b
y sc
hool
offi
cial
sis
ess
entia
l.
Man
y la
rger
sch
ool d
istr
icts
have
30-
40 o
rm
ore
vaca
nt s
choo
l bui
ld-
ings
, how
ever
. Tho
ugh
the
num
ber
will
vary
from
are
a to
are
a, w
hen
the
mag
nitu
de o
f the
prob
lem
rea
ches
this
poi
nt, a
nd d
etai
led
enro
ll-m
ent p
roje
ctio
ns s
how
no fu
ture
nee
d fo
r th
e bu
ildin
gsas
sch
ools
,pl
acin
g so
me
of th
ebu
ildin
gs u
p fo
r sa
le is
cert
ainl
y a
plau
sibl
eso
lutio
n.
Car
e m
ust b
e ta
ken
to a
ssur
e th
at th
ene
w u
se is
not
dis
rupt
ive
orob
ject
iona
ble
to th
e su
rrou
ndin
gar
eas.
The
res
iden
tial c
hara
cter
of
the
neig
hbor
hood
s in
whi
ch m
any
scho
ols
are
loca
ted
has
enco
urag
edre
cycl
ing
as h
ousi
ng u
nits
,al
thou
gh r
edev
elop
men
tfo
r of
fice
or c
om-
mer
cial
use
s ha
s be
ensu
cces
sful
, esp
ecia
lly w
ithbu
ildin
gs-lo
cate
d on
arte
rial s
tree
ts o
rne
ar c
omm
erci
al a
reas
.
Adv
anta
ges
of S
ellin
g
Upk
eep
cost
s to
the
scho
olsy
stem
are
elim
inat
ed.
The
pro
pert
y is
ret
urne
dto
the
com
mun
ity ta
x ro
lls.
If re
use
of th
e bu
ildin
gis
spe
cifie
d at
the
sale
,pr
eser
vatio
n of
the
build
ing
is e
nsur
ed.
33
New
use
of t
hebu
ildin
g ca
nto
the
com
mun
ity.
The
sch
ool s
yste
m o
btai
ns a
no lo
nger
need
ed.
prov
ide
a ps
ycho
logi
cal a
dvan
tage
finan
cial
ret
urn
on s
pace
whi
ch is
Dis
adva
ntag
es o
f Sel
ling
Sch
ool b
uild
ings
usu
ally
hav
e lo
w m
arke
t val
ues.
The
zon
ing
of s
choo
l pro
pert
y is
ofte
n lim
ited.
The
sch
ool s
yste
m m
ight
nee
d th
e bu
ildin
g ag
ain
as a
sch
ool.
The
sch
ool s
yste
m m
ay b
e un
able
to d
eter
min
e a
build
ing'
sim
pact
on
the
com
mun
ity a
fter
the
sale
.
Mar
ketin
g S
urpl
usS
choo
ls
The
re a
re th
ree
maj
or c
ompo
nent
s in
det
erm
inin
g th
e po
tent
ial
mar
ket f
or a
sch
ool b
uild
ing.
"Firs
t, is
the
asse
ssm
ent o
f the
ob-
ject
ives
of t
he s
choo
l dis
tric
t and
a d
escr
iptio
n of
the
maj
or b
uild
-in
g fe
atur
es.
Sec
ondl
y, is
an
eval
uatio
n of
wha
t kin
d of
act
ivity
isne
eded
at t
he lo
catio
n of
the
prop
erty
hous
ing,
mun
icip
al s
ervi
ces,
recr
eatio
n, c
omm
erci
al o
ffice
spa
ce, e
tc.
And
fina
lly th
ere
is th
ene
ed to
mea
sure
the
suita
bilit
y of
a p
rope
rty
with
spe
cific
cha
ract
er-
istic
s to
the
user
iden
tifie
d."1
4
A d
ispo
sitio
n ch
eckl
ist s
imila
r to
the
one
deve
lope
d by
Per
kins
&W
ill, C
hica
go,
Illin
ois
(see
bel
ow)
shou
ld b
e co
mpl
eted
by
the
scho
ol b
oard
ear
ly in
the
mar
ketin
g pr
oces
s.T
he c
heck
list w
illse
rve
to g
uide
and
rec
ord
the
deci
sion
s w
hich
nee
d to
be
mad
e, a
ndw
ill a
llow
thos
e in
volv
ed to
be
awar
e of
thei
r op
tions
.
Dis
posi
tion
Che
ckl i
st 1
5W
ould
we
pref
er to
sel
l or
rent
the
prop
erty
? W
hat a
re th
ead
vant
ages
of e
ach?
How
muc
h in
com
e th
roug
h sa
le o
r le
ase
reve
nue
wou
ld w
e lik
eor
nee
d?
34
Sho
uld
the
rent
cov
er u
tiliti
es o
r no
t?
Wou
ld w
e be
will
ing
to p
rovi
de a
pot
entia
l ten
ant w
ithan
allo
w-
ance
for
impr
ovem
ent o
r re
nova
tion
of th
e pr
oper
ty a
nd a
mor
-tiz
e th
is c
ost i
n th
e te
nant
's le
ase?
Is it
like
ly th
at w
e ca
n ge
t a te
rm o
f lea
se (
leng
th)
long
eno
ugh
to c
over
thes
e "t
enan
t im
prov
emen
ts"?
In o
rder
to c
ompe
te w
ith th
e pr
ivat
e re
al e
stat
e m
arke
t will
this
be a
nec
essa
ry a
ccom
mod
atio
n?
Wou
ld w
e be
will
ing
to le
ase
to m
ore
than
one
tena
nt?
Do
we
wan
t to
mar
ket t
his
prop
erty
our
selv
es o
r do
we
wan
tto
use
an
agen
t?
If w
e le
ase,
do
we
wan
t to
man
age
the
prop
erty
our
selv
es o
r hi
rean
age
nt?
Sho
uld
we
try
to in
clud
e eq
uipm
ent (
cabi
nets
, boo
kcas
es, e
tc.)
with
in th
e ba
sic
sale
or
leas
e pa
ckag
e? S
houl
d w
e tr
y to
pric
eit
sepa
rate
ly?
Sho
uld
we
reta
in it
?S
houl
d w
e tr
y an
d se
ll it
sepa
rate
ly?
Fur
ther
mor
e, a
n in
vent
ory
of e
ach
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ing'
s fe
atur
essh
ould
be
kept
on
file
for
each
sch
ool.
Incl
uded
in th
is in
vent
ory
shou
ld b
e:
Nam
e of
sch
ool
Add
ress
Yea
r co
nstr
ucte
d, in
clud
ing
addi
tions
Num
ber
and
size
of c
lass
room
s
Num
ber
of o
ffice
s
Spe
cial
faci
litie
s su
ch a
s la
bora
torie
s, g
ymna
sium
s, a
udito
rium
s,lib
rarie
s, a
nd s
hops
Bui
ldin
g co
nfig
urat
ion
and
type
of c
onst
ruct
ion
incl
udin
g ag
ean
d ph
ysic
al c
ondi
tion
(eac
h co
mpo
nent
)
Flo
or a
rea
per
floor
Nei
ghbo
rhoo
d co
ntex
t, in
clud
ing
prox
imity
to s
hopp
ing
cent
ers,
hom
es, a
nd b
usin
esse
s
35T
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls11
Acc
essi
bilit
y to
pub
lic a
nd p
rivat
etr
ansp
orta
tion
Ava
ilabl
e pa
rkin
g
Zon
ing,
incl
udin
g po
ssib
lech
ange
s an
d re
al e
stat
eta
xes
in th
ezo
ne
Acr
eage
of t
he e
ntire
site
Typ
e of
fuel
and
util
ityco
sts
Fire
rat
ing
and
exis
tenc
e of
sprin
kler
sE
xist
ence
of e
leva
tors
Acc
essi
bilit
y to
han
dica
pped
pers
ons
His
toric
/arc
hite
ctur
al s
igni
fican
ce
Whe
n co
mpl
eted
, thi
s in
vent
ory
will
be
avai
labl
e to
aid
deci
sion
sco
ncer
ning
indi
vidu
alca
ses,
and
will
be
extr
emel
y va
luab
lela
ter
inth
e m
arke
ting
proc
ess.
Mos
t sch
ool d
istr
icts
will
hav
eal
l of t
his
info
rmat
ion
in o
ne p
lace
or a
noth
er, a
nd o
nly
its c
ompi
latio
nin
toon
e co
ncis
e lis
t and
sub
sequ
ent a
naly
sis
will
nee
d to
be
done
.
"Sch
ool b
oard
s co
nsid
erin
gth
e sa
le o
f sch
ool p
rope
rty
mig
ht d
ow
ell t
o in
vest
igat
e in
adva
nce
the
pote
ntia
l for
zon
ing
chan
ge to
am
ore
com
mer
cial
ly m
arke
tabl
ecl
assi
ficat
ion
and,
if fe
asib
le,
petit
ion
for
such
a c
hang
e be
fore
putti
ng th
e pr
oper
tyon
the
mar
ket."
16S
ince
man
y de
velo
pers
mak
e th
eir
offe
rs to
buy
cont
inge
nt o
nge
tting
the
prop
er z
onin
g,th
is r
educ
es th
e po
tent
ial
buye
r's r
isk
and
may
hav
e a
favo
rabl
e im
pact
on th
e se
lling
pric
e.F
urth
erm
ore,
zoni
ng b
oard
sm
ay r
eact
mor
e fa
vora
bly
to th
ere
ques
t of a
sch
ool
boar
d th
an th
at o
fa
priv
ate
deve
lope
r.
Mos
t im
port
antly
, mar
keta
ble
asse
ts m
ust b
e id
entif
ied
befo
rese
lling
or le
asin
g. T
he m
arke
t nee
dsto
be
show
n th
e pr
oper
ty's
loca
tiona
lor
phy
sica
l adv
anta
ges
for
othe
rpu
rpos
es. A
lso,
it m
ust b
e sh
own
that
the
build
ing'
s pr
actic
ality
for
its n
ew u
seco
mpa
res
favo
rabl
yw
ith o
ther
bui
ldin
gs, b
oth
old
and
new
.
Sch
ool d
istr
icts
can
stim
ulat
e in
tere
st b
ym
akin
g su
gges
tions
on
pote
ntia
l re-
use,
by
doin
gso
me
hom
ewor
k on
pot
entia
lco
sts,
by
deve
lopi
ng p
relim
inar
y gr
aphi
cre
pres
enta
tions
of
new
use
s, c
iting
12T
he C
onse
rvat
ion
Issu
e 36
Uni
que
feat
ures
suc
has
tow
ers
shou
ld b
e id
entif
ied
and
mar
kete
d as
ass
ets
whi
chca
n be
conv
erte
d in
to u
niqu
e sp
aces
.
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
exam
ples
of r
e-us
e pr
ojec
ts in
oth
er c
ities
, and
per
haps
even
sug
gest
-in
g so
me
mea
ns o
f fin
anci
ng.1
7S
ince
' man
y sc
hool
dis
tric
ts d
o no
tha
ve e
xper
tise
in m
any
of th
ese
area
s, it
may
be
wis
e to
con
sult
ate
am o
f exp
erts
, con
sist
ing
of a
n ed
ucat
iona
l pla
nnin
g co
nsul
tant
,an
arc
hite
ct, a
nd a
rea
l est
ate
agen
t. T
hese
pro
fess
iona
lsca
n su
rvey
the
build
ing
and
mak
e su
gges
tions
con
cern
ing
pote
ntia
lne
w u
ses.
The
cos
ts in
volv
ed h
ere
are
usua
llym
ore
than
offs
et b
y an
incr
ease
in th
e sa
le p
rice.
Sch
ool b
oard
s ha
ve a
mor
al o
blig
atio
n to
thei
r co
mm
unity
to r
ealiz
eth
e hi
ghes
t ret
urn
on th
e ta
x do
llars
inve
sted
in e
ach
scho
ol.
As
are
sult,
sch
ool b
oard
s sh
ould
not
be
too
hast
y w
hen
itco
mes
tim
e to
sell
a bu
ildin
g. In
the
case
of S
t. Lo
uis
Par
k, M
inne
sota
, for
inst
ance
,a
year
's w
orth
of n
egot
iatio
ns b
y th
e su
perin
tend
ent a
nd b
oard
with
the
pote
ntia
l buy
er m
eant
an
incr
ease
of $
250,
000
over
the
initi
alof
fer
and
the
appr
aise
d va
lue
of o
ne o
f its
sur
plus
sch
ools
.18
A p
rope
r ap
proa
ch to
mar
ketin
g va
cant
sch
ools
, alo
ng w
ithim
agi-
natio
n an
d en
thus
iasm
by
the
dist
rict,
can
go a
long
way
tow
ard
ensu
ring
the
top
dolla
r re
turn
on
the
man
y ta
x do
llars
inve
sted
inth
ese
prop
ertie
s.
The
Pos
sibi
litie
s fo
r R
euse
Mor
e S
pace
for
Edu
catio
nM
any
soun
d sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs a
re b
eing
clo
sed
sim
ply
beca
use
ther
ear
e no
t eno
ugh
stud
ents
.H
owev
er, f
or m
any
imag
inat
ive
scho
oldi
stric
ts, s
urpl
us s
pace
is b
eing
vie
wed
as
an o
ppor
tuni
ty, r
athe
r tha
nth
e di
fficu
lt pr
oble
m it
app
ears
to b
e in
itial
ly. C
onvi
ncin
ga
com
m-
unity
to v
iew
the
prob
lem
this
way
isa
chal
leng
e, h
owev
er.
Sch
ool a
dmin
istr
ator
s ca
n th
ink
of u
sing
extr
a sp
ace
to h
ouse
new
scho
ol a
ctiv
ities
or
expa
nd fa
cilit
ies
for
exis
ting
prog
ram
s. U
nuse
dsp
ace
mig
ht b
e co
nver
ted
into
cra
ft sh
ops,
mus
ic s
tudi
os, a
rt s
tudi
os,
hous
ing
for
ongo
ing
scie
nce
proj
ects
, bus
ines
ssi
mul
atio
n ar
eas,
38
prod
uctio
n or
man
ufac
turin
gse
t-up
s, e
xhib
it sp
ace,
or
kind
erga
rten
sw
here
they
are
not
alre
ady
prov
ided
.19
Lefto
ver
faci
litie
s ca
n al
sobe
turn
ed in
to s
peci
aliz
ed tr
aini
ngfa
cilit
ies
to e
xpan
d th
e co
mm
u-ni
ty's
adu
lt, v
ocat
iona
l, an
dca
reer
edu
catio
nal p
rogr
ams.
Ano
ther
cho
ice
is to
hou
se n
ew a
ppro
ache
sto
edu
catio
n. A
ltern
a-tiv
e sc
hool
s ar
e be
ing
inst
itute
d in
man
y ci
ties.
The
se a
ltern
ativ
esc
hool
s ar
e no
t all
the
sam
e, b
ut m
ost c
onta
inpr
ogra
ms
whi
ch c
ould
not b
e co
nduc
ted
with
in th
e re
gula
r sc
hool
cur
ricul
umor
bui
ldin
g.B
ecom
ing
mor
e co
mm
on a
lso
are
com
mun
ity c
olle
ges
whi
ch h
ave
mov
ed in
to c
lose
d sc
hool
s w
ith a
col
lege
prog
ram
des
igne
d to
mee
tth
e ne
eds
of th
e pe
ople
in th
e su
rrou
ndin
g co
mm
unity
.
Sha
ring
and
Ren
ting
A s
choo
l sys
tem
cou
ld k
eep
a bu
ildin
g op
en fo
r its
own
use
and
offs
et o
pera
ting
cost
s by
find
ing
appr
opria
te te
nant
s to
rent
sur
plus
spac
e in
the
build
ing.
With
com
mer
cial
offi
ce s
pace
leas
ing
for
the
rate
s it
does
, sch
ools
can
offe
r a
subs
tant
ial s
avin
gs to
cer
tain
type
sof
gro
ups
and
agen
cies
.E
xam
ples
of p
oten
tial t
enan
ts in
this
cat
e-go
ry c
ould
incl
ude
publ
ic n
onpr
ofit
agen
cies
(-s
uch
as th
e U
nite
dW
ay),
gov
ernm
enta
l gro
ups
and
com
mis
sion
s, a
ndso
me
priv
ate
grou
ps th
at o
pera
te o
n lim
ited
fund
s an
d fo
r w
hom
plu
sh o
ffice
spac
e is
not
a p
rime
cons
ider
atio
n.O
ther
pos
sibl
e us
ers
are
smal
lpr
ivat
e sc
hool
s an
d pr
e-sc
hool
s fo
r w
hom
the
spac
e is
usu
ally
idea
llysu
ited.
2°
The
se s
ame
type
s of
gro
ups
may
als
o le
ase
a w
hole
bui
ldin
g, o
r pa
rtof
a b
uild
ing
in c
onju
nctio
n w
ith o
ther
tena
nts.
Mul
tiple
use
of a
build
ing,
thou
gh p
rese
ntin
g se
curit
y pr
oble
ms
whi
chm
ust b
e ov
er-
com
e, m
ay b
e de
sira
ble
beca
use
ther
e ar
e us
ually
mor
e sm
all u
sers
than
larg
e us
ers.
Mul
tiple
leas
ing
may
ther
efor
e re
sult
in th
egr
eate
stfin
anci
al r
etur
n fo
r th
e sc
hool
dis
tric
t.21
Mix
ing
Sch
ool w
ith C
omm
unity
Sch
ool h
ouse
s ha
ve tr
aditi
onal
ly b
een
cent
ers
of c
omm
unity
act
ivity
.T
he n
eigh
borh
ood
focu
s an
d re
side
ntia
l loc
atio
n of
man
y sc
hool
39T
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls13
build
ings
sug
gest
thei
r sh
ared
use
as c
ente
rs fo
r se
rvic
es th
at a
repe
dest
rian
rela
ted.
So
wha
t bet
ter
use
is th
ere
for
a su
rplu
s sc
hool
than
as
a co
mm
unity
ser
vice
cen
ter?
The
sece
nter
s ca
n co
ntai
n su
chpr
ogra
ms
as e
xten
ded
dayc
are
cent
ers,
sen
ior
citiz
ence
nter
, occ
upa-
tiona
l dev
elop
men
tpr
ogra
ms,
lega
l and
hea
lth c
linic
s,ar
ts a
ndcr
afts
cen
ters
, a b
ranc
h lib
rary
, rec
reat
ion
prog
ram
s, a
nd m
eetin
gsp
ace
for
loca
l clu
bs a
nd o
rgan
izat
ions
.A
ll ar
e po
ssib
le w
ays
ofut
ilizi
ng s
choo
l spa
ce in
am
anne
r th
at w
ill b
e be
nefic
ial t
o th
een
tire
com
mun
ity.
Typ
ical
of t
hese
kin
ds o
f fac
ilitie
s is
the
Eur
eka
Sch
ool i
n W
ichi
ta,
Kan
sas.
The
20c
lass
room
bui
ldin
g w
itha
larg
e gy
mna
sium
was
ingo
od c
ondi
tion
and
was
an im
port
ant a
sset
to th
e co
mm
unity
. The
scho
ol d
istr
ict l
ease
s th
e bu
ildin
gto
the
Com
mun
ity A
ctio
n P
rogr
amfo
r $1
a y
ear.
The
bui
ldin
g an
d its
prog
ram
are
ava
ilabl
e to
the
publ
ic s
ix d
ays
a w
eek
from
8 A
.M.
to 1
0 P
.M. M
any
of th
e pr
o-gr
ams
rece
ive
fede
ral,
stat
e, o
r lo
cal f
unds
.In
add
ition
, the
cen
ter
acce
pts
dona
tions
and
has
sev
eral
fund
-rai
sing
prog
ram
s.
A li
stin
g of
the
serv
ices
in th
e E
urek
a C
omm
unity
Cen
ter
reve
als
the
wid
e ra
nge
of p
rogr
ams
that
can
fit in
to e
mpt
y sc
hool
spa
ce:
heal
th c
linic
s, in
clud
ing
vene
real
dis
ease
, pre
nata
l,an
d ou
tpat
ient
care
,le
gal a
id,
a lib
rary
, con
sum
er e
duca
tion
prog
ram
s, in
clud
ing
sew
ing
and
cook
ing
clas
ses,
sho
ppin
g tip
s,an
d nu
triti
on a
nd b
ud-
getin
g in
form
atio
n, a
n ec
onom
ic s
urvi
val
prog
ram
; a s
enio
r ci
tizen
cent
er in
clud
ing
a nu
triti
on p
rogr
am, h
ealth
ser
vice
s,ga
mes
, trip
san
d co
mpa
nion
ship
; man
pow
er jo
b co
unse
ling;
Alc
ohol
ics
Ano
n-ym
ous;
Ope
ratio
n S
hare
, a c
oope
rativ
eru
n by
52
chur
ches
that
mak
es c
loth
ing
avai
labl
e to
the
need
y;a
drug
cou
nsel
ing
clin
ic;
a re
crea
tion
prog
ram
in th
e gy
mna
sium
and
fiel
ds;
a C
omm
unity
Act
ion
Pro
gram
that
take
s ou
trea
ch s
ervi
ces
to p
erso
ns w
ho c
anno
tgo
to th
e ce
nter
;w
eekl
y sq
uare
dan
ces
and
othe
r so
cial
even
ts;
com
mun
ity m
eetin
g ro
oms
for
orga
niza
tiona
lus
e; m
ovie
s; c
ouns
el-
ing
and
tuto
rial p
rogr
ams
for
drop
outs
;ad
ult b
asic
edu
catio
n pr
o-gr
ams;
and
pre
scho
ol a
nd d
ay-c
are
prog
ram
s.22
Com
bine
d in
this
fash
ion,
loca
lgr
oups
are
pro
vide
d w
ith m
uch-
need
ed s
pace
, whi
le a
t the
sam
e tim
e pr
eser
ving
a v
alua
ble
com
mun
i-ty
res
ourc
e.
14T
he C
onse
rvat
ion
Issu
e40
A d
ance
stu
dio
in th
e N
ear
Nor
th S
ide
Com
mun
ityC
ente
r, w
hich
is lo
cate
d in
Nor
thw
ood
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio.
41
Ada
ptiv
e U
seC
onve
rtin
g sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs to
man
yof
the
uses
men
tione
d pr
e-vi
ousl
y of
ten
mak
eson
ly m
inor
dem
ands
on
the
build
ing
itsel
f
new
pla
ster
ing,
win
dow
s, w
iring
, a w
all t
aken
dow
n or
put
up,
and
a gr
eat
deal
of p
aint
are
the
mai
n ph
ysic
al c
hang
es. T
here
are
als
osc
hool
bui
ldin
gs th
at a
re b
eing
com
plet
ely
adap
ted
to a
n en
tirel
y
diffe
rent
use
.
Sch
ool b
uild
ings
ofte
nha
ve th
e ad
vant
age
of c
entr
al lo
catio
ns a
nd
are
desi
gned
for
publ
ic o
ccup
ancy
. As
a re
sult,
mos
t hav
e ad
equa
test
orag
e, p
lent
yof
sta
irs a
nd e
xits
, and
the
scho
olya
rd c
an b
e us
ed
for
park
ing.
In m
any
case
s, th
e ol
dest
scho
ol b
uild
ings
are
thos
e m
ost l
ikel
y to
be a
band
oned
.T
hese
bui
ldin
gs m
ay b
e im
port
ant n
eigh
borh
ood
land
mar
ks, a
nd m
ay p
osse
ss im
port
ant h
isto
ric o
r ar
chite
ctur
alsi
gnifi
canc
e.In
add
ition
, the
se o
ld b
uild
ings
usu
ally
con
tain
re-
usab
le in
terio
r el
emen
ts s
uch
as m
aple
floo
rs, w
ood
wai
nsco
tting
and
trim
, pre
ssed
met
al c
eilin
gs a
nd p
anel
ed c
lose
tsam
eniti
esw
hich
can
not b
e du
plic
ated
with
toda
y's
high
con
stru
ctio
n co
sts.
In a
dditi
on to
pre
serv
ing
a ne
ighb
orho
od la
ndm
ark,
pre
serv
atio
nan
d ad
aptiv
e us
e ha
s m
any
built
in a
dvan
tage
s fo
r de
velo
pers
.F
or e
xam
ple:
Bui
ldin
g tim
e is
sho
rter
than
with
new
con
stru
ctio
n w
hich
tran
s-la
tes
into
a s
avin
gs in
inte
rest
and
fast
er r
ent-
up.
Con
stru
ctio
n co
sts
in g
ener
al a
re lo
wer
than
new
con
stru
ctio
n,si
nce
the
shel
l of t
he b
uild
ing
alre
ady
exis
ts a
nd c
an u
sual
ly b
epu
rcha
sed
at a
n at
trac
tive
pric
e.
Sin
ce m
any
build
ing
mat
eria
ls a
re r
e-us
ed, p
rese
rvat
ion
and
adap
-tiv
e us
e ha
ve b
een
foun
d to
req
uire
23%
less
ene
rgy
to c
ompl
ete
than
com
para
ble
new
con
stru
ctio
n.
In s
tudi
es b
y th
e E
nerg
y R
esea
rch
and
Dev
elop
men
t Adm
inis
tra-
tion,
old
er b
uild
ings
with
thei
r th
ick
insu
latin
g w
alls
and
ope
r-ab
le w
indo
ws
wer
e fo
und
to u
se le
ss e
nerg
y fo
r he
atin
g an
d co
ol-
ing
than
new
er b
uild
ings
.
42
Pre
serv
atio
n an
d ad
aptiv
e us
e ar
e m
ore
labo
r in
tens
ive
than
com
-pa
rabl
e ne
w c
onst
ruct
ion.
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mer
ce s
tudi
esha
ve s
how
n th
at o
ne m
illio
n do
llars
spe
nt o
n ad
aptiv
e us
e cr
eate
s10
9 jo
bs, w
hile
the
sam
e am
ount
of m
oney
spe
nt o
n co
mpa
rabl
ene
w c
onst
ruct
ion
crea
tes
only
69
jobs
.
Ger
man
Vill
age
Cen
ter
form
erly
St.
Mar
y's
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
Sch
ools
hav
e be
en s
old
for
uses
as
dive
rse
as c
hurc
hes
(Des
Moi
nes)
;an
tique
gal
lerie
s (A
tlant
a), a
nd e
ven
a ha
ndso
me
fune
ral p
arlo
r(G
enev
a, Il
linoi
s).
In O
cean
City
, New
Jer
sey,
a th
ree
stor
y gr
amm
arsc
hool
has
bee
n co
nver
ted
into
a H
isto
rical
and
Cul
tura
l Art
s C
ente
r.T
he H
isto
rical
Mus
eum
on
the
grou
nd fl
oor
was
fund
ed fr
om c
itym
oney
, don
atio
ns, a
nd m
embe
rshi
ps.
The
Cul
tura
l Art
s C
ente
rre
nova
ted
the
top
two
floor
s fo
r st
udio
s w
hich
are
ren
ted
by a
rtis
tsor
use
d fo
r te
achi
ng.
In It
haca
, New
Yor
k, th
e D
eWitt
Jun
ior
Hig
hS
choo
l has
bee
n tr
ansf
orm
ed in
to a
part
men
ts, o
ffice
s, a
nd r
etai
lst
ores
.T
his
mul
ti-us
e pr
ojec
t has
con
trib
uted
sig
nific
antly
tow
ard
reta
inin
g th
e qu
ality
of I
thac
a's
dow
ntow
n (s
ee c
ase
stud
ies)
.
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
15
43
Rec
yclin
g sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs to
new
use
s is
rap
idly
gai
ning
mom
entu
mat
the
head
of t
he s
olut
ions
for
surp
lus
scho
ols.
Raz
ing
soun
d bu
ild-
ings
sho
uld
be r
ejec
ted
as w
aste
ful,
unec
onom
ical
, and
des
truc
tive
of th
e ur
ban
fabr
ic.
The
var
iety
of n
ew u
ses
and
thei
rsu
cces
s is
limite
d on
ly b
y th
e in
nova
tion
and
pers
iste
nce
of s
choo
l dis
tric
ts a
ndlo
cal g
over
nmen
t.
4 4
16T
he C
onse
rvat
ion
Issu
e.
Foo
tnot
es
1The
Cou
ncil
of E
duca
tiona
lF
acili
ty P
lann
ers,
SU
RP
LUS
SC
HO
OL
SP
AC
ET
HE
PR
OB
LEM
AN
D T
HE
PO
SS
IBIL
ITIE
S,
p. 1
0.
2IB
ID.,
p. 1
1.
3181
D.,
p. 1
0.
4113
10.,
p. 9
.
8Jud
ith N
. Gen
tzel
s,"D
on't
Scr
ap T
hat S
choo
l" P
LAN
NIN
G.
(Nov
embe
r, 1
976)
.p.
22.
6The
Cou
ncil
of E
duca
tiona
lF
acili
ty P
lann
ers,
OP
. CIT
., p.
9.
p. 1
1.
8181
13.,
p. 1
4.
818I
D.,
p. 1
2.
"Mic
hael
Gre
nis.
"How
to C
lose
a S
choo
l With
out S
pilli
ngB
lood
," A
ME
RIC
AN
SC
HO
OL
AN
D U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y, (
Sep
tem
ber,
1978
). p
. 59.
11 J
anic
e H
uff,
"Sch
ool
Rec
yclin
g,"
INN
OV
AT
ION
S 3
ISpr
ing,
197
9),
p. 3
.
12E
duca
tiona
l Fac
ilitie
sLa
bora
torie
s, S
UR
PLU
S S
CH
OO
L S
PA
CE
:O
PT
ION
S A
ND
OP
PO
RT
UN
ITIE
S, p
. 56.
13M
. E. H
icke
y, "
Her
e's
how
to p
reve
nt c
lose
d sc
hool
s fr
om b
ecom
ing
empt
y bu
ild-
ings
," T
HE
AM
ER
ICA
N S
CH
OO
L B
OA
RD
JOU
RN
AL,
(F
ebru
ary,
197
9). p
. 28.
14P
at R
osen
zwei
g,"M
arke
ting
Sur
plus
Sch
ools
," S
CH
OO
L B
UIS
INE
SS
AF
FA
IRS
,(J
une,
197
9), P
. 13.
"IB
ID.,
p. 1
3.
16M
. E.
Hic
key,
OP
. CIT
., p.
29.
17P
at R
osen
zwei
g, O
P.
CIT
., p.
13.
18M
. E. H
icke
y, O
P. C
IT.,
p. 2
9.
"Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ty P
lann
ers,
OP
.C
IT.,
p. 2
4.
20M
. E. H
icke
y, O
P. C
IT.,
p. 2
9.
21M
ario
n P
asni
k,"A
re Y
ou P
repa
red
for
Dec
linin
g E
nrol
lmen
ts,"
AM
ER
ICA
NS
CH
OO
L A
ND
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
, (M
arch
, 197
9).
22E
duca
tiona
l Fac
ilitie
sLa
bora
torie
s, O
P. C
IT.,
p. 1
7.
45
Clc
iSSI
fica
lion
aloe
-
Scho
olbu
ildm
9S
4647
His
tory
and
Evo
lutio
nof
the
Sch
ool B
uild
ing
The
issu
es o
f sur
plus
sch
ools
may
initi
ally
app
ear
to b
e a
rece
ntph
enom
enon
, hav
ing
com
e to
the
fore
fron
t of s
choo
l dis
tric
t and
com
mun
ity o
ver
the
last
five
yea
rs.
The
see
ds o
f thi
s pr
oble
m,
how
ever
, hav
e be
en g
row
ing
over
the
past
two
deca
des.
Fur
ther
-m
ore,
the
build
ings
aba
ndon
ed a
s a
resu
lt of
the
surp
lus
scho
ols
prob
lem
are
not
con
fined
to a
ny p
artic
ular
vin
tage
. Em
pty
scho
ols
repr
esen
t bui
ldin
gs c
onst
ruct
ed a
t var
ious
tim
es d
urin
g th
e pa
stce
ntur
y.
The
sty
les
and
use
patte
rns
of s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs h
ave
chan
ged
durin
gth
is ti
me.
A b
rief l
ook
at th
e de
velo
pmen
t of e
duca
tion*
will
pro
-vi
de a
n in
sigh
t int
o th
e sc
hool
hous
e an
d w
ill h
elp
to id
entif
y se
vera
ldi
ffere
nt ty
pes
of s
choo
ls b
uilt
as a
res
ult o
f cha
ngin
g ed
ucat
iona
lph
iloso
phie
s. K
now
ledg
e of
sch
ool b
uild
ing
deve
lopm
ent w
ill a
id in
copi
ng w
ith th
e pr
oble
m o
f sur
plus
sch
ools
.
The
phy
sica
l dev
elop
men
t of t
he A
mer
ican
sch
oolh
ouse
ref
lect
sch
ange
s an
d fo
rces
that
wer
e pr
esen
t in
the
evol
utio
n of
Am
eric
aned
ucat
ion.
The
des
ire fo
r pu
blic
res
pons
ibili
ty fo
r ed
ucat
ion
in it
sea
rlies
t his
tory
was
sm
all,
with
the
belie
f tha
t the
indi
vidu
al w
as r
e-sp
onsi
ble
for
his
own
educ
atio
n. S
choo
ls h
eld
in p
rivat
e re
side
nces
deve
lope
d, b
ut th
ey w
ere
not f
ree
and
wer
e no
t com
puls
ory,
so
mos
tch
ildre
n re
ceiv
ed th
eir
educ
atio
n at
hom
e.
As
publ
ic r
espo
nsib
ility
for
educ
atio
n de
velo
ped
in c
olon
ial t
imes
, it
took
div
erge
nt d
irect
ions
in th
e N
orth
and
Sou
th.
In N
ew E
ngla
ndco
loni
es, g
reat
em
phas
is w
as p
lace
d on
uni
vers
al li
tera
cy. M
assa
chu-
setts
tow
ns o
f 50
fam
ilies
or
mor
e w
ere
requ
ired
to a
ppoi
nt a
teac
her
to in
stru
ct r
eadi
ng a
nd w
ritin
g.In
the
Sou
th, p
lant
atio
n ow
ners
gene
rally
hire
d tu
tors
to e
duca
te th
eir
child
ren
priv
atel
y, a
nd, i
f the
yw
ere
enlig
hten
ed, s
omet
imes
bui
lt cl
assr
oom
s fo
r th
eir
slav
es.
Pio
neer
s, w
ho c
arrie
d th
is c
once
rn fo
r pu
blic
edu
catio
n in
to th
e
48
Col
umbu
s, O
hio'
s fir
st h
igh
scho
ol w
as b
uilt
in 1
853.
(Etc
hing
take
n fr
om: S
tude
r, J
acob
.C
OLU
MB
US
, OH
IO: I
TS
HIS
TO
RY
, RE
SO
UR
CE
S, A
ND
PR
OG
RE
SS
, 187
3.)
Nor
thw
est T
errit
ory,
bui
lt on
e-ro
om s
choo
lhou
ses
as s
ome
of th
eir
first
per
man
ent s
truc
ture
s.P
ublic
prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y sc
hool
s in
the
Mid
dle
Col
onie
s w
ere
ofte
n si
ngle
-roo
m s
truc
ture
s.1
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
49T
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls19
A tr
ansi
tiona
l per
iod
in e
duca
tion
deve
lope
d ab
out t
he ti
me
of th
eR
evol
utio
nary
War
, pla
cing
mor
e em
phas
is o
n pu
blic
edu
catio
n.T
he e
ffort
s of
Ben
jam
in F
rank
linan
d T
hom
as J
effe
rson
incr
ease
dth
e em
phas
is o
f the
sta
tes
on p
ublic
edu
catio
n, a
nd b
road
ened
the
subj
ect m
atte
r ta
ught
.A
nd th
e N
orth
wes
t Ord
inan
ce o
f17
85 s
etas
ide
one
sect
ion
ofev
ery
tow
nshi
p fo
r pu
blic
edu
catio
n in
the
new
ly d
evel
opin
g N
orth
wes
t Ter
ritor
y.
The
nin
etee
nth
cent
ury
saw
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f 'an
Am
eric
an e
duca
-tio
nal s
yste
m.
Am
eric
a re
aliz
ed th
at th
e ne
eds
of d
emoc
racy
re-
quire
d lit
erat
e ci
tizen
s, a
nd th
eref
ore,
educ
atio
n fo
r ci
tizen
ship
grew
.B
y 18
40, e
lem
enta
ry s
choo
lsw
ere
offe
ring
free
edu
catio
n.T
hese
publ
ic s
choo
ls b
egan
by
offe
ring
read
ing
and
writ
ing.
Gra
dual
ly,
cour
ses
wer
e ad
ded,
and
the
scho
ols
beca
me
grad
ed. M
ore
child
ren
bega
n at
tend
ing
scho
ols
unde
r th
efr
ee p
ublic
sys
tem
and
cons
e-qu
ently
, mor
e sc
hool
sw
ere
need
ed.
In u
rban
are
as, w
here
this
prob
lem
was
com
poun
ded
bya
grow
ing
popu
latio
n, m
ulti-
room
scho
ols
wer
e bu
ilt.,
The
Am
eric
anhi
gh s
choo
l was
cre
ated
to h
ouse
seco
ndar
y ed
ucat
ion,
and
by
1860
seve
ral h
undr
ed h
igh
scho
ols
stoo
d ou
t as
land
mar
ks o
f com
mun
ityde
dica
tion
to e
duca
tion.
Fro
m 1
890
to W
orld
War
II, t
here
cord
of e
duca
tiona
l his
tory
ism
ainl
y on
e of
gro
wth
. "B
y 19
00th
ere
wer
e m
ore
than
600
0 hi
ghsc
hool
s in
Am
eric
a se
rvin
g 15
mill
ion
child
ren.
Rap
id g
row
th c
on-
tinue
d, a
nd b
y th
e 19
20's
hal
fof
all
child
ren
wer
e in
sch
ool.
Thi
sne
cess
itate
d th
e bu
ildin
g of
new
cla
ssro
om s
pace
, the
ater
s, a
udito
-riu
ms,
sw
imm
ing
pool
s, p
layg
roun
ds,
and
othe
r fa
cilit
ies,
a ta
skac
com
plis
hed
in p
art t
hrou
gh th
efe
dera
l con
stru
ctio
n pr
ojec
ts o
fth
e W
orks
Pro
ject
s A
dmin
istr
atio
nin
the
1930
's."
2
The
sch
ools
of t
he 1
930'
san
d 19
40's
exp
ress
eda
cam
paig
n to
elim
inat
e fr
ills
from
the
scho
olho
use.
The
sch
ool "
chal
leng
e"w
asto
pro
duce
a lo
w-c
ost,
low
-mai
nten
ance
spac
e th
at w
as s
cale
d to
child
ren
and
crea
ted
a le
arni
ng e
nviro
nmen
t.
A c
halle
nge
to th
eco
mpa
ct, c
onve
ntio
nal,
twos
tory
scho
olho
use
aros
e in
the
late
194
0's
from
the
"Cal
iforn
iasc
hool
", w
hich
pro
vide
dth
e ne
cess
ary
indi
vidu
alsp
aces
for
the
expa
ndin
g ed
ucat
iona
lsy
stem
,
20C
lass
ifica
tion
of S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs
50
at a
low
er c
ost.
The
se s
choo
ls, o
ften
refe
rred
to a
s "f
inge
r pl
an"
or"c
ampu
s pl
an"
build
ings
, bec
ame
the
com
mon
des
ign
for
the
1950
's.
As
a fu
rthe
r st
ep in
the
inte
rest
of e
cono
my
and
an im
prov
ed le
arn-
ing
envi
ronm
ent,
the
clas
sroo
mun
derw
ent i
nves
tigat
ion
to d
evel
opth
e rig
ht b
alan
ce o
f ind
irect
nort
h lig
ht a
nd w
arm
sou
th li
ght t
hrou
ghth
e de
velo
pmen
t of c
lear
gla
ss,
glas
s bl
ock,
sky
light
s, b
affle
s,an
dlo
uver
s.T
he 1
950'
s al
so s
aw th
etr
ansf
orm
atio
n of
sch
ools
in th
ear
ea o
f aux
iliar
y fa
cilit
ies.
Sch
ool c
afet
eria
s an
d ki
tche
nsw
ere
stud
ied,
spa
wni
ng th
e "c
afet
oriu
m"
or a
llpur
pose
roo
m. A
nd n
ewap
proa
ches
to p
hysi
cal e
duca
tion
faci
litie
s ap
pear
ed w
ith P
resi
dent
Ken
nedy
's c
all f
or p
hysi
cal f
itnes
spr
ogra
ms
in th
e 19
60's
.3
Inno
vativ
e ne
w d
esig
ns o
f the
1960
's r
efle
cted
new
con
stru
ctio
nsy
stem
s an
d ne
w te
achi
ng m
etho
ds,
lead
ing
to th
e "o
pen
plan
"sc
hool
.T
hese
sch
ools
util
ized
mor
e op
en, f
lexi
ble
teac
hing
spa
ces,
than
the
earli
er in
divi
dual
,co
mpa
rtm
enta
lized
cla
ssro
om b
uild
ings
.
Cla
ssro
oms
of th
e 19
70's
hav
ebe
com
e to
tally
flex
ible
area
s w
ithin
a si
ngle
"un
iver
sal"
spac
e,a
dras
tic c
hang
e fr
om th
e sc
hool
hous
efo
rty
year
s ea
rlier
, and
dist
antly
rep
rese
ntat
ive
of th
eon
eroo
msc
hool
hous
e of
ove
r on
e hu
ndre
dye
ars
ago.
'The
mai
n hi
stor
ical
fact
s in
this
cha
pter
wer
e ta
ken
from
: Edw
ard
J.P
ower
, MA
IN C
UR
-R
EN
TS
IN T
HE
HIS
TO
RY
OF
ED
UC
AT
ION
, pp.
535
-583
.
Cla
ssifi
catio
n of
Sch
ool B
uild
ings
The
dev
elop
men
tof
the
scho
ol b
uild
ing
can
be tr
aced
by
exam
inin
g
the
phys
ical
char
acte
ristic
s of
the
indi
vidu
al s
truc
ture
s.E
ach
phas
e
of s
choo
l dev
elop
men
tgen
erat
ed c
hang
es in
the
desi
gn o
f the
sch
ool
build
ings
. The
eas
ew
ith w
hich
sch
ool b
uild
ings
lend
them
selv
es to
conv
ersi
on, a
nd th
e ty
pe o
fco
nver
sion
for
whi
ch th
ey a
re m
ost
suita
ble,
dep
ends
to a
gre
at e
xten
t upo
nth
eir
indi
vidu
al c
hara
cter
-
istic
s.
The
cla
ssifi
catio
ns th
atfo
llow
rep
rese
nt a
gen
eral
cat
egor
izat
ion
ofsc
hool
bui
ldin
gs in
to d
istin
ct ty
pes.
Phy
sica
l cha
ract
eris
tics
whi
ch
vary
from
one
clas
sific
atio
n to
ano
ther
are
:
floor
pla
n an
d m
assi
ng
build
ing
size
and
arr
ange
men
t
cons
truc
tion
type
, mat
eria
ls a
nd te
chni
ques
fene
stra
tion
arch
itect
ural
det
ails
age
of b
uild
ing
Arc
hite
ctur
al s
tyle
and
the
prec
ise
age
of a
bui
ldin
g ar
e no
t ove
rem
phas
ized
her
e du
e to
reg
iona
l var
iatio
ns.
For
exa
mpl
e, d
ue to
the
earli
er d
evel
opm
ent o
f Cin
cinn
ati,
Ohi
o, s
choo
ls in
that
city
tend
ed to
pre
cede
thos
e in
Col
umbu
s, O
hio,
by
appr
oxim
atel
yte
n ye
ars.
The
exa
mpl
es c
ited
in th
e fo
llow
ing
clas
sific
atio
ns a
re a
ll dr
awn
from
the
Col
umbu
s (O
hio)
City
Sch
ool S
yste
m.
Thi
s sy
stem
was
chos
en fo
r its
wid
e cr
osss
ectio
n of
bui
ldin
gs a
nd th
e av
aila
bilit
yof
info
rmat
ion
to th
e au
thor
s.T
houg
h so
me
regi
onal
var
iatio
nsw
ill e
xist
, the
bui
ldin
gs d
epic
ted
are
repr
esen
tativ
e of
thos
e fo
und
in c
ount
less
com
mun
ities
acr
oss
this
cou
ntry
.
52
The
cha
ract
eris
tics
liste
d fo
r ea
ch c
lass
ifica
tion
are
typi
cal,
how
ever
,re
gion
al e
xcep
tions
will
exi
st (
date
s ar
e sp
ecifi
c to
Col
umbu
s, O
hio)
.T
hese
cha
ract
eris
tics
shou
ld b
e us
ed a
s ge
nera
l gui
delin
es in
cla
ssify
-in
g a
build
ing,
but
as
with
any
sys
tem
of a
rchi
tect
ural
cat
egor
izat
ion,
they
can
not b
e us
ed a
s ha
rd a
nd fa
st r
ules
in e
very
cas
e.
Cha
ract
eris
tics
Cla
ssifi
catio
nT
houg
h in
divi
dual
cha
ract
eris
tics
of v
ario
us g
roup
s of
sch
ools
var
y fr
om b
uild
ing
to b
uild
-in
g, th
ere
are
cert
ain
reoc
curr
ing
feat
ures
whi
ch a
llow
sch
ool b
uild
ings
to b
e pl
aced
in a
stru
ctur
ed c
lass
ifica
tion
syst
em.
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE53
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
21
Typ
e An
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
Rep
rese
ntin
g ed
ucat
iona
l fac
ilitie
s fr
omth
e ea
rlies
t sta
ges
of d
evel
-op
men
t unt
il th
e 18
40's
is th
e si
ngle
room
scho
olho
use.
Bui
lt of
eith
er w
ood
fram
e or
mas
onry
con
stru
ctio
n, th
ey a
re o
ne s
tory
inhe
ight
, with
woo
d do
uble
hung
win
dow
s an
d a
gabl
e ro
of. T
he fe
wre
mai
ning
str
uctu
res
are
usua
lly lo
cate
din
the
subu
rbs
or r
ural
area
s--
the
grow
th in
the
dow
ntow
ns h
as c
ause
dm
any
of th
e ea
rly s
choo
lbu
ildin
gs to
be
dem
olis
hed.
Rem
aini
ng s
truc
ture
s to
day
are
rare
lyus
ed fo
r ed
ucat
iona
lpu
rpos
es a
nd n
orm
ally
hav
e su
rviv
ed o
nly
be-
caus
e th
ey h
ave
been
con
vert
ed to
oth
erus
es s
uch
as h
ouse
s an
dco
mm
erci
al e
stab
lishm
ents
.
Phy
sica
l Cha
ract
eris
tics
rect
angu
lar
plan
mas
onry
or
woo
d be
arin
g w
all c
onst
ruct
ion
sing
le s
tory
gabl
e ro
of
woo
d do
uble
-hun
g w
indo
ws
22C
lass
ifica
tion
of S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs
One
Roo
m S
choo
lhou
se, R
oute
23,
Fra
nklin
Cou
nty
55
One
Roo
m S
choo
lhou
se, S
chro
ck R
oad,
Fra
nklin
Cou
nty
I
clas
sroo
men
try
One
Roo
m S
choo
lhou
se, N
orth
Hig
h S
tree
t, C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o
5B
EST
CO
PYA
VA
ILA
BL
EG
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
23
5 7
Typ
e B
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
Bui
ldin
gs in
this
cla
ssifi
catio
n w
ere
com
mon
ly b
uilt
durin
g th
e la
te18
40's
to 1
900,
and
rep
rese
nt th
e co
nsol
idat
ion
ofm
any
inde
pend
-en
t one
room
sch
ools
into
larg
er, m
ore
orga
nize
d pu
blic
faci
litie
s.T
hese
bui
ldin
gs u
sual
ly e
xhib
itIta
liana
te o
r G
eorg
ian
styl
istic
influ
ence
s.T
hey
typi
cally
are
two
or th
ree
stor
ies
in h
eigh
t with
a ba
sem
ent,
and
have
an
inte
rsec
ting
gabl
e ro
of o
r pe
dim
ent i
dent
i-fy
ing
the
mai
n en
tran
ce o
f the
bui
ldin
g.W
ood
doub
lehu
ngw
indo
ws
are
mou
nted
in in
divi
dual
ope
ning
s us
ually
ador
ned
with
hood
mol
ds, a
rche
s, o
r lin
tels
. The
yar
e fo
und
in in
ner
city
nei
ghbo
r-ho
ods,
whe
re th
ey a
re o
ften
com
mun
ity la
ndm
arks
.
Mic
higa
n S
choo
l, C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o19
04
24C
lass
ifica
tion
of S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs
58
She
pard
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1906
59
Phy
sica
lC
hara
cter
istic
s
rect
angu
lar
in p
lan
mas
onry
bea
ring
wal
l con
stru
ctio
n-
woo
d flo
or c
onst
ruct
ion
(sta
irwel
ls a
nd c
orrid
or o
ften
repl
aced
with
con
cret
e)
two
to th
ree
stor
ies
gabl
e ro
ofw
ith p
edim
ent o
r in
ters
ectin
g ga
ble
abov
em
ain
en-
tran
ce
woo
d do
uble
-hun
g w
indo
ws
high
cei
lings
cent
ral c
ircul
atio
n sp
ace
with
sur
roun
ding
clas
sroo
ms
plas
ter
inte
rior
part
ition
s on
woo
d la
th
larg
e at
tic a
rea
base
men
t
clas
sroo
m
rigid
entr
yi11
111
igh
w11
11
El
17ha
ll
Imm
1111
Thi
rd S
tree
t Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1864
60
1
TO
'f.
Firs
t Ave
nue
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1873
4
!..1
"N"1
.-vt
t"1
.1,1
,kN
i
rt
Thi
rd S
tree
t Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1864
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
25
61
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
Arc
hite
ctur
al fe
atur
es o
f the
build
ings
in th
is c
lass
ifica
tion
ofte
nex
pres
s R
oman
esqu
e or
Ital
iana
tein
fluen
ces.
The
se s
choo
lsar
ety
pica
lly tw
o or
thre
e st
orie
s in
heig
ht w
ith s
teep
pitc
hed
hip
roof
s.W
all d
orm
ers
are
also
som
etim
es p
rese
nt.
Woo
d do
uble
-hun
g w
in-
dow
s ar
e us
ed in
indi
vidu
alop
enin
gs, o
ften
grou
ped
by c
ontin
u-ou
s ho
odm
olds
. Tow
ers
or p
edim
ents
are
freq
uent
ly u
sed
to e
mph
a-si
ze th
e m
ain
entr
ance
to th
e bu
ildin
g.C
onst
ruct
ed fr
om 1
890
to19
20, t
hese
bui
ldin
gsno
w s
tand
in o
lder
, wel
lest
ablis
hed
neig
hbor
-ho
ods
mon
umen
ts to
the
rapi
d gr
owth
of m
any
tow
ns a
roun
d th
etu
rn o
f the
cen
tury
.
Milo
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1894
26C
lass
ifica
tion
of S
choo
lB
uild
ings
C2
Fai
r A
venu
e S
choo
l, C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o -
1890
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE63
Phy
sica
l Cha
ract
eris
tics
larg
er, m
ore
rect
angu
lar
plan
than
type
Bm
ason
ry b
earin
g w
all c
onst
ruct
ion
woo
d flo
or c
onst
ruct
ion
(sta
irwel
ls a
nd s
omet
imes
cor
ridor
sre
plac
ed w
ith c
oncr
ete)
two
to th
ree
stor
ies
stee
p pi
tche
d hi
p ro
ofdo
uble
-hun
g w
ood
win
dow
s
high
cei
lings
T-s
hape
d fir
st fl
oor
circ
ulat
ion
wid
e ce
ntra
l cor
ridor
s w
ith s
tairs
at e
ither
end
plas
ter
inte
rior
part
ition
s on
woo
d la
th
larg
e at
tic s
pace
base
men
t
clas
sroo
m
MM
...m
oso
hallw
ay
Fel
ton
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1893
G4
Hub
bard
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1894
Fel
ton
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1893
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LET
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls27
Typ
e D
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
The
se b
uild
ings
wer
e bu
ilt d
urin
g a
perio
d sp
anni
ng fr
om 1
910
1940
. The
y ar
e fr
eque
ntly
loca
ted
in o
lder
, wel
lest
ablis
hed
neig
h-bo
rhoo
ds. A
rchi
tect
ural
ly, b
uild
ings
of t
his
clas
sific
atio
n ar
e ch
arac
-te
rized
by
Jaco
beth
an a
nd R
enai
ssan
ce R
eviv
al in
fluen
ces
on o
neha
nd, a
nd o
n th
e ot
her
by c
ompl
etel
y un
ador
ned
"indu
stria
l loo
k"ex
terio
rs.
The
ir sy
mm
etric
al fa
cade
s us
ually
feat
ure
two
mai
nen
tran
ces
and
the
who
le b
uild
ing
pres
ents
a m
uch
mor
e ho
rizon
tal
emph
asis
than
thos
e w
hich
pre
cede
d th
em.
Bot
h ty
pe C
and
D b
uild
ings
are
man
y tim
es v
iew
ed a
s lia
bilit
ies
bysc
hool
offi
cial
s, b
ut, i
n fa
ct, t
hese
bui
ldin
gs m
ay p
ossi
bly
have
the
best
reu
se p
oten
tial o
f any
of t
he c
ateg
orie
s.
Nor
th H
igh
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1924
28C
lass
ifica
tion
of S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs
GB
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Cre
stvi
ew J
unio
r H
igh
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1915
G7
Phy
sica
lC
hara
cter
istic
s
larg
e re
ctan
gula
r pl
an
mas
onry
bea
ring
wal
l con
stru
ctio
n w
ith c
oncr
ete
floor
s
two
to th
ree
stor
ies
flat r
oof
doub
le-h
ung
woo
d w
indo
ws
man
y tim
es c
olle
ctiv
ely
grou
ped
high
cei
lings
wid
e co
rrid
ors
plas
ter
inte
rior
finis
hes
base
men
t
I
clas
sroo
m
hallw
ay
Im
ulti-
purp
ose
room
4
Clin
ton
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1922
GB
Clin
ton
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1922
I,;.
Ott'
Z,..
;r4;
44,7
0;:t1
:1`2
;
Roo
seve
lt Ju
nior
Hig
h S
choo
l, C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o19
16
GB
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
29
Typ
e E
t
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
The
se b
uild
ings
, com
mon
ly c
alle
d "f
inge
rpla
n"sc
hool
s, a
re fo
und
in a
bund
ance
, sin
ce th
ey w
ere
popu
lar
durin
gth
e po
stw
ar b
aby
boom
.In
the
rush
to b
uild
eno
ugh
spac
e,m
any
com
mun
ities
bui
lta
part
icul
ar p
lan
mor
e th
an o
nce.
Mos
t fin
gerp
lan
scho
ols
are
insu
burb
an lo
catio
ns, t
heir
low
hor
izon
tal c
lass
room
win
gs ta
king
up a
larg
e am
ount
of l
and
as th
ey s
nake
out
from
the
build
ing'
sce
ntra
l circ
ulat
ion
area
.F
inge
rpla
n sc
hool
s ar
e ra
ther
aus
tere
,fe
atur
ing
unad
orne
d fa
ce b
rick
exte
riors
with
larg
e ex
pans
es o
fm
etal
fram
ed g
lass
. The
se "
win
dow
-wal
l" un
itsw
ere
repl
aced
with
plex
igla
ss la
ter
in th
is p
erio
d to
cur
b va
ndal
ism
.
The
se b
uild
ings
wer
e co
nstr
ucte
d pr
imar
ily d
urin
gth
e 19
50's
and
1960
's a
nd r
epre
sent
a d
esire
for
mor
e ki
nds
of in
divi
dual
ized
spac
e w
ithin
the
scho
ol b
uild
ing.
Mar
ylan
d P
ark
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1958
30C
lass
ifica
tion
of S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs
70
Cal
umet
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1961
7i
Phy
sica
l Cha
ract
eris
tics
clas
sroo
ms
loca
ted
alon
g na
rrow
sin
gle
or d
oubl
e-lo
aded
cor
ri-do
rs jo
ined
at a
cen
tral
circ
ulat
ion
spac
e
cons
truc
tion
cons
ists
of c
oncr
ete
bloc
k be
arin
g w
alls
, met
aljo
ists
and
dec
k, a
nd c
oncr
ete
slab
floo
rs
one
to tw
o flo
ors
flat r
oof
larg
e ex
pans
es o
f met
al-f
ram
ed w
indo
w-w
all
low
cei
lings
narr
ow c
orrid
ors
pain
ted
conc
rete
blo
ck in
terio
rs
mos
t with
out b
asem
ents
111.
M11
jcla
ssro
oml
hallw
ay
11I1
1-1
Mar
burn
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1960
72
Jam
es R
oad
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1952
Sha
dy L
ane
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1956
73T
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls31
Typ
e F
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
The
se b
uild
ings
, cal
led
"ope
n pl
an"
scho
ols,
hav
e be
en b
uilt
pre-
dom
inat
ely
durin
g th
e 19
70's
. The
y ex
hibi
t the
mos
t ind
ivid
ualis
ticar
chite
ctur
e of
any
of t
he c
lass
ifica
tions
, and
feat
ure
larg
e lo
osel
yde
fined
flex
ible
spa
ces
whi
ch r
esul
t fro
man
abs
ence
of t
ypic
alpa
rtiti
oned
cla
ssro
om a
reas
.A
dra
stic
ally
dec
reas
ed g
lass
area
isch
arac
teris
tic, a
s is
an
incr
easi
ng u
se o
f met
alpa
nels
on
the
faca
des,
thou
gh m
any
are
still
con
stru
cted
prim
arily
of t
hesa
me
conc
rete
bloc
k, m
etal
jois
ts a
nd c
oncr
ete
slab
mat
eria
ls u
sed
inth
e fin
ger
plan
sch
ools
.
Ope
n pl
an s
choo
ls r
epre
sent
a m
ajor
shi
ft in
edu
catio
nal
faci
lity
plan
ning
.R
eact
ions
by
educ
ator
s to
this
type
of f
acili
ty h
ave
been
mix
ed a
t bes
t, an
dm
any
of th
ese
scho
ols
have
had
mak
eshi
ftpa
rtiti
ons
put u
p w
here
non
e w
ere
inte
nded
.T
he ju
ry s
till s
eem
sto
be
out o
n th
eir
effe
ctiv
enes
s.
,
Libe
rty
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1975
32C
lass
ifica
tion
of S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs
74
r
Inde
pend
ence
Jun
ior
Hig
h S
choo
l, C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o19
74
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE75
Phy
sica
l Cha
ract
eris
tics
larg
e op
en p
lan
free
of l
oad
bear
ing
wal
ls
trus
s, s
pace
fram
e, o
r po
st a
nd b
eam
con
stru
ctio
nof
ten
expo
sed
loos
ely
defin
ed fl
exib
le s
pace
s
one
to tw
o st
orie
s
pred
omin
atel
y fla
t roo
fs
uniq
ue s
hape
s an
d lo
catio
ns o
f win
dow
s
high
cei
lings
wid
e co
rrid
ors
if de
fined
wid
e us
e of
brig
ht c
olor
s an
d gr
aphi
cs
Iiv
ii1
tlill
Fra
nklin
Jun
ior
Hig
h S
choo
l, C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o19
75
"
Miff
lin H
igh
Sch
ool,
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
1976
7B
ES
TC
OP
YA
VA
ILA
BLE
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
33
Foo
tnot
es1
Nat
iona
l Tru
st fo
r H
isto
ric P
rese
rvat
ion,
AM
ER
ICA
'S F
OR
GO
TT
EN
AR
CH
ITE
C-
TU
RE
, p. 1
07.
2IB
ID.,
p. 1
10.
3A
RC
HIT
EC
TU
RA
L R
EC
OR
D,
"Evo
lutio
n of
the
form
of a
trad
ition
al b
uild
ing
type
the
scho
ol,"
(A
pril,
197
7), p
p. 1
22-1
27.
34C
lass
ifica
tion
of S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs
7 8
n , ,, .,C5 D
Reu
seP
oten
tial
Sur
plus
sch
ools
hav
e a
grea
tpo
tent
ial f
or c
onve
rsio
n to
a la
rge
varie
ty o
f new
use
s.T
he e
ase
with
whi
ch s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs le
ndth
emse
lves
to c
onve
rsio
n an
d th
e ty
pe o
f con
vers
ion
for
whi
ch th
ey
are
mos
tsu
itabl
e de
pend
larg
ely
on th
e cl
assi
ficat
ion
of th
e bu
ild-
ing.
1T
he c
lass
ifica
tion
syst
em p
rese
nted
ear
lier
in th
is d
ocum
ent
desc
ribes
the
phys
ical
cha
ract
eris
tics
and
iden
tifie
s ty
pica
l loc
atio
nsfo
r ea
ch s
choo
l bui
ldin
g ty
pe.
Iden
tifyi
ng th
e ne
eds
of th
e ne
w u
sean
d a
com
paris
on o
f tho
se n
eeds
with
the
char
acte
ristic
s of
eac
hty
pe o
f sch
ool w
ill a
id in
pro
vidi
ng a
suita
ble
mat
ch o
f bui
ldin
g an
dus
e.
Due
to th
e si
mila
ritie
s in
bui
ldin
g de
sign
and
mat
eria
ls a
nd te
ch-
nolo
gy u
sed
for
scho
ol b
uild
ing
cons
truc
tion,
the
six
clas
sific
atio
nsha
ve b
een
grou
ped
into
thre
e ca
tego
ries
for
the
purp
ose
of e
xam
inin
gad
aptiv
e us
e po
tent
ial.
Typ
e A
, the
one
roo
m s
choo
l hou
se r
emai
nsin
a c
ateg
ory
by it
self.
Typ
es B
, C, a
nd D
are
gro
uped
toge
ther
as
are
sult
of s
imila
r ch
arac
teris
tics,
as
are
type
s E
and
F.
The
re a
re s
ome
gene
ral c
hara
cter
istic
s w
hich
per
tain
to th
e ad
aptiv
eus
e of
all
surp
lus
scho
ol b
uild
ings
.S
choo
ls w
ere
usua
lly w
ell c
on-
stru
cted
str
uctu
res,
and
are
ofte
n st
ill s
truc
tura
lly s
ound
. Cos
met
icda
mag
e, s
uch
as p
eelin
g pa
int a
nd g
raffi
ti, o
ften
begi
ns to
app
ear
afte
r th
e sc
hool
has
bee
n cl
osed
but
is e
asily
rem
edie
d.
Pla
ygro
unds
and
ope
n ar
eas
are
easi
ly c
onve
rted
to p
arki
ng fo
r th
ene
w u
se.
Sch
ools
with
a la
rge
amou
nt o
f ope
n ar
ea m
ay a
llow
for
addi
tiona
l pro
pert
y de
velo
pmen
t, pr
ovid
ing
a gr
eate
r re
turn
for
the
deve
lope
r.
A m
ajor
des
ign
feat
ure
in c
onve
rsio
n to
res
iden
tial u
se is
that
typi
cal
clas
sroo
m d
imen
sion
s an
d si
ze a
re o
ften
idea
lly s
uite
d fo
r th
e cr
e-at
ion
of o
ne b
edro
om a
part
men
ts. C
onve
nien
t and
effi
cien
t kitc
hen
and
bath
uni
ts c
an b
e in
stal
led
in e
ach
clas
sroo
m, a
llow
ing
for
a ve
rysp
acio
us li
ving
roo
m a
nd b
edro
om.2
Lar
ge c
lose
ts, w
hich
are
ofte
npr
esen
t in
olde
r sc
hool
s, c
an p
rovi
de a
mpl
e st
orag
e sp
ace,
and
the
82
apar
tmen
t can
be
grea
tly e
nhan
ced
by p
rese
rvin
g ha
rdw
ood
floor
san
d w
ood
pane
ling
whe
n th
ey e
xist
.
Typ
ica
IC
lass
room
700
S. F
.
The
typi
cal c
lass
room
con
vert
s ea
sily
to a
one
bed
room
apa
rtm
ent w
ith th
e in
stal
latio
n of
a ki
tche
n/ba
th c
ore.
Typ
e An
The
one
roo
m s
choo
lhou
se o
ffers
a u
niqu
e op
port
unity
for
adap
tive
use
whe
re a
sm
all a
mou
nt o
f flo
or s
pace
is r
equi
red.
Ext
rem
efle
xibi
lity
is a
vaila
ble
with
the
sing
le r
oom
sing
le s
tory
inte
rior
spac
e.H
ardw
ood
floor
s, p
last
er w
alls
and
pan
elin
g ar
e bu
ilt-in
amen
ities
pro
vidi
ng c
hara
cter
and
sty
le.
Woo
d do
uble
-hun
g w
in-
dow
s al
low
suf
ficie
nt li
ght a
nd v
entil
atio
n. T
he c
onst
ruct
ion
tech
-ni
que
and
mat
eria
ls u
sed
in th
e on
e ro
om s
choo
lhou
se a
re s
impl
ean
d ba
sic,
exh
ibiti
ng a
fam
iliar
cha
rm a
nd c
hara
cter
, and
the
scho
ol-
hous
es' s
mal
l siz
e pe
rmits
mos
t use
s un
der
build
ing
code
s.
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Su8
13S
choo
ls37
Whe
n m
ost o
ne-r
oom
sch
oolh
ouse
sw
ere
built
abo
ut 1
50 y
ears
ago
,th
ey w
ere
built
inru
ral,
farm
set
tings
.T
hose
sch
oolh
ouse
s th
atst
ill r
emai
n in
rur
alor
sub
urba
n se
tting
s ar
e ea
sily
con
vert
edto
uses
com
patib
le w
ith th
e su
rrou
ndin
g re
side
ntia
lar
eas,
suc
h as
priv
ate
resi
denc
es,
stor
es o
r sh
ops,
priv
ate
offic
es, c
omm
unity
,or
gani
zatio
n he
adqu
arte
rs, d
ayca
re c
ente
rs, c
hurc
hes,
art
s an
dcr
afts
cen
ters
, or
bank
s.
Sch
oolh
ouse
s th
at w
ere
built
alo
ngro
ads
whi
ch b
ecam
e m
ain
arte
-ria
ls fo
r gr
owin
g ci
ties
have
foun
dth
emse
lves
ofte
n su
rrou
nded
by
com
mer
cial
land
use
s an
d fu
nctio
n w
ell
as s
mal
l ret
ail o
r co
mm
er-
cial
est
ablis
hmen
ts.
Sm
all b
outiq
ue s
hops
, priv
ate
offic
esan
d sm
all
busi
ness
es o
f all
type
s ar
eso
me
poss
ible
new
use
s fo
r th
e si
ngle
room
sch
ool i
n an
urb
an e
nviro
nmen
t.M
useu
ms,
art
gal
lerie
s or
hist
oric
al s
ocie
ties
are
also
com
patib
leus
es fo
r on
e ro
om s
choo
ls in
both
urb
an a
nd r
ural
set
tings
, dis
play
ing
the
char
acte
r of
the
times
in w
hich
the
build
ing
was
ere
cted
.
In s
ome
situ
atio
ns th
eon
e-ro
om s
choo
lhou
ses'
sm
all s
ize
coul
dpr
ove
to b
e a
liabi
lity
in a
n ur
ban
area
.La
nd v
alue
cou
ld b
e su
ch th
at th
eec
onom
ic r
etur
n av
aila
ble
from
the
smal
l flo
or a
rea
may
not
be
grea
ten
ough
to p
rove
fina
ncia
lly fe
asib
le.
The
re a
re, h
owev
er, f
ew o
f the
one-
room
sch
oolh
ouse
str
uctu
res
rem
aini
ng to
day.
Con
side
ring
the
sign
ifica
nce
of th
ese
scho
olho
uses
to th
e de
velo
pmen
t of A
mer
ica
and
the
flexi
bilit
y th
ey o
ffer
toda
yfo
r re
use,
eve
ry p
ossi
ble
effo
rtsh
ould
be
mad
e to
see
that
the
adap
tive
use
pote
ntia
l of t
hese
stru
ctur
es is
rea
lized
, giv
ing
the
one-
room
sch
oolh
ouse
a n
ew le
ase
on li
fe.
Typ
es B
,C &
D
Phy
sica
l Cha
ract
eris
tics
Sch
ool b
uild
ings
of t
hese
type
s ar
e of
ten
the
mos
t ava
ilabl
efo
rad
aptiv
e us
e in
volv
ing
priv
ate
sect
or in
tere
st. M
ost s
choo
lsy
stem
s
38C
reat
ing
New
Use
s 8
4
feel
the
olde
r bu
ildin
gs h
ave
the
leas
t fut
ure
valu
e to
the
scho
olsy
stem
due
to in
crea
sing
phy
sica
l and
func
tiona
lob
sole
scen
ce, a
ndco
nseq
uent
ly a
re fi
rst t
o be
sol
d. H
owev
er,
for
the
pers
on in
tere
sted
in r
ehab
ilita
tion
of u
nuse
d bu
ildin
gs,
scho
ols
of th
is e
ra c
onta
inm
any
attr
activ
e am
eniti
es.
Acq
uisi
tion
cost
s ar
e re
lativ
ely
low
for
build
ings
of s
uch
size
.T
hey
ofte
n co
ntai
n ar
chite
ctur
alch
arac
ter-
istic
s su
ch a
s to
wer
s, h
eavy
bra
cket
edco
rnic
es, c
orbe
l tab
les,
'hoo
d-m
olds
, and
inte
rior
finis
hes
not f
ound
in b
uild
ings
toda
y. B
asem
ents
,at
tics
and
wid
e co
rrid
ors
can
be r
ecap
ture
d in
to u
sabl
esp
ace.
The
rela
tivel
y lo
ng s
truc
tura
lsp
ans
allo
w fo
r ea
sy in
terio
r al
tera
tions
, and
Sch
ool b
uild
ings
in th
e T
ype
13, C
, and
ocl
assi
ficat
ions
are
of t
en e
nhan
ced
by a
rclo
lecl
ural
deta
ils.
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE85
the
unsp
ecia
lized
spa
ces
and
com
pact
pla
ns o
f the
se s
choo
l bui
ldin
gsal
low
for
extr
eme
flexi
bilit
y fo
r ad
aptiv
e us
e.
For
mul
ti-te
nant
use
, the
inte
rior
spac
es o
f the
bui
ldin
g ca
n be
sepa
rate
d in
a v
arie
ty o
f way
s.E
ach
clas
sroo
m c
an b
e ut
ilize
d as
an in
divi
dual
spa
ce w
ithin
the
build
ing,
suc
h as
an
apar
tmen
t, se
pa-
rate
offi
ce s
pace
, or
smal
l sho
p.C
ombi
natio
ns o
f adj
acen
t cla
ss-
room
s pr
ovid
e la
rger
usa
ble
spac
es.
An
open
ing
can
be in
stal
led
betw
een
the
two
clas
sroo
ms,
or
if th
e st
ruct
ural
sys
tem
allo
ws,
an
entir
e w
all c
ould
be
rem
oved
, as
show
n in
the
type
B e
xam
ple
onP
age
40.
The
type
C e
xam
ple
illus
trat
es h
ow a
larg
e po
rtio
n of
aflo
or c
an b
e ut
ilize
d as
a s
ingl
e sp
ace,
inco
rpor
atin
g th
e cl
assr
oom
san
d co
rrid
or. T
he s
tairw
ell a
t the
end
of t
he b
uild
ing
then
bec
omes
a pr
ivat
e en
tran
ce fo
r th
at a
rea
of th
e bu
ildin
g.
Par
t of t
he w
ide
corr
idor
s ca
n be
inco
rpor
ated
into
the
clas
sroo
msp
ace,
ser
ving
as
a fo
yer,
sto
rage
spa
ce, o
r a
disp
lay
area
for
reta
ilus
es.
Cor
ridor
s ca
n al
so fu
nctio
n as
gat
herin
g sp
aces
, cre
atin
g sm
all
area
s fo
r co
mm
on u
se b
y al
l ten
ants
.In
the
type
C b
uild
ing,
whe
reso
me
stai
rs m
ay n
ot b
e ne
eded
, rem
oval
of t
he s
tairs
wou
ld a
llow
for
addi
tiona
l usa
ble
floor
spa
ce.
Tow
ers,
whi
ch a
re o
ften
pres
ent
at th
e fr
ont s
tairw
ell o
f typ
e C
bui
ldin
gs, p
rovi
de a
n ex
citin
g am
enity
to th
e re
use
of th
e st
airw
ell a
rea.
Add
ition
ally
, suf
ficie
nt s
pace
isof
ten
avai
labl
e fo
r th
e in
stal
latio
n of
an
elev
ator
in th
e ce
ntra
l are
aof
the
build
ing.
Aud
itoriu
m s
pace
s in
type
D s
choo
ls h
ave
the
pote
ntia
l for
func
-tio
ning
as
a si
ngle
, lar
ge s
pace
(su
ch a
s a
cent
ral a
ctiv
ity a
rea
for
aco
mm
unity
cen
ter
or a
res
iden
tial c
ompl
ex)
whi
ch c
an u
tiliz
e th
est
age
area
, or
can
be d
ivid
ed in
to s
mal
ler
spac
es b
y in
stal
ling
anin
term
edia
te fl
oor
at th
e se
cond
leve
l.T
he ty
pe D
sch
ool b
uild
ing
also
pro
vide
s op
port
uniti
es fo
r ea
sy v
ertic
al s
epar
atio
n of
use
rs. S
e-cu
rity
can
be p
rovi
ded
at e
ach
floor
whe
re th
e st
airw
ell'
mee
ts th
eha
llway
, allo
win
g ve
rtic
al s
epar
atio
n w
ithou
t int
erru
ptio
n of
the
activ
ity o
n th
e flo
or.
Pla
cing
pub
lic u
ses
such
as
reta
il, m
useu
ms
orga
llery
spa
ce, o
r co
mm
unity
org
aniz
atio
ns o
n th
e lo
wer
leve
l, w
ithre
side
ntia
l or
offic
e sp
ace
abov
e, is
an
exam
ple
of v
ertic
al s
epar
-at
ion
in th
is ty
pe o
f sch
ool b
uild
ing.
The
type
D b
uild
ing,
usu
ally
SG
the
larg
est o
f the
cat
egor
y, is
ofte
n la
rge
enou
gh to
sup
port
ret
ail
uses
suc
h as
a s
mal
l sho
ppin
g m
all o
n th
e fir
st fl
oor.
Loca
tion
Cha
ract
eris
tics
Man
y of
the
type
B, C
, & D
sch
ools
are
loca
ted
on m
ajor
roa
ds n
ear
the
dow
ntow
n ar
ea o
f the
city
, a r
esul
t of t
he c
ity's
pas
t gro
wth
.O
lder
nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds w
hich
wer
e re
side
ntia
l whe
n th
e sc
hool
s w
ere
built
, hav
e ta
ken
on c
omm
erci
al u
ses.
Pub
lic tr
ansp
orta
tion,
sho
p-pi
ng d
istr
icts
, and
ser
vice
s su
ch a
s po
st o
ffice
s, li
brar
ies,
tow
n ha
lls,
and
prof
essi
onal
offi
ces
are
usua
lly w
ithin
wal
king
dis
tanc
e of
the
scho
ol, a
con
side
ratio
n w
hich
is a
hig
h pr
iorit
y in
hou
sing
for
the
elde
rly. T
he c
entr
aliz
ed lo
catio
n of
thes
e sc
hool
s al
so in
crea
ses
the
viab
ility
of a
new
use
whi
ch r
equi
res
easy
acc
essi
bilit
y fo
r th
e pu
blic
,su
ch a
s co
mm
unity
act
ivity
cen
ters
, offi
ce s
pace
, ret
ail u
ses,
art
s an
dcr
afts
cen
ters
, civ
ic c
ente
r an
d to
wn
hall
faci
litie
s, a
nd a
ltern
ativ
eed
ucat
ion
prog
ram
faci
litie
s.
Nei
ghbo
rhoo
d de
terio
ratio
n is
one
pos
sibl
e di
sadv
anta
ge o
f sch
ools
in th
is c
ateg
ory.
Alth
ough
the
scho
ol b
uild
ing
may
be
in s
uffic
ient
phys
ical
con
ditio
n fo
r re
use,
no
ince
ntiv
es m
ay e
xist
in th
e su
rrou
nd-
ing
area
for
a ne
w u
se in
the
build
ing.
How
ever
, the
sch
ool m
ayho
use
faci
litie
s w
hich
can
aid
the
neig
hbor
hood
, suc
h as
a c
om-
mun
ity c
ente
r, v
ocat
iona
l tra
inin
g ce
nter
, a h
alfw
ay h
ouse
, or
drug
reha
bilit
atio
n ce
nter
in th
e ca
se o
f res
iden
tial n
eigh
borh
oods
.In
urba
n ar
eas
that
are
prim
arily
non
-res
iden
tial,
adap
ting
scho
ols
for
new
use
s su
ch a
s lig
ht in
dust
ry o
r w
areh
ousi
ng m
ay in
itiat
e re
deve
l-op
men
t int
eres
t in
the
area
.
Thi
s ca
tego
ry o
f sch
ools
exh
ibits
a g
reat
dea
l of c
hara
cter
and
pot
en-
tial t
hrou
gh th
eir
phys
ical
and
loca
tiona
l cha
ract
eris
tics,
whi
ch,
com
bine
d w
ith th
eir
avai
labi
lity
can
resu
lt in
suc
cess
ful a
nd e
xciti
ngad
aptiv
e us
e pr
ojec
ts.
87T
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls39
Ent
ranc
eC
lass
room
con
vert
sto
sin
gle
spac
e
Adj
acen
t cla
ssro
oms
can
be c
ombi
ned
to
prov
ide
larg
er s
ingl
esp
ace
III II
I III
II II
IRM
O II
IIII
IIIIII
MN
11
...lir
A.r
o..1
11 11
iii11
.ril N
EN
E11
111(-
-111
11
iii --II
4-2
#-p
T-
am
Typ
e B
Cen
tral
hal
lway
func
tions
as
com
mon
entr
y ar
ea
Ent
ranc
e
40C
reat
ing
New
Use
s
88B
ES
TC
OP
YA
VA
ILA
BLE
89
Ent
ranc
e
Cla
ssro
om c
onve
rts
to s
ingl
e sp
ace
1@a
RE
NE
III 1111
11.1
.1.1
11
Par
t of c
orrid
orca
n be
incl
uded
with
cla
ssro
om s
pace 11
1
111
from
com
mon
spac
e11
1
entr
ance
Cla
ssro
oms
and
corr
idor
can
be c
ombi
ned
to p
rovi
dela
rge
spac
e an
d ca
n in
clud
epr
ivat
e en
tran
ce
III N
M
90
Cor
ridor
func
tions
as c
omm
on s
pace
Ent
ranc
e
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
NM
III M
I
Tow
er in
tegr
ated
into
com
mon
spac
e as
hig
hlig
ht
Inm
ul
/P
rivat
een
tran
ce
Typ
e CrA
nT
he A
dapt
ive
ULO
QIL
Sur
plus
Sch
ools
41
Ent
ranc
e
(Cla
ssro
om c
onve
rts
to s
ingl
e sp
ace
Par
t of c
orrid
or c
anbe
incl
uded
with
clas
sroo
m s
pace
tipgi
smo
omit
Sta
irwel
ls c
an b
ecl
osed
off
allo
win
gfo
r ve
rtic
al s
eper
atio
nof
bui
ldin
g.
irs$
41 T
ype
D
42C
reat
ing
New
Use
s
Aud
itoriu
m s
pace
can
orbe
use
d as
cen
tral
gath
erin
g sp
ace
and
utili
ze s
tage
.
Aud
itoriu
m s
pace
can
be d
ivid
ed b
y pa
rtiti
ons
and
floor
into
sm
alle
r
spac
e.
Ent
ranc
e
92B
ES
TC
OP
YA
VA
ILA
BLE
93
Typ
es E
&F
Phy
sica
l Cha
ract
eris
tics
The
maj
ority
of t
he s
urpl
us s
choo
ls a
vaila
ble
for
reus
e in
this
cat
e-go
ry a
re o
f the
type
E c
lass
ifica
tion.
How
ever
, sin
ce m
ost o
f the
sesc
hool
bui
ldin
gs a
re r
elat
ivel
y ne
w, m
ost s
choo
l sys
tem
s ar
e he
sita
ntto
put
them
up
for
sale
as
quic
kly
as th
e ty
pe B
, C o
r D
bui
ldin
gs,
feel
ing
that
the
type
E b
uild
ings
will
be
of g
reat
er v
alue
to th
e sc
hool
syst
em s
houl
d st
uden
t enr
ollm
ent i
ncre
ases
req
uire
thei
r re
turn
tose
rvic
e.T
ype
F s
choo
ls u
sual
ly h
ave
been
bui
lt as
a r
espo
nse
tore
cent
gro
wth
pat
tern
s of
the
city
, and
ther
efor
e us
ually
are
not
loca
ted
in a
reas
whe
re th
ey w
ould
be
subj
ect t
o cl
osin
g du
e to
de-
clin
ing
enro
llmen
ts.
Sch
ools
in th
is c
ateg
ory
offe
r sp
ecia
lized
spa
ces
whi
ch c
an b
e of
valu
e in
the
reus
e of
the
build
ing.
Cla
ssro
oms
for
func
tions
suc
h as
mus
ic, a
rts
and
craf
ts, g
ymna
sium
s an
d lib
rarie
s ar
e pr
esen
t in
elem
enta
ry s
choo
ls, w
hile
juni
or a
nd s
enio
r hi
gh s
choo
ls a
lso
con-
tain
indu
stria
l art
s, h
ome
econ
omic
s an
d sc
ienc
e cl
assr
oom
s. T
hese
spac
es c
an ta
ke o
n si
mila
r ki
nds
of fu
nctio
ns in
the
new
use
, and
are
part
icul
arly
val
uabl
e to
suc
h us
es a
s co
mm
unity
cen
ters
, rec
reat
ion
cent
ers,
alte
rnat
ive
educ
atio
n fa
cilit
ies,
and
sen
ior
citiz
ens
cent
ers.
Typ
e E
bui
ldin
gs ty
pica
lly h
ave
long
cla
ssro
om w
ings
, sho
rt s
pans
,an
d a
grea
t num
ber
of b
earin
g w
alls
.T
hese
cha
ract
eris
tics,
whi
lede
crea
sing
the
flexi
bilit
y of
the
build
ing
in te
rms
of s
pace
pla
nnin
g,of
fer
a go
od o
ppor
tuni
ty fo
r m
ultip
le te
nanc
y. T
he s
epar
ate
clas
s-ro
om w
ings
can
be
easi
ly c
ontr
olle
d fr
om a
cen
tral
circ
ulat
ion
poin
t,al
low
ing
seve
ral s
epar
ate
orga
niza
tions
to o
ccup
y th
e sa
me
build
ing.
Thi
s is
impo
rtan
t to
smal
l org
aniz
atio
ns s
uch
as s
enio
r ci
tizen
orco
mm
unity
inte
rest
gro
ups
whi
ch m
ay n
ot n
eed,
or
be a
ble
topa
yfo
r, a
who
le b
uild
ing.
As
with
type
B, C
& D
bui
ldin
gs, e
ach
clas
sroo
mca
n be
util
ized
as
anin
divi
dual
spa
ce s
uch
asan
offi
ce o
r ap
artm
ent.
Dep
endi
ng u
pon
94
the
dire
ctio
n of
the
roof
jois
t spa
ns, e
ither
the
wal
l bet
wee
n ad
jace
ntcl
assr
oom
s, o
r th
e w
all a
djoi
ning
the
corr
idor
cou
ld b
e re
mov
ed to
crea
te la
rger
spa
ces.
For
sim
plic
ity o
f con
stru
ctio
n an
d du
rabi
lity,
thes
e no
n-lo
ad-b
earin
g w
alls
wer
e m
ost f
requ
ently
con
stru
cted
of
conc
rete
blo
ck a
nd w
ill r
equi
re m
ore
wor
k to
rem
ove
than
woo
dst
ud p
artit
ions
.In
any
cas
e, th
ese
enla
rged
spa
ces
will
pro
vide
mor
efle
xibi
lity
in d
esig
n, a
nd w
hen
crea
ted
at th
e en
tran
ce to
a cl
assr
oom
win
g, c
ould
ser
ve a
s a
lobb
y or
wai
ting
area
for
such
uses
as
heal
thcl
inic
s, d
ay c
are
cent
ers,
or
offic
es.
Typ
e E
bui
ldin
gs h
ave
seve
ral a
dvan
tage
ous
char
acte
ristic
s:ce
iling
sof
ten
will
alre
ady
be a
t the
des
ired
heig
ht; a
udito
rium
s an
dgy
m-
nasi
ums
can
be c
onve
rted
to m
ultip
urpo
se s
pace
s, o
r th
eate
rs.
Ifsu
ffici
ent h
eigh
t exi
sts,
inte
rmed
iate
floo
rs c
an b
e ad
ded
to in
ex-
pens
ivel
y in
crea
se r
enta
ble
area
s.M
any
type
E b
uild
ings
are
onl
yon
e flo
or a
nd w
ill p
rese
nt fe
w a
cces
sibi
lity
prob
lem
s; a
nd b
eing
rela
tivel
y ne
w, w
ill o
ften
be in
sat
isfa
ctor
y ph
ysic
al s
hape
.A
sm
ore
and
mor
e of
the
build
ings
bec
ome
avai
labl
e, c
omm
unin
ities
need
to c
lose
ly e
xam
ine
thei
r po
tent
ial f
or r
euse
.
Loca
tion
Cha
ract
eris
tics
Man
y ty
pe E
sch
ool b
uild
ings
are
loca
ted
with
in s
ubur
ban
resi
-de
ntia
l are
as, a
dire
ct p
rodu
ct o
f urb
an s
praw
l dur
ing
the
50's
and
60's
.T
his
rest
ricts
, som
ewha
t, th
eir
conv
ersi
on to
use
s w
hich
wou
ld c
reat
e a
high
vol
ume
of tr
affic
whi
ch w
ould
dis
turb
the
surr
ound
ing
resi
dent
s.H
owev
er, t
hey
pres
ent a
n ex
celle
nt o
ppor
-tu
nity
for
conv
ersi
on to
use
s w
hich
will
offe
r a
dire
ct s
ervi
ce to
the
surr
ound
ing
com
mun
ity.
Hea
lth c
are
or c
linic
faci
litie
s, b
ranc
hlib
rarie
s, b
anks
, day
car
e ce
nter
s, p
olic
e an
d co
mm
unity
ser
vice
prog
ram
s, c
omm
unity
cen
ters
, and
eve
n pu
blic
ser
vice
bra
nche
sof
loca
l gov
ernm
ent w
ould
find
the
spac
e of
fere
d by
thes
e bu
ild-
ings
eas
ily a
dapt
able
to th
eir
requ
irem
ents
.C
onve
rsio
n to
res
i-de
ntia
l or
offic
e us
e w
ould
req
uire
mor
e al
tera
tion
but w
ould
aga
inca
use
little
dis
rupt
ion
to th
e ne
ighb
orho
od.
Aga
in, c
onve
rsio
n to
mul
tiple
tena
ncy
may
allo
w s
ever
al o
f the
se u
ses
to o
ccup
y th
esa
me
build
ing
sim
ulta
neou
sly.
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se§
Sur
plus
Sch
ools
43
Sin
ce m
ost s
ubur
ban
resi
dent
ial a
reas
look
with
susp
icio
n on
inte
nd-
ed n
ew u
ses,
it w
ill b
epa
rtic
ular
ly im
port
ant t
o in
volv
e th
eco
m-
mun
ity in
pla
nnin
g fo
r th
ene
w u
se.
For
type
E b
uild
ings
in "
clos
e-in
" ne
ighb
orho
ods
this
may
be
muc
h le
ss o
f a p
robl
em, a
s th
eco
m-
mun
ity m
ay h
ave
alre
ady
beco
me
mix
ed-u
se. I
nan
y ca
se, t
he a
bove
uses
will
rar
ely
adve
rsel
y ef
fect
a ne
ighb
orho
od a
nd w
ill a
llow
the
scho
ol b
uild
ing
to c
ontin
ueto
be
used
as
a pu
blic
faci
lity.
Ent
ranc
e
Ent
ranc
e
1111
111.
1111
1.11
MIM
ICIM
EM
EM
EIM
I
Cla
ssro
oms
and
corr
idor
can
be c
ombi
ned
to p
rovi
dece
ntra
l spa
ce w
ithin
win
g
101.
11.1
11.1
11.1
.1.
I I I I I I I I
I
t s-
0111
1111
11B
I
IND
41.
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
Isse
ileau
e
111.
1111
1111
111M
ME
IMIN
IMI
Ent
ranc
e
Cla
ssro
oms
prov
ide
indi
vidu
al s
pace
s fo
rin
depe
nden
t fun
ctio
ns
$T
ype
E
Bui
ldin
g ca
n be
div
ided
by w
ings
into
sep
arat
ear
eas
to s
erve
as
a
shar
ed-u
se fa
cilit
y
I I I Ia
S ;E
ntra
nce
Mul
tipur
pose
roo
m c
anfu
nctio
n as
inde
pend
ent
spac
e or
be
com
bine
dw
ith c
lass
room
win
gus
e
Ent
ranc
e
44C
reat
ing
New
Use
s
9GB
EST
CO
PYA
VA
ILA
BL
E
97
/77
s.t44.s.
I
a
s'S
7.,' 4,"
awareassoosu at,`
1.1 s,s1:7-7
." .1
forL:taor sti
1Tt 1774;,
;. ' t ."*. " ..zr",'.1. ', . .
1 ...,..staA' " ,
k'''"11"i471".:."" . ' . 1".
.( ..44( ..'; '44, 4 , .. ,..F.:..r.1.7.4., ' S;;s1; 4r...1..44, 134.". Is. f.:,,, . .'L .t 7
1 " .. ...
,. .. .01,,,............................" .
4.4
s."4."'Snript4t4S \p,
14.
inniatifikeM,Irasset
4 A
5.
rt 4f/VM1f'Net4,4012sst
fit
S..
1147
...... .
. : ....... 2E,. .....
''.4691017.77.4a.."4alar7ra,4, )carsagnamatvana,
Nlaracilkf2' .1640 eithrvioiflasitba, ---
ma?. '
2.11r
a
ww k
a
10
.1
. .
Bui
ldin
g C
odes
Bui
ldin
g co
des
are
regu
iatio
nsw
hich
gov
ern
the
cons
truc
tion
and
desi
gn o
f bui
ldin
gs fo
r th
epu
rpos
e of
pro
vidi
ng a
min
imum
leve
l of
safe
ty to
the
gene
ral p
ublic
from
pot
entia
l haz
ards
and
dang
ers
ofth
e bu
ilt e
nviro
nmen
t. C
odes
are
adm
inis
tere
d at
the
loca
l and
stat
ele
vel a
nd a
pply
to b
uild
ings
desi
gned
for
publ
icoc
cupa
ncy.
Bui
ldin
g co
des
have
bec
ome
mor
e re
stric
tive
than
cod
es fr
om e
arlie
rye
ars.
Res
earc
h in
to th
eca
uses
and
effe
cts
of b
uild
ing
haza
rds,
alon
g w
ith n
ewly
dev
elop
edco
nstr
uctio
n te
chni
ques
and
mat
eria
ls,
have
pro
duce
d ch
ange
s in
the
code
req
uire
men
ts,
upgr
adin
g th
eir
leve
l of s
afet
y. B
uild
ings
cons
truc
ted
as r
ecen
tlyas
one
or
two
year
sag
o do
not
com
ply
with
bui
ldin
gco
des
of to
day.
To
avoi
d ha
ving
tore
plac
e a
build
ing
ever
y tim
e co
des
are
revi
sed,
mos
tco
des
stat
e th
aton
ce a
bui
ldin
g is
ere
cted
and
appr
oved
for
the
code
und
erw
hich
itw
as b
uilt,
the
stru
ctur
e do
esno
t nee
d to
be
brou
ght i
nto
com
plia
nce
with
any
sub
seqU
ent c
hang
esin
the
code
s un
less
:1)
the
use
of th
ebu
ildin
g ch
ange
s (a
s fr
ombu
sine
ss to
res
iden
tial,
or fr
om w
areh
ouse
to c
omm
erci
al);
2)
the
build
ing
rece
ives
an
addi
tion
ofa
pres
crib
edar
ea;
3) m
ajor
ren
ovat
ion
isdo
ne to
the
build
ing;
or 4
) it
beco
mes
unsa
fe fo
r pu
blic
use.
The
abo
ve c
ondi
tions
of th
e bu
ildin
g co
dere
quire
men
ts a
re th
ose
with
whi
ch s
choo
l ada
ptiv
e us
epr
ojec
tsm
ust b
e co
ncer
ned.
Bas
ic C
ode
Req
uire
men
tsT
here
are
four
mod
elbu
ildin
g co
des
that
are
natio
nally
rec
ogni
zed:
the
Bas
ic B
uild
ing
Cod
e(B
OC
A),
the
Uni
form
Bui
ldin
g C
ode,
the
Nat
iona
l Bui
ldin
g C
ode,
and
the
Sou
ther
n B
uild
ing
Cod
e.E
ach
stat
e ei
ther
ado
pts
the
code
whi
chit
feel
s ad
dres
ses
the
gene
ral
issu
es in
the
man
ner
that
stat
e pr
efer
s, o
r it
may
writ
e its
own
code
.E
ach
stat
e m
ay m
odify
the
mod
el c
ode
tom
eet d
esire
d st
anda
rds.
Citi
es a
nd m
unic
ipal
ities
ofte
n es
tabl
ish
loca
l cod
esw
hich
dea
l with
part
icul
ar c
once
rns
of th
ein
divi
dual
city
or to
wn.
Loca
l cod
ere
quire
men
ts a
re u
sual
lym
ore
strin
gent
than
sta
te c
odes
and
func
-tio
n as
an
addi
tion
to th
e st
ate
code
req
uire
men
ts.
46C
reat
ing
New
Use
s
100
Mod
el C
ode
Sta
te R
equi
rem
ents
Sta
te C
ode
1,11
1111
!
Loca
l Req
uire
men
ts
1111
11L
Loca
l Cod
e
In g
ener
al te
rms,
mos
t bui
ldin
g co
des
conc
entr
ate
on th
e fo
llow
ing
basi
c su
bjec
ts:
Cat
egor
izat
ion
of b
uild
ings
acco
rdin
g to
occ
upan
cyC
lass
ifica
tion
of c
onst
ruct
ion
Lim
itatio
ns o
f are
a, h
eigh
t,an
d vo
lum
eR
equi
rem
ents
for
exits
Pro
visi
ons
for
hand
icap
ped
pers
ons
List
ing
of s
truc
tura
l liv
elo
ads
Req
uire
men
ts fo
r sa
nita
ryfa
cilit
ies
Req
uire
men
ts fo
r ve
ntila
tion
Bui
ldin
g C
odes
and
Ada
ptiv
eU
seE
ach
of th
e fo
ur m
odel
code
s ad
dres
ses
the
rela
tions
hip
of c
ode
requ
irem
ents
as
they
pert
ain
to e
xist
ing
build
ings
.W
hen
a bu
ildin
g
101
unde
rgoe
s a
chan
ge in
occ
upan
cy, o
r ac
quire
s a
new
use
, the
bui
ldin
gm
ust b
e br
ough
t int
o co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith th
e co
de r
equi
rem
ents
for
the
new
use
, as
if it
wer
e ne
w c
onst
ruct
ion.
It is
ther
efor
e im
port
ant t
okn
ow th
e ex
act c
lass
ifica
tion
of th
e ad
aptiv
e us
e as
def
ined
by
the
gove
rnin
g co
de to
det
erm
ine
the
exte
nt o
f the
alte
ratio
ns r
equi
red
to b
ring
the
build
ing
into
com
plia
nce.
For
exa
mpl
e, in
the
Bas
ic B
uild
ing
Cod
e,4
asse
mbl
y ty
pe u
ses
(the
ater
s, d
ance
hal
ls, a
rt g
alle
ries,
res
taur
ants
, etc
.) th
at h
ave
anoc
cupa
ncy
of fe
wer
than
fifty
per
sons
, are
cla
ssifi
ed a
s a
busi
ness
use
in w
hich
the
egre
ss r
equi
rem
ents
are
less
res
tric
tive
than
the
asse
mbl
y cl
assi
ficat
ion.
The
occ
upan
cy d
esig
n lo
ad fo
r as
sem
bly
uses
can
be
as m
uch
as fo
urte
en ti
mes
that
of a
bus
ines
s us
e cl
assi
fi-ca
tion.
Req
uire
men
ts fo
r eg
ress
cap
acity
wou
ld th
eref
ore
be m
uch
grea
ter
for
the
larg
er o
ccup
ancy
load
of t
he a
ssem
bly
use
clas
sifi-
catio
n.
The
re is
som
e re
lief a
vaila
ble
in k
now
ing
that
sch
ools
hav
e tr
aditi
on-
ally
bee
n in
one
of t
he m
ore
rest
rictiv
e cl
assi
ficat
ions
in te
rms
ofeg
ress
, con
stru
ctio
n, a
nd lo
ads.
For
the
past
30
to 4
0 ye
ars
(cla
s-si
ficat
ion
type
s E
and
F)
scho
ols
have
bee
n co
nstr
ucte
d of
non
-co
mbu
stib
le m
ater
ials
, and
ver
y re
cent
bui
ldin
gs h
ave
occa
sion
ally
prov
ided
acc
essi
bilit
y fo
r ha
ndic
appe
d pe
rson
s.
The
ope
n ar
ea th
at u
sual
ly s
urro
unds
a s
choo
l bui
ldin
g ca
n be
adva
ntag
eous
whe
n co
nsid
erin
g ne
w u
ses
that
hav
e re
stric
ted
area
limita
tions
in th
e co
de.
The
max
imum
allo
wab
le b
uild
ing
area
for
a pa
rtic
ular
use
cla
ssifi
catio
n is
lim
ited
by th
e ty
pe o
f con
stru
ctio
nof
the
stru
ctur
e.If
suffi
cien
t are
a is
pro
vide
d ar
ound
the
stru
ctur
efo
r fir
e fig
htin
g, th
e al
low
able
are
a fo
r th
e ne
w u
se m
ay b
e in
crea
sed.
For
exa
mpl
e, M
ichi
gan
Ave
nue
Sch
ool (
a ty
pe B
cla
ssifi
catio
n) in
Col
umbu
s, O
hio,
a 1
905
mas
onry
bea
ring
wal
l and
woo
d flo
or s
truc
-tu
re w
as p
urch
ased
for
reha
bilit
atio
n in
to a
n el
derly
hou
sing
com
-pl
ex. T
he s
choo
l has
a fl
oor
area
of 1
2,00
0sq
uare
feet
per
floo
r, b
utre
side
ntia
l use
in th
is c
onst
ruct
ion
clas
sific
atio
nw
as li
mite
d to
9,6
00sq
uare
feet
.S
ince
the
build
ing
had
exte
nsiv
e su
rrou
ndin
g gr
ound
s,ap
plyi
ng th
e al
low
able
incr
ease
fact
or o
f the
gov
erni
ng c
ode
(BO
CA
)m
ade
the
build
ing
acce
ptab
le fo
r re
side
ntia
l use
.
102
A b
uild
ing
that
is s
epar
ated
from
ad
acen
t str
uctu
res
by a
min
imum
dis
tanc
e (d
) is
elig
ible
for
an in
crea
se in
the
allo
wab
le fl
oor
area
est
ablis
hed
by th
e bu
ildin
g co
de (
BO
CA
cod
e).
Woo
den
floor
sys
tem
s ar
e a
maj
or c
ode
prob
lem
whe
n re
usin
g ol
der
stru
ctur
es, a
fact
whi
ch s
houl
d be
rec
ogni
zed
early
in th
e de
sign
proc
ess.
If a
woo
den
floor
bui
ldin
g ca
nnot
be
deem
ed a
ccep
tabl
edu
e to
cod
e re
quire
men
ts, t
he fl
oor
syst
em m
ust b
e ei
ther
pro
tect
edor
rep
lace
d.In
man
y si
tuat
ions
, the
se h
ardw
ood
floor
s ad
d to
the
char
acte
r of
the
inte
rior
spac
es. A
dequ
ate
prot
ectio
n ca
n so
met
imes
be o
btai
ned
by p
rovi
ding
a fi
re r
esis
tant
cei
ling
to th
e flo
or b
elow
.S
prin
kler
sys
tem
s, th
ough
exp
ensi
ve, o
ften
prov
ide
adeq
uate
fire
prot
ectio
n an
d al
so in
crea
se th
e al
low
able
floo
r ar
ea.
If re
mov
ing
the
woo
den
stru
ctur
e is
req
uire
d, th
e fin
ishe
d flo
orin
g ca
n be
sav
ed a
ndre
plac
ed o
ver
the
new
str
uctu
ral f
loor
.T
his
met
hod
wou
ld b
e an
expe
nsiv
e al
tern
ativ
e, b
ut w
ill r
etai
n th
e ch
arac
ter
of th
e or
igin
alsp
ace.
Pla
cing
a to
ppin
g co
at o
f lig
htw
eigh
t con
cret
e di
rect
ly o
ver
the
orig
inal
floo
r m
ay b
e fe
asib
le, h
owev
er a
n an
alys
is o
f the
str
uc-
tura
l mem
bers
mus
t firs
t be
com
plet
ed to
ass
ure
suffi
cien
t str
uctu
ral
capa
city
.P
rote
ctio
n of
the
stru
ctur
e fr
om b
elow
may
als
o be
requ
ired
to in
sure
tota
l saf
ety.
103
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
47
Plu
mbi
ng a
nd s
anita
rysy
stem
s pr
esen
tly in
sch
ool
build
ings
ofte
nm
eet c
ode
requ
irem
ents
whe
nre
usin
g th
e sc
hool
for
anot
her
publ
icpu
rpos
e.C
linic
s, s
enio
rce
nter
s, o
r co
mm
unity
cent
ers
will
ofte
nre
quire
no
alte
ratio
n in
the
num
ber
or lo
catio
nof
res
troo
ms.
If th
esc
hool
was
an
elem
enta
rysc
hool
, the
fixt
ures
may
nee
d to
be
rais
edor
rep
lace
d fo
r ad
ult
use.
How
ever
, the
plu
mbi
ngsy
stem
will
not
need
to b
e ch
ange
d.A
dapt
ive
use
that
req
uire
sex
tens
ive
plum
bing
wor
k, a
s in
res
iden
tial
usag
e, w
ill b
e a
cons
ider
ably
mor
e ex
pens
ive
conv
ersi
on.
The
rel
ativ
ely
larg
eam
ount
of w
indo
w a
nd g
lass
area
of m
ost s
choo
lspr
ovid
esne
cess
ary
natu
ral
light
and
vent
ilatio
nre
quire
men
ts.
Old
er s
choo
l bui
ldin
gsut
ilize
d la
rge
oper
able
win
dow
s w
hile
the
late
r m
odel
sch
ools
hav
ein
corp
orat
ed fi
xed
glaz
ing
and
mec
hani
cal
vent
ilatio
n sy
stem
s. T
he d
esig
nof
spe
cial
ized
cla
ssro
oms
in th
e la
ter
scho
ols,
suc
h as
hom
eec
onom
ics,
che
mis
try,
or in
dust
rial a
rts
clas
s-ro
oms,
may
hav
e re
quire
dad
ditio
nal v
entil
atio
neq
uipm
ent t
hat
wou
ld b
e va
luab
le to
the
new
use
.F
or e
xam
ple,
sen
ior c
ente
rs th
atw
ish
to p
rovi
de fa
cilit
ies
for
arts
and
cra
ftsut
ilizi
ng p
rodu
cts
with
extr
eme
vapo
rs a
nd o
dors
, can
util
ize
the
alre
ady
exis
ting
vent
ilatio
nsy
stem
s in
the
spec
ializ
ed c
lass
room
s.
Usu
ally
, the
mos
tde
man
ding
cha
nge
the
code
s re
quire
is in
mea
nsof
egr
ess.
In m
ulti-
leve
l bui
ldin
gs,
an a
dequ
ate
num
ber
of e
xits
dete
rmin
ed b
y th
e nu
mbe
rof
occ
upan
ts, i
sne
cess
ary.
If a
suffi
cien
tnu
mbe
r of
sta
irway
sal
read
y ex
ist,
it m
ay o
nly
bene
cess
ary
toen
clos
e th
em in
prop
er fi
re-r
ated
enc
losu
res.
Fire
sta
irs a
re r
equi
red
to b
e of
non
-com
bust
ible
cons
truc
tion
whi
chm
ay n
eces
sita
te th
ere
mov
al o
f exi
stin
g w
ood
stai
rs a
nd r
epla
cing
them
with
ste
elor
conc
rete
.If
addi
tiona
l sta
irsm
ust b
e ad
ded,
thei
r lo
catio
nsar
ecr
itica
l, as
ther
e is
a m
axim
um c
ode-
impo
sed
dist
ance
est
ablis
hed
for
trav
el to
the
fire
stai
rs fr
om e
very
part
of t
he b
uild
ing.
Thi
sdi
stan
ce c
an b
e in
crea
sed,
ther
eby
decr
easi
ng th
epo
ssib
le n
eed
for
addi
tiona
l sta
irway
s, b
yin
stal
ling
a sp
rinkl
ersy
stem
in th
e bu
ild-
ing.
Spr
inkl
er s
yste
ms
have
been
pro
ven
to b
eex
trem
ely
effe
ctiv
ein
incr
easi
ng th
esa
fety
of a
bui
ldin
g.B
uild
ing
code
offi
cial
s(a
ndin
sura
nce
com
pani
es),
look
favo
rabl
yup
on b
uild
ings
that
con
tain
sprin
kler
sys
tem
s, a
ndm
ay g
ive
extr
a co
nsid
erat
ion
for
the
incr
ease
d
48C
reat
ing
New
Use
s
104
safe
ty p
rodu
ced
bya
sprin
kler
sys
tem
whe
nex
amin
ing
othe
rco
n-di
tions
of t
he b
uild
ing
whi
ch a
re a
lmos
t, bu
tno
t qui
te, i
n fu
llco
m-
plia
nce
with
the
code
.In
sura
nce
com
pani
es p
refe
r spr
inkl
er s
yste
ms
beca
use
they
als
o ai
d in
min
imiz
ing
prop
erty
loss
from
fire
. The
sesy
stem
s ar
e ra
ther
exp
ensi
veto
hav
e in
stal
led,
how
ever
the
retu
rn o
nsu
ch a
n in
vest
men
tca
n po
tent
ially
be
very
hig
h.
Bui
ldin
g C
ode
Offi
cial
sT
he fi
nal d
ecis
ion
as to
whe
ther
a n
ewus
e is
in c
ompl
ianc
e w
ithco
des
rest
s w
ith th
ebu
ildin
g co
de o
ffici
als.
It is
ext
rem
ely
bene
ficia
lto
invo
lve
the
code
offi
cial
with
the
conv
ersi
onea
rly in
the
proj
ect.
It w
ould
als
o be
advi
sabl
e to
rec
eive
a pr
elim
inar
y de
term
inat
ion
asto
the
nece
ssar
y ch
ange
sre
quire
d pr
ior
to th
epu
rcha
se o
r si
gnin
g of
a le
ase
on th
e bu
ildin
g. A
poor
mat
ch o
f use
and
build
ing
coul
dre
sult
in a
ver
yex
pens
ive
or p
ossi
ble
"no-
go"
proj
ect.
By
wor
king
with
the
code
aut
horit
ies
early
in th
epr
oces
s, th
ey m
ay b
em
ore
agre
eabl
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
with
the
reus
e pr
ojec
tan
d an
y co
dere
late
d pr
oble
ms
that
may
aris
e. S
ome
ques
tions
may
com
e do
wn
to c
ode
inte
rpre
tatio
nm
ake
sure
the
proj
ect h
as th
e co
de o
ffici
als'
supp
ort.
Pro
ject
Sta
rt
Bui
ldin
g C
ode
Offi
cial
Ow
ner
Rea
l Est
ate
Ana
lyst
Arc
hite
ct
Pro
ject
MU
MS
=D
evel
opm
ent
Dev
elop
erE
ngin
eer
Pro
ject
Fin
ish
His
toric
Bui
ldin
gs a
ndB
uild
ing
Cod
esM
any
scho
ol b
uild
ings
ofte
n ex
hibi
t suf
ficie
ntch
arac
teris
tics
for
bein
g de
emed
an h
isto
ric s
truc
ture
or c
omm
unity
land
mar
k. S
peci
al
105
prov
isio
ns h
ave
been
mad
e in
all
four
of t
he m
odel
bui
ldin
g co
des
in r
egar
d to
his
toric
bui
ldin
gs. T
he p
ropo
sed
rest
orat
ion,
ren
ovat
ion,
or r
ehab
ilita
tion
wor
k is
sub
ject
to a
ppro
val b
y th
e co
de a
dmin
istr
a-tio
n. C
ode
offic
ials
pas
s a
judg
emen
t on
whe
ther
the
prop
osed
pla
nsar
e w
ithin
the
inte
rest
s an
d sa
fety
of t
he g
ener
al p
ublic
and
occ
u-pa
nts
of th
e bu
ildin
g. T
he s
ame
basi
c co
de r
equi
rem
ents
pre
viou
sly
liste
d m
ust b
e ad
dres
sed,
and
whe
n de
alin
g w
ith h
isto
ric s
truc
ture
s,th
e de
sign
er m
ust e
stab
lish
prio
ritie
s fo
r bo
th th
e co
de r
equi
rem
ents
and
the
hist
oric
ally
sig
nific
ant e
lem
ents
whe
n co
nsid
erin
g th
e sa
fety
of th
e oc
cupa
nts
and
the
hist
oric
pro
pert
y.M
any
code
offi
cial
s,ho
wev
er, a
re r
eluc
tant
to a
ppro
ve a
ny p
roje
ct w
hich
doe
s no
t com
-pl
y, fu
lly, w
ith a
ll he
alth
and
saf
ety
regu
latio
ns.
Bui
ldin
g co
des
are
an im
port
ant c
onsi
dera
tion
in a
ny b
uild
ing
proj
ect a
s th
ey a
re d
esig
ned
to p
rovi
de s
afet
y to
the
occu
pant
sof
the
build
ing.
With
car
eful
insp
ectio
n an
d co
nsid
erat
ion
of th
eco
de r
equi
rem
ents
, a s
choo
l reu
se p
roje
ct w
ill r
esul
t in
a sa
fe e
nviro
n-m
ent f
or a
ll th
at u
se it
.
Des
ign
Con
side
ratio
nsT
he fo
llow
ing
guid
elin
es a
re d
esig
ned
to h
elp
indi
vidu
alow
ners
beg
into
form
ulat
e pl
ans
for
the
reha
bilit
atio
n, p
rese
rvat
ion
and
adap
tion
of s
urpl
us s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs to
an
effic
ient
, con
tem
pora
ryus
e w
hile
pres
ervi
ng th
ose
feat
ures
of t
he b
uild
ing
whi
ch a
re im
port
ant a
ndsi
gnifi
cant
to it
s hi
stor
ic, a
rchi
tect
ural
and
cul
tura
l val
ue.
Spe
cific
info
rmat
ion
on r
ehab
ilita
tion
and
pres
erva
tion
tech
nolo
gym
ay b
efo
und
in th
e S
EC
RE
TA
RY
OF
TH
E IN
TE
RIO
R'S
ST
AN
DA
RD
SF
OR
RE
HA
BIL
ITA
TIO
N o
r by
writ
ing
to th
e T
echn
ical
Pre
serv
a-tio
n S
ervi
ces
Div
isio
n, N
atio
nal P
arks
Ser
vice
, U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
fth
e In
terio
r, W
ashi
ngto
n D
.C. 2
0240
, or
the
appr
opria
te S
tate
His
-to
ric P
rese
rvat
ion
Offi
cer.
Add
ition
ally
, the
bib
liogr
aphy
at t
he e
ndof
this
doc
umen
t con
tain
s m
any
othe
rso
urce
s of
info
rmat
ion.
Ad-
vice
sho
uld
also
be
soug
ht fr
om q
ualif
ied
arch
itect
s an
d ot
her
prof
es-
sion
als
skill
ed in
the
pres
erva
tion
and
reha
bilit
atio
n of
bui
ldin
gs.
106
Fou
nd S
pace
The
arc
hite
ct s
houl
ders
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y of
ass
istin
gth
e cl
ient
inm
axim
izin
g th
e po
tent
ial r
enta
ble
area
of a
ny e
xist
ing
build
ing.
The
ratio
of n
et to
gro
ss s
quar
e fo
otag
e is
a k
ey d
eter
min
ant
of th
ere
venu
e ca
pabi
lity
of a
bui
ldin
g, a
nd c
an b
e fa
vora
bly
affe
cted
by
the
reca
ptur
e of
und
erut
ilize
d sp
aces
.T
his
invo
lves
iden
tifyi
ngex
istin
g ar
eas
of s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs s
uch
as a
ttics
, bas
emen
ts,
or to
wer
s,w
hich
, with
imag
inat
ion,
cou
ld b
ecom
e de
sira
ble
spac
es.
Als
o,en
clos
ing
spac
es w
hich
may
alre
ady
have
thre
e si
des
can
inex
pen-
sive
ly in
crea
se r
enta
ble
area
.In
sch
ool b
uild
ings
whi
ch h
ave
suffi
-ci
ently
hig
h ce
iling
s, n
ew in
term
edia
te fl
oors
may
som
etim
es b
ead
ded.
Mec
hani
cal e
quip
men
t may
be
stac
ked
eith
er a
bove
a lo
wer
edce
iling
or
belo
w a
rai
sed
floor
, thu
s re
duci
ng th
e am
ount
of r
enta
ble
area
lost
to e
quip
men
t.
Man
y of
the
scho
ol r
euse
pro
ject
s w
hich
are
use
d as
exa
mpl
es h
ave
elem
ents
of "
foun
d sp
ace"
as
an in
tegr
al p
art o
f the
ir su
cces
s.In
Ger
man
Vill
age
Cen
ter
(see
cas
e st
udie
s) fo
r ex
ampl
e, th
e us
able
area
was
incr
ease
d to
20,
000
squa
re fe
et (
twic
e th
at o
f the
form
ersc
hool
) by
usi
ng th
e at
tic s
pace
and
by
open
ing
the
low
er le
vel
dire
ctly
to th
e ou
tsid
e by
cre
atin
g tw
o su
nken
cou
rtya
rds.
To
mee
t bui
ldin
g co
des,
the
base
men
t was
exc
avat
ed s
ix in
ches
tocr
eate
suf
ficie
nt c
eilin
g he
ight
.
Sch
ools
ofte
n ha
ve m
ore
entr
ies
and
stai
rway
s th
an a
re r
equi
red
byth
e ne
w u
se.
In th
e re
side
ntia
l con
vers
ion
of th
e S
teph
en P
alm
erS
choo
l in
Nee
dham
, Mas
sach
uset
ts, a
tria
ngul
ar a
part
men
t was
crea
ted
in o
ne o
f the
form
er fr
ont e
ntra
nces
, and
eac
h of
the
tena
nts
has
a pr
ivat
e fr
ont d
oor
and
gard
en a
rea.
In C
entr
al G
ram
mar
Sch
ool i
n G
lous
ter,
Mas
sach
uset
ts (
see
case
stud
ies)
, unu
sed
attic
spa
ce w
as o
pene
d, p
art o
f whi
ch w
as u
sed
for
the
uppe
r le
vels
of t
wo-
stor
y un
its w
hich
hav
e th
eir
mai
n en
tran
ces
on th
e flo
or b
elow
. The
bal
ance
of t
he a
dded
spa
ce is
take
n up
by
flats
that
ope
n to
larg
e pr
ivat
e ba
lcon
ies
mad
e by
cut
ting
the
roof
back
alo
ng b
oth
side
s of
the
build
ing.
One
ent
ranc
e to
the
scho
olw
as g
laze
d-in
and
mad
e in
to a
livi
ng a
rea
in a
n ap
artm
ent,
and
the
Th4
ApV
ve U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
49
Dev
elop
men
t of a
sun
ken
plaz
aat
Ger
man
Vill
age
Cen
ter
(St.
Mar
y's
Sch
ool)
allo
wed
the
base
men
t lev
el to
be
deve
lope
das
ren
tabl
e sp
ace.
base
men
t ent
ryw
ayw
as c
onve
rted
into
a m
ain
entr
ance
and
lobb
y.T
he c
oal r
oom
was
reb
uilt
as a
laun
dry
and
rest
room
s, a
nd a
form
erst
age
beca
me
a te
nant
loun
gean
d a
smal
l kitc
hen.
5
In th
e C
ente
r S
tage
Pro
ject
, a th
eate
rre
use
of th
e Lo
yola
Hig
hS
choo
l in
Bal
timor
e (s
eeca
se s
tudi
es),
a fo
rmer
sta
irve
stib
ule
has
beco
me
a so
und
scre
en b
etw
een
the
thea
ter
and
the
lobb
y.Ir
regu
-la
rly s
hape
dsp
aces
hav
e be
com
e st
airw
ays;
a co
rner
hol
ds a
loun
ge;
a ni
che
on th
e ro
of c
onta
ins
air-
cond
ition
ing
equi
pmen
t;an
d th
ear
ea b
ehin
d th
e pe
dim
ent w
illbe
com
e a
rehe
arsa
l hal
l.
50C
reat
ing
New
Use
s
rtrz
$TL
EV
EL
1-1-
40rT
Ste
phen
Pal
mer
Sch
ool
Cen
tral
Gra
mm
ar S
choo
l bal
coni
es
LL
In ty
pe C
& D
sch
ool
build
ings
, lar
ge li
ght w
ells
wer
e of
ten
desi
gned
to b
ring
mor
e ou
tsid
e lig
htin
to th
e cl
assr
oom
s.T
hese
can
be
deve
l-op
ed in
to g
arde
ns,
or r
oofe
d ov
er to
bec
ome
atriu
ms
or n
odes
of
vert
ical
circ
ulat
ion
cont
aini
ng s
tairs
or
expo
sed
elev
ator
s. In
type
Ebu
ildin
gs, i
nter
med
iate
floor
s ca
n of
ten
bead
ded
in g
ymna
sium
s,lib
rarie
s an
d ca
fete
rias
to in
crea
se fl
oor
area
.
Thu
s, a
lmos
tev
ery
corn
er o
f a s
choo
l bui
ldin
gca
n be
con
vert
ed in
tous
able
spa
ce.
And
man
y of
thes
esp
aces
will
bec
ome
mar
keta
ble
asse
ts w
hich
giv
e a
scho
olbu
ildin
g th
e ad
vant
age
over
oth
er c
ompe
t-in
g st
ruct
ures
.
Add
ition
sT
he p
rosp
ectiv
eow
ner
of a
sur
plus
sch
ool
may
ver
y w
ell b
e ab
le to
find
a bu
ildin
g w
hich
clos
ely
appr
oxim
ates
his
need
s. H
owev
er,
case
sm
ay a
rise
whe
re a
n ad
ditio
nto
an
exis
ting
build
ing
mus
t be
con-
side
red
as a
n in
tegr
alpa
rt o
f the
reu
se. T
he o
wne
r'spr
ogra
m r
equi
re-
men
ts m
ay b
e gr
eate
r th
anth
e av
aila
ble
squa
re fo
otag
e, o
r an
in-
crea
sed
rent
able
area
may
be
nece
ssar
yto
rea
lize
the
desi
red
leve
l of
inco
me.
In s
uch
inst
ance
s,fir
st c
onsi
dera
tion
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
to
109
A
-I.
Suc
cess
ive
addi
tions
to M
ilo S
choo
l rep
rese
nt th
e st
yle
popu
lar
at th
e tim
e of
con
stru
ctio
nra
ther
than
a r
espe
ct fo
r th
e or
igin
al b
uild
ing.
poss
ibili
ties
for
utili
zing
inex
pens
ive
"fou
ndsp
ace"
as
men
tione
dpr
evio
usly
.If
still
mor
e sp
ace
is r
equi
red,
an a
dditi
on to
the
exis
ting
build
ing
is c
erta
inly
a p
laus
ible
sol
utio
n. S
uch
an a
dditi
on m
ust b
eco
mpa
tible
with
the
exis
ting
stru
ctur
eas
wel
l as
with
the
char
acte
rof
the
surr
ound
ing
neig
hbor
hood
inte
rms
of m
ater
ials
, sty
le, p
ropo
r-tio
n an
d sc
ale.
Add
ition
s to
type
E a
nd F
sch
ools
will
be m
uch
easi
er to
acc
ompl
ish
in th
ese
term
s th
anad
ditio
ns to
type
B, C
and
D b
uild
ings
.D
esig
ning
sym
path
etic
add
ition
s to
old
erst
ruct
ures
isno
t eas
y, a
nd a
n ow
ner
cont
empl
atin
g su
chan
und
erta
king
sho
uld
enga
ge th
e se
rvic
es o
f an
arch
itect
with
pre
viou
ssu
cces
ses
in th
isar
ea.
Ano
ther
pro
blem
whi
chis
ofte
n en
coun
tere
d is
that
of a
lread
yex
istin
g sc
hool
add
ition
s.T
hese
may
eith
er b
e as
sets
or li
abili
ties
depe
ndin
g up
on th
e in
divi
dual
circ
umst
ance
.A
cces
s to
add
ition
sm
ay b
e co
ntro
lled
sepa
rate
ly fr
om th
at o
f the
mai
nbu
ildin
g, w
hich
will
be
an a
sset
in s
ituat
ions
whe
rem
ultip
le te
nanc
y is
des
ired.
Inm
any
case
s, h
owev
er, e
spec
ially
with
old
ersc
hool
s, th
ese
addi
tions
are
aest
hetic
ally
inco
mpa
tible
with
the
exis
ting
stru
ctur
ea
poor
lyde
sign
ed ty
pe E
add
ition
toa
type
C s
choo
l, fo
r in
stan
ce.
In th
ese
situ
atio
ns, i
f the
add
ition
cann
ot b
e su
cces
sful
ly a
ltere
d to
fit t
he"im
age"
of t
he p
ropo
sed
new
use
, and
the
spac
e is
not
an
inte
gral
110
prog
ram
req
uire
men
t, de
mol
ition
of t
he a
dditi
onm
ay b
e th
e be
stal
tern
ativ
e.
Acc
essi
bilit
yU
nder
Sec
tion
504
of th
e R
ehab
ilita
tion
Act
of 1
973,
all
prog
ram
sw
hich
rec
eive
or
bene
fit fr
om F
eder
alas
sist
ance
mus
t mak
e ce
rtai
nth
at th
ey d
o no
t dis
crim
inat
e ag
ains
tpe
rson
s w
ith p
hysi
cal d
isab
ili-
ties.
Add
ition
ally
, sta
te a
nd lo
cal b
uild
ing
code
s,an
d lo
cal a
cces
si-
bilit
y an
d an
ti-di
scrim
inat
ion
ordi
nanc
esw
ill c
onta
in s
peci
al p
ro-
visi
ons
for
the
hand
icap
ped.
Mos
t sch
ool b
uild
ings
can
be
mod
ified
for
full
acce
ssib
ility
. The
age
and
site
of t
he b
uild
ing,
the
new
use
of t
he b
uild
ing,
and
the
num
ber
of o
ccup
ants
are
all
fact
ors
whi
chm
ust b
e ta
ken
into
con
side
ratio
n.6
A c
ompr
ehen
sive
on-
site
surv
ey o
f the
exi
stin
g fa
cilit
ies
will
unc
over
thos
e as
pect
s of
the
build
ing
whi
chm
ust b
e up
-gra
ded.
"A b
uild
ing
cann
ot b
e co
nsid
ered
bar
rier
free
if p
eopl
e ca
nnot
par
k,ne
gotia
te th
e si
te, a
nd u
se th
e en
tran
ce in
toth
e pu
blic
spa
ces
of th
ebu
ildin
g."7
Spe
cial
par
king
spa
ces
shou
ld b
e de
sign
ated
,an
d w
alks
and
entr
ance
s m
ust b
e m
ade
acce
ssib
le.
Som
e sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs,
part
icul
arly
new
er o
nes,
hav
e al
read
y be
enal
tere
d in
sev
eral
of t
hese
resp
ects
.
Reg
radi
ng a
t the
ent
ranc
em
ay b
e th
e ea
sies
t and
leas
t exp
ensi
veso
lutio
n to
acc
essi
bilit
y pr
oble
ms,
if th
ele
vel c
hang
es a
re n
ot g
reat
.O
ther
wis
e, r
amps
to e
ither
the
first
or g
roun
d flo
or w
ill m
ost l
ikel
ybe
req
uire
d. R
amps
can
eith
er b
e us
edex
clus
ivel
y or
in c
onju
nctio
nw
ith s
tairs
.In
som
e in
stan
ces,
the
floor
hei
ght
at g
roun
d le
vel m
aybe
clo
se e
noug
h to
gra
de to
gai
n di
rect
acce
ss to
that
leve
l, as
was
acco
mpl
ishe
d in
the
reus
e of
Old
Cen
tral
Hig
h S
choo
l in
Tul
sa,
Okl
ahom
a (s
ee c
ase
stud
ies)
.
All
floor
leve
ls o
f the
exi
stin
g sc
hool
build
ing
shou
ld b
e m
ade
acce
s-si
ble.
Thi
s w
ill r
equi
re th
e in
stal
latio
n of
prop
erly
des
igne
d st
airw
ays,
hand
rails
, and
an
elev
ator
ifno
ne p
rese
ntly
exi
sts.
Ele
vato
rs c
anof
ten
be in
tegr
ated
into
exi
stin
g st
airw
ell
loca
tions
, sin
ce m
any
of
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIU
1/4B
LEIld
iptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
51
New
Ram
p
New
Han
drai
l
Exi
stin
g E
ntra
nce
Doo
r
Exi
stin
g B
uild
ing
Flo
or
Exi
stin
gG
rade
Exi
stin
g S
tair
Elim
inat
ion
of S
tair
at B
uild
ing
Ent
ranc
eby
Ext
erio
r R
amp
New
Han
drai
l
New
Ent
ranc
e D
oor
Not
e: d
rain
age
mus
t be
prov
ided
Exi
stin
g B
uild
ing
Flo
or-R
etai
ning
Wal
l
New
Ram
p
New
Ent
ranc
e to
Bas
emen
t by
Ext
erio
rR
amp
9
thes
e m
onum
enta
l sta
irsar
e m
uch
larg
er th
an w
ill b
e re
quire
d fo
rm
ost n
ew u
ses.
Ele
vato
rs c
an a
lso
be a
dded
to th
eex
terio
r of
the
build
ing,
if n
eces
sary
, pos
sibl
y in
con
junc
tion
with
a ne
w e
ntra
nce.
52C
reat
ing
New
Use
s
112
1
cr 0 U.
U C.)
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Sen
sitiv
e de
sign
allo
ws
elev
ator
s to
be
adde
dto
the
exte
rior
of e
xist
ing
build
ings
,ne
cess
ary,
to p
rovi
de fo
r ac
cess
ibili
ty o
f han
dica
pped
pers
ons
(Stil
lman
Hal
l. T
he O
i..o
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
).
113
Toi
let r
oom
s al
so m
ust b
e m
odifi
edto
pro
vide
ade
quat
e ro
om fo
rm
anuv
erab
ility
, sta
lls a
nd fi
xtur
es o
f the
prop
er s
ize
and
heig
ht fo
rth
e ha
ndic
appe
d.A
bar
rier-
free
acce
ssib
ility
man
ual s
uch
asA
CC
ES
S F
OR
ALL
,8 b
y th
e O
hio
Gov
erno
r'sC
omm
ittee
on
the
Em
ploy
men
t of t
he H
andi
capp
ed a
nd S
choo
ley
Cor
neliu
s A
ssoc
iate
s,ca
n pr
ovid
e pr
oper
dim
ensi
ons,
as
wel
l as
furt
her
info
rmat
ion
onot
her
inte
rior
elem
ents
suc
h as
doo
rs, t
hres
hold
s,dr
inki
ng fo
unta
ins,
sign
age,
floo
r su
rfac
es, e
tc. T
he b
uild
ing
code
app
licab
leto
the
pro-
ject
are
a w
ill a
lso
prov
ide
impo
rtan
t inf
orm
atio
nan
d re
quire
men
ts.
Obv
ious
ly, a
cces
sibi
lity
mod
ifica
tions
will
be
muc
hea
sier
in s
choo
lsun
derg
oing
com
plet
e in
terio
r re
mod
elin
g.E
ach
build
ing,
how
-ev
er, w
ill p
rese
nt u
niqu
e pr
oble
ms
whi
ch w
ill r
equi
re c
reat
ive
desi
gnso
lutio
ns. M
inor
cha
nges
or
addi
tions
whi
char
e in
expe
nsiv
e m
ay b
eal
l tha
t will
be
need
ed to
mak
e a
scho
ol b
uild
ing
usab
le b
y di
sabl
edpe
rson
s. O
n th
e ot
her
hand
, maj
or m
odifi
catio
nsm
ay b
e ex
trem
ely
diffi
cult
and
cost
ly. M
odifi
catio
n pr
iorit
ies
will
vary
from
one
bui
ld-
ing
to a
noth
er a
nd s
houl
d be
con
side
red
on a
n in
divi
dual
bas
is, r
e-fle
ctin
g th
e bu
ildin
g's
new
use
, typ
e of
con
stru
ctio
n,an
d ec
onom
ics.
Ene
rgy
Effi
cien
cy
Incr
ease
d de
sire
for
ener
gy e
ffici
ency
has
pla
ced
new
dem
ands
upo
nex
istin
g bu
ildin
gs.
Reu
se a
rchi
tect
s ar
e al
so r
equi
ring
incr
ease
dth
erm
al e
ffici
ency
from
old
bui
ldin
gs. M
any
mea
ns fo
r ac
com
plis
h-in
g in
crea
sed
ther
mal
effi
cien
cyar
e av
aila
ble,
thou
gh s
ome
can
resu
ltin
the
inap
prop
riate
alte
ratio
n of
impo
rtan
t arc
hite
ctur
al fe
atur
es o
rca
use
dam
age
to e
xist
ing
build
ing
mat
eria
ls. B
oth
pass
ive
and
activ
em
etho
ds o
f ene
rgy
cons
erva
tion
can
be u
tiliz
ed in
ret
rofit
ting.
The
follo
win
g lis
t inc
lude
s th
em
ost c
omm
on r
etro
fittin
g m
easu
res:
1. S
eal A
gain
st A
ir In
filtr
atio
n2.
Atti
c In
sula
tion
3. S
torm
Win
dow
s4.
Bas
emen
t Ins
ulat
ion
5. V
estib
ules
114
6. W
all I
nsul
atio
n
The
rec
omm
ende
dm
easu
res
for
retr
ofitt
ing
begi
n w
ith th
ose
at th
eto
p of
the
list.
The
firs
t one
s ar
e th
e si
mpl
est,
leas
tex
pens
ive,
and
offe
r th
e hi
ghes
t pot
entia
l for
sav
ing
ener
gy. T
hose
tow
ard
the
end
of th
e lis
t req
uire
a m
uch
clos
erev
alua
tion
of p
oten
tial p
robl
ems
and
cost
effe
ctiv
enes
s, s
ince
con
stru
ctio
nco
sts
may
out
wei
gh th
e an
tici-
pate
d en
ergy
sav
ings
.10
Rel
ativ
e co
ntrib
utio
ns o
f the
list
eden
ergy
ret
rofit
mea
sure
s
Ene
rgy
AIR
INF
ILT
RA
TIO
N
Sav
ings
Sub
stan
tial h
eat l
oss
occu
rs in
bui
ldin
gs d
ueto
air
infil
trat
ion
thro
ugh
loos
e w
indo
ws,
doo
rs, a
nd c
rack
s in
the
outs
ide
shel
l of t
he b
uild
ing.
Add
ing
wea
ther
strip
ping
to d
oors
and
win
dow
s, a
nd c
aulk
ing
open
crac
ks a
nd jo
ints
will
sub
stan
tially
red
uce
infil
trat
ion.
Mat
eria
lsw
hich
vis
ually
impa
ir th
e ar
chite
ctur
alch
arac
ter
of th
e bu
ildin
gsh
ould
be
avoi
ded.
Red
ucin
g in
filtr
atio
n sh
ould
be
a fir
st p
riorit
y
The
Ada
ptit
t4e3
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
53
.
in in
crea
sing
ther
mal
effi
cien
cy.
The
cos
t is
low
, litt
le s
kill
is r
e-qu
ired,
and
the
bene
fits
are
subs
tant
ial.
Ves
tibul
es c
reat
e a
seco
ndar
y ai
r sp
ace
at a
doo
rway
to r
educ
e ai
rin
filtr
atio
n ca
used
whe
n th
e pr
imar
y do
or is
ope
ned.
The
se w
ill b
em
ore
easi
lyin
stal
led
inbu
ildin
gs u
nder
goin
g co
mpl
ete
inte
rior
alte
ratio
n, h
owev
er th
ey w
illst
illre
quire
a c
aref
ul c
onsi
dera
tion
of th
eir
visu
al im
pact
on
the
inte
rior
char
acte
r of
the
build
ing.
Ves
tibul
es m
ay b
e va
luab
le in
ver
y co
ld c
limat
es w
here
traf
ficpa
ttern
s ca
use
door
use
to b
e ve
ry h
igh,
oth
erw
ise,
ene
rgy
savi
ngs
will
be
com
para
tivel
y sm
all c
ompa
red
to c
onst
ruct
ion
cost
s.
AT
TIC
INS
ULA
TIO
N
Hea
t ris
ing
thro
ugh
the
attic
and
roo
f is
anot
her
maj
or s
ourc
e of
heat
loss
in e
xist
ing
build
ings
. Add
ing
insu
latio
n in
acc
essi
ble
attic
spac
esis
ano
ther
hig
h pr
iorit
y ite
m w
hich
can
be
acco
mpl
ishe
dw
ith li
ttle
skill
and
at r
easo
nabl
e co
st. C
omm
on in
sula
tions
incl
ude
fiber
glas
s an
d m
iner
al w
ool b
lank
ets,
blo
wn-
in c
ellu
lose
(tr
eate
dw
ith b
oric
aci
d on
ly),
and
blo
wn
fiber
glas
s.If
the
attic
is u
nhea
ted,
the
insu
latio
n sh
ould
be
plac
ed b
etw
een
the
floor
jois
ts; i
f the
atti
cis
hea
ted,
the
insu
latio
n sh
ould
be
plac
ed b
etw
een
the
roof
raf
ters
.Lo
cal g
uide
lines
sho
uld
be c
onsu
lted
for
the
amou
nt o
f ins
ulat
ion
whi
ch s
houl
d be
use
d, a
nd a
pro
per
vapo
r ba
rrie
r an
d ad
equa
teat
tic v
entil
atio
n m
ust b
e pr
ovid
ed to
pre
vent
moi
stur
e pr
oble
ms.
ST
OR
M W
IND
OW
S
Win
dow
s ar
e a
prim
ary
sour
ce o
f hea
t los
s an
d in
filtr
atio
n in
sch
ool
build
ings
, and
add
ing
stor
m w
indo
ws
grea
tly im
prov
es th
eir
ther
mal
char
acte
ristic
s.S
torm
win
dow
s sh
ould
be
inst
alle
d on
the
exte
rior
side
of t
he w
indo
w a
nd th
e fr
ames
pai
nted
to m
atch
the
exis
ting
win
dow
. Hop
eful
ly, s
torm
win
dow
s of
the
prop
er s
ize
will
be
avai
l-ab
le.
If st
orm
win
dow
s m
ust b
e cu
stom
mad
e, th
eir
cost
effe
ctiv
e-ne
ss m
ust b
e ca
refu
lly c
onsi
dere
d.In
terio
r st
orm
win
dow
s ca
n be
as th
erm
ally
effe
ctiv
e as
ext
erio
r st
orm
win
dow
s, h
owev
er th
ey a
reno
t rec
omm
ende
d du
e to
a h
igh
pote
ntia
l for
dam
age
to b
oth
win
-
54C
reat
ing
New
Use
s 116
dow
and
sill
from
con
dens
atio
n. W
ith s
torm
win
dow
s on
the
inte
rior,
the
oute
r sa
sh (
the
orig
inal
win
dow
) w
ill b
e co
ld in
the
win
ter,
hen
ceca
usin
g m
oist
ure
to c
onde
nse
ther
e. T
his
cond
ensa
tion
ofte
n co
llect
son
flat
sur
face
s an
d ca
uses
pai
nt b
liste
ring
and
woo
d de
terio
ratio
n.
BA
SE
ME
NT
INS
ULA
TIO
N
Inst
allin
g in
sula
tion
in a
sch
ool b
uild
ing'
s ba
sem
ent,
if on
e ex
ists
,ca
n re
duce
a s
ubst
antia
l sou
rce
of h
eat l
oss.
Thi
s is
ofte
n co
mpl
i-ca
ted
how
ever
, by
the
pres
ence
of m
oist
ure.
Thu
s it
is im
port
ant
to a
ssur
e th
at in
sula
tion
is p
rope
rly in
stal
led
for
the
spec
ific
loca
tion.
In u
nhea
ted
base
men
ts o
r cr
awl s
pace
s, th
e in
sula
tion
shou
ld b
epl
aced
bet
wee
n th
e flo
or jo
ists
;in
hea
ted
base
men
ts o
r w
here
the
base
men
t con
tain
s th
e he
atin
g pl
ant,
insu
latio
n sh
ould
be
inst
alle
dag
ains
t the
foun
datio
n w
alls
.In
all
case
s, a
dequ
ate
vent
ilatio
n of
unhe
ated
spa
ces
and
a pr
oper
vap
or b
arrie
r m
ust b
e in
sure
d.
WA
LL IN
SU
LAT
ION
Hea
t los
s fr
om u
nins
ulat
ed w
alls
is a
rel
ativ
ely
smal
l per
cent
age.
of
tota
l hea
t los
s, a
nd m
ost o
f thi
s ca
n be
attr
ibut
ed to
infil
trat
ion.
Ret
rofit
ting
wal
l ins
ulat
ion
into
sch
ool b
uild
ings
is th
eref
ore
not
reco
mm
ende
d si
nce
the
pote
ntia
l ben
efits
are
out
wei
ghed
by
the
risk
of d
amag
e to
sur
roun
ding
bui
ldin
g co
mpo
nent
s. In
woo
d fr
ame
build
ings
(so
me
type
A &
B s
choo
ls),
the
inst
alla
tion
of w
all i
nsul
a-tio
n of
ten
trap
s m
oist
ure
with
in th
e w
all c
avity
, sin
ce a
pro
per
vapo
rba
rrie
r ca
n ra
rely
be
mai
ntai
ned.
Thi
s m
oist
ure
cond
ense
s an
dca
uses
ser
ious
det
erio
ratio
n in
adj
acen
t woo
d bu
ildin
g m
ater
ials
.
Mos
t mas
onry
wal
l con
stru
ctio
n (m
any
scho
ols)
has
acc
epta
ble
ther
mal
per
form
ance
, esp
ecia
lly o
lder
cav
ity-w
all b
uild
ings
.T
hem
ass
of th
ese
wal
ls a
cts
as a
"he
at s
ink"
and
the
air
spac
e w
ithin
the
wal
l add
ition
ally
slo
ws
heat
tran
sfer
, thu
s im
prov
ing
ther
mal
perf
orm
ance
.T
his
air
spac
e al
so a
llow
s co
nden
satio
n w
ithin
the
wal
l to
fall
to th
e ba
se o
f the
wal
l and
esc
ape
thro
ugh
wee
p ho
les.
Intr
oduc
tion
of in
sula
tion
into
the
wal
l cav
ity a
lters
bot
h of
thes
e
117
.
func
tions
and
is n
ot r
ecom
men
ded.
If de
sire
d, w
all i
nsul
atio
n ca
n be
suc
cess
fully
inst
alle
d on
the
inte
rior
usin
g ei
ther
rig
id o
r ba
tt in
sula
tion
atta
ched
to fu
rrin
g st
rips
on th
ein
terio
r w
all s
urfa
ces.
Insu
latio
n in
stal
led
in th
is m
anne
r is
exp
ensi
vean
d sh
ould
onl
y be
con
side
red
in b
uild
ings
whe
re th
e ex
istin
g in
te-
rior
trim
or
finis
hes
have
littl
e or
no
arch
itect
ural
sig
nific
ance
.
The
pre
cedi
ng r
ecom
men
datio
ns r
epre
sent
sou
nd e
cono
mic
inve
st-
men
ts w
hich
do
not d
amag
e ex
istin
g bu
ildin
g co
mpo
nent
s. S
peci
ficso
lutio
ns m
ust b
e de
term
ined
bas
ed o
n th
e fa
cts
and
circ
umst
ance
sof
the
part
icul
ar p
robl
em;
ther
efor
e, th
e ad
vice
of p
rofe
ssio
nals
expe
rienc
ed in
bui
ldin
g re
use
such
as
arch
itect
s, e
ngin
eers
, and
mec
hani
cal c
ontr
acto
rs s
houl
d be
sol
icite
d.
Mec
hani
cal R
etro
fit
The
mec
hani
cal s
yste
ms
enco
unte
red
in s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs w
ill c
over
a va
riety
of t
ypes
and
con
ditio
ns. S
ome
syst
ems
will
be
antiq
uate
dan
d di
fficu
lt to
con
trol
and
thus
nee
d re
plac
emen
t, w
hile
oth
ers
may
be
rela
tivel
y re
cent
and
nee
d lit
tle o
r no
alte
ratio
n. M
any
type
sof
new
mec
hani
cal s
yste
ms
are
avai
labl
e, a
nd th
e m
ost a
ppro
pria
tety
pe fo
r ea
ch a
pplic
atio
n w
ill b
e de
pend
ent u
pon
the
new
use
.D
ecis
ions
reg
ardi
ng m
echa
nica
l equ
ipm
ent s
houl
d, o
fco
urse
, be
disc
usse
d w
ith a
com
pete
nt m
echa
nica
l eng
inee
r an
d an
arc
hite
ctw
ho c
an d
eter
min
e th
e co
st e
ffect
iven
ess
of th
e va
rious
alte
rnat
ives
.
The
Cum
berla
nd H
ill S
choo
l in
Dal
las,
Tex
as (
type
C),
has
bee
nco
n-ve
rted
to th
e co
rpor
ate
head
quar
ters
of S
E D
CO
, Inc
., an
inte
rnat
iona
len
ergy
eng
inee
ring
firm
. The
bui
ldin
g no
w u
tiliz
es a
2-d
uct h
eatin
g,ve
ntila
tion,
and
air-
cond
ition
ing
syst
em in
stal
led
thro
ugho
ut th
ebu
ildin
g. M
ixin
g bo
xes,
ble
ndin
g th
e ho
t and
col
d ai
r, a
nd in
divi
dual
ther
mos
tat c
ontr
ols
are
loca
ted
in e
ach
offic
e.M
ichi
gan
Ave
nue
Sch
ool i
n C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o (t
ype
B),
a r
esid
entia
l con
vers
ion,
will
utili
ze a
cen
tral
hot
-wat
er h
eatin
g pl
ant w
ith in
divi
dual
fan-
coil
units
loca
ted
in, a
nd c
ontr
olle
d fr
om, e
ach
unit.
In c
ontr
ast,
man
yre
crea
tion
or c
omm
unity
cen
ter
uses
may
suc
cess
fully
con
tinue
118
Exp
osed
mec
hani
cal s
yste
ms
can
beco
me
a de
sign
feat
ure,
as
at th
e C
olum
bus
Cul
tura
lA
rts
Cen
ter,
a r
euse
of a
n ol
d st
ate
arse
nal.
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
55
119
utili
zing
the
stea
m o
r ho
tw
ater
sys
tem
alre
ady
in th
e bu
ildin
g.
New
equ
ipm
ent s
houl
dno
t be
inst
alle
d in
suc
h a
way
that
its
inst
al-
latio
n, o
r po
ssib
le la
ter
rem
oval
,w
ill c
ause
irre
vers
ible
dam
age
tosi
gnifi
cant
bui
ldin
g el
emen
ts.
The
con
cept
of c
ompl
ete
invi
sibi
lity
may
not
alw
ays
be th
e m
ost a
ppro
pria
te.
Eve
ry e
ffort
sho
uld
bem
ade
to s
elec
t a m
echa
nica
lsy
stem
whi
ch, w
hile
com
patib
le w
ithth
e ne
w u
se, w
ill c
ause
the
leas
tin
trus
ion
into
the
build
ing'
sfa
bric
,an
d w
hich
can
ther
efor
e be
inst
alle
d an
d up
date
d w
ithou
tm
ajor
intr
usio
n in
to th
e w
all a
ndflo
or s
yste
ms.
Bot
h lo
wer
ed c
eilin
gsan
d ra
ised
floo
rs p
rovi
de b
uilt-
inch
anne
ls fo
r ro
utin
g "m
echa
nica
ls",
but i
n m
any
reus
e pr
ojec
ts,
mec
hani
cal s
yste
ms
have
bee
nle
ft co
m-
plet
ely
expo
sed
and
mad
e in
tegr
alpa
rts
of th
e de
sign
.
Plu
mbi
ng a
nd s
anita
rysy
stem
s w
ill li
kely
hav
e to
be
chan
ged
for
mos
t new
use
s.P
assi
ng th
ese
syst
ems
thro
ugh
floor
str
uctu
res
may
not b
e ea
sy in
sch
ool b
uild
ings
with
conc
rete
floo
rs (
type
s D
, E a
ndF
), e
spec
ially
in...
resi
dent
ial
appl
icat
ions
whe
re p
lum
bing
requ
ire-
men
ts a
re e
xten
sive
.T
o re
duce
the
num
ber
ofpe
netr
atio
ns w
hich
will
nee
d to
be
mad
e,on
e dr
ain-
was
te-v
ent s
tack
can
be
inst
alle
dto
serv
e tw
o un
its p
er fl
oor
inst
ead
of th
e co
nven
tiona
lon
e st
ack
one
unit
conf
igur
atio
n.T
his
will
red
uce
both
labo
ran
d m
ater
ial
cost
s si
gnifi
cant
ly fo
r th
ispa
rt o
f the
wor
k.
Sin
ce s
choo
ls a
re p
ublic
occu
panc
y bu
ildin
gs, s
uffic
ient
ele
ctric
serv
ice
will
pro
babl
y ex
ist
for
mos
t new
use
s, a
lthou
ghol
der
build
-in
gs m
ay n
ot h
ave
3-ph
ase
pow
er n
eede
d fo
r ai
r co
nditi
onin
g un
its.
The
gre
ates
t pro
blem
will
be r
outin
g th
is s
ervi
ceto
new
loca
tions
of
dem
and.
In c
omm
unity
cen
ter
and
clin
ic ty
pe u
ses,
rou
ting
new
elec
tric
ser
vice
in w
ire m
old
may
be
an a
ppro
pria
te m
etho
d si
nce
it is
usu
ally
the
leas
tex
pens
ive.
In r
esid
entia
l or
offic
eco
nver
sion
s,ho
wev
er, w
here
aes
thet
icco
nsid
erat
ions
are
a m
uch
high
erpr
iorit
y,ne
w s
ervi
ce c
an, a
nd s
houl
d, b
ein
stal
led
and
conc
eale
d w
ithin
new
wal
ls w
here
ver
poss
ible
.
Man
y qu
estio
ns w
ill h
ave
to b
e an
swer
ed b
y th
e ow
ner/
deve
lope
r.D
o te
nant
s pa
y fo
r th
eir
own
utili
ties?
Do
we
wan
t the
indi
vidu
alun
its to
be
he te
d se
para
tely
or h
ave
one
cent
ral p
lant
?W
ill th
e
56C
reat
ing
New
Use
s12
0
build
ing
be a
ir-co
nditi
oned
?If
not,
will
we
allo
ww
indo
w u
nits
?C
an s
olar
pow
er b
e us
ed fo
rho
t wat
er?
Aga
in,
an a
rchi
tect
and
am
echa
nica
l eng
inee
r sh
ould
be a
n in
tegr
al p
art o
f the
deci
sion
-m
akin
g pr
oces
s.
Roo
fing
The
roo
f is
a hi
ghly
vul
nera
ble
elem
ent o
f eve
ry b
uild
ing.
With
man
yol
der
scho
ols
(typ
es A
, B &
C),
the
roof
impa
rts
muc
hof
the
arch
i-te
ctur
al c
hara
cter
by
defin
ing
the
styl
e an
d co
ntrib
utin
gto
the
build
-in
g's
aest
hetic
qua
lity.
A le
akin
g ro
of, h
owev
er, w
ill p
erm
it ac
cele
r-at
ed d
eter
iora
tion
ofm
any
othe
r bu
ildin
g m
ater
ials
. Aco
mpl
ete
inte
rnal
and
ext
erna
l ins
pect
ion
of th
e ro
of s
houl
d be
cond
ucte
d to
dete
rmin
e pr
esen
t and
pot
entia
lfu
ture
cau
ses
of fa
ilure
and
toid
entif
y al
tern
ativ
es fo
rre
pair
or r
epla
cem
ent.
The
mos
t com
mon
roo
f mat
eria
ls e
ncou
nter
ed in
scho
ol c
onst
ruct
ion
are:
slat
e
shin
gle
met
al
com
posi
tion
(bui
lt-up
)
In a
dditi
on to
the
roof
ing
mat
eria
l its
elf;
the
shea
thin
g,ba
ttens
and
deck
, gut
ters
and
dow
nspo
uts
(esp
ecia
lly th
ose
that
are
"bui
lt-in
")an
d fla
shin
g sh
ould
be
insp
ecte
d. F
ailu
re o
f gut
ters
and
dow
nspo
uts
is a
com
mon
pro
blem
caus
ing
dam
age
toea
ves,
sof
fits,
and
she
athi
ng.
Add
ition
ally
, rep
laci
ng fl
ashi
ngis
a m
ajor
ope
ratio
nne
cess
itatin
gth
e re
mov
al o
f por
tions
of th
e ro
of s
urfa
ce; t
here
fore
,to
p qu
ality
flash
ing
mat
eria
l sho
uld
be u
sed.
Car
e sh
ould
als
obe
exe
rcis
ed s
ince
som
e ro
ofin
g, fl
ashi
ng, a
ndgu
tter
mat
eria
ls, s
uch
as c
oppe
r an
dal
umin
um o
r iro
n,ar
e no
t com
patib
le d
ue to
gal
vani
cac
tion.
Rep
airs
in th
ese
area
s sh
ould
gen
eral
ly b
e m
ade
inco
njun
ctio
n w
ith th
ere
pair
or r
epla
cem
ent o
fth
e ro
of s
urfa
ce.
Mos
t sch
ool r
oofs
can
be r
epai
red
or r
epla
ced
with
the
sam
e ty
pe o
fm
ater
ial,
whi
ch is
des
irabl
e.H
owev
er, i
n so
me
reha
bilit
atio
npr
ojec
ts,
121
The
sca
le a
nd te
xtur
e of
this
roo
f has
bee
n se
rious
ly a
ltere
dby
rep
laci
ng th
e or
igin
al s
late
roof
(rig
ht fa
ce)
with
asp
halt
shin
gles
(le
ft fa
ce).
122
ther
e m
ay b
e va
lid r
easo
ns fo
r re
plac
ing
the
roof
with
a m
ater
ial
othe
r th
an th
e or
igin
al (
whi
ch m
ay h
ave
alre
ady
been
rep
lace
d). T
heor
igin
al m
ater
ial m
ay b
e un
avai
labl
eor
the
cost
pro
hibi
tive,
for
inst
ance
.P
rofe
ssio
nal a
dvic
e w
ill b
e ne
cess
ary
in e
valu
atin
g th
eal
tern
ativ
es.
Con
sulti
ng a
n ar
chite
ct, a
rep
utab
le r
oofin
gco
ntra
ctor
,or
a c
rafts
man
fam
iliar
with
the
inhe
rent
cha
ract
eris
tics
of th
e ro
of-
ing
mat
eria
l will
insu
re th
at th
epr
oper
cou
rse
of a
ctio
n is
take
n. In
any
case
, if t
he r
oof i
s re
adily
vis
ible
, the
alte
rnat
ive
mat
eria
l sho
uld
mat
ch a
s cl
osel
y as
pos
sibl
e th
e sc
ale,
text
ure,
and
col
orof
the
orig
inal
roo
fing
mat
eria
l.
Fin
ally
, the
rep
air
or r
epla
cem
ent o
f dam
aged
or m
issi
ng r
oof d
ecor
a-tio
n su
ch a
s iro
n cr
estin
g, fi
nial
s or
rid
ge c
ombs
sho
uld
beco
nsid
ered
whe
neve
r po
ssib
le, a
s th
ese
elem
ents
are
inte
gral
par
ts o
f the
bui
ld-
ing'
s ch
arac
ter.
Roo
f dec
orat
ion
such
as
orna
men
tal i
ron
cres
ting
give
s im
port
ant c
hara
cter
to a
bui
ldin
gan
d sh
ould
be
reta
ined
.
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LET
he A
dalti
2 le
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls57
sx
/
A
Whi
le in
vest
igat
ing
the
roof
, a b
uild
ing
shou
ld a
lso
be e
xam
ined
for
rela
ted
prob
lem
s su
chas
eav
e an
d gu
tter
dam
age.
Mas
onry
Mos
t sch
ool b
uild
ings
are
of m
ason
ry c
onst
ruct
ion.
Typ
es A
, B, C
&D
are
usu
ally
of b
rick
or s
tone
bea
ring
wal
lco
nstr
uctio
n, o
ften
on a
ston
e fo
unda
tion.
Typ
es E
& F
are
com
mon
lyco
ncre
te b
lock
bear
ing
wal
l bui
ldin
gs w
ith a
bric
kve
neer
.W
ater
pro
blem
s, a
irpo
llutio
n, a
nd s
truc
tura
l fai
lure
sm
ay a
ll ha
ve c
ause
d da
mag
e ov
ertim
e. S
truc
tura
l def
ects
suc
has
cra
cks
and
bulg
es c
ause
d by
set
tle-
men
t or
brok
en li
ntel
s, a
nd w
ater
dam
age
indi
cate
dby
ris
ing
dam
p,ef
flore
scen
ce o
r sp
allin
g sh
ould
be
rem
edie
dbe
fore
furt
her
mas
onry
pres
erva
tion
take
s pl
ace.
Onl
y a
spec
ializ
ed p
rofe
ssio
nal s
houl
dta
ckle
pro
blem
s th
is s
ever
e.
Mas
onry
cle
anin
g ha
s be
com
ea
stan
dard
ele
men
t of b
uild
ing
reus
e.U
nfor
tuna
tely
, how
ever
, thi
s ha
s le
dto
the
clea
ning
of b
uild
ings
whi
ch e
ither
nee
d no
t, or
sho
uld
not,
have
bee
n cl
eane
d.S
ever
alm
etho
ds o
f mas
onry
cle
anin
g w
hich
are
in c
omm
on u
se a
ctua
llyca
use
seve
re d
amag
e to
the
mas
onry
sur
face
.
58C
reat
ing
New
Use
s12
4
The
rea
sons
for
clea
ning
a s
choo
l bui
ldin
gm
ust b
e co
nsid
ered
car
e-fu
lly b
efor
e ar
rivin
g at
a d
ecis
ion
to c
lean
.
Is th
e cl
eani
ng b
eing
don
e to
impr
ove
the
appe
aran
ce o
f the
build
ing
or to
mak
e it
look
new
? T
heso
-cal
led
"dirt
" ac
tual
lym
ay b
e w
eath
ered
mas
onry
(pa
tina)
,no
t acc
umul
ated
dep
osits
;a
port
ion
of th
e m
ason
ry it
self
thus
will
be
rem
oved
if a
"cle
an"
appe
aran
ce is
des
ired.
Is th
ere
any
evid
ence
that
dirt
and
pol
luta
nts
are
havi
ng a
har
m-
ful e
ffect
on
the
mas
onry
? Im
prop
er c
lean
ing
can
acce
lera
te th
ede
terio
ratin
g ef
fect
of p
ollu
tant
s.
Is c
lean
ing
an e
ffort
to "
get y
our
proj
ect s
tart
ed"
and
impr
ove
publ
ic r
elat
ions
?C
lean
ing
may
hel
p lo
cal
grou
ps w
ith s
hort
term
fund
rai
sing
, yet
cau
se lo
ng te
rm d
amag
eto
the
build
-in
g.11
The
ow
ner
of th
e bu
ildin
g m
ust a
lso
ask
him
self
if an
old
bui
ldin
gsh
ould
look
"ne
w",
and
whe
ther
cle
anin
gth
e bu
ildin
g w
ill a
ctua
llyne
gate
the
build
ing'
s hi
stor
ic p
lace
in th
eco
mm
unity
.In
any
cas
e,an
arc
hite
ct tr
aine
d in
pre
serv
atio
n an
d th
e lo
cal
hist
oric
pre
serv
a-tio
n of
ficer
,if
one
exis
ts, s
houl
d be
con
sulte
dbe
fore
mak
ing
ade
term
inat
ion
as to
whe
ther
a s
choo
l sho
uld
be c
lean
ed a
nd b
yw
hat m
etho
d.
Ifit
is d
eter
min
ed th
at th
e bu
ildin
gsh
ould
be
clea
ned
tore
mov
eha
rmfu
l dep
osits
or
the
resu
lts o
fva
ndal
ism
(gr
affit
i is
aco
mm
onpr
oble
m w
ith a
band
oned
sch
ools
) th
ege
ntle
st e
ffect
ive
met
hod
from
amon
g th
e w
ater
, det
erge
nt, a
nd c
hem
ical
cle
anin
gm
etho
ds s
houl
dbe
use
d, p
ossi
bly
clea
ning
onl
y th
eef
fect
ed a
rea.
Tes
t-cl
eani
ngs
shou
ld b
e m
ade
on a
sm
all s
ectio
n of
the
wal
l bef
ore
the
entir
e jo
bis
don
e to
eva
luat
e th
e re
sults
.U
nder
no
circ
umst
ance
s sh
ould
bric
k be
san
dbla
sted
,as
this
abr
asiv
e m
etho
d se
vere
ly d
amag
es th
ebr
ick
surf
ace
by r
emov
ing
the
prot
ectiv
e cr
ust.
It w
as n
ot u
ncom
mon
his
toric
ally
to p
aint
bric
k, fo
r ae
sthe
ticre
ason
s, to
pro
tect
the
bric
k, o
r to
dis
guis
e su
bseq
uent
repa
irs w
hich
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE1
'2 5
faile
d to
mat
ch th
e or
igin
al b
rick.
Bric
k w
hich
is p
aint
ed s
houl
dus
ually
be
repa
inte
d ra
ther
than
cle
aned
, as
com
plet
e pa
int r
emov
alw
ill o
ften
nece
ssita
te a
rel
ativ
ely
hars
h cl
eani
ng m
etho
d.
The
app
licat
ion
of w
ater
rep
elle
nt s
ubst
ance
s to
mas
onry
sur
face
ssh
ould
not
be
unde
rtak
en u
nles
s th
ere
is a
ctua
l phy
sica
l evi
denc
eth
at w
ater
is g
ettin
g th
roug
h th
e m
ason
ry u
nits
, and
the
prob
lem
isno
t due
to fa
ulty
or
mis
sing
mor
tar,
poo
r ro
of o
r w
ater
dra
inag
e, o
rris
ing
grou
nd w
ater
. Wat
erpr
oofin
g im
pairs
the
natu
ral "
brea
thin
g"m
echa
nism
of t
he b
rick,
trap
ping
moi
stur
e w
ithin
the
wal
l, le
adin
gto
spa
lling
and
cra
ckin
g of
the
mas
onry
sur
face
s.
Rep
oint
ing
of m
ason
ry w
alls
(al
so k
now
n as
"tu
ck-p
oint
ing"
) is
aco
mm
on m
etho
d of
rep
laci
ng d
eter
iora
ted
mor
tar
(moi
stur
e pr
ob-
blem
s m
ust b
e co
rrec
ted
befo
re r
epoi
ntin
g).
The
type
of m
orta
rw
hich
is u
sed
is im
port
ant.
Har
dnes
s is
ofte
n m
ista
ken
as a
sig
nof
dur
abili
ty. A
mor
tar
whi
ch is
str
onge
r an
d ha
rder
than
the
bric
k(P
ortla
nd c
emen
t use
d in
con
junc
tion
with
old
er b
rick,
for
exam
ple)
will
not
"gi
ve",
thus
cau
sing
exp
ansi
on a
nd c
ontr
actio
n fo
rces
to b
eab
sorb
ed b
y th
e m
ason
ry u
nits
them
selv
es.
Thi
s re
sults
in c
rack
ing
Fle
xibl
em
orta
r(L
ime)
Infle
xibl
em
orta
r(C
emen
t)
Hot
(B
ricks
exp
and) M
orta
rco
mpr
esse
s
126
Col
d (B
ricks
con
trac
t)
Mor
tar
flexe
s
N el)
Cra
cks
open
up
gT
he s
cale
,te
xtur
e,an
dov
eral
l app
eara
nce
of th
e or
igin
al b
rick
wal
l (ab
ove)
has
bee
nad
vers
ely
affe
cted
by
sand
blas
ting
and
impr
oper
rep
oint
ing
(bel
ow).
127
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
and
spal
ling.
Mor
tar
shou
ld b
e us
ed w
hich
isas
com
patib
le w
ith th
eor
igin
al m
orta
r as
pos
sibl
e in
term
s of
col
or, t
extu
re, p
hysi
cal n
atur
ean
d ch
emic
al c
ompa
tibili
ty.
Aga
in, c
onsu
lting
a qu
alifi
ed p
rofe
s-si
onal
is th
e be
st c
ours
e of
act
ion.
Cei
lings
The
pro
blem
with
the
13-1
5fo
ot h
igh
ceili
ngs
com
mon
lyfo
und
inty
pe B
, C &
D s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs is
that
they
are
too
low
for a
ddin
gin
term
edia
te fl
oors
and
too
high
for
effic
ient
hea
ting.
Als
o,sm
alle
rro
oms
may
end
up
bein
g ta
ller
than
they
are
wid
e. B
ecau
se o
f the
sefa
ctor
s, lo
wer
ed c
eilin
gsm
ay b
ecom
e a
nece
ssity
; tho
ugh
they
can
be k
ept h
ighe
r th
an "
norm
al"
9-1/
2' to
10'
, for
inst
ance
as a
spec
ial a
men
ity.
Cei
lings
can
als
o be
ret
aine
dat
exi
stin
g he
ight
s in
com
mon
con
greg
atin
g ar
eas
and
circ
ulat
ion
spac
es.
Eve
ry e
ffort
sho
uld
bem
ade
to h
old
the
ceili
ng h
eigh
tab
ove
the
head
hei
ght o
f the
win
dow
sif
at a
ll po
ssib
le.
If th
e ce
iling
mus
t be
drop
ped
belo
w th
e he
ad h
eigh
t,th
e w
hole
win
dow
can
be e
xpos
edby
bev
elin
g th
e ce
iling
to th
e w
indo
ws,
or
by h
oldi
ngth
e ce
iling
back
aw
ay fr
om th
e w
indo
ws.
Cei
lings
will
not
be
a pr
oble
m in
mor
e re
cent
bui
ldin
gs, w
hich
ofte
nha
ve e
xist
ing
9' c
eilin
g he
ight
s.T
he s
tand
ard
2'x
4' la
y-in
aco
ustic
al c
eilin
gs s
houl
dbe
avo
ided
, par
-tic
ular
ly in
res
iden
tial
conv
ersi
ons.
The
rear
e m
any
new
aco
ustic
alce
iling
s av
aila
ble
whi
ch,
thro
ugh
text
ure,
cha
ract
er,
and
lack
of a
nex
pose
d gr
id, p
rese
nta
muc
h m
ore
aest
hetic
ally
ple
asin
gap
pear
-an
ce, e
spec
ially
in o
lder
bui
ldin
gs.
Tho
ugh
som
ewha
tm
ore
ex-
pens
ive,
new
pre
ssed
met
alce
iling
s ar
e al
so a
vaila
ble
and
can
bein
stal
led
in b
uild
ings
whi
chha
d th
em o
rigin
ally
.
Atte
ntio
n to
det
ail
can
prev
ent t
he u
nacc
epta
ble
appl
icat
ion
oflo
wer
ed c
eilin
gs o
ften
enco
unte
red
in r
enov
atio
n pr
ojec
ts.
Win
dow
s an
d D
oors
A v
arie
ty o
f gla
zing
pro
blem
sco
nfro
nt a
nyon
e co
ntem
plat
ing
re-
usin
g a
scho
ol b
uild
ing.
Typ
e E
bui
ldin
gs u
sual
lyha
ve "
win
dow
-
60C
reat
ing
New
Use
s
128
If ce
iling
s m
ust b
e lo
wer
edto
allo
w s
pace
for
mec
hani
cal
syst
ems.
etc
., th
ey c
an b
e he
ldaw
ay fr
om w
indo
ws
to a
llow
the
full
open
ing
to b
e ex
pose
d.
wal
l" un
its w
hich
gen
eral
lyar
e to
o la
rge
for
the
new
use
and
perm
itex
cess
ive
heat
loss
and
gain
. Typ
e A
, B, C
& D
build
ings
gen
eral
lyha
ve w
ood
doub
le-h
ung
win
dow
s w
hich
aga
inm
ay b
e to
o la
rge
orba
dly
dete
riora
ted,
yet g
ive
impo
rtan
t cha
ract
erto
the
hist
oric
129
faca
de. A
ttent
ion
to th
e fo
llow
ing
item
s w
ill h
elp
avoi
dpo
or d
esig
nso
lutio
ns w
hen
deal
ing
with
bot
h ex
istin
g w
indo
ws
and
door
s.
A c
omm
on w
eath
eriz
atio
n m
easu
re in
old
er b
uild
ings
has
bee
n th
ere
plac
emen
t of h
isto
ric w
indo
ws
with
mod
ern
doub
le-p
aned
win
-do
ws.
The
inte
ntio
n w
as to
impr
ove
the
ther
mal
per
form
ance
of t
heex
istin
g w
indo
ws
and
to r
educ
e lo
ng-t
erm
mai
nten
ance
cos
ts. T
heev
iden
ceis
cle
ar th
at r
etai
ning
the
exis
ting
win
dow
s an
d ad
ding
exte
rior
stor
m w
indo
ws
is a
via
ble,
and
pos
sibl
y le
ss e
xpen
sive
alte
rnat
ive,
and
is th
e re
com
men
ded
appr
oach
in p
rese
rvat
ion
retr
o-fit
ting
(a lu
mbe
r su
pply
sto
re o
r m
ill s
hop
can
be o
f ass
ista
nce)
.H
owev
er, i
f the
his
toric
win
dow
s ar
e ba
dly
dete
riora
ted
and
thei
rre
pair
wou
ld b
e im
prac
tical
, or
econ
omic
ally
unf
easi
ble,
then
re-
plac
emen
t win
dow
s, o
f eith
er w
ood
or m
etal
, sho
uld
mat
chas
clos
ely
as p
ossi
ble
the
hist
oric
win
dow
in s
ize,
num
ber
ofpa
nes,
fram
e, c
olor
, and
ref
lect
ive
qual
ities
of t
he g
lass
. Som
e m
isgu
ided
reus
e ef
fort
s ha
ve r
esul
ted
in th
e fil
ling-
in o
f the
upp
er s
ash
ofdo
uble
-hun
g w
indo
ws
with
woo
d or
met
al c
lad
pane
ls, o
r th
e bl
ock-
ing-
in o
f exi
stin
g w
indo
w o
peni
ngs
to fi
t the
siz
e of
a re
adily
ava
il-ab
le m
oder
n w
indo
w.
The
se m
etho
ds s
houl
d be
avo
ided
, sin
ceal
terin
g w
indo
w o
peni
ngs
dest
roys
the
scal
e, p
ropo
rtio
n an
d ch
ar-
acte
r of
his
toric
faca
des.
Als
o to
be
avoi
ded
are
fake
"hi
stor
ic"
win
dow
s no
t in
keep
ing
with
the
styl
e of
the
build
ing.
Thi
s
130
1111
11...
...-=
_,..-
., _
.7". --
--...
..---
-iiii
IMM
EN
IMIN
Not
Thi
sO
r T
his
New
er b
uild
ings
(ty
pe E
esp
ecia
lly)
mus
t be
appr
oach
ed in
a 's
light
lydi
ffere
nt m
anne
r, d
epen
ding
upon
the
new
use
.T
he "
win
dow
-w
alls
" of
thes
e bu
ildin
gs c
an b
e re
plac
ed w
ithin
sula
ted
glas
s w
ith a
sim
plifi
ed m
ullio
n pa
ttern
.H
owev
er, w
here
as c
omm
unity
cen
ters
and
clin
ics
may
be
able
to fu
nctio
n w
ith th
isam
ount
of g
laze
d ar
ea,
offic
e an
d re
side
ntia
l use
s pr
obab
ly w
ill n
ot. A
pos
sibl
eso
lutio
n in
thes
e ca
ses
wou
ld b
e to
rem
ove
the
entir
e w
indo
w-w
all
unit
and
inst
all a
sm
alle
r gl
azed
are
a in
con
junc
tion
with
sen
sitiv
ely
desi
gned
infil
l wal
l.C
aref
ul d
esig
n ca
n m
ake
this
a s
olut
ion
to b
oth
the
light
and
heat
loss
pro
blem
s.
Sim
ilar
cons
ider
atio
ns a
re in
volv
ed w
hen
mak
ing
deci
sion
sco
ncer
n-in
g do
ors.
If th
e ex
istin
g do
ors
in th
e bu
ildin
g ar
e w
orka
ble,
itm
aybe
pos
sibl
e to
reu
se th
em, p
ossi
bly
by r
eloc
atin
g th
em in
the
new
plan
.U
nfor
tuna
tely
, mai
nten
ance
, sec
urity
or
priv
acy
reas
ons
(man
y sc
hool
doo
rs a
re g
laze
d) m
ay n
eces
sita
te th
e re
plac
emen
t of
both
inte
rior
and
exte
rior
door
s. W
here
new
inte
rior
door
sar
e co
n-te
mpl
ated
, and
ret
entio
n of
a tr
aditi
onal
app
eara
nce
is d
esire
d,es
peci
ally
in o
lder
sch
ools
, woo
d pa
nel d
oors
are
a go
od c
hoic
ew
here
they
are
per
mitt
ed b
y co
de.
In a
ll ca
ses,
it is
impo
rtan
t to
reco
gniz
e ke
y fe
atur
es o
f exi
stin
g do
ors
such
as
pane
ling,
gla
zing
,an
d ha
rdw
are,
and
util
ize
this
info
rmat
ion
in th
e re
use
desi
gn.
Offi
ceR
esid
entia
lR
etai
l
1,3
.1%
The
Ada
ptiv
e w
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
61
mea
NO
M m
on 1
11.1
111N
own.
elm
SIIM
IIMIN
IIIIN
IS=
1111
11M
1III
IMM
O 1
St s
a ea
GU
MN
MU
111
1611
.111
1111
1111
.1.4
11~
1118
116
IMIN
INS
iim
ai m
ini M
rs w
asnl
IME
N M
OM
alli
llt11
1111
1111
181E
ma
1111
1110
1111
1111
sina
=S
s 61
2111
mak
it li
allit
tarI
llan
raw
aille
se m
ean
sim
mi
MIM
I aill
eg M
IR W
NW
111
1101
1mas
ena
tess
mis
icas
smot
orca
siW
ZB
INI1
1112
310
am=
11a
1111
1103
1122
1115
SZ
EIS
SIW
N11
1101
111,
23to
sman
ossu
p ill
imie
ssal
lmal
alsi
ssai
i IM
MO
1211
152=
1MV
EM
ISIO
nsP
12=
1211
1011
011=
16 W
WI M
ei M
IMI O
MB
WIN
SA
VIS
tra
WE
ICID
OW
EIS
M14
1111
0111
2n1
oxen
imam
ass
iala
Was
allin
taaa
vala
sim
anid
emaa
lialla
gM
UM
Isa
sar
mas
s m
ans
awas
aim
Mal
mai
as
sus
man
atim
itsvi
m N
umn
term
OIN
NI
HM
I gam
insa
aA
nallU
MU
NIM
galle
a al
ism
aram
e-yr
now
"---
UR
I11
3313
3
3311 U
CR
UM
Foo
tnot
es1,
'Sup
lus
Sch
ool B
uild
ings
: New
Opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r A
dapt
ive
Use
," A
IA J
OU
RN
AL,
(Apr
il, 1
977)
, p. 5
9.
2Ja
nice
H. H
uff,
"Sch
ool R
ecyc
ling,
" IN
NO
VA
TIO
NS
3(S
prin
g, 1
979)
,p.
5.
3N
atio
nal T
rust
for
His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
n,P
RE
SE
RV
AT
ION
AN
D B
UIL
DIN
GC
OD
ES
, p. 2
5.
4O
HIO
BA
SIC
BU
ILD
ING
CO
DE
, The
BO
CA
Bas
ic B
uild
ing
Cod
e/19
78,
Sev
enth
Edi
tion.
Pro
fit fr
om th
ose
old
scho
ols
nobo
dy w
ants
,"H
OU
SIN
G (
Nov
embe
r, 1
978)
,p.
8 1
.
6R
ober
t D. L
over
sidg
e, J
r., E
lizab
eth
A. A
ino,
et.
al.,
AC
CE
SS
FO
RA
LL, p
.149
.7IB
ID.,
p. 1
49.
8181
D.,
p. 1
92.
9IB
ID.,
p. 1
52.
1 0B
aird
M. S
mith
, AIA
, "C
onse
rvin
g E
nerg
y in
His
toric
Bui
ldin
gs,"
PR
ES
ER
VA
TIO
NB
RIE
FS
3, p
. 4.
11R
ober
tC
. Mac
k, A
IA,
"The
Cle
anin
g an
d W
ater
proo
f Coa
ting
of M
ason
ry B
uild
-=
ings
," P
RE
SE
RV
AT
ION
BR
IEF
S 1
,p.
1.
lali
inn
easa
mS
UM
alta
lialig
a in
en M
AT
=W
INE
DM
ININ
Oal
lear
tala
toE
MI M
NIN
SM
INM
AIM
111
1011
2112
1s=
ate
v=M
a"
62C
reat
ing
New
Use
s
132
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
1 r4
0
Tra
nsfe
r of
Ow
ners
hip
In O
hio,
the
Ohi
o R
evis
ed C
ode
allo
ws
scho
olsy
stem
s to
dis
pose
of
prop
erty
whi
ch h
as b
een
decl
ared
in e
xces
s of
nee
d.If
the
pros
pec-
tive
buye
r is
ano
ther
pub
lic in
stitu
tion,
suc
has
a c
ity g
over
nmen
t,lib
rary
, uni
vers
ity, e
tc.,
the
scho
ol s
yste
mca
n ne
gotia
te a
dire
ct s
ale.
In o
rder
to tu
rn th
e bu
ildin
g ov
er to
the
priv
ate
sect
or, h
owev
er, a
publ
ic a
uctio
n m
ust b
e ut
ilize
d an
d th
e sc
hool
syst
em c
anno
t neg
o-tia
te d
irect
ly w
ith a
priv
ate
deve
lope
r.M
ost s
tate
s pl
ace
sim
ilar
rest
rictio
ns u
pon
thei
r sc
hool
sys
tem
s.
Auc
tions
hav
e lim
itatio
ns, t
houg
h.S
ince
mos
t auc
tion
proc
esse
sut
ilize
a m
etho
d of
sea
led
bids
,de
velo
pers
are
unc
erta
in a
s to
whe
ther
they
will
act
ually
be
able
to a
cqui
re th
e bu
ildin
g,an
d ar
eth
us h
esita
nt to
dev
ote
muc
hex
pens
e to
war
d st
udyi
ng r
euse
pot
en-
tial.
The
less
sur
e a
deve
lope
r is
of a
bui
ldin
g's
pote
ntia
l, th
e le
ss h
eis
will
ing
to b
id fo
r th
at b
uild
ing.
With
sch
ool b
uild
ing
sale
s be
com
ing
mor
e an
d m
ore
com
mon
, sta
tes
may
wis
h to
con
side
r ch
angi
ng th
e au
ctio
npr
oces
s.It
may
be
desi
rabl
e to
allo
w s
choo
l sys
tem
s to
mar
ket t
heir
surp
lus
build
ings
as
if th
ey w
ere
any
othe
r pi
ece
of r
eal
esta
te.
If sc
hool
sys
tem
s w
ere
allo
wed
to w
ork
alon
g w
ith p
rivat
e de
velo
pers
,m
ore
deta
iled
pre-
limin
ary
anal
ysis
cou
ld b
e m
ade,
and
a us
e an
d de
velo
per
coul
d lik
ely
be fo
und
whi
ch w
ould
be
the
mos
t via
ble
for
the
neig
hbor
hood
,w
hile
brin
ging
the
high
est r
etur
n at
sal
eto
the
scho
ol s
yste
m.
Alo
ng th
e sa
me
lines
, the
zon
ing
ofm
any
scho
ol b
uild
ings
may
nee
dto
be
chan
ged
to a
llow
reu
se.
Dev
elop
ers
coul
d be
allo
wed
to m
ake
thei
r of
fers
con
tinge
nt u
pon
secu
ring
the
prop
er z
onin
g. M
ost d
evel
-op
ers
wou
ld li
kely
be
will
ing
to o
ffer
mor
e fo
ra
build
ing
if th
eykn
ew th
ey w
ould
not
be
sadd
led
with
a "n
o-go
" pr
ojec
t sho
uld
they
be
unab
le to
sec
ure
the
prop
er z
onin
g. S
choo
l sys
tem
s, o
n a
sele
ctiv
e ba
sis,
may
wis
h to
ass
ist t
hepr
ospe
ctiv
e pu
rcha
ser
secu
rea
zoni
ng c
hang
e, e
ither
by
getti
ng th
e zo
ning
cha
nged
to a
new
, but
still
com
patib
le z
onin
g be
fore
the
sale
,or
by
test
ifyin
g on
the
purc
hase
r's b
ehal
f at z
onin
g he
arin
gs.
136
SC
HO
OL
BO
AR
DIN
TE
RE
ST
ED
DE
VE
LOP
ER
The
form
of l
egal
ent
ity w
hich
will
ulti
mat
ely
own
a sc
hool
pro
pert
yca
nnot
be
real
istic
ly e
stab
lishe
d un
til th
e bu
ildin
g's
new
use
isde
term
ined
. Ow
ners
hip
may
take
the
form
of
part
ners
hips
, cor
pora
-tio
ns o
r sy
ndic
ates
. Oth
er a
ppro
ache
sto
ow
ners
hip
of s
choo
l reu
sepr
ojec
ts in
volv
e th
e cr
eatio
n of
var
ious
type
s of
loca
l dev
elop
men
tco
rpor
atio
ns a
nd n
on-p
rofit
cor
pora
tions
.O
ther
s in
clud
e sm
all
busi
ness
inve
stm
ent c
orpo
ratio
ns c
reat
ed u
nder
Sec
tion
301
of th
eS
mal
l Bus
ines
s In
vest
men
t Act
, and
loca
lde
velo
pmen
t cor
pora
tions
set u
p un
der
Sec
tion
502
of th
e sa
me
act.
For
exa
mpl
e, C
entr
al G
ram
mar
Sch
ool (
see
case
stu
dies
) is
ow
ned
bya
ten-
mem
ber
limite
d di
vide
nd p
artn
ersh
ip w
ith th
e ge
nera
l con
trac
-to
r an
d G
louc
este
r D
evel
opm
ent T
eam
ser
ving
as g
ener
al p
artn
ers.
The
con
trac
tor
agre
ed to
bec
ome
a lim
ited
part
ner
once
the
build
ing
was
95%
occ
upie
d.T
he lo
cal n
on-p
rofit
Glo
uces
ter
Dev
elop
men
tT
eam
rem
ains
the
sole
gen
eral
part
ner
and
oper
atin
g de
cisi
ons
thus
rem
ain
in lo
cal h
ands
.1
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
16
Ano
ther
exa
mpl
e in
volv
es th
e fo
rmer
Hig
hlan
d S
choo
l in
Bou
lder
,C
olor
ado,
whi
ch w
as c
onve
rted
for
use
by a
var
iety
of c
omm
unity
orga
niza
tions
.T
he n
on-p
rofit
His
toric
Bou
lder
,In
c., w
antin
g to
see
the
aban
done
d 19
th c
entu
ry s
choo
lhou
sepr
eser
ved,
und
erto
oka
care
ful f
easi
bilit
y st
udy
and
foun
d or
gani
zatio
nsw
hich
nee
ded
spac
e an
d m
atch
ed th
eir
requ
irem
ents
to s
peci
ficar
eas
of th
e bu
ild-
ing;
obt
aine
d co
mm
itmen
ts fr
omth
ese
orga
niza
tions
to le
ase
spac
e;an
d ar
rang
ed fo
r fin
anci
ng.
His
toric
Bou
lder
bou
ght t
he b
uild
ing,
reta
ined
the
arch
itect
, bor
row
ed th
em
oney
, sup
ervi
sed
the
rem
odel
-in
g, a
nd is
now
leas
ing
spac
e to
var
ious
tena
nts,
whi
le lo
okin
g fo
ra
perm
anen
t ow
ner
for
the
build
ing.
2
Aga
in, s
tate
s m
ay w
ant t
o re
-eva
luat
eth
e lim
itatio
ns th
ey p
lace
onsc
hool
dis
tric
ts in
sel
ling
surp
lus
scho
ols.
The
se p
olic
ies
wer
e es
tab-
lishe
d w
hen
scho
ol s
ales
wer
e a
rare
occ
urre
nce,
whi
ch is
no lo
nger
the
case
.E
ffort
s sh
ould
be
mad
e to
mak
e sc
hool
reus
e a
viab
lede
velo
pmen
t for
m fo
r de
velo
pers
,as
wel
l as
brin
g th
e be
st r
etur
nto
the
scho
ol s
yste
m a
nd a
via
ble
new
use
to th
e ne
ighb
orho
od.
The
Dev
elop
men
tP
roce
ssA
n ar
chite
ct's
initi
al im
pres
sion
sof
a b
uild
ing'
s co
nditi
on, a
long
with
wor
king
kno
wle
dge
of z
onin
gan
d bu
ildin
g co
de r
egul
atio
ns a
ndre
quire
men
ts, c
an a
id in
an in
itial
eva
luat
ion
of r
ecyc
ling
optio
ns.
How
ever
, a m
uch
mor
e th
orou
ghev
alua
tion
will
be
requ
ired
to d
eter
-m
ine
the
finan
cial
feas
ibili
ty o
f the
unde
rtak
ing.
Man
y as
pect
s of
the
scho
olre
use
deve
lopm
ent p
roce
ss a
re ju
st li
keth
ose
for
any
real
est
ate
vent
ure,
as
show
n in
the
illus
trat
ion
on th
efo
llow
ing
page
s. A
thor
ough
mar
ket f
easi
bilit
y su
rvey
and
ana
lysi
sm
ust b
e do
ne to
test
the
pote
ntia
lac
cept
ance
of t
he p
ropo
sed
proj
ect.
Thi
s pr
oces
s in
volv
es th
e co
llect
ion
and
anal
ysis
of d
emo-
grap
hic
and
othe
r da
ta a
nd s
houl
dbe
ent
rust
ed to
a c
ompe
tent
mar
ketin
g co
nsul
tant
.In
rec
yclin
g pr
ojec
ts,
itis
impo
rtan
t to
iden
tify
unus
ual m
arke
t opp
ortu
nitie
ssu
ch a
s sp
ecia
lty s
hopp
ing
deve
lopm
ent,
recr
eatio
n,or
spe
cial
type
s of
hou
sing
. Pub
lic a
genc
ies,
66Im
plem
enta
tion
138
espe
cial
ly p
lann
ing
and/
or d
evel
opm
ent
offic
es, c
an u
sual
ly p
rovi
deva
luab
le in
form
atio
n an
d im
pres
sion
sw
hich
are
use
ful i
n m
arke
tan
alys
es.
Itis
not
eno
ugh
to "
save
" a
scho
ol b
y lo
udly
tout
ing
its p
oten
tial f
or r
euse
.E
mot
ion
isno
t a s
ubst
itute
for
soun
d ec
onom
ics.
The
loca
tion
and
site
cha
ract
eris
tics
of a
sch
ool p
rope
rty
mus
t be
eval
uate
d fo
r de
velo
pmen
tpo
tent
ial.
An
anal
ysis
of b
oth
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
e ac
tiviti
es in
the
area
sho
uld
be in
itiat
ed a
long
with
the
mar
ket
stud
y.K
ey c
onsi
dera
tions
of t
hene
ighb
orho
od w
hich
sho
uld
bein
vest
igat
edin
clud
e:pa
rkin
g av
aila
bilit
y, tr
ansp
orta
tion
acce
ss,
plan
s in
pro
gres
s w
hich
will
alte
r si
te a
cces
sibi
lity,
exi
stin
gle
vels
of
publ
ic s
ervi
ces
and
safe
ty,
exis
ting
and
plan
ned
uses
of a
djoi
ning
prop
ertie
s an
d th
eir
com
patib
ility
with
the
inte
nded
use
.3
An
arch
itect
ural
and
his
toric
alev
alua
tion
(fab
ric a
naly
sis)
of
the
scho
ol b
uild
ing
is a
prim
ary
cons
ider
atio
n w
hen
deal
ing
with
an o
lder
139
scho
ol. T
he a
ge, c
ompo
sitio
n an
d co
nditi
on o
f bui
ldin
g co
mpo
nent
ssh
ould
be
iden
tifie
d, a
s w
ell a
s th
e se
quen
ce o
f all
addi
tions
, if
any.
Uni
que
arch
itect
ural
feat
ures
sho
uld
be id
entif
ied,
and
a li
st o
f all
elem
ents
whi
ch s
houl
d be
pre
serv
ed in
the
adap
tatio
n to
a n
ew c
on-
tem
pora
ry u
se c
ompi
led.
Phy
sica
l ana
lysi
s sh
ould
incl
ude
iden
tifi-
catio
n of
str
uctu
ral d
amag
e, a
nd th
e co
rrec
tion
of s
ame
cons
ider
edin
the
feas
ibili
ty a
naly
sis.
And
the
cost
s of
upg
radi
ng fo
r co
de c
om-
plia
nce
mus
t be
care
fully
exa
min
ed, a
s su
ch c
osts
may
be
a m
ajor
fact
or in
det
erm
inin
g ec
onom
ic v
iabi
lity.
Som
e ol
der
scho
ol b
uild
ings
may
eith
er b
e on
, or
have
bee
n no
mi-
nate
d to
the
Nat
iona
l Reg
iste
r of
His
toric
Pla
ces
or to
an
equi
vale
ntst
ate
or lo
cal r
egis
ter
of h
isto
ric p
rope
rtie
s. A
sch
ool o
wne
r/de
velo
per
can
real
ize
seve
ral b
enef
its fr
om N
atio
nal R
egis
ter
listin
g.S
uch
reco
gniti
on fo
r a
stru
ctur
e m
ay b
ring
an in
crea
se in
imag
e an
dm
arke
tabi
lity
to th
e pr
ojec
t. O
wne
rs o
f Reg
iste
r-lis
ted
build
ings
are
also
elig
ible
to a
pply
for
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f the
Inte
rior
50%
mat
ch-
ing
gran
ts a
s w
ell a
s th
e ra
pid
writ
e-of
f pro
visi
ons
of T
he E
cono
mic
Rec
over
y A
ct o
f 198
1 (s
ee F
inan
cial
Con
side
ratio
ns).
Oth
er p
ublic
fund
ing
sour
ces
also
giv
e pr
iorit
y to
Reg
iste
r-lis
ted
prop
ertie
s. "
Suc
hde
sign
atio
n, h
owev
er, m
ay a
lso
lead
to s
ome
addi
tiona
l cos
ts a
ndre
quire
men
ts in
impl
emen
ting
a sc
hool
reu
se p
roje
ct.
The
se c
osts
may
be
rela
ted
to d
elay
s ca
used
by
the
need
for
perm
its o
r de
sign
revi
ew.
For
str
uctu
res
loca
ted
with
in h
isto
ric d
istr
icts
, or
neig
hbor
-ho
ods
zone
d as
his
toric
are
as, t
hese
req
uire
men
ts fo
r pe
rmits
and
desi
gn r
evie
w m
ay a
lread
y ex
ist a
nd w
ill n
eed
to b
e ch
ecke
das
par
tof
the
over
all a
rchi
tect
Ura
l and
his
toric
eva
luat
ion.
"5
Onc
e a
proj
ect's
pre
limin
ary
econ
omic
feas
ibili
ty h
as b
een
asce
r-ta
ined
, des
ign
and
finan
cing
can
pro
ceed
tow
ard
final
impl
emen
ta-
tion.
A fi
nal d
eter
min
atio
n of
feas
ibili
ty m
ust b
e m
ade
once
pre
-lim
inar
y de
sign
and
fina
ncin
g de
tails
hav
e be
en w
orke
d ou
t.If
com
preh
ensi
ve p
lann
ing
and
impl
emen
tatio
n pr
oced
ures
are
follo
wed
,th
e fin
al p
rodu
ct w
ill b
e m
ore
succ
essf
ul in
term
s of
aes
thet
ics,
func
tion,
and
fina
ncia
l ret
urn
to th
e sp
onso
r.E
qual
ly r
ewar
ding
,is
the
fact
that
a p
rodu
ct h
as b
een
crea
ted
whi
ch w
ill h
ave
a lo
ngte
rm p
ositi
ve e
ffect
on
the
com
mun
ity.6
140
6 IM
PLE
ME
NT
AT
ION
3)
11
The
feas
ibili
ty o
f sev
eral
pos
sibl
e ne
w u
ses
may
be
inve
stig
ated
bef
ore
one
is c
hose
n an
dac
tual
ly im
plem
ente
d.
Fin
anci
al C
onsi
dera
tions
With
sch
ool r
euse
pro
ject
s,as
in a
ny p
rese
rvat
ion/
reus
e pr
ojec
t, th
eis
sue
of w
here
to o
btai
n th
e ne
cess
ary
fund
ing
alw
ays
beco
mes
anim
port
ant c
onsi
dera
tion.
For
tuna
tely
, man
y in
nova
tive
fund
ing
sour
ces
are
avai
labl
e to
bot
h pu
blic
and
priv
ate
non-
prof
it gr
oups
and
priv
ate
sect
or d
evel
oper
s to
aid
in m
akin
g pr
ojec
ts s
uch
assc
hool
bui
ldin
g re
use
poss
ible
.14
1
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LET
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls67
The
Sch
ool
Reu
seD
evel
opm
ent
Pro
cess
'P
roje
ct In
itiat
ion
Priv
ate
Sec
tor
Par
ticip
atio
n
Dev
elop
men
tP
roce
ss
Rea
l Est
ate
Dev
elop
er
Sch
ool B
oard
Pub
lic A
genc
y
Non
-Pro
fitQ
uasi
-Pub
licG
roup
s
Pro
ject
Fea
sibi
lity
R. E
. Dev
elop
erF
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
nsP
rivat
e S
ourc
es/O
wne
rsC
ham
ber
of C
omm
erce
Exi
stin
gB
uild
ing;
Ow
ned,
Opt
ion
to B
uy,
Leas
e
Dev
elop
men
tO
bjec
tives
Ass
embl
eD
evel
opm
ent
Tea
m 4 t
Pre
limin
ary
Ove
rvie
wE
valu
atio
n
Pub
lic /Q
uasi
- P
ublic
Sec
tor
Par
ticip
atio
n
68Im
plem
enta
tion
142
Opt
ion
Pro
pert
y
Mar
ket
and
Eco
nom
icE
valu
atio
n
Opt
ion
Exp
ire
Sel
l Pro
pert
y
Non
-Eco
nom
icP
ublic
Use
Site
and
Loca
tion
Eva
luat
ion
It
Str
uctu
ral
and
Phy
sica
lE
valu
atio
n11
_iA
rchi
tect
ural
and
His
toric
alE
valu
atio
n
LF
undi
ng o
f Stu
dies
Sta
ff S
uppo
rtB
ackg
roun
d S
tudi
es
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Fun
ding
of S
tudi
esS
taff
Sup
port
Fun
d R
aisi
ngLi
aiso
n w
ithP
ublic
Gro
ups
143
Pro
ject
Pla
nnin
g an
d F
inan
cing
R. E
. Dev
elop
erF
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
nsP
rivat
e In
dust
ryB
usin
ess
Org
aniz
atio
ns
Dev
elop
ers'
Kit
and
Sol
icita
tion
(as
requ
ired)
Sch
emat
icD
esig
n
Fea
sibi
lity
Ana
lysi
s an
dD
evel
opm
ent
Pla
n
V
Sec
ure
Pub
licD
evel
opm
ent
App
rova
l
Com
mer
cial
Ban
ksM
utua
l Sav
ings
Ban
ksIn
sura
nce
Com
pani
esS
yndi
catio
nsR
.E.I.
T.s
Pen
sion
Tru
st
Lend
ers'
Pre
sent
atio
nP
acka
ge
Opt
ion
Exp
ire
Sel
l Pro
pert
y
Non
-Eco
nom
icP
ublic
Use
Sec
ure
Fin
anci
ng
Sec
ure
Pro
pert
y
Pro
ject
Impl
emen
tatio
n
V
Pro
ject
Man
agem
ent a
ndIm
plem
enta
tion
Phy
sica
lB
uild
ing
Reh
abili
tatio
n
Pro
ject
Mar
ketin
g
V
Pro
ject
Com
plet
ion
Site
Impr
ovem
ents
Gra
nt a
nd L
oans
Tax
Aba
tem
ents
/Ince
ntiv
esP
ublic
Infr
astr
uctu
reIm
prov
emen
ts
Com
mun
ity D
evel
opm
ent
Blo
ck G
rant
sS
tate
Cre
ated
Bon
ding
Age
ncie
sF
eder
al P
rogr
am F
unds
Rev
olvi
ng F
unds
Pub
lic In
fras
truc
ture
Impr
ovem
ents
Impl
emen
tatio
n
repr
inte
d w
ith p
erm
issi
on fr
om A
DA
PT
IVE
US
E: D
EV
ELO
PM
EN
TE
CO
NO
MIC
S, P
RO
CE
SS
AN
D P
RO
FIL
ES
(19
78),
pub
lishe
d by
the
Urb
an L
and
Inst
itute
, Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
6914
4
A m
ajor
sou
rce
of fu
nds
for
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
e no
n-pr
ofit
grou
psco
nsid
erin
g sc
hool
reu
se w
ould
be
Com
mun
ity D
evel
opm
ent B
lock
Gra
nt (
CD
BG
) fu
nds,
aut
horiz
edby
the
Hou
sing
and
Com
mun
ityD
evel
opm
ent A
ct o
f 197
4 (w
hich
rep
lace
d ur
ban
rene
wal
gra
nts,
mod
el c
ities
, and
oth
er d
iver
se F
eder
alpr
ogra
ms)
. Eac
h ye
ar, c
ities
with
pop
ulat
ions
of m
ore
than
50,0
00 a
nd u
rban
cen
ters
with
200,
000
pers
ons
or m
ore
rece
ive
auto
mat
icH
UD
form
ula-
deriv
edgr
ants
to p
reve
nt b
light
, ass
ist l
ow a
nd m
oder
ate
inco
me
pers
ons,
and
mee
t urg
ent c
omm
unity
nee
ds.
With
in b
asic
gui
delin
es, c
ities
plan
and
adm
inis
ter
thei
r C
DB
Gpr
ogra
ms.
Any
non
-pro
fit g
roup
who
pla
ns to
util
ize
the
fund
s fo
ra
publ
ic p
urpo
se m
ay a
pply
thro
ugh
itslo
cal d
evel
opm
ent
depa
rtm
ent o
r co
mm
issi
on.
Sm
all
com
mun
ities
and
rur
al a
reas
that
do
not q
ualif
y fo
r di
rect
CD
BG
entit
lem
ents
, may
als
o ap
ply
for
fund
son
a c
ompe
titiv
e ba
sis.
Loca
l cou
nty
com
mis
sion
ers
can
prov
ide
furt
her
info
rmat
ion.
CD
BG
_ fu
nds
can
be u
sed
for
proj
ects
whi
ch in
clud
epr
oper
ty a
cqui
si-
tion,
esta
blis
hmen
t of f
inan
cial
prog
ram
s, in
clud
ing
low
inte
rest
loan
s an
d gr
ants
for
reha
bilit
atio
nof
his
toric
and
arch
itect
ural
lysi
gnifi
cant
str
uctu
res;
esta
blis
hmen
t of a
rev
olvi
ng fu
ndfo
r th
eac
quis
ition
,re
habi
litat
ion
and
disp
ositi
on o
f his
toric
prop
ertie
s;re
loca
tion
paym
ents
;an
d pr
ogra
ms
to a
id th
eel
derly
and
han
di-
capp
ed.
Sin
ce 1
977,
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d ba
sed
non-
prof
it co
rpor
atio
nsha
ve b
een
elig
ible
to r
ecei
veC
DB
G fu
nds
and
cont
ract
s fr
omco
m-
mun
ity d
evel
opm
ent a
genc
ies
toca
rry
out n
eigh
borh
ood
revi
tali-
zatio
n an
d de
velo
pmen
tpr
ojec
ts, s
uch
as s
choo
l bui
ldin
gre
use.
Whi
le c
onsi
dere
d lo
cal
mon
ey fo
r th
e pu
rpos
es o
f mat
chin
g F
eder
algr
ants
(su
ch a
s th
e hi
stor
ic p
rese
rvat
ion
gran
t pro
gram
), b
lock
gra
ntm
oney
car
ries
with
it th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
toco
mpl
y w
ith F
eder
alla
ws
and
regu
latio
nspr
otec
ting
hist
oric
str
uctu
res.
7
The
Nor
then
dC
omm
unity
Cen
ter
in C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o, is
an e
xam
ple
of th
e us
e of
Com
mun
ity D
evel
opm
ent A
ct (
CD
A)
fund
s.T
hece
nter
is u
tiliz
ing
$140
,000
in C
DA
fund
s al
ong
with
a $
100,
000
stat
e ap
prop
riatio
n to
reno
vate
the
form
er N
orth
woo
d S
choo
l(t
ype
B),
bui
lt in
188
7.T
he im
prov
emen
ts in
clud
ean
ele
vato
r,w
heel
chai
r ra
mps
, ane
w e
ntra
nce,
airl
ocks
for
the
stai
rway
s, a
ndne
w k
itche
n fa
cilit
ies
for
a pl
anne
d ho
t lun
chpr
ogra
m. T
he b
uild
-
70Im
plem
enta
tion 14
6
Nor
thw
ood
Sch
ool i
n C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o,no
w s
erve
s as
a N
orth
end
Com
mun
ity G
umm
i.
147
ing
was
pur
chas
ed b
y T
he O
hio
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
and
is le
ased
to th
ece
nter
for
$1 a
yea
r un
der
a 25
yea
r le
ase
agre
emen
t.
Non
-pro
fit o
rgan
izat
ions
can
als
o ta
ke a
dvan
tage
of g
rant
s av
aila
ble
thro
ugh
stat
e an
d lo
cal a
rts
coun
cils
and
pub
lican
d pr
ivat
e fo
unda
-tio
ns.
The
se a
re c
omm
only
pla
nnin
g fu
nds,
but t
hey
can
ofte
n be
used
as
seed
mon
ey fo
r ot
her
gran
ts, a
ndar
e va
luab
le in
dem
onst
ra-
ting
a w
illin
gnes
s to
wor
k on
the
part
of t
he p
rosp
ectiv
ere
cipi
ent
whe
n ap
plyi
ng to
larg
er fo
unda
tions
or F
eder
al p
rogr
ams.
Tho
ugh
mos
t sch
ools
can
be
acqu
ired
for
rela
tivel
yre
ason
able
term
s,si
zabl
e am
ount
s of
ren
ovat
ion
capi
tal w
ill n
eed
to b
e ob
tain
ed fo
rm
any
conv
ersi
ons.
Bec
ause
of t
he r
elat
ive
new
ness
of a
dapt
ive
use,
man
y pr
ivat
e in
stitu
tions
are
stil
l war
y of
pro
vidi
ng fi
nanc
ing.
Inhe
r-en
tly c
onse
rvat
ive,
mos
t com
mer
cial
lend
ers
will
insi
st th
at th
efin
anci
al fe
asib
ility
of t
he p
roje
ct b
e w
ell e
stab
lishe
dan
d re
lativ
ely
free
of r
isk.
Thi
s is
not
to s
ay th
at p
rivat
e fin
anci
ng is
not a
vaila
ble.
The
res
iden
tial c
onve
rsio
n of
the
Ste
phen
Pal
mer
Sch
ool i
n N
eedh
am,
Mas
sach
uset
ts, f
or e
xam
ple,
was
fina
nced
by
a co
nven
tiona
l mor
t-ga
ge a
s w
as th
e G
erm
an V
illag
e C
ente
r co
nver
sion
of S
t.M
ary'
sS
choo
l in
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
(see
cas
e st
udie
s).
In a
dditi
on to
the
regu
larly
use
dso
urce
s of
rea
l est
ate
fund
ing
such
as s
avin
gs a
nd lo
ans,
com
mer
cial
ban
ks, i
nsur
ance
com
pani
es,
real
esta
te in
vest
men
t tru
sts,
etc.
, the
re a
re s
ever
al o
ther
sou
rces
of
fund
s,pa
rtic
ular
lyfe
dera
l pro
gram
s, a
vaila
ble
for
scho
olre
use
proj
ects
whi
ch o
wne
rs/d
evel
oper
sca
n us
e to
thei
r ad
vant
age.
Fur
ther
info
rmat
ion
conc
erni
ng th
e pr
ogra
ms
whi
chfo
llow
can
be
obta
ined
by w
ritin
g to
the
addr
esse
s lis
ted
in th
eA
ppen
dix.
The
His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
n Lo
an P
rogr
amex
pand
s H
UD
's T
itle
I pro
-gr
am b
y pr
ovid
ing
FH
A in
sura
nce
for
loan
s to
fina
nce
the
pres
erva
-tio
n, r
esto
ratio
n an
d re
habi
litat
ion
ofre
side
ntia
l pro
pert
ies
liste
dor
det
erm
ined
elig
ible
for
listin
g in
the
Nat
iona
l Reg
iste
rof
His
toric
Pla
ces,
incl
udin
g al
l pro
pert
ies
with
ina
Nat
iona
l Reg
iste
r D
istr
ict.
Sch
ools
con
vert
ed to
res
iden
tial
uses
wou
ld b
e el
igib
le, p
rovi
ded
they
mee
t the
abo
ve c
riter
ia, a
nd th
eyco
uld
have
an
inci
dent
alco
mm
erci
al u
se n
ot to
exc
eed
20%
of t
hest
ruct
ure'
s ar
ea.
Ava
il-
148
able
from
priv
ate
lend
ing
inst
itutio
nsat
mar
ket r
ates
(no
t to
exce
ed12
%),
thes
e lo
ans
can
be m
ade
for
up to
$15
,000
per
uni
t for
15
year
s (n
ot to
exc
eed
$45,
000
per
stru
ctur
e).
Com
mun
ity D
evel
op-
men
t Blo
ck G
rant
s m
ay b
e us
edto
sub
sidi
ze th
e m
arke
t int
eres
tra
tes.
The
Sta
te H
isto
ric P
rese
rvat
ion
Offi
cer
mus
t rev
iew
pro
pose
dim
prov
emen
ts.
HU
D's
Sec
tion
8 pr
ogra
mca
n al
so b
e in
tegr
ated
into
a r
esid
entia
lco
nver
sion
of a
sur
plus
sch
ool.
The
Aca
dem
y K
noll
Apa
rtm
ents
Sch
ool c
onve
rsio
n in
Mar
lbor
ough
,M
assa
chus
etts
, util
ized
this
pro
-gr
am, a
s ha
ve s
ever
al o
ther
s. T
he S
ectio
n 8
prog
ram
enc
oura
ges
the
prov
isio
n of
low
er-in
com
e ho
usin
g th
roug
hre
nt p
aym
ent c
ontr
acts
with
pro
pert
y ow
ners
in w
hich
HU
Dag
rees
to p
ay th
e di
ffere
nce
betw
een
wha
t a lo
w in
com
e fa
mily
can
pay
and
a H
UD
est
ablis
hed
fair
mar
ket r
ent o
n ne
w, s
ubst
antia
llyre
habi
litat
ed o
r ex
istin
g re
ntal
units
. The
Hou
sing
Aut
horit
y A
ct o
f 197
6di
rect
s H
UD
to a
lloca
teS
ectio
n 8
fund
s in
acc
orda
nce
with
blo
ckgr
ant c
omm
uniti
es H
ousi
ngA
ssis
tanc
e P
lans
. The
refo
re, t
he p
riorit
y as
sign
edto
reh
abili
tatio
n of
units
is e
stab
lishe
d by
the
indi
vidu
al c
omm
unity
.
HU
D p
erio
dica
lly s
olic
its p
ropo
sals
from
inte
rest
ed o
wne
rs, d
evel
-op
ers,
non
-pro
fit o
rgan
izat
ions
and
pub
lic h
ousi
ngau
thor
ities
for
spec
ific
reha
bilit
atio
n pr
ojec
ts.
Pro
ject
s ch
osen
are
pro
vide
d H
UD
assu
ranc
es fo
r S
ectio
n 8
subs
idie
s fo
r a
perio
d of
70
to 8
0 ye
ars.
HU
D d
oes
not p
rovi
de r
ehab
ilita
tion
finan
cing
, but
ow
ners
/dev
el-
oper
s ca
n us
e in
com
e pr
ojec
tions
from
the
HU
Das
sure
d re
nts
toob
tain
con
vent
iona
l fin
anci
ng. O
wne
rsm
ust r
ent t
o el
igib
le fa
mili
es.
The
sub
sidy
is ti
ed to
the
prop
erty
and
fam
ilies
that
mov
e ar
e no
tas
sure
d of
con
tinui
ng S
ectio
n 8
supp
ort.
Sev
eral
sta
tes
curr
ently
hav
est
ate
hous
ing
finan
ce a
genc
ies
whi
chca
n al
so b
e ta
pped
for
scho
ol r
euse
.T
he M
assa
chus
etts
Hou
sing
and
Fin
ance
Age
ncy,
whi
ch p
rovi
ded
both
cons
truc
tion
and
perm
a-ne
nt m
ortg
age
mon
ey fo
r th
e co
nver
sion
of C
entr
alG
ram
mar
Sch
ool
(see
cas
e st
udie
s) is
an
exam
ple
ofon
e of
thes
e ag
enci
es a
s is
the
Con
nect
icut
Hou
sing
Fin
ance
Age
ncy
whi
chpr
ovid
ed m
oney
for
the
purc
hase
of N
ew B
ritai
n H
igh
Sch
ool i
nN
ew B
ritai
n, C
onne
cti-
cut.
A c
onsi
dera
ble
num
ber
of th
e pr
ojec
ts fi
nanc
edth
roug
h th
ese
149
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
71
prog
ram
s ha
ve b
een
adap
tive
use
proj
ects
.
Prio
r to
197
6, a
dev
elop
er r
enov
atin
g an
exi
stin
g st
ruct
ure
face
dsh
orte
r am
ortiz
atio
n pe
riods
than
the
deve
lope
r of
a ne
w s
truc
ture
20 y
ears
inst
ead
of 3
5 ye
ars,
for
exam
ple,
and
then
incr
ease
dpr
op-
erty
taxe
s re
flect
ing
the
incr
ease
d va
lue
of th
e bu
ildin
g.
Rec
ogni
zing
that
thes
e fa
cts
wer
e at
odd
s w
ith th
e go
vern
men
t'sde
sire
to p
rom
ote
pres
erva
tion,
Con
gres
s in
clud
ed p
rovi
sion
s in
the
Tax
Ref
orm
Act
of 1
976
to in
crea
se in
cent
ives
for
deve
lope
rsto
pres
erve
and
reu
se h
isto
ric s
truc
ture
s.C
ongr
ess
deci
ded
that
the
exis
ting
tax
adva
ntag
es o
f dem
olis
hing
his
toric
str
uctu
res
and
ofbu
ildin
g re
plac
emen
t str
uctu
res
shou
ld b
e re
duce
d, a
nd th
at in
cen-
tives
sho
uld
be g
rant
ed to
thos
e re
habi
litat
ing
olde
r bu
ildin
gs. T
hese
ince
ntiv
es h
ave
been
rev
ised
and
sig
nific
antly
exp
ande
d w
ith th
epa
ssag
e of
the
Eco
nom
ic R
ecov
ery
Act
of 1
981,
and
the
resu
lting
legi
slat
ion
is a
pplie
d to
all
depr
ecia
ble
stru
ctur
es th
atar
e lis
ted
indi
-vi
dual
ly in
the
Nat
iona
l Reg
iste
r of
His
toric
Pla
ces,
or a
re lo
cate
dw
ithin
a h
isto
ric d
istr
ict l
iste
d in
the
Nat
iona
l Reg
iste
r,or
that
are
with
in a
sta
te o
r lo
cally
des
igna
ted
dist
rict e
stab
lishe
d un
der
a
stat
ute
or o
rdin
ance
app
rove
d by
the
Sec
reta
ry o
f the
Inte
rior.
Pro
visi
ons
of th
e E
cono
mic
Rec
over
y A
ct o
f 198
1 pe
rmit
owne
rs o
fth
ese
build
ings
who
inve
st in
reh
abili
tatio
n to
reco
up th
eir
inve
st-
men
t thr
ough
a 2
5% in
vest
men
t tax
cre
dit,
whi
ch c
an b
e co
mbi
ned
with
a 1
5 ye
ar a
ccel
erat
ed d
epre
ciat
ion
of th
e ad
just
ed b
asis
of t
heen
tire
hist
oric
bui
ldin
g.T
o qu
alify
for
the
inve
stm
ent t
ax c
redi
t,th
e bu
ildin
g m
ust b
e su
bsta
ntia
lly r
ehab
ilita
ted,
mea
ning
the
reha
bili-
tatio
n co
st m
ust e
qual
the
grea
ter
of $
5000
or th
e ac
tual
cos
t of t
hebu
ildin
g, le
ss a
ny d
epre
ciat
ion
take
n.
Afte
r a
prop
erty
ow
ner
rece
ives
not
ifica
tion
from
the
Kee
per
of th
eN
atio
nal R
egis
ter
that
his
bui
ldin
g ha
s be
en c
ertif
ied
for
sign
ifica
nce,
he c
an p
roce
ed to
app
ly fo
r a
cert
ifica
tion
of r
ehab
ilita
tion.
All
info
rmat
ion
conc
erni
ng th
e pr
opos
ed r
ehab
ilita
tion
isre
view
ed b
yth
e D
epar
tmen
t of t
he In
terio
r's T
echn
ical
Pre
serv
atio
nS
ervi
ces
Div
isio
n ac
cord
ing
to th
e "S
ecre
tary
of t
he In
terio
r's S
tand
ards
for
Reh
abili
tatio
n."
72Im
plem
enta
tion
150
Cer
tific
atio
n of
Reh
abili
tatio
n is
issu
ed o
nly
whe
n re
habi
litat
ion
wor
k ha
s be
en c
ompl
eted
and
the
owne
r ha
s se
nt T
echn
ical
Pre
ser-
vatio
n S
ervi
ces
the
proj
ectio
n co
mpl
etio
n da
te,
a st
atem
ent t
hat t
hepr
ojec
t mee
ts th
e S
ecre
tary
's S
tand
ards
, and
pho
togr
aphs
of t
heco
mpl
eted
wor
k.In
som
e ca
ses,
an
on-s
ite in
spec
tion
of th
e pr
ojec
tm
ay b
e ne
cess
ary.
The
law
als
o in
clud
es a
15%
inve
stm
ent t
ax c
redi
t for
bui
ldin
gsth
irty
year
s an
d ol
der,
and
a 2
0% in
vest
men
t tax
cre
dit f
or b
uild
ings
fort
y ye
ars
and
olde
r.T
hese
cre
dits
app
ly o
nly
to c
omm
erci
al a
ndin
dust
rial u
ses,
and
not
to r
esid
entia
l ren
tal p
rope
rtie
s. T
o qu
alify
for
thes
e le
sser
tax
cred
its, r
evie
w b
y th
e N
atio
nal P
arks
Ser
vice
isre
quire
d on
ly w
hen
the
build
ings
are
with
in a
Reg
iste
r-lis
ted
His
-to
ric D
istr
ict.
Thi
s ne
w la
w e
nabl
es th
e re
habi
litat
ion
of o
lder
build
ings
whi
ch a
re n
ot n
eces
saril
y ce
rtifi
ed h
isto
ricst
ruct
ures
toqu
alify
for
tax
ince
ntiv
es.
Sch
ool b
uild
ings
mee
ting
the
Act
'spr
o-vi
sion
s ar
e el
igib
le fo
r its
ben
efits
.T
he in
vest
men
t tax
cre
dit i
sde
duct
ed d
irect
ly fr
om th
e in
com
e ta
x lia
bilit
y of
the
owne
r.
Fed
eral
sub
sidi
esan
d ta
x pr
ovis
ions
Gra
nts
for
stud
ies
and
plan
ning
Con
vent
iona
l com
mer
cial
finan
cing
The
fina
ncin
g pa
ckag
e fo
r a
scho
ol r
euse
pro
ject
may
be
put t
oget
her
from
a v
arie
ty o
fso
urce
s.
151
The
leng
th o
f tim
e re
quire
d fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
tpr
oces
s ca
n be
subs
tant
ially
red
uced
with
sch
ool r
euse
whe
nco
mpa
red
with
com
-pa
rabl
e ne
w c
onst
ruct
ion.
Infla
tion
in c
onst
ruct
ion
and
finan
ceco
sts
plac
es a
pre
miu
m o
n sp
eed.
By
cutti
ng d
evel
opm
ent t
ime,
the
deve
lope
r cu
ts c
osts
and
at t
hesa
me
time
gene
rate
s ca
sh fl
ows
earli
er.
The
mor
e hi
ghly
mar
keta
ble
area
s of
the
proj
ect,
such
as
the
lobb
y or
mod
els,
can
be
give
n pr
iorit
y in
cons
truc
tion
and
ade
velo
per
can
ofte
n ob
tain
a p
erm
anen
t loa
n (w
hich
carr
ies
a lo
wer
inte
rest
rat
e) s
oone
r be
caus
e m
arke
tabi
lity
of th
e bu
ildin
gha
s be
enpr
oven
.
Dev
elop
men
t Loa
n G
raph
8
0E
c 0 o
Mon
ths
Con
stru
ctio
n lo
an
(hig
h ra
te o
f int
eres
t) Ren
t-up
I(r
ehab
ilita
tion)
fi
Per
man
ent l
oan
(low
er r
ate
of in
tere
st)
Ren
t-up
)I(n
ew c
onst
ruct
ion)
612
18
Com
mun
ities
can
inst
igat
e so
me
crea
tive
prog
ram
s lo
cally
to d
evel
opan
eco
nom
ic c
limat
e w
hich
is fr
iend
ly to
sch
ool
reus
e.R
evol
ving
fund
loan
s, s
eede
d by
fede
ral
gran
ts o
r lo
ng te
rm lo
ans
and
mat
ched
by p
rivat
e an
d st
ate
(or
loca
l) pu
blic
mon
ies,
coul
d be
eno
rmou
sly
help
ful.
Thi
s pr
ogra
m c
ould
be
adm
inis
tere
d by
the
scho
olsy
stem
,or
pre
fera
bly,
by
the
city
.R
evol
ving
fund
mon
ey w
ould
be
used
tofin
ance
the
purc
hase
of s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs b
y no
n-pr
ofit
grou
ps a
ndpr
ivat
e de
velo
pers
who
wou
ld r
enov
ate
them
.W
hen
the
build
ings
are
reso
ld to
per
man
ent l
ong-
term
ow
ners
the
proc
eeds
wou
ld b
ere
turn
ed to
the
fund
to b
e us
ed fo
r su
bseq
uent
pur
chas
es,
reno
va-
tions
, and
res
ale.
The
bui
ldin
gs,
once
ren
ovat
ed, w
ould
pot
entia
llyha
ve a
muc
h w
ider
mar
ket a
ppea
l to
perm
anen
t ow
ners
.P
rese
rva-
159
tion
revo
lvin
g fu
nds
have
alre
ady
been
suc
cess
ful i
n S
avan
nah,
Cha
rlest
on a
nd P
ittsb
urgh
.A
dditi
onal
ly, c
ity o
ffici
als
may
wan
tto
sol
icit
the
help
of l
ocal
lend
ing
inst
itutio
ns in
est
ablis
hing
a po
olof
fund
s fo
r a
low
inte
rest
loan
pro
gram
aim
ed s
peci
fical
lyat
sch
ool
reus
e pr
ojec
ts.
An
inab
ility
to o
btai
n ty
pica
l ins
titut
iona
l fin
anci
ng s
houl
dno
t be
caus
e fo
r im
med
iate
ala
rm.
Oth
er s
ourc
es o
f pot
entia
l fun
ding
are
avai
labl
e.A
cal
l to
a lo
cal l
andm
arks
foun
datio
nor
com
mis
sion
and/
or th
e st
ate
hist
oric
al s
ocie
ty c
an p
ut th
e sc
hool
reus
e de
velo
per
in to
uch
with
the
prop
er a
utho
ritie
s fo
r ea
ch o
f the
prog
ram
s m
en-
tione
d. T
hese
gro
ups
can
also
ass
ist i
n fil
ling
out g
rant
app
licat
ions
,lo
catin
g ad
ditio
nal s
ourc
es o
f fun
ding
, and
may
eve
n ag
ree
to lo
bby
for
your
cau
se.
Pen
ding
Leg
isla
tion
Sen
ate
Bill
792
, sub
mitt
ed b
y S
enat
or J
ohn
Hei
nz (
R-P
a) in
Feb
ruar
y,19
77, w
ould
rei
nfor
ce s
choo
l reu
se if
pas
sed.
"Cur
rent
ly in
the
Sen
ate
Com
mitt
ee o
n B
anki
ng, H
ousi
ng a
nd U
rban
Affa
irs,
the
bill
prop
oses
to 'a
utho
rize
the
Sec
reta
ry o
f Hou
sing
and
Urb
an D
evel
op-
men
t to
mak
e gr
ants
to lo
cal g
over
nmen
ts fo
r co
nver
ting
clos
edsc
hool
bui
ldin
gs to
effi
cien
t, al
tern
ativ
e us
es, a
nd fo
r ot
her
purp
oses
'.A
s th
e pr
esen
t int
entio
n is
to r
etai
n sc
hool
s fo
r pu
blic
use,
eith
er a
sco
nduc
ted
by g
over
nmen
ts o
r no
t-fo
r-pr
ofit
orga
niza
tions
, the
bill
curr
ently
lim
its g
rant
s to
con
vers
ions
ser
ving
'pro
duct
ive
educ
a-tio
nal a
nd s
ocia
l ser
vice
pur
pose
s.' "
Hou
se B
ill H
.R. 1
421,
whi
ch is
cal
led
the
Sur
plus
Sch
ool C
onse
rva-
tion
Act
of 1
979,
has
the
sam
e st
ated
purp
ose
as S
enat
e B
ill 7
92.
It ci
tes
in it
s fin
ding
s th
at "
decl
inin
g en
rollm
ents
and
pop
ulat
ion
imm
igra
tion
have
cau
sed
the
clos
ures
of s
choo
ls a
t all
leve
lsth
roug
h-ou
t the
cou
ntry
," a
nd "
the
scho
ol b
uild
ings
that
hav
e be
en c
lose
dre
pres
ent v
alua
ble
reso
urce
s to
com
mun
ities
and
sho
uld
be m
ain-
tain
ed a
nd o
pera
ted
for
othe
r pr
oduc
tive
uses
."9
Thi
s le
gisl
atio
nha
s be
en s
ent b
ack
to c
omm
ittee
for
re-e
xam
inat
ion,
and
thus
its
futu
re is
unc
erta
in.
If pa
ssed
, thi
s le
gisl
atio
n, w
ith th
e fu
ndin
g it
153.
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
73
prov
ides
, wou
ld b
e ve
ry h
elpf
ul to
com
mun
ities
inre
usin
g th
eir
surp
lus
scho
ols.
Sta
te s
uppo
rt fo
r th
e jo
int
use
of s
choo
ls is
com
ing
into
favo
r in
som
e st
ates
. Min
neso
ta in
197
1 pa
ssed
the
Com
mun
ity S
choo
lLa
w,
whi
ch o
ffers
fina
ncia
l ass
ista
nce
to d
istr
icts
adop
ting
expa
nded
com
-m
unity
use
of s
choo
ls.
Cal
iforn
ia la
w e
xpre
ssly
per
mits
com
mun
ityus
e of
sch
ool p
rope
rty
for
cert
ain
purp
oses
.
Loca
l com
mun
ities
can
hel
p pr
omot
e sc
hool
reus
e by
est
ablis
hing
apo
licy
that
exp
licitl
y su
ppor
ts th
e m
ultip
leus
es o
f sch
ool b
uild
ings
by b
oth
the
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
ese
ctor
s, a
nd th
roug
h lo
cal l
egis
lativ
epr
ogra
ms
such
as
new
zon
ing
and
hist
oric
dis
tric
t and
land
mar
kpr
eser
vatio
n or
dina
nces
, as
wel
las
dev
elop
ing
tax
abat
emen
t pro
-gr
ams
and
revo
lvin
g fu
nds.
Add
ition
ally
, as
reus
ing
scho
ols
beco
me
mor
e an
d m
ore
impo
rtan
tto
com
mun
ity c
ontin
uity
, sta
tes
may
wis
h to
con
side
r re
visi
ng th
ele
gisl
atio
n (s
uch
as S
ectio
n33
13.4
1 of
the
Ohi
o R
evis
ed C
ode)
whi
ch c
onst
rain
s a
scho
ol d
istr
ict's
dis
posi
tion
of it
s pr
oper
ty.
Sta
tes,
com
mun
ities
, and
sch
ool o
ffici
als
all m
ust w
ork
toge
ther
to d
evel
op le
gisl
atio
n w
hich
isin
the
best
inte
rest
s of
all
thos
ein
volv
ed, c
onsi
derin
g th
e ch
angi
ng is
sues
.
Foo
tnot
es1U
rban
Lan
d In
stitu
te, P
RO
JEC
T R
EF
ER
EN
CE
FIL
E (
Oct
ober
-Dec
embe
r, 1
977)
,6
IBID
., p.
36.
p. 2
.
2,'S
urpl
usS
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs: N
ew O
ppor
tuni
ties
for
Ada
ptiv
eU
se,"
A IA
JO
UR
NA
L,19
78.
(Apr
il, 1
977)
, p. 5
9.
3U
rban
Lan
d In
stitu
te, A
DA
PT
IVE
US
E,
p. 1
4.4
afte
r IB
ID.,
pp. 4
-5.
5IB
ID.,
p. 1
6.
74Im
plem
enta
tion
154
7"S
ourc
es o
f Pre
serv
atio
n F
undi
ng,"
Her
itage
Con
serv
atio
n an
d R
ecre
atio
n S
ervi
ce,
8U
rban
Lan
d In
stitu
te, A
DA
PT
IVE
US
E,
p. 3
6.
9Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Hou
se o
f Rep
rese
ntat
ives
Bill
H.R
. 142
1,p.
2.
155
the
stat
ea
tile,
ark
"lb.
I.ir,
4
41.
011.
../11
0444
%,
re
153
The
Sta
te o
f the
Art
In c
ities
acr
oss
the
coun
try,
the
adap
tive
use
of s
choo
ls h
as c
ontin
u-al
ly b
enef
ited
com
mun
ities
, sch
ool b
oard
s, a
nd d
evel
oper
s.T
heca
se s
tudi
es c
onta
ined
in th
is s
ectio
n ill
ustr
ate
how
reh
abili
tate
dsc
hool
s ha
ve a
ided
rev
italiz
atio
n, p
rovi
ded
new
spa
ces
cont
aini
ngirr
epla
ceab
le a
men
ities
, sav
ed lo
cal l
andm
arks
, and
pro
vide
d ec
o-no
mic
ben
efit
for
new
and
form
er o
wne
rs. E
ach
case
stu
dy r
epre
-se
nts
a un
ique
use
, met
hod
of fi
nanc
ing,
or
met
hod
of a
cqui
sitio
n.T
hese
sel
ecte
d ca
se s
tudi
es r
epre
sent
onl
y a
few
of t
he m
any
type
sof
con
vers
ions
that
sho
uld
be in
vest
igat
ed w
hen
cons
ider
ing
the
reus
e of
a s
choo
l bui
ldin
g.
155
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
77
St.
Mar
y's
Col
umbu
s,ad
aptiv
e us
e:T
he G
erm
anA
mul
ti us
e
Sch
ool
Ohi
o
Vill
age
Cen
ter
offic
e bu
ildin
g
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
Thi
s 19
th c
entu
ry p
aroc
hial
sch
ool l
ocat
ed in
Col
umbu
s' G
erm
anV
illag
e ar
ea h
as b
een
adap
ted
to a
mul
tiuse
offi
ce b
uild
ing,
incl
ud-
ing
prof
essi
onal
offi
ces,
ret
ail s
pace
, and
a s
avin
gs a
nd lo
an.
Bui
ltin
188
7, th
e ol
d sc
hool
hous
e is
atw
osto
ry b
rick
stru
ctur
e, w
ithfo
ur la
rge
clas
sroo
ms
on e
ach
floor
loca
ted
arou
nda
cent
ral h
allw
ayan
d st
airs
.(T
his
build
ing
repr
esen
ts th
e ty
pe B
cla
ssifi
catio
n.)
Sin
ceth
e ex
istin
g ba
sem
ent a
nd a
ttic
spac
e w
ere
utili
zed
in th
e co
nver
sion
,fo
ur u
sabl
e flo
ors
wer
e cr
eate
d.
78T
he S
tate
of t
heA
rt16
o11
31
Des
ign
Fea
ture
sT
he tw
o cl
assr
oom
floo
rs w
ere
easi
ly c
onve
rted
into
offi
ce s
pace
,w
ith th
e sa
ving
s an
d lo
an o
ccup
ying
par
t of t
he fi
rst f
loor
.T
heat
tic s
pace
was
ada
pted
to o
ffice
spa
ce w
hile
the
base
men
t was
give
n ac
cess
from
the
outs
ide
for
reta
il us
e by
dev
elop
ing
two
sunk
enco
urty
ards
. With
the
utili
zatio
n of
the
base
men
t and
atti
c sp
ace,
the
usab
le s
quar
e fo
otag
e w
as in
crea
sed
to 2
0,00
0 sq
uare
feet
, nea
rlytw
ice
that
of t
he fo
rmer
sch
ool.
The
orig
inal
ext
erio
r ap
pear
ance
of t
he s
choo
l bui
ldin
g w
as r
etai
ned
and
enha
nced
thro
ugh
exte
nsiv
e cl
eani
ng a
nd r
esto
ratio
n, e
labo
rate
land
scap
ing,
and
car
eful
des
ign
of a
n ad
jace
nt p
arki
ng a
rea.
The
ren
ovat
ion
crea
ted
a to
tally
new
inte
rior
whi
le s
avin
g so
me
exis
ting
feat
ures
suc
h as
par
t of a
maj
or s
tairw
ay a
nd e
xpos
ing
bric
kw
alls
. The
sav
ings
and
loan
offi
ces
wer
e de
sign
ed in
the
styl
e of
an
1870
's b
ank
faci
lity
to fi
t the
cha
ract
er o
f the
bui
ldin
g.
To
satis
fy b
uild
ing
code
s, th
e ba
sem
ent l
evel
was
exc
avat
ed s
ixin
ches
to p
rovi
de s
uffic
ient
cei
ling
heig
ht a
nd a
fire
esc
ape
stai
rway
was
add
ed.
Ele
vato
rs w
ere
inst
alle
d fo
r co
nven
ienc
e an
d ac
cess
for
the
phys
ical
ly h
andi
capp
ed.
Fin
anci
ng
The
pro
ject
was
und
erta
ken
by a
priv
ate
deve
lope
r in
197
1, w
hen
conv
ersi
on o
f the
old
sch
oolh
ouse
to o
ffice
spa
ce c
ost $
30 p
ersq
uare
foot
.C
onve
ntio
nal f
undi
ng s
ourc
es w
ere
used
for
prop
erty
acqu
isiti
on, t
he c
onst
ruct
ion
loan
, and
the
perm
anen
t fin
anci
ng.
The
reh
abili
tatio
n an
d ad
aptiv
e us
e of
this
str
uctu
re, w
hich
is li
sted
in th
e N
atio
nal R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric P
lace
s, h
as p
laye
d a
role
in th
eco
ntin
uing
rev
italiz
atio
n of
the
surr
ound
ing,
nat
iona
lly-r
ecog
nize
dG
erm
an V
illag
e hi
stor
ic d
istr
ict,
and
the
build
ing
cont
inue
s to
be
ava
luab
le a
sset
to it
s co
mm
unity
.
162
Thi
s in
form
atio
n co
mpi
led
and
cond
ense
d fr
om:
Ohi
o D
epar
tmen
t of E
cono
mic
and
Com
mun
ity D
evel
opm
ent.
AD
AP
TIV
E R
EU
SE
OF
EX
IST
ING
ST
RU
CT
UR
ES
INO
HIO
. Jun
e 19
79, p
p. 3
1-32
.
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
79
163
Cen
tral
Gra
mm
arS
choo
lG
louc
este
r,M
assa
chue
ttsad
aptiv
e us
e:C
entr
alG
ram
mar
Apa
rtm
ents
Hou
sing
for
the
elde
rlyG
ener
alD
escr
iptio
nC
entr
al G
ram
mar
Sch
ool
in G
louc
este
r,M
assa
chus
etts
, rec
eive
d its
first
pup
ils in
1889
, was
enl
arge
d in
the
1920
's, a
ndby
the
late
1960
's h
ad b
ecom
eob
sole
te.
(Thi
s bu
ildin
gre
pres
ents
the
type
Bcl
assi
ficat
ion,
with
aty
pe D
add
ition
.)A
fter
stan
ding
vaca
nt fo
ra
num
ber
ofye
ars,
the
build
ing
has
beco
me
an 8
4 un
it su
bsid
ized
apar
tmen
t hou
se fo
r th
eel
derly
. Man
y of
the
fine
amen
ities
inhe
rent
in a
n ol
der
build
ing,
alo
ng w
ith it
slo
catio
n ne
ar th
eci
ty h
all,
shop
s,a
libra
ry a
nd c
linic
, hav
em
ade
it a
very
suc
cess
ful p
roje
ct.
Iron
ical
ly,
mos
t of t
he p
eopl
eon
the
wai
ting
list
are
resi
dent
s of
ane
w a
ndm
oder
n hi
gh r
ise
elde
rly h
ousi
ng c
ompl
exne
arby
, whi
ch w
as b
uilt
at a
cos
t far
exc
eedi
ngth
e sc
hool
con
vers
ion.
Des
ign
Fea
ture
s
Mos
t of t
he u
nits
cont
ain
one
bedr
oom
and
they
wer
e bu
iltfa
irly
easi
ly b
y "d
ropp
ing"
free
stan
ding
kitc
hen
and
bath
room
uni
tsin
to th
ecl
assr
oom
s, in
stal
ling
part
ition
s to
sep
arat
eliv
ing
and
slee
p-in
g ar
eas,
and
erec
ting
part
y w
alls
bet
wee
nad
join
ing
units
that
are
fitte
d in
to th
esa
me
clas
sroo
m.
Irre
plac
eabl
e am
eniti
esin
clud
ing
map
le fl
oors
that
wer
e re
tain
ed a
ndpo
lishe
d, o
akw
ains
cotti
ng a
ndtr
im,
larg
e w
indo
ws,
and
pane
led
clos
ets,
wer
e sa
ved
whe
reve
rpo
ssib
le. T
he c
eilin
gsth
at w
ere
too
high
for
one
floor
uni
tsan
d to
olo
w fo
r tw
o flo
orun
its w
ere
sim
ply
drop
ped.
The
win
dow
spac
e
80T
he S
tate
of t
he A
rt 164
effe
cted
by
this
low
erin
g of
the
ceili
ngw
as b
lock
ed in
with
plyw
ood,
a m
etho
d la
ter
dete
rmin
edso
mew
hat a
wkw
ard.
(On
the
firm
'ssu
ccee
ding
jobs
, the
ceili
ng w
as b
evel
ed to
the
win
dow
, lea
ving
the
who
le w
indo
wex
pose
d.)
1
ay.
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE16
5
An
unus
ed s
tairw
ay b
ecam
e ba
ths
and
stor
age
for
a lin
e of
apa
rt-
men
ts, w
hile
the
wid
e co
rrid
ors
serv
e as
a fo
yer
to th
e ap
artm
ents
.T
he u
nuse
d sp
ace
in th
e at
tic w
as tr
ansf
orm
ed in
to a
part
men
ts b
ycu
tting
bac
k th
e ro
of li
ne, t
hus
mak
ing
avai
labl
e a
spac
e fo
r ex
terio
rpa
tios,
whi
ch p
rovi
de s
pect
acul
ar v
iew
s to
the
tow
n an
d ha
rbor
.G
roun
d flo
or u
nits
wer
e gi
ven
priv
ate
outd
oor
livin
g sp
aces
by
punc
turin
g th
e ex
terio
r w
all f
or d
oorw
ays.
Spe
cial
acc
omm
oda-
tions
hav
e be
en in
clud
ed fo
r ha
ndic
appe
d pe
rson
s, a
long
with
an
elev
ator
, com
plet
e se
curit
y sy
stem
, ind
ivid
ually
con
trol
led
heat
ing
units
, and
a c
entr
al g
arba
ge c
ompa
ctor
sys
tem
.
?cc
rzoo
la (
roof
rizA
TT
IC)
Fin
anci
ng
z c7) 0
The
bui
ldin
g w
as p
urch
ased
from
the
city
by
a no
npro
fit o
rgan
i-za
tion
for
$95,
000,
with
the
city
hol
ding
the
optio
n to
reg
ain
poss
essi
on in
50
year
s fo
r $1
.T
he c
ity h
ad in
tend
ed to
dem
olis
hth
e bu
ildin
g at
a c
ost o
f $45
,000
.In
stea
d, w
ith th
e ne
w u
se, t
he
166
reha
bilit
ated
str
uctu
re p
rovi
des
$24,
000
a ye
ar in
com
e to
the
city
in p
rope
rty
taxe
s.T
he r
ents
, ran
ging
from
$18
5 to
$21
5 in
197
5,ar
e su
bsid
ized
by
a st
ate
agen
cy. T
he c
onst
ruct
ion
cost
per
uni
t in
1975
was
$22
,525
, with
bot
h co
nstr
uctio
n lo
an a
nd p
erm
anen
tfin
anci
ngac
quire
d th
roug
h th
e M
assa
chus
etts
Hou
sing
Fin
ance
Age
ncy.
Eac
h ap
artm
ent u
nit s
uppl
ied
a 15
%20
% s
avin
gs in
cos
tov
er n
ew c
onst
ruct
ion.
With
sty
le, g
race
, and
eco
nom
y, th
is p
roje
ct h
as m
et a
ser
ious
nee
din
hou
sing
.T
he G
louc
este
r pr
ojec
t has
spa
rked
oth
er s
choo
l ada
p-tio
ns fo
r el
derly
hou
sing
in m
any
othe
r co
mm
uniti
es, a
nd is
a w
ell
know
n ex
ampl
e of
the
reha
bilit
atio
n of
sch
ool b
uild
ings
.
..4C
*T"
%W
V' .
r
f484
4.,
7 Ir
IP.S
.;1
1:
Thi
s in
form
atio
n co
mpi
led
and
cond
ense
d fr
om:
Ger
ardi
, Nat
alie
."P
rofit
from
thos
e ol
d sc
hool
s no
body
wan
ts,"
HO
US
ING
, (N
ovem
ber
1978
), p
p. 7
6-85
.
"Hou
sing
from
a p
ublic
sch
ool,"
UR
BA
N D
ES
IGN
CA
SE
ST
UD
IES
, Sec
ond
Aw
ards
Pro
gram
.
"Sur
plus
Sch
ool B
uild
ings
: New
Opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r A
dapt
ive
Use
," A
IA J
OU
RN
AL,
(A
pril
1977
), p
p. 5
8-63
.
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
81
167
DeW
itt J
unio
rH
igh
Sch
ool
Ithac
a, N
ew Y
ork
adap
tive
use:
The
DeW
ittB
uild
ing
A M
ulti-
use
Cen
ter
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
The
DeW
itt J
unio
r H
igh
Sch
ool,
whi
chse
rved
as
a sc
hool
hous
e fr
omits
con
stru
ctio
n in
191
5 un
til it
scl
osin
g in
197
1, h
as b
een
give
na
new
life
as
a m
ultiu
se in
door
sho
ppin
g m
all,
with
apar
tmen
ts a
ndof
fice
spac
e. T
his
proj
ect w
as n
ot o
nly
a su
cces
s fo
r th
ede
velo
per,
but a
lso
sign
ifica
ntly
impr
oved
the
qual
ity o
f Ith
aca'
s do
wnt
own.
Reh
abili
tatin
g th
e sc
hool
bui
ldin
g ha
sge
nera
ted
inte
rest
and
aid
edin
the
revi
taliz
atio
n of
the
dow
ntow
n ar
ea, i
ncre
ased
the
tax
base
for
the
prop
erty
, and
prov
ided
jobs
for
cons
truc
tion
wor
kers
and
busi
-ne
ss fo
r lo
cal m
ater
ial s
uppl
iers
.(T
his
build
ing
repr
esen
ts th
ety
peD
cla
ssifi
catio
n.)
Des
ign
Fea
ture
s
A s
peci
al fl
avor
was
mai
ntai
ned
with
inth
e bu
ildin
g by
ret
aini
ng th
etu
rret
s, w
oodp
anel
ed e
ntra
nces
, hig
h ce
iling
s, th
ick
and
soun
dpro
ofw
alls
, and
wat
erdr
op fi
xtur
es. A
nar
t gal
lery
and
Fre
nch
cafe
hig
h-lig
ht th
e sh
ops
and
rest
aura
nts
of th
e fir
st fl
oor
reta
il sp
ace,
whi
chha
s be
com
e a
very
act
ive
cent
er in
dow
ntow
n Ith
aca.
The
thre
eup
per
stor
ies
have
bee
n co
nver
ted
into
apar
tmen
ts, p
rovi
ding
gre
atly
desi
red
dow
ntow
n ho
usin
g. A
nel
egan
t 1,5
00 s
quar
e fo
ot a
part
men
tun
it w
ith th
ree
bedr
oom
s an
dtw
o ba
ths
was
con
vert
ed fr
om th
esc
hool
libr
ary,
and
the
form
er s
choo
lau
dito
rium
in th
e ce
ntra
l cor
eof
the
build
ing
was
dev
elop
ed in
tone
w o
ffice
spa
ce.
82T
he S
tate
of t
he A
rt
168
Fin
anci
ng
The
dev
elop
er p
aid
$20,
000
for
the
build
ing
in 1
971,
with
the
stip
u-la
tion
that
at l
east
$50
0,00
0 w
ould
be p
ut in
to th
e bu
ildin
gre
nova
-tio
n, th
us g
ivin
g th
e ci
ty a
hig
her
asse
ssm
ent f
or p
rope
rty
taxe
s. T
heor
igin
al in
tent
ion
for
the
stru
ctur
eby
ano
ther
inte
rest
edpa
rty
was
to d
emol
ish
the
build
ing
for
a pa
rkin
g lo
t, w
hich
wou
ld h
ave
yiel
ded
$6,0
00 in
taxe
spe
r ye
ar.
The
reh
abili
tatio
n pr
opos
alyi
elde
d th
em
unic
ipal
ity, i
nclu
ding
the
scho
olbo
ard,
$40
,000
ann
ually
inpr
oper
ty ta
xes.
169
The
ada
ptiv
e us
e of
the
DeW
itt J
unio
r H
igh
Sch
ool h
as b
een
asu
cces
s fo
r bo
th th
e de
velo
per
and
the
com
mun
ity. O
nly
one
com
-m
erci
al e
nter
pris
e ha
s fa
iled
in th
e m
all s
ince
the
com
plex
open
edin
197
4, a
nd th
e do
wnt
own
area
has
a p
roje
ct s
park
ing
rede
velo
p-m
ent,
inte
rest
, and
inco
me
for
the
com
mun
ity.
The
$50
0,00
0 in
vest
men
t by
the
deve
lope
r w
as m
ade
with
the
help
of a
loca
l ban
k, w
hich
, unl
ike
mos
t len
ding
inst
itutio
ns,
was
will
ing
to m
ake
the
loan
bec
ause
it p
revi
ousl
y ha
d be
en in
volv
ed w
ith a
succ
essf
ul r
ehab
ilita
tion
proj
ect.
Thi
s in
form
atio
n co
mpi
led
and
cond
ense
d fr
om:
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ties
Labo
rato
ries,
SU
RP
LUS
SC
HO
OL
SP
AC
E: O
PT
ION
S A
ND
OP
PO
R-
TU
NIT
IES
, New
Yor
k: E
duca
tiona
l Fac
ilitie
s La
bora
torie
s, 1
976,
p. 3
4.
Get
zels
, Jud
ith N
. "D
on't
Scr
ap T
hat S
choo
l," P
LAN
NIN
G, (
Nov
embe
r 19
76),
pp. 2
2-24
.
"Sur
plus
Sch
ool B
uild
ings
: New
Opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r A
dapt
ive
Use
," A
IA J
OU
RN
AL,
(A
pril
1977
), p
p. 5
8-63
. 170
u_
I_R
esta
uran
t
Sto
re 171
Offi
ces
The
DeW
itt B
uild
ing
Ithac
a, N
ew Y
ork
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
83
Loyo
la H
igh
Sch
ool
Bal
timor
e, M
aryl
and
adap
tive
use:
The
Cen
ter
Sta
geA
per
form
ing
arts
thea
ter
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
Thr
ough
ext
ensi
ve r
edev
elop
men
t wor
k, th
e Lo
yola
Hig
h S
choo
l and
Col
lege
in B
altim
ore,
Mar
ylan
d, h
asbe
en a
dapt
ed to
a p
erfo
rmin
gar
ts th
eate
r fo
r th
e C
ente
r S
tage
Ass
ocia
tion,
a B
altim
ore
thea
ter
orga
niza
tion.
Losi
ng th
eir
prev
ious
dow
ntow
n bu
ildin
gin
a fi
re, t
heor
gani
zatio
n se
arch
ed fo
ra
new
dow
ntow
n lo
catio
n, r
athe
r th
anm
ove
to th
e su
burb
s. T
he fo
rmer
ow
ners
of t
hesc
hool
, kno
win
g of
the
thea
ter
orga
niza
tion'
s di
lem
ma,
offe
red
the
1856
sch
ool t
o th
eC
ente
r S
tage
Ass
ocia
tion
for
a no
min
al c
harg
e, p
rovi
ding
the
Bal
ti-m
ore
land
mar
k be
pre
serv
ed. T
he b
uild
ing
suite
d th
e ne
eds
of th
eth
eate
r or
gani
zatio
n w
ell.
Not
onl
ydi
d th
e ol
d sc
hool
offe
r en
ough
room
to r
ebui
ld th
eir
oper
atio
ns, b
ut a
lso
prov
ided
eno
ugh
built
inex
pans
ion
spac
e to
dou
ble
the
size
of th
e fa
cilit
ies.
Ada
ptin
g th
eol
d sc
hool
cos
t les
s th
an b
uild
ing
a ne
w th
eate
r, a
nd to
ok le
ss ti
me
to c
ompl
ete
as w
ell.
Des
ign
Fea
ture
s
The
red
esig
n is
a m
aste
rpie
ceth
at m
akes
use
of f
ound
spac
es a
ndfo
und
mat
eria
ls.
The
pro
ject
is d
esig
ned
to b
eco
mpl
eted
in th
ree
phas
es, t
he fi
rst o
f whi
ch is
fini
shed
.C
over
ing
40,0
00 o
f the
ava
il-ab
le 9
5,00
0 sq
uare
feet
, pha
seon
e in
clud
es a
500
sea
t aud
itoriu
mw
ith b
alco
ny a
nd "
open
thru
st"
stag
e, a
twol
evel
ent
ranc
e lo
bby,
a 15
0 se
at r
esta
uran
t, of
fices
, and
reh
ears
alsp
ace.
The
sec
ond
and
third
pha
ses
will
add
a 30
0 se
at th
eate
r, a
res
taur
ant,
apar
t-m
ents
for
visi
ting
acto
rs, c
lass
room
s,an
d m
ore
rehe
arsa
lsp
ace.
84T
he S
tate
of t
he A
rt17
2
3 .-
-I!
r-s
I ^S ,
The
imag
inat
ion
inco
rpor
ated
into
the
rede
velo
pmen
t has
been
ake
y to
the
succ
essf
ulre
use.
A fo
rmer
sta
ir ve
stib
ule
has
beco
me
aso
und
scre
en b
etw
een
thea
ter
and
lobb
y.T
hree
ele
venf
oot d
eep
trus
ses
inse
rted
ove
r th
e st
age
and
thea
ter
hold
a s
yste
m o
fca
t-w
alks
.T
he s
econ
d th
eate
r w
illre
st o
n to
p of
thes
e tr
usse
s; th
esp
ace
betw
een
the
chor
ds is
use
d fo
rof
fice
spac
e an
d w
ill b
ecom
ea
soun
d sh
ield
bet
wee
n th
e th
eate
rs.
Irre
gula
rly s
hape
dsp
aces
be-
com
e st
airs
; a c
orne
r ho
lds
a lo
unge
; a n
iche
on
the
roof
con
tain
sai
r co
nditi
onin
g eq
uipm
ent;
and
the
area
beh
ind
the
pedi
men
tw
illbe
a r
ehea
rsal
hal
l.E
leva
tors
, to
be b
uilt
in th
eco
urty
ard
to ta
kepa
tron
s to
the
seco
nd th
eate
r, w
illut
ilize
the
exis
ting
arch
edw
in-
dow
s as
ent
ranc
es.
173
Mat
eria
ls fo
und
in th
e bu
ildin
g ha
ve b
een
used
with
imag
inat
ion
also
. A la
rge
kitc
hen
exha
ust h
ood
was
ele
ctrif
ied
with
sm
all l
ight
bulb
s an
d se
rves
as
the
foca
l poi
nt o
f the
caf
e. O
ld fr
ame
mirr
ors
line
the
natu
ral b
rick
wal
ls o
f the
wom
en's
loun
ge.
All
sign
s in
the
build
ing
are
on p
iece
s of
bla
ck s
late
, rec
allin
g th
e bu
ildin
g's
hist
ory.
Fin
anci
ng
The
met
hod
by w
hich
the
thea
ter
com
pany
acq
uire
d th
e ol
d sc
hool
was
, as
som
e cl
aim
ed, a
mira
cle.
The
bui
ldin
g w
as o
ffere
d in
197
1to
the
thea
ter
at a
tota
l cos
t of $
5. B
ecau
se o
f the
sch
ool's
loca
tion
in a
n ur
ban
rene
wal
are
a, th
e ci
ty p
aid
$200
,000
to th
e pr
evio
usow
ners
, the
Jes
uit C
hurc
h, w
ho a
gree
d to
don
ate
the
$200
,000
to
the
thea
ter.
The
city
then
sol
d th
e bu
ildin
g to
the
Cen
ter
Sta
ge fo
r$5
.
The
Nat
iona
l End
owm
ent f
or th
e A
rts
mad
e a
$100
,000
gra
nt to
cove
r th
e de
sign
fees
. A c
onso
rtiu
m o
f fiv
e ba
nks
loan
ed $
300,
000
and
the
city
loan
ed $
200,
000.
$750
,000
was
loan
ed fr
om th
e F
ord
Fou
ndat
ion
and
the
last
$15
0,00
0 of
the
tota
l $1.
7 m
illio
n w
asra
ised
in a
fund
driv
e an
d fr
om th
eate
r op
erat
ing
fund
s.
Reh
abili
tatio
n of
the
old
scho
ol r
esul
ted
in a
$0.
8 m
illio
n sa
ving
san
d tw
o ye
ars
soon
er m
ovei
n ov
er c
ompa
rabl
e ne
w c
onst
ruct
ion.
The
Cen
ter
Sta
ge h
as g
iven
Bal
timor
e a
thea
tric
al h
it.It
is a
n ar
chi-
tect
ural
one
, too
, esp
ecia
lly fo
r th
ose
with
eno
ugh
imag
inat
ion
tore
aliz
e th
at o
ld s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs c
an h
ave
new
live
s.
174
Thi
s in
form
atio
n co
mpi
led
and
cond
ense
d fr
om:
"A B
altim
ore
Sch
ool B
ecom
es a
The
ater
with
Roo
m to
Exp
and,
" A
IA J
OU
RN
AL,
(Ju
ne19
76),
pp.
33-
34.
Urb
an L
and
Inst
itute
.A
DA
PT
IVE
US
E .
Was
hing
ton
D.C
., T
he U
rban
Lan
d In
stitu
te,
1978
.
1'5
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
85
Old
Cen
tral
Hig
h S
choo
lT
ulsa
, Okl
ahom
aad
aptiv
e us
e:P
ublic
Ser
vice
Com
pany
of O
klah
oma
Cor
pora
te o
ffice
s
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
The
ada
ptiv
e us
e of
the
Old
Cen
tral
Hig
h S
choo
l in
Tul
sa, O
klah
oma,
is a
n ex
ampl
e of
the
flexi
bilit
y an
d cr
eativ
e re
sults
that
can
beac
hiev
ed th
roug
h in
nova
tive
desi
gn in
reh
abili
tatin
g su
rplu
s sc
hool
s.T
he P
ublic
Ser
vice
Com
pany
, the
new
ow
ner/
occu
pant
, is
an e
lect
ricut
ility
com
pany
who
se r
epre
sent
ativ
e fe
lt th
atno
t onl
y w
as th
ere
nova
tion
proj
ect a
n ac
t of h
isto
ricpr
eser
vatio
n an
d ci
vic
prid
e,bu
t als
o w
as a
n in
telli
gent
and
econ
omic
ally
rew
ardi
ng u
nder
taki
ng.
The
new
com
pany
hea
dqua
rter
s fa
cilit
y w
as a
ble
to a
ccom
mod
ate
near
ly 8
00 P
ublic
Ser
vice
Com
pany
empl
oyee
s pr
evio
usly
hou
sed
on 2
7 flo
ors
in s
even
Tul
sa b
uild
ings
.C
onve
nien
ce a
nd in
crea
sed
prod
uctiv
ity w
as a
ccom
plis
hed
thro
ugh
afu
nctio
nal,
open
-pla
nof
fice
conc
ept.
The
54
year
-old
sch
ool
build
ing
is a
pro
min
ent
Tul
sa L
andm
ark,
des
igne
d in
the
Eng
lish
Ren
aiss
ance
sty
le.
(Thi
s"bu
ildin
g re
pres
ents
a ty
pe D
cla
ssifi
catio
n.)
Dur
ing
the
1920
s it
was
the
seco
nd la
rges
t hig
h sc
hool
in A
mer
ica.
Des
ign
Fea
ture
sA
maj
or c
once
rn in
the
reha
bilit
atio
nw
as th
e pr
eser
vatio
n of
the
arch
itect
ural
inte
grity
of t
heE
nglis
h R
enai
ssan
ce e
xter
ior
so th
atit
wou
ld r
emai
nan
iden
tifia
ble
Land
mar
k to
alu
mni
and
citi
zens
.O
verg
row
n ve
geta
tion
oblit
erat
ed m
ost o
fth
e ne
o-cl
assi
cal d
esig
npr
opor
tions
, whi
ch w
ere
in g
reat
nee
d of
sim
plifi
catio
n an
d un
it.W
hite
pai
nted
woo
d w
indo
ws
whi
chdo
min
ated
the
exte
rior
faca
dew
ere
repl
aced
with
sol
ar b
ronz
e gl
ass
in d
ark
fram
es, b
ringi
ng im
-m
edia
te r
elie
f and
uni
ty to
the
entir
eex
terio
r. T
he m
ain
entr
ance
86T
he S
tate
of t
he A
rt17
GB
EM
-CO
M/A
VA
ILA
BLE
177
on th
e fir
st fl
oor
was
rea
ched
by
mon
umen
tal s
tairs
asc
endi
ng fr
omth
e st
reet
leve
l, cr
eatin
g an
aw
kwar
d an
d un
impr
essi
ve e
ntra
nce.
The
dis
cove
ry th
at th
e gr
ound
floo
r w
as a
t str
eet l
evel
led
to th
ere
mov
al o
f ret
aini
ng w
alls
and
ove
rgro
wn
plan
tings
sur
roun
ding
the
build
ing
alon
g w
ith th
e st
eps,
allo
win
g fo
r th
e cr
eatio
n of
a s
paci
ous
two-
stor
y re
cept
ion
area
. The
new
ly e
xpos
ed m
ason
ry w
as c
lean
edan
d tu
ck-p
oint
ed r
esul
ting
ina
like-
new
app
eara
nce,
gre
atly
en-
hanc
ing
the
faca
de o
f the
ren
ovat
ed s
truc
ture
.
A m
ajor
inte
rior
desi
gn g
oal w
as to
cre
ate
an o
pen,
spa
ciou
s, a
ndfle
xibl
e of
fice
spac
e ar
rang
emen
t. T
o ac
com
plis
h th
is, t
he 3
00,0
00sq
uare
foot
str
uctu
re w
as c
ompl
etel
y gu
tted
exce
pt fo
r th
e ba
sic
con-
cret
e st
ruct
ural
com
pone
nts.
The
har
dwoo
d flo
orin
g w
as r
emov
edto
allo
w fo
r a
new
con
cret
e flo
or.
Sof
t sur
face
s fo
r flo
or c
over
ings
,pa
rtiti
ons
and
ceili
ngs
have
cre
ated
a q
uiet
, ser
ene
atm
osph
ere.
Fou
rne
w in
terio
r la
ndsc
aped
atr
ium
s w
ere
conv
erte
d fr
om e
xist
ing
inte
-rio
r lig
ht c
ourt
s, a
ddin
g ar
chite
ctur
al d
ram
a to
the
new
inte
rior.
Sky
light
s w
ere
inst
alle
d ov
er th
e lig
ht c
ourt
s to
allo
w li
ght t
o fil
ter
thro
ugho
ut a
ll fo
ur fl
oors
.V
ertic
al c
ircul
atio
n w
as in
clud
ed in
the
atriu
ms
addi
ng a
ctiv
ity a
nd v
isua
l exc
item
ent t
o th
e sp
aces
. The
two
stor
y re
cept
ion
area
has
a s
imul
ated
sky
light
ligh
ting
syst
em, a
ndat
trac
tivel
y de
sign
ed b
rickw
ork
form
ing
the
wal
ls a
nd fl
oors
.
Ene
rgy
cons
erva
tion
issu
es r
ecei
ved
a hi
gh p
riorit
y in
the
reno
vatio
n,re
sulti
ng in
feat
ures
that
will
insu
re e
nerg
y sa
ving
s fo
r m
any
year
s to
com
e.D
oubl
e gl
azed
sol
ar b
ronz
e w
indo
ws
wer
e us
ed fo
r al
l ext
e-rio
r w
indo
ws,
and
insu
latio
n w
as in
stal
led
on th
e in
terio
r of
all
out-
side
wal
ls b
efor
e ap
plyi
ng th
e in
terio
r fin
ishe
d w
alls
.A
dditi
onal
insu
latio
n w
as a
pplie
d to
the
roof
and
insu
late
d pl
exig
lass
was
use
din
the
skyl
ight
s ov
er th
e at
rium
s. A
s a
resu
lt of
the
ener
gy-r
elat
edim
prov
emen
ts, t
he P
SO
mai
nten
ance
eng
inee
rs e
xpec
t abo
ut a
25%
savi
ngs
in m
aint
enan
ce a
nd o
pera
tion
cost
s in
the
first
yea
r of
ope
ra-
tion.
Fin
anci
ngA
n es
timat
e of
cos
ts fo
r a
new
bui
ldin
g of
com
para
ble
size
was
$14.
7 m
illio
n at
$50
per
squ
are
foot
.R
enov
atio
n co
sts,
incl
udin
g
178
-;'.;
;::;.:
*Fr.
;V:ii
iit,:.
4rY
.r
site
wor
k an
d la
ndsc
apin
g w
as $
35.1
6 pe
r sq
uare
foot
. (19
77 d
olla
rva
lues
).T
otal
cos
t of t
he s
choo
l con
vers
ion,
incl
udin
g th
e in
itial
land
and
bui
ldin
g co
sts,
was
$11
.0 m
illio
n, a
sav
ings
to th
e ow
ner,
over
new
con
stru
ctio
n, o
f 30%
.T
otal
con
stru
ctio
n co
sts
wer
e$9
.7 m
illio
n fo
r 29
4,77
1 sq
uare
feet
of b
uild
ing.
Thi
s m
ater
ial c
ompi
led
and
cond
ense
d fr
om:
"Hig
h S
choo
l Con
vert
ed to
Offi
ce B
uild
ing,
" C
OM
ME
RC
IAL
RE
MO
DE
LIN
G, (
Oct
ober
1979
) pp
. 40-
45.
The
Ada
pthi
ge91
Sur
plus
Sch
ools
87
-J UJ 0 0 CC
CC w 0
MO
M
EL
Tw
o M
ore
App
roac
hes
To
furt
her
dem
onst
rate
the
reus
e po
tent
ial o
f sch
ool b
uild
ings
, tw
ova
cant
Col
umbu
s sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs w
ere
sele
cted
by
the
auth
ors,
and
deta
iled
arch
itect
ural
des
igns
dev
elop
ed fo
r ea
ch b
uild
ing
show
ing
apo
tent
ial n
ew u
se.
The
new
use
s se
lect
ed a
re a
s di
ffere
nt a
s th
ebu
ildin
gs th
emse
lves
.F
elto
n sc
hool
, a m
ason
ry b
earin
g-w
all a
ndw
ood
floor
type
C s
choo
l is
show
n co
nver
ted
to a
per
form
ing
arts
cent
er, w
hile
Thu
rber
sch
ool,
a m
ason
ry b
earin
g-w
all a
nd c
oncr
ete
floor
type
D s
choo
l is
show
n co
nver
ted
to c
ondo
min
ium
s.In
bot
hca
ses
an e
ffort
was
mad
e to
max
imiz
e us
able
inte
rior
spac
e th
roug
hth
e de
sign
of a
com
plet
ely
new
inte
rior,
whi
le p
rese
rvin
g th
e bu
ild-
ing'
s ex
terio
r an
d th
ose
inte
rior
elem
ents
judg
ed to
be
of a
esth
etic
or a
rchi
tect
ural
impo
rtan
ce, s
uch
as p
ress
ed m
etal
cei
lings
, lar
gew
indo
w o
peni
ngs
and
hard
woo
d flo
ors.
As
with
the
case
stu
dies
whi
ch p
rece
eded
, the
se a
re o
nly
repr
esen
t-at
ive
of th
e m
any
pote
ntia
l con
vers
ions
that
sho
uld
be in
vest
igat
edw
hen
cons
ider
ing
reus
e of
a s
choo
l bui
ldin
g.It
is h
oped
they
dem
on-
stra
te th
e fle
xibi
lity
and
pote
ntia
l for
an
exci
ting
new
bui
ldin
gw
hich
lies
with
in e
ach
surp
lus
scho
ol.
BE
STC
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Siir
pluA
S8o
ls89
0 1
Fel
ton
Ele
men
tary
Sch
ool
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
adap
tive
use:
A P
erfo
rmin
g A
rts
Cen
ter
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
Fel
ton
elem
enta
ry s
choo
l, cl
osed
in 1
975
by th
e C
olum
bus
Pub
licS
choo
ls a
nd p
rese
ntly
use
d fo
r st
orag
e, is
illu
stra
ted
here
tran
sfor
m-
ed in
to a
per
form
ing
arts
cen
ter.
Per
form
ing
and
rehe
arsa
l spa
ce a
sw
ell a
s an
adm
inis
trat
ive
cent
er a
re p
rogr
amm
ed in
to th
e 18
96sc
hool
hous
e w
hich
will
be
used
col
lect
ivel
y by
man
y of
Col
umbu
s'pe
rfor
min
g ar
ts g
roup
s. A
mai
n th
eate
r, r
ecita
l roo
m, f
ilm s
cree
ning
room
, cla
ssro
om s
pace
and
reh
ears
al s
pace
mak
e up
the
build
ings
per
-fo
rman
ce s
pace
S.
The
adm
inis
trat
ive
cent
er p
rovi
des
spac
es fo
rof
fices
, sec
reta
rial a
nd c
onfe
renc
e ar
eas,
and
prin
ting
and
mai
ling
func
tions
. The
se a
dmin
istr
ativ
e se
rvic
es a
re d
esig
ned
to b
e sh
ared
by
man
y of
the
smal
ler
grou
ps th
at c
anno
t sup
port
a s
taff
and
adm
inis
-tr
ativ
e fa
cilit
y of
thei
r ow
n.T
his
adm
inis
trat
ive
cent
er w
ill a
lso
func
tion
as a
cen
tral
tick
etin
g se
rvic
e fo
r pe
rfor
man
ces.
Fel
ton
scho
ol w
as d
esig
ned
by D
. Rie
bel,
a pr
omin
ent C
olum
bus
scho
ol a
rchi
tect
.S
how
ing
influ
ence
s of
the
Rom
anes
que
Rev
ival
styl
e, th
e bu
ildin
gis
a tw
o-an
d-a-
half
stor
y br
ick
bear
ing-
wal
lst
ruct
ure,
with
rou
nd a
rche
d w
indo
w o
peni
ngs,
dec
orat
ive
bric
kwor
kan
d an
ela
bora
te to
wer
cen
tere
d on
the
mai
n fa
cade
. Thi
s ty
pe C
build
ing
rece
ived
two
clas
sroo
m w
ing
addi
tions
in19
50, a
nd a
cafe
teria
/mul
tipur
pose
roo
m in
195
6.
Des
ign
Fea
ture
sA
ccom
mod
atin
g th
e tw
o th
eate
rs w
as th
e m
ajor
des
ign
cons
ider
a-tio
n in
ada
ptin
g th
is b
earin
g-w
all s
truc
ture
.O
ne h
alf o
f the
189
6sc
hool
build
ing
is g
iven
ove
r to
the
mai
n th
eate
r fo
r its
full
thre
e-st
ory
heig
ht.
The
thea
ter
seat
s 47
0 pe
ople
.M
iddl
e an
d up
per
90T
he S
tate
of t
he A
rt
z
182
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE13
3
leve
l flo
ors
wer
e re
mov
ed, c
reat
ing
a th
ree-
stor
y sp
ace
in w
hich
the
thea
ter
is d
efin
ed b
y ac
oust
ical
wal
l and
cei
ling
syst
ems.
The
sta
ge is
loca
ted
with
dire
ct a
cces
s to
one
of t
he c
lass
room
win
g ad
ditio
nsw
hich
hou
ses
the
dres
sing
roo
ms,
reh
ears
al s
pace
, and
sho
p ar
ea. A
back
stag
e ar
ea p
rovi
ded
to e
ither
sid
e of
the
stag
e is
sep
arat
ed fr
omth
e pe
rfor
min
g ar
ea b
y m
ovab
le a
cous
tical
wal
ls.
The
mob
ility
of
the
acou
stic
al w
alls
allo
ws
the
stag
e to
be
adju
sted
as
nece
ssar
y fo
rco
ncer
ts, l
ive
perf
orm
ance
s or
film
s.
The
exp
erim
enta
l the
ater
, loc
ated
on
the
uppe
r le
vel,
was
cre
ated
by
com
bini
ng th
e sp
ace
of tw
o cl
assr
oom
s an
d th
e ad
jace
nt c
orrid
or.
Thi
s ex
perim
enta
l the
ater
was
des
igne
d as
a fl
exib
le s
pace
furn
ishe
dw
ith m
ovab
le r
iser
s fo
r se
atin
g up
to 1
50 p
eopl
e. T
he s
tage
or
per-
form
ance
are
a w
ill b
e de
fined
by
the
loca
tion
of th
e m
ovab
le r
iser
s.A
bac
ksta
ge a
rea
lead
s di
rect
ly in
to th
e sp
ace
for
perf
orm
ers
and
ast
orag
e ar
ea.
The
rec
ital r
oom
, film
scr
eeni
ng r
oom
and
add
ition
al r
ehea
rsal
spa
ceha
ve b
een
dire
ctly
ada
pted
from
exi
stin
g cl
assr
oom
s.N
eces
sary
acou
stic
al w
all,
floor
and
cei
ling
finis
hes
are
inst
alle
d to
pro
vide
prop
er a
cous
tics
for
perf
orm
ance
s. P
ublic
spa
ces,
incl
udin
g lo
bbie
s,lo
unge
s, e
xhib
ition
spac
es,
rest
room
s, a
nd c
once
ssio
n ar
eas
are
Or
TT
-7II.
1
111
Pro
pose
d S
ite P
lan
18 4
EitS
TC
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
135
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
91
Exi
stin
g Lo
wer
Lev
el
92T
he S
tate
of t
he A
rt 136
00101
1
01 25 13
7
50
010
2550
188
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LEP
ropo
sed
Low
er L
evel
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
93
1,q
Exi
stin
g M
iddl
eLe
vel
BE
STC
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
94T
he S
tate
of t
he A
rt
AN
INIII
1101
1 90
I
010
25I
I
191
50
ce
O I1
010
II
2550
192
Ii.7
0 r[7 i
Wor
k A
rea
r41
Lobb
y Cen
tral
Tic
ket
Ser
vice
01 I
ice
E,
Wor
kA
rea
I
Sec
reta
rial P
ool
,/wC
2C11
1_11
0Wirr
ill
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
t) LH
MW Pro
pose
d M
iddl
e Le
vel
193
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
Ool
s95
C1.
4,0.
,L02
1
y.
,lafte
itwal
cian
Atr
ory
Lg.
,1V
7tfa
Cti
c...L
vew
hoov
i
Exi
stin
g U
pper
Lev
elB
ES
T C
OP
Y A
VA
ILA
BLE
96T
he S
tate
of t
he A
rt
194
il:11
1111
11
II1
1
010
25
195
50
010
2550
196
Con
trol
Boo
th
Lpq
Com
as-
Mow
n
Exp
erim
enta
lT
he**
,
1111
8111
1111
[[L
LL
ILL
LL
ILI
IT 1
1 1
ITM
TO
M
MM
MM
MM
OM
V a
l
150
seat
s m
ax.
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Pro
pose
d U
pper
Lev
el1
5 7
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
97
Sec
tion
98T
he S
tate
of t
he A
rt
198
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE0
1025
199
50
loca
ted
on b
oth
uppe
r an
d lo
wer
floo
rs a
djac
ent t
o th
e th
eate
rs a
ndpe
rfor
min
g sp
aces
.
The
adm
inis
trat
ive
cent
er is
loca
ted
on th
e m
iddl
e le
vel o
f the
mai
nsc
hool
bui
ldin
g. L
ow m
ovab
le o
ffice
par
titio
ns d
ivid
e th
e co
mbi
ned
spac
e of
four
cla
ssro
oms
into
indi
vidu
al o
ffice
s an
d w
ork
spac
e.In
-di
vidu
al o
ffice
s lo
cate
d ar
ound
the
perim
eter
take
adv
anta
ge o
f the
larg
e w
indo
ws,
whi
le th
e lo
w o
ffice
par
titio
ns a
llow
ligh
t to
filte
rth
roug
hout
the
area
.T
his
area
can
be
clos
ed o
ff du
ring
even
ings
and
wee
kend
s al
low
ing
unin
terr
upte
d ci
rcul
atio
n fo
r pe
rfor
man
ces.
Man
y of
the
arch
itect
ural
feat
ures
, suc
h as
woo
d w
ains
cotin
g, m
aple
floor
s an
d m
etal
cei
lings
are
kep
t in
the
publ
ic a
nd o
ffice
are
as to
reta
in th
e 18
96 s
choo
l bui
ldin
g's
char
acte
r.C
ircul
atio
n to
the
balc
ony
and
uppe
r le
vel w
ill b
e en
hanc
ed b
y pa
ssin
g th
roug
h th
eto
wer
on
the
fron
t fac
ade.
Whi
le th
e in
terio
r is
und
ergo
ing
maj
or c
hang
es, t
he e
xter
ior
will
rem
ain
very
muc
h in
tact
.In
ord
er to
ret
ain
win
dow
s in
per
form
ance
area
s w
here
ligh
t is
not d
esira
ble,
inte
rior
shut
ters
will
be
prov
ided
tocl
ose
the
win
dow
s w
here
nec
essa
ry, w
hile
mai
ntai
ning
the
exte
rior
appe
aran
ce.
Bec
ause
of t
he o
rient
atio
n of
the
park
ing
lot (
form
erly
the
play
-gr
ound
), th
e ba
ck o
f the
bui
ldin
g w
ill b
ecom
e th
e m
ain
entr
ance
,w
ith th
e fr
ont t
ower
rem
aini
ng th
e en
tran
ce fo
r pa
ssen
ger
drop
-off.
A s
unke
n co
urty
ard
loca
ted
betw
een
the
park
ing
and
the
build
ing
serv
es a
s th
e en
tran
ce to
the
cent
er.
A r
amp
is in
corp
orat
ed in
toth
e co
urty
ard
for
hand
icap
ped
pers
ons.
A r
eces
s in
the
build
ing'
sre
ar fa
cade
has
bee
n co
nver
ted
to a
sta
irwel
l pro
vidi
ng c
ircul
atio
n to
all t
hree
floo
rs.
A s
emi-c
ircul
ar g
laze
d ve
stib
ule
rises
up
all t
hree
stor
ies,
enc
losi
ng th
e st
airw
ell.
An
elev
ator
is lo
cate
d in
side
the
mai
n en
tran
ce to
pro
vide
han
dica
pped
per
sons
with
eas
y ac
cess
toth
e up
per
floor
s.
Fin
anci
ng
The
per
form
ing
arts
gro
ups
that
wou
ld b
e us
ing
this
faci
lity
are
capa
ble
of s
uppo
rtin
g th
eir
activ
ities
and
sm
all o
r pa
rt-t
ime
staf
f,
200
how
ever
they
can
not a
fford
a p
hysi
cal f
acili
ty o
f the
ir ow
n. C
ityow
ners
hip
of th
e pr
opos
ed p
erfo
rmin
g ar
ts c
ente
r w
ould
allo
w th
epe
rfor
min
g ar
ts g
roup
s to
app
ly th
e m
oney
they
now
pay
for
smal
lst
affs
and
ren
ts to
war
d th
e st
affin
g an
d op
erat
ing
cost
s of
the
cent
er.
The
gro
ups
usin
g th
e ce
nter
wou
ld b
e ab
le to
take
adv
anta
ge o
f the
econ
omie
s of
sca
le in
here
nt in
sha
ring
one
faci
lity.
Gra
nts
coul
d be
soug
ht in
the
nam
e of
the
cent
er s
epar
ate
from
the
indi
vidu
al o
rgan
i-za
tions
for
phys
ical
ope
ratin
g co
sts,
leav
ing
the
perf
orm
ing
arts
grou
ps to
see
k fu
nds
for
thei
r in
divi
dual
per
form
ance
exp
ense
s.
A lo
ng te
rm, l
ow c
ost l
ease
on
the
prop
erty
to th
e ci
ty b
y th
e sc
hool
boar
d w
ould
rel
ieve
the
scho
ol b
oard
of t
he m
aint
enan
ce c
osts
on
the
clos
ed s
choo
l and
add
an
ince
ntiv
e to
the
city
for
reus
ing
a lo
cal
land
mar
k sc
hool
bui
ldin
g.
The
ada
ptiv
e us
e of
Fel
ton
scho
ol il
lust
rate
s ho
w a
pub
lic s
choo
l tha
tha
s fa
llen
out o
f use
can
aga
in b
e a
cent
er fo
r pu
blic
act
ivity
and
grow
th. S
urpl
us s
choo
ls o
ffer
grea
t pot
entia
l and
flex
ibili
ty. S
choo
lbo
ards
and
city
gov
ernm
ents
sho
uld
striv
e to
war
d ke
epin
g sc
hool
build
ings
act
ivel
y us
ed in
the
best
pub
lic in
tere
st.
201
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
99
Thu
rber
Ele
men
tary
Sch
ool
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
adap
tive
use:
Con
dom
iniu
m U
nits
Gen
eral
Des
crip
tion
Thu
rber
sch
ool i
s lo
cate
d on
the
near
nor
th s
ide
of C
olum
bus,
and
was
orig
inal
ly c
onst
ruct
ed a
s th
e O
lent
angy
sch
ool,
in 1
922.
Des
ign-
ed b
y H
owar
d D
wig
ht S
mith
, a lo
cal a
rchi
tect
who
als
o de
sign
edse
vera
l oth
er C
olum
bus
scho
ols,
the
build
ing
was
clo
sed
in J
une
1980
alon
g w
ith 1
4 ot
her
Col
umbu
s sc
hool
s, b
ringi
ng th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
scho
ols
clos
ed in
Col
umbu
s ne
ar 5
0. T
hurb
er s
choo
l is
of m
ason
rybe
arin
g-w
all a
nd c
oncr
ete
floor
con
stru
ctio
n, a
nd h
as a
n H
-sha
ped
plan
.T
he b
uild
ing
exhi
bits
Jac
obet
han
influ
ence
s in
its s
tylin
g,ha
ving
sto
ne q
uoin
s an
d co
rnic
e tr
im, a
nd r
epre
sent
s th
e ty
pe D
clas
sific
atio
n of
sch
ool b
uild
ing.
Thu
rber
sch
ool
is lo
cate
d di
rect
ly s
outh
of t
he N
ear
Nor
th S
ide
His
toric
Dis
tric
t, an
dis
surr
ound
ed b
y bo
th s
ingl
e an
d m
ulti-
fam
ily r
esid
ence
s, in
clud
ing
two
high
-ris
e re
side
ntia
l tow
ers.
Inad
ditio
n th
ere
is a
land
scap
ed p
ark
dire
ctly
adj
acen
t, an
d th
e si
te is
just
nor
th o
f dow
ntow
n C
olum
bus,
with
exc
elle
nt a
cces
s to
prim
ary
tran
spor
tatio
n ro
utes
.T
hese
sur
roun
ding
use
s m
ake
a re
side
ntia
lco
nver
sion
a n
atur
al.
A c
ondo
min
ium
pro
ject
was
cho
sen
over
rent
al u
nits
bec
ause
of t
he b
uild
ing'
s re
lativ
ely
smal
l siz
e, a
nd s
ince
the
curr
ent h
igh
inte
rest
rat
es m
ake
long
-ter
m m
ortg
ages
una
ttrac
tive
for
a de
velo
per.
Des
ign
Fea
ture
sT
he T
hurb
er s
choo
l con
vers
ion
cont
ains
23
units
ran
ging
in s
ize
from
one-
bedr
oom
flat
s to
thre
e-be
droo
m to
wnh
ouse
s w
ith th
e fo
llow
ing
mix
:
4,
y
100
The
Sta
te o
f th
e A
rt 202
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE20
3
3 be
droo
m to
wnh
ouse
2 be
droo
m to
wnh
ouse
with
stu
dy2
bedr
oom
tow
nhou
se1
bedr
oom
tow
nhou
se w
ith s
tudy
1 be
droo
m to
wnh
ouse
1 be
droo
m fl
atto
tal
210 2
*t.
A41
0-
e\\
6 2 23
The
con
cept
of '
foun
d sp
ace'
pla
yed
an im
port
ant r
ole
in th
is d
esig
n.B
y de
sign
ing
the
units
in a
tow
nhou
se fo
rmat
with
no p
ublic
sec
ond
floor
circ
ulat
ion,
sta
irs, h
alls
and
ele
vato
rs w
ere
not r
equi
red,
allo
w-
ing
all o
f thi
s sp
ace
to b
e in
tegr
ated
into
the
units
. Tw
o-st
ory
open
elem
ents
are
a p
art o
f man
y of
the
units
pro
vidi
nga
heig
hten
ed s
ense
of 's
pace
'.T
he fo
rmer
fron
t ent
ranc
e ha
s be
com
e a
one-
bedr
oom
unit
with
sto
ne q
uoin
s on
the
exte
rior
wal
l.T
he g
ymna
sium
was
conv
erte
d to
four
one
-bed
room
loft
units
by
inst
allin
g pa
rtia
l sec
ond
floor
s in
the
full
heig
ht s
pace
. And
the
form
er b
oile
rro
om a
nd c
oal
stor
age
area
has
bee
n re
capt
ured
for
use
as a
com
mun
ity r
oom
,la
undr
y, a
nd tw
o fla
ts w
hich
ope
n di
rect
ly o
nto
an o
utsi
de d
eck
and
pool
.T
his
deck
was
cre
ated
by
exca
vatin
g th
e ar
ea b
ehin
d th
ebu
ildin
g fiv
e fe
et to
the
base
men
t flo
or le
vel.
204
4
I
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LET
he A
dapt
ive 05U
s.e.
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls10
1
2
IM
IMI
III
9)1
'Et _
, rIS
4 1.4.
1W A
l.-
-,' oP.
01
1,5; ft5
lilj
1:ii
1
4114
105:
.....o
zeif
fr
A -
-no
...;00.,
Li 4 04
,47.
-.62
17,
mA
N ii
iii5
oit ., 11 11 r II .r
.xli
il 10 All
1 P...,
2N-i
iillti
kill.
PL III
O =4
0.14
0161
44
IM
IN
.°11
ffild
0110
1///
// 14
4V
/4
el.
:51
rmt
A.7
4
P01
-14;
I
4~1
40 o
eva4
ff4-
,f4
en,
; 4 :ti'fl
5f,
t-
mew
,./,
WA
/ 4 7
2=',
/,=.1
7% 1
17"/
AA
AA
//A
AA
.
Ire
ea/.7
,/,/
e.
Tro
HIM
ill 0
umo
or"1
ire
IIIS
itelli
F :
ipill
:1-1
ilg11
11%
Irt
hill
:I
-rA
A///
/,WA
ZA
ZZ
AZ
Z 7
/////4
//A
lp f
/40
dei?
A
EP
I
le'
0.5
, AA
O
i ill17
13)
III
i t,
ill1
E
1110
1
1111
AL
.;oi
l
114
(IIal
.!
lel
t Ile
., i..
N
I 1
A1
* '6
7 4
I. 0
, A 0
%V
* I
'X A
V/A
,,,4
Vo
enny
z*sv
,....
1
ersz
i,..
.7,iv
......
......
......
.11
i ;
riri
°1X
ri )0.
011I
eA
o % 41,
112.
.....7
171.
,..,
114,
..j.tt
iv. T
litif
Irl
oil
0II li
oA4:
0.4
6.9
"..w
.f.',
" si
me
111"
' orao
gal
ft1
,C
AB
.' 51
1".2
'3"
t114
411
1pI
Mil
ill Ig
WI
4-
I' 01
t1.
2V4
nfi
iii..0
1...-
-,19
,11
,,I
//VI
'APO
71
vr.,,
vol
Pr .
!, .
. .10
1
07
t..1 I 1
m 4....
A...
.O
MA
.;:-.
.46.
1....
.....m
,a,..
.....J
Ef_
witt
oi
lt&
11.9
4 1.
7.17
1,M
UM
S 1/
9
IIN
NI:
01.
WA
W.4
9/1V
snm
em/P
itijr
fik
2TA
0727
1,04
'Aar
gea
rir
1
mr:
it to
Im
o1m
NE
rift
caiii
huff
in
U) M
IN0
515
30
208
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Prop
osec
oFjr
stFl
oor
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
Ool
s10
3
1601
.11
LC C
CLA
SS
1.0
04
AW
N
.0.1
1tai
t MO
ON
wn
t Om
e.11
r.
Ye.
C01
.100
.1 R
634
"C
s.c.
sit..
Slo
b N
.
/II
n Y
r ri.
44C
O O
.D.
0C
LP,S
V.I.
PI V
P 1
,41.
Exi
stin
g S
econ
d F
loor
104
The
Sta
te o
f the
Art
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIIA
BLE
I1
0 5
21i
1530
ID30
C)
0I1
15
15
212
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Pro
pose
d S
econ
d F
loor
The
Ada
pti2
lleS
urpl
us S
choo
ls10
5
tIi1
iti
0.4S
iM
I= -
iiiiiiiiiiii ."--*--1;
"'
i
it:140 rafitiedat.1.,11110.1i:
Ci
', .-,- -.arum&
1u,
,.../1P1
a {V A
ISP 1511714:.t
-Nal
1r1 I
4
i.
tzrs , U
.; ..../4--d.3.1:47...N.-..-e4 ;34;11.-7,cr C
I--."
L7372. 43.:A
51,4
,.
, t
nagaviN
sr orww
ww
wletunz 4nrtLn., 1 gananu.rom
estirveaaftrAnacem
s,tv
WA
NF
lia%
,.
1
IL,
loiL. ja 11;
Ium
11IlV
3 AV
M,
soptcjW'Iva
liRsiL
.....,..,
.ili,,,C
hTE
II.111111p111.1.
!I.al
ibtillifigii:
1E
,rA
iiillr't
"1
!I19
iiil-
iiZ1
irhn.41:n2J
SitIalapilllaW101811aN
KW
HISM
AN
SIMPPIA
rnerwitsurcessrm
ad!nruunstsectitoill
ilkI
1
el0
bEl
It
.1..E.1
114
ilgiC I
,i,
i
Ia111.
0-
1111111.....1
ill
Mitt
.,...,A1
4.1 I,
51.4il
°
41........a.N
,
11
'
111
rilI
g55,*,
.flt:
ell ----^illill
1.,,c,,,,,,,.....I
0 iam
..traVga M
OR
I.
V v1D
7,45 .s.4 ...1
Isoliso ard,,,i
rm
r-If
WIN
..t. N.7,w
nbtag
1
1">
,-Itire,km
rL
iii4d.411.0li
.._.._..,.
EP
Ili1
1rj E
tr.-2-r.
...f17-!...4L
to1 0
1,ratfgek-ttr..,5
,,1
t1E5
irmor.t...ato
I!"IZ
...12717151:19021114. com5.341.'rS!*V
.'
1
01:3 5
1530
L
NM
I
Com
mun
ity R
oom
Laun
dry
21G
BE
STC
0PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Pro
pose
d Lo
wer
Flo
or
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
_
710
7
2
i.2
1110
1111
100E
ME
IIM
II
NIA
NM
ININ
I&
MIN
.! A
MIN
OaM
a OnI
S
''SE
MIN
MM
O.-
211
-0t
II
I
III
111
M
III
IIIL
111
1111
!'1
1111
1111
1
lir11
1111
II
I1
1111
111
IM11
11-
.111
1111
1;1
E11
111
1.1
1111
11!M
all
'111
111
1111
111,
fill
1114
.I
.1
1I
guill
ki lu
nE1
Aim
uji
te,
j1_1
111,
11t
i
II li
ft..a
-Y. i
t
1,"
"xio
mii;
r39.
1
I I1
nun
min
osiu
mI
mu
"11"
1II
Ii u
mai
limo
1111
11
A11
1111
111
111w
1111
1111
1111
iiiIlt
,.
-=21
,11[
;2.-
----
iii.-
-_
1
----
1
2
I :
Par
king
is to
the
sout
hwes
t of t
he b
uild
ing
with
the
mai
n en
tran
ceon
the
sout
h si
de e
nter
ing
into
a c
ontr
olle
d pu
blic
lobb
y.T
hree
-st
ory
atriu
ms
on e
ither
sid
e of
the
form
er g
ymna
sium
pro
vide
bot
hlig
ht a
nd a
new
feel
ing
of s
paci
ousn
ess
to th
e pu
blic
cor
ridor
area
of
the
build
ing.
Mos
t uni
ts a
re e
nter
ed fr
om r
eces
sed
'priv
ate'
alc
oves
in th
e ha
ll, a
nd tw
o-an
d-th
reeb
edro
om u
nits
in th
e fr
ont o
f the
build
ing
have
fire
plac
es.
Sev
eral
uni
ts h
ave
been
giv
en p
rivat
e ou
t-do
or li
ving
spa
ces
by c
onve
rtin
g th
e fo
rmer
ent
ranc
e pa
tio, a
nd b
yco
nstr
uctin
g ba
lcon
ies
arou
nd th
e po
ol/d
eck
area
.K
itche
ns, b
aths
and
mec
hani
cal r
oom
s w
ill r
ecei
ve lo
wer
ed c
eilin
gs to
acc
omm
odat
edu
ctw
ork
and
plum
bing
.O
ther
livi
ng a
reas
suc
h as
livi
ng, d
inin
gan
d be
droo
ms
will
ret
ain
thei
r el
even
foot
cei
lings
, giv
ing
full
bene
fitof
the
larg
e w
indo
w o
peni
ngs.
Cor
ridor
s w
ill b
e ca
rpet
ed, w
hile
indi
vidu
al u
nits
will
ret
ain
thei
r ha
rdw
ood
floor
s, w
ith c
arpe
ting
atth
e ow
ner's
opt
ion.
Fin
anci
ng
The
Thu
rber
sch
ool c
onve
rsio
n, d
ue to
the
mar
ket-
rate
nat
ure
of it
sco
ndom
iniu
m u
nits
, wou
ld li
kely
be
exec
uted
by
a pr
ivat
e de
velo
per
utili
zing
con
vent
iona
l ins
titut
iona
l fin
anci
ng, t
houg
h ot
her
alte
rna-
tives
are
cer
tain
ly o
pen.
Impo
rtan
t her
e, a
s m
entio
ned
earli
er in
the
sect
ion
on fi
nanc
ial c
onsi
dera
tions
, is
that
the
leng
th o
f tim
e re
quir-
ed fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t pro
cess
can
be
subs
tant
ially
red
uced
with
scho
ol r
euse
whe
n co
mpa
red
to c
ompa
rabl
e ne
w c
onst
ruct
ion.
By
cutti
ng d
evel
opm
ent t
ime,
the
deve
lope
r cu
ts c
osts
and
at t
he s
ame
time
gene
rate
s ca
sh fl
ows
earli
er, s
ince
the
mor
e m
arke
tabl
e ar
eas
such
as
the
lobb
y an
d m
odel
uni
t can
be
give
n pr
iorit
y.
Res
iden
tial r
euse
is in
its
infa
ncy
in C
olum
bus,
and
the
conv
ersi
on o
fT
hurb
er s
choo
l has
the
uniq
ue o
ppor
tuni
ty to
be
on th
e cu
tting
edg
eof
a b
rand
new
mar
ket.
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
220
Eas
t Ele
vatio
n
Sou
th E
leva
tion
rt.
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
109
221
292
Sum
mar
yR
ecen
t pro
ject
ions
sho
w s
choo
l enr
ollm
ents
are
stil
l dec
linin
g, a
ndth
us th
e pr
oble
m o
f sur
plus
sch
ool s
pace
will
be
with
us
for
som
etim
e to
com
e. B
efor
e sa
crifi
cing
a s
choo
l to
the
wre
ckin
g ba
ll, h
ow-
ever
, con
side
ratio
n sh
ould
be
give
n to
mai
ntai
ning
the
stru
ctur
e an
dad
aptin
g it
to a
new
and
use
ful l
ife:
The
re is
no
one
best
use
,th
ough
, and
sch
ool o
ffici
als
and
com
mun
ities
mus
t be
awar
e of
, and
inve
stig
ate,
all
of th
e op
tions
ava
ilabl
e.
Sur
plus
sch
ools
can
be
used
for
alte
rnat
ive
educ
atio
n or
oth
erpr
ogra
ms
by th
e sc
hool
sys
tem
, or
can
be r
ente
d, le
ased
or
sold
toco
mm
unity
gro
ups,
org
aniz
atio
ns, o
r pr
ivat
e de
velo
pers
who
can
put
the
spac
e to
use
, thu
s co
nser
ving
and
rec
yclin
g an
env
ironm
enta
lre
sour
ce.
If re
use
is a
ppro
ache
d w
ith in
genu
ity, c
omm
itmen
t and
atte
ntio
n to
the
desi
gn g
uide
lines
dis
cuss
ed h
erei
n, m
ost s
choo
ls c
anbe
ada
pted
to s
erve
con
tem
pora
ry n
eeds
, ofte
n at
a lo
wer
cos
t tha
nco
mpa
rabl
e ne
w c
onst
ruct
ion.
Reu
se d
esig
ns w
hich
ret
ain
the
basi
csc
hool
con
figur
atio
n of
rep
etiti
ve m
odul
ar u
nits
are
gen
eral
ly th
em
ost e
xped
ient
and
leas
t cos
tly to
acc
ompl
ish.
Als
o, s
choo
l ada
ptiv
eus
e de
sign
s ca
n of
ten
capi
taliz
e on
'fou
nd s
pace
'un
deru
tiliz
ed o
ror
pre
viou
sly
unus
ed a
reas
with
in th
e bu
ildin
g.
Itis
wor
th p
oint
ing
out a
gain
that
the
ease
with
whi
ch s
choo
lbu
ildin
gs le
nd th
emse
lves
to c
onve
rsio
n, a
nd th
e ty
pe o
f con
vers
ion
for
whi
ch th
ey a
re m
ost s
uite
d, d
epen
ds la
rgel
y on
the
build
ing
type
.R
efer
ence
to th
e re
use
pote
ntia
l mat
rix o
n pa
ge 4
5, in
con
junc
tion
with
an
asse
ssm
ent o
f the
com
mun
ity's
par
ticul
ar n
eeds
, will
aid
inth
e se
lect
ion
of a
n ap
prop
riate
new
use
.
Sch
ool r
euse
is v
iabl
e, a
nd w
ith im
agin
atio
n an
d co
nvic
tion
on th
epa
rt o
f sch
ool b
oard
s, c
omm
uniti
es, a
rchi
tect
s an
d de
velo
pers
,sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs w
hich
are
no
long
er n
eede
d fo
r ed
ucat
iona
l pur
pose
sca
n co
ntin
ue to
be
the
vita
l cen
ters
of c
omm
unity
act
ivity
for
whi
chth
ey w
ere
cons
truc
ted.
29
3T
he A
dapt
ive
Use
of S
urpl
us S
choo
ls11
1
Cre
dits
All
copy
right
ed m
ater
ial r
eprin
ted
with
per
mis
sion
Gra
ph, p
. 3: T
he C
ounc
il of
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ty P
lann
ers
Gra
ph, p
. 4: T
he C
ounc
il of
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ty P
lann
ers
Gra
ph, p
. 5: T
he C
ounc
il of
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ty P
lann
ers
Etc
hing
, p. 1
9: J
acob
Stu
der's
CO
LUM
BU
S, O
HIO
: IT
S H
IST
OR
YR
ES
OU
RC
ES
AN
D P
RO
GR
ES
SS
ectio
n, p
. 33:
Sch
oole
y C
aldw
ell A
ssoc
iate
sP
lan,
p. 5
0: H
OU
SIN
G m
agaz
ine
Pho
to, p
. 50:
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ties
Labo
rato
ries
Dra
win
g, p
. 52:
AC
CE
SS
FO
R A
LLIll
ustr
atio
n, p
. 59:
Pre
serv
atio
n B
riefs
2C
hart
, pp.
68-
69: U
rban
Lan
d In
stitu
teG
raph
, p.7
3: U
rban
Lan
d In
stitu
teP
hoto
, p. 8
0: U
RB
AN
DE
SIG
N C
AS
E S
TU
DIE
SP
lan
and
phot
o, p
. 81:
HO
US
ING
mag
azin
eP
hoto
, p. 8
2: W
illia
m D
owni
ng A
ssoc
iate
sP
hoto
, p. 8
3: E
duca
tiona
l Fac
ilitie
s La
bora
torie
sP
hoto
, p. 8
4: J
ames
Grie
ves
Ass
ocia
tes
Pla
n an
d ph
oto,
p. 8
5: J
ames
Grie
ves
Ass
ocia
tes
Pho
to, p
. 86:
CO
MM
ER
CIA
L R
EM
OD
ELI
NG
Pho
to, p
. 87:
CO
MM
ER
CIA
L R
EM
OD
ELI
NG
All
othe
r ph
otog
raph
s an
d dr
awin
gs a
reby
the
auth
ors.
22
112
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
ci
xS mom
App
endi
xI
The
follo
win
g "S
tand
ards
for
Reh
abili
tatio
n" a
re u
sed
by th
e S
ecre
-ta
ry o
f the
Inte
rior
in d
eter
min
ing
if a
reha
bilit
atio
n pr
ojec
t qua
lifie
sas
"ce
rtifi
ed r
ehab
ilita
tion"
pur
suan
t to
the
Tax
Ref
orm
Act
of 1
976,
the
Rev
enue
Act
of 1
978,
and
the
Eco
nom
ic R
ecov
ery
Act
of 1
981.
The
se s
tand
ards
are
a s
ectio
n of
the
Sec
reta
ry's
"S
tand
ards
for
His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
n P
roje
cts"
and
app
ear
in T
itle
36 o
f the
Cod
e of
Fed
eral
Reg
ulat
ions
, Par
t 120
8 (f
orm
erly
36
CF
R P
art 6
7).
"Reh
abili
tatio
n m
eans
the
proc
ess
of r
etur
ning
a p
rope
rty
to a
sta
te o
fut
ility
, thr
ough
rep
air
or a
ltera
tion,
whi
ch m
akes
pos
sibl
e an
effi
cien
tco
ntem
pora
ry u
se w
hile
pre
serv
ing
thos
e po
rtio
ns a
nd fe
atur
es o
f the
prop
erty
whi
ch a
re s
igni
fican
t to
its h
isto
ric, a
rchi
tect
ural
, and
cul
tura
lva
lues
."
1.E
very
rea
sona
ble
effo
rt s
hall
be m
ade
to p
rovi
de a
com
patib
le u
sefo
r a
prop
erty
whi
ch r
equi
res
min
imal
alte
ratio
n of
the
build
ing,
stru
ctur
e, o
r si
te a
nd it
s en
viro
nmen
t, or
to u
se a
pro
pert
y fo
r its
orig
inal
ly in
tend
ed p
urpo
se.
2.T
he d
istin
guis
hing
orig
inal
qua
litie
s or
cha
ract
er o
f a b
uild
ing,
stru
ctur
e, o
r si
te a
nd it
s en
viro
nmen
t sha
ll no
t be
dest
roye
d. T
here
mov
al o
r al
tera
tion
of a
ny h
isto
ric m
ater
ial o
r di
stin
ctiv
e ar
chi-
tect
ural
feat
ures
sho
uld
be a
void
ed w
hen
poss
ible
.
3.A
ll bu
ildin
gs, s
truc
ture
s, a
nd s
ites
shal
l be
reco
gniz
ed a
s pr
oduc
tsof
thei
r ow
n tim
e.A
ltera
tions
that
hav
e no
his
toric
al b
asis
and
whi
ch s
eek
to c
reat
e an
ear
lier
appe
aran
ce s
hall
be d
isco
urag
ed.
4.C
hang
es w
hich
may
hav
e ta
ken
plac
e in
the
cour
se o
f tim
e ar
eev
iden
ce o
f the
his
tory
and
dev
elop
men
t of a
bui
ldin
g, s
truc
ture
,or
site
and
its
envi
ronm
ent.
The
se c
hang
es m
ay h
ave
acqu
ired
sign
ifica
nce
in th
eir
own
right
, and
this
sig
nific
ance
sha
ll be
reco
gniz
ed a
nd r
espe
cted
.
5.D
istin
ctiv
e st
ylis
tic fe
atur
es o
r ex
ampl
es o
f ski
lled
craf
tsm
ansh
ip
2 2
8
whi
ch c
hara
cter
ize
a bu
ildin
g, s
truc
ture
, or
site
sha
ll be
trea
ted
with
sen
sitiv
ity.
6.D
eter
iora
ted
arch
itect
ural
feat
ures
sha
ll be
rep
aire
d ra
ther
than
repl
aced
, whe
reve
r po
ssib
le.
In th
e ev
ent r
epla
cem
ent i
s ne
ces-
sary
, the
new
mat
eria
l sho
uld
mat
ch th
e m
ater
ial b
eing
rep
lace
din
com
posi
tion,
des
ign,
col
or, t
extu
re, a
nd o
ther
vis
ual q
ualit
ies.
Rep
air
or r
epla
cem
ent o
f mis
sing
arc
hite
ctur
al fe
atur
es s
houl
d be
base
d on
acc
urat
e du
plic
atio
ns o
f fea
ture
s, s
ubst
antia
ted
byhi
stor
ic, p
hysi
cal,
or p
icto
rial e
vide
nce
rath
er th
an o
n co
njec
tura
lde
sign
s or
the
avai
labi
lity
of d
iffer
ent a
rchi
tect
ural
ele
men
tsfr
om o
ther
bui
ldin
gs o
r st
ruct
ures
.
7.T
he s
urfa
ce c
lean
ing
of s
truc
ture
s sh
all b
e un
dert
aken
with
the
gent
lest
mea
ns p
ossi
ble.
San
dbla
stin
g an
d ot
her
clea
ning
met
hods
that
will
dam
age
the
hist
oric
bui
ldin
g m
ater
ials
sha
ll no
t be
unde
r-ta
ken.
8.E
very
rea
sona
ble
effo
rt s
hall
be m
ade
to p
rote
ct a
nd p
rese
rve
arch
eolo
gica
l res
ourc
es a
ffect
ed b
y, o
r ad
jace
nt to
any
pro
ject
.
9.C
onte
mpo
rary
des
ign
for
alte
ratio
ns a
nd a
dditi
ons
to e
xist
ing
prop
ertie
s sh
all n
ot b
e di
scou
rage
d w
hen
such
alte
ratio
ns a
ndad
ditio
ns d
o no
t des
troy
sig
nific
ant h
isto
rical
, arc
hite
ctur
al o
rcu
ltura
l mat
eria
l, an
d su
ch d
esig
n is
com
patib
le w
ith th
e si
ze,
scal
e, c
olor
, mat
eria
l, an
d ch
arac
ter
of th
e pr
oper
ty, n
eigh
bor-
hood
or
envi
ronm
ent.
10.
Whe
reve
r po
ssib
le, n
ew a
dditi
ons
or a
ltera
tions
to s
truc
ture
ssh
all b
e do
ne in
suc
h a
man
ner
that
if s
uch
addi
tions
or
alte
ra-
tions
wer
e to
be
rem
oved
in th
e fu
ture
, the
ess
entia
l for
m a
ndin
tegr
ity o
f the
str
uctu
re w
ould
be
unim
paire
d.
299
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
115
App
endi
x I I
SO
ME
FU
ND
ING
PR
OG
RA
MS
His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
n G
rant
sC
onsu
ltant
Ser
vice
s G
rant
sco
ntac
t:N
atio
nal T
rust
for
His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
n17
85 M
assa
chus
etts
Ave
nue,
N.W
.W
ashi
ngto
n, D
.C. 2
0036
or Nat
iona
l Tru
st fo
r H
isto
ric P
rese
rvat
ion
Mid
wes
t Reg
iona
l Offi
ce40
7 S
outh
Dea
rbor
n.S
tree
t, S
uite
710
Chi
cago
, Illi
nois
606
05
His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
n Lo
an P
rogr
amH
UD
Sec
tion
8 P
rogr
amH
UD
Sec
tion
202
Loan
s fo
r H
ousi
ng fo
r th
e E
lder
lyco
ntac
t:D
epar
tmen
t of H
ousi
ng a
nd U
rban
Dev
elop
men
t45
1 S
even
th S
tree
t S.W
., W
ashi
ngto
n D
.C. 2
0410
The
Urb
an R
einv
estm
ent T
ask
For
ceco
ntac
t:T
he U
rban
Rei
nves
tmen
t Tas
k F
orce
1120
19t
h S
tree
t N.W
., S
uite
619
Was
hing
ton
D.C
. 200
36
Mul
tipur
pose
Sen
ior
Cen
ters
cont
act:
Offi
ce o
f Sta
te a
nd C
omm
unity
Pro
gram
sA
dmin
istr
atio
n on
Agi
ngD
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
, Edu
catio
n an
d W
elfa
reW
ashi
ngto
n D
.C. 2
0201
116
App
endi
x23
0
Eco
nom
ic R
ecov
ery
Act
of 1
981
cont
act:
Tec
hnic
al P
rese
rvat
ion
Ser
vice
sN
atio
nal P
ark
Ser
vice
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f the
Inte
rior
Was
hing
ton
D.C
. 202
40(2
02)
272-
3721
Offi
ce o
f Arc
heol
ogy
and
His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
nU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of t
he In
terio
rW
ashi
ngto
n D
.C. 2
0240
His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
n M
atch
ing
Gra
nts
Pro
gram
Sur
vey
and
Pla
nnin
g G
rant
s (f
or s
tudi
es)
Acq
uisi
tion
and
Dev
elop
men
t Gra
nts
(bric
k an
d m
orta
r)in
Ohi
o, c
onta
ct:
Ohi
o H
isto
ric P
rese
rvat
ion
Offi
ceO
hio
His
toric
al S
ocie
ty1-
71 a
nd 1
7th
Ave
nue
Col
umbu
s, O
hio
4321
1
Des
ign
Dem
onst
ratio
n G
rant
sG
ener
al S
ervi
ces
Gra
nts
cont
act:
Nat
iona
l End
owm
ent f
or th
e A
rts
2401
E S
tree
t, N
.W.
Was
hing
ton
D.C
. 205
06
231
Bib
liogr
aphy
"A B
altim
ore
Sch
ool B
ecom
es a
The
ater
With
Roo
m to
Exp
and,
" A
IA J
OU
R-
NA
L (J
une,
197
6), p
p. 3
2-33
.
Bro
dy, J
udith
A. "
How
to C
lose
a S
choo
l and
Not
Tea
r Y
our
Com
mun
ity A
part
in th
e P
roce
ss,"
AM
ER
ICA
N S
CH
OO
L B
OA
RD
JO
UR
NA
L (J
une,
197
6),
pp. 3
1-35
.
Bro
oks,
And
ree.
"S
harin
g: A
Sol
utio
n to
Exc
ess
Spa
ce?,
" T
EA
CH
ER
(F
ebru
-ar
y, 1
979)
, pp.
59-
60.
Bui
ldin
g O
ffici
als
and
Cod
e A
dmin
istr
ator
s In
tern
atio
nal,
Inc.
TH
E O
HIO
BA
SIC
BU
ILD
ING
CO
DE
.D
anvi
lle,
Illin
ois:
Inte
rsta
te P
rinte
rs a
ndP
ublis
hers
, Inc
., 19
78.
Cou
ncil
of E
duca
tiona
l Fac
ility
Pla
nner
s. S
UR
PLU
S S
CH
OO
L S
PA
CE
TH
EP
RO
BLE
M A
ND
TH
E P
OS
SIB
ILIT
IES
. Col
umbu
s, O
hio:
The
Cou
ncil
ofE
duca
tiona
l Fac
ility
Pla
nner
s, 1
978.
Cou
ncil
of E
duca
tiona
l Fac
ilitie
s P
lann
ers,
Inte
rnat
iona
l. F
UN
DIN
G S
OU
RC
ES
FO
R C
OM
MU
NIT
Y F
AC
ILIT
IES
. Col
umbu
s, O
hio:
197
9.
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ties
Labo
rato
ries.
"Reu
sing
Em
pty
Sch
ools
," A
ME
RIC
AN
SC
HO
OL
AN
D U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y (
Dec
embe
r, 1
976)
, pp.
22-
23.
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ties
Labo
rato
ries.
SU
RP
LUS
SC
HO
OL
SP
AC
E: O
PT
ION
SA
ND
OP
PO
RT
UN
ITIE
S. N
ew Y
ork:
Edu
catio
nal F
acili
ties
Labo
rato
ries,
1976
.
"Evo
lutio
n of
the
For
m o
f a T
radi
tiona
l Bui
ldin
g T
ype
the
Sch
ool,"
AR
CH
I-T
EC
TU
RA
L R
EC
OR
D (
Apr
il, 1
977)
, pp.
122
-127
.
Get
zels
, Jud
ith N
. "D
on't
Scr
ap T
hat S
choo
l," P
LAN
NIN
G (
Nov
embe
r, 1
976)
,pp
. 22.
24.
Gov
erno
r's T
ask
For
ce o
n C
omm
unity
Use
s fo
r S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs.
"Rep
ort:
Gov
erno
r's T
ask
For
ce o
n C
omm
unity
Use
s fo
r S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs,"
198
0.
118
Bib
liogr
aphy
232
Gre
en, P
eter
. "C
omm
unity
Pro
gram
s O
ccup
y E
mpt
y S
choo
l Spa
ces
in V
irgin
ia,"
TH
E E
DU
CA
TIO
N D
IGE
ST
(N
ovem
ber,
197
5), p
p. 3
8-41
.
Gre
nis,
Mic
hael
. "H
ow to
Clo
se a
Sch
ool W
ithou
t Spi
lling
Blo
od,"
AM
ER
ICA
NS
CH
OO
L A
ND
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
(S
epte
mbe
r, 1
976)
, pp.
58-
59.
Hic
key,
M. E
."H
ere'
s ho
w to
pre
vent
clo
sed
scho
ols
from
bec
omin
g em
pty
build
ings
," T
HE
AM
ER
ICA
N S
CH
OO
L B
OA
RD
JO
UR
NA
L (F
ebru
ary,
1979
), p
p. 2
8-29
.
"Hig
h S
choo
l Con
vert
ed to
Offi
ce B
uild
ing,
" C
OM
ME
RC
IAL
RE
MO
DE
LIN
G(O
ctob
er, 1
979)
, PP
. 40-
45.
Huf
f, Ja
nice
H. "
Sch
ool R
ecyc
ling,
" IN
NO
VA
TIO
NS
3 (
Spr
ing,
197
9), p
p. 1
-5.
Jone
s, R
icha
rd W
."S
.O.S
.S
urpl
us o
f Sch
ools
," IN
TE
RIO
RS
(D
ecem
ber,
1976
), P
. 59.
Lew
is, D
avid
. "U
nder
-Use
d S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs: W
hy c
an't
ever
yone
get
into
the
act?
," C
EF
P J
OU
RN
AL
(Jun
e, 1
979)
, pp.
8-1
1.
Love
rsid
ge, R
ober
t D.,
Jr.,
Ain
o, E
lizab
eth
A.,
et a
l.A
CC
ES
S F
OR
ALL
.C
olum
bus,
Ohi
o:T
he O
hio
Gov
erno
r's C
omm
ittee
on
Em
ploy
men
t of
the
Han
dica
pped
, 197
7.
Luca
s, J
ohn
T.
"Cop
ing
With
Dec
linin
g E
nrol
lmen
ts,"
SC
HO
OL
BU
SIN
ES
SA
FF
AIR
S (
July
, 197
7), p
p. 1
49-1
50.
Mill
er, B
rian
B.
"Sur
plus
Sch
ool S
pace
: Opt
ions
and
Tre
nds,
" T
HE
SC
HO
OL
AD
MIN
IST
RA
TO
R (
Janu
ary,
198
0).
Nat
iona
l Tru
st fo
r H
isto
ric P
rese
rvat
ion.
AM
ER
ICA
'S F
OR
GO
TT
EN
AR
CH
I-T
EC
TU
RE
. New
Yor
k: P
anth
eon
Boo
ks, 1
976.
Nat
iona
l Tru
st fo
r H
isto
ric P
rese
rvat
ion.
EC
ON
OM
IC B
EN
EF
ITS
OF
PR
E-
SE
RV
ING
OLD
BU
ILD
ING
S.
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.:P
rese
rvat
ion
Pre
ss,
1976
.
Nat
iona
l Tru
st fo
r H
isto
ric P
rese
rvat
ion.
PR
ES
ER
VA
TIO
N A
ND
BU
ILD
ING
CO
DE
S. W
ashi
ngto
n, D
.C.:
The
Pre
serv
atio
n P
ress
, 197
5.
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
A1L
AB
LE23
3
Pas
nik,
Mar
ion.
"Are
You
Pre
pare
d fo
r D
eclin
ing
Enr
ollm
ents
," A
ME
RIC
AN
Urb
an L
and
Inst
itute
:"C
entr
al G
ram
mar
Apa
rtm
ents
," P
RO
JEC
T R
EF
ER
-S
CH
OO
L A
ND
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
(M
arch
, 197
9).
EN
CE
FIL
E 7
(O
ctob
er-D
ecem
ber,
197
7).
Pow
er, E
dwar
d J.
MA
IN C
UR
RE
NT
S IN
TH
E H
IST
OR
Y O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
NU
rban
Lan
d In
stitu
te.
PR
OJE
CT
RE
FE
RE
NC
E F
ILE
(O
ctob
er-D
ecem
ber,
(2nd
Ed.
) N
ew Y
ork:
McG
raw
-Hill
Boo
k C
ompa
ny, 1
970.
1977
), p
p. 1
-4.
"Pre
serv
atio
n B
riefs
,"N
umbe
rs 1
-8.
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.:H
erita
ge C
onse
rva-
War
ner,
Ray
nor
M.,
et a
l.B
US
INE
SS
AN
D P
RE
SE
RV
AT
ION
. New
Yor
k:tio
n an
d R
ecre
atio
n S
ervi
ce, U
. S. D
epar
tmen
t of t
he In
terio
r.In
form
, Inc
., 19
78.
"Pro
fit F
rom
Tho
se O
ld S
choo
ls N
obod
y W
ants
,"H
OU
SIN
G (
Nov
embe
r,19
78),
pp.
77.
84.
Ros
enzw
eig,
Pat
ricia
P.
"An
Arc
hite
ctur
al F
irm H
elps
Fin
d N
ew M
arke
ts fo
rO
utda
ted
Sch
ools
,"A
RC
HIT
EC
TU
RA
L R
EC
OR
D (
Aug
ust,
1978
),pp
. 62-
63.
Ros
enzw
eig,
Pat
ricia
."M
arke
ting
Sur
plus
Sch
ools
,"S
CH
OO
L B
US
INE
SS
AF
FA
IRS
(Ju
ne, 1
979)
, pp.
8-1
3.
Sav
itt, R
ober
t F. "
Util
izat
ion
of S
urpl
us S
choo
l Bui
ldin
gs,"
NA
SS
P B
ULL
ET
IN(M
arch
, 197
7), p
p. 3
1-34
.
TH
E S
EC
RE
TA
RY
OF
TH
E IN
TE
RIO
R'S
ST
AN
DA
RD
S F
OR
HIS
TO
RIC
PR
ES
ER
VA
TIO
N P
RO
JEC
TS
WIT
H G
UID
ELI
NE
S F
OR
AP
PLY
ING
TH
E S
TA
ND
AR
DS
. Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.: H
erita
ge C
onse
rvat
ion
and
Rec
re-
atio
n S
ervi
ce, U
. S. D
epar
tmen
t of t
he In
terio
r, 1
979.
"Sou
rces
of P
rese
rvat
ion
Fun
ding
." W
ashi
ngto
n, D
.C.:
Her
itage
Con
serv
atio
nan
d R
ecre
atio
n S
ervi
ce, U
. S. D
epar
tmen
t of t
he In
terio
r, 1
978.
"Sur
plus
Sch
ool B
uild
ings
: New
Opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r A
dapt
ive
Use
," A
IA J
OU
R-
NA
L (A
pril,
197
7), p
p. 5
8-63
.
"The
y Li
ve W
here
The
y T
augh
t," N
RT
A J
OU
RN
AL
(May
-Jun
e, 1
977)
, pp.
14-
15.
Urb
an L
and
Inst
itute
.A
DA
PT
IVE
US
E. W
ashi
ngto
n: U
rban
Lan
d In
stitu
te,
1978
.
234
Will
iam
s, J
udith
B, E
d..
AD
AP
TIV
E R
EU
SE
OF
EX
IST
ING
ST
RU
CT
UR
ES
IN O
HIO
.D
epar
tmen
t of E
cono
mic
and
Com
mun
ity D
evel
opm
ent,
pp. 3
1-32
.
235
The
Ada
ptiv
e U
se o
f Sur
plus
Sch
ools
119
U.S. Department of EducationOffice of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI)
National Library of Education (NLE)Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
NOTICE
REPRODUCTION BASIS
ERIC
This document is covered by a signed "Reproduction Release(Blanket) form (on file within the ERIC system), encompassing allor classes of documents from its source organization and, therefore,does not require a "Specific Document" Release form.
This document is Federally-funded, or carries its own permission toreproduce, or is otherwise in the public domain and, therefore, maybe reproduced by ERIC without a signed Reproduction Release form(either "Specific Document" or "Blanket").
EFF-089 (9/97)