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INSTITUTIONREPORT NOPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FPOM

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERS

ABSTRACT

DOCUMENT RESUME

VT 011 369

Strong, Merle E.Research in Industrial Education. Summaries ofStudies 1960-61. Vocational Division Bulletin No.299. Trade and Industrial Education Series No. 75.

Division of Vocational and Technical Education, BAVT.

0E-84016-616239p.Superintendent of Documents, U.S. GovernmentP:inting Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 ($.20)

EDPS Price MF-$0.25 HC Not Available from EDPS.*Annotated Bibliographies, *Doctoral Theses,*Educational Research, *Industrial Education,*Masters Theses*Summaries of Studies

Summaries of 99 selected studies in industrialeducation reported during the 2-year period, 1960-61, are listedalphabetically by researcher in three categories: doctoral studies,master's studies, and staff studies. A subject index covering areasof research interest is also included. Related documents areavailable as VT 011 370 and VT 011 371 in this issue. (GR)

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Ira.-4 0E-84016-61C\IC)(N14. Vocational Division Bulletin No. 299

Co Trade and Industrial Education Series No. 75CILIJ

Research inIndustrial Education

Summaries of Studies 1960-61

Prepared by

Merle E. Strong, SpecialistTeacher Training and Service StudiesDivision of Vocational and Technical Education

U.D. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EVOCATION& WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATIONTHIS DOCUMENT HAS DEEM REPRODUCEDEXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON ORORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OFVIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECES-SARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU-CATION POSITION OR POLICY.

In cooperation with the Research Committeeof the National Association of IndustrialTeacher Educators

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

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ForewordCONTINUING 'TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES arebringing abount changing occupational patterns and, hence,changing educational needs of youth and adults. This con-stitutes a challege to industrial educators to plan and oper-ate programs that will be of maximum effectiveness. Re-

search has always been considered an integral part ofindustrial education and has been used to identify significantvalues and strengths in current programs as well as to deter-mine guidelines for program development. The purpose ofthis publication is to permit ready identification of this avail-able research by those concerned with program developmentor program operation. Persons desiring more detail on par-ticular studies than is included in this report may wish toobtain the complete study from the source indicated in thesummary.

The bulletin includes summaries of selected studies in in-dustrial education completed during a 2-year period, 1960-61.These studies are listed alphabetically by researcher in threecategories : doctoral studies, master's studies, and staffstudies. A subject index covering areas of research interestis also included in the bulletin.

This is one in a series of publications on research studiesdeveloped by the Trade and Industrial Education Branch.The first of the series, Research. in Industrial Education,Summaries of ,Citudies, 1930-1955, brought together in onevolume summaries previously prepared by the ResearchCommittee of the National Association of Industrial TeacherEducators and published by the American Vocational .Asso-elation for the period 1930 to 1950 and summaries of otherstudies e- before August 1955. The second publica-tion, Research in Industrial Education, Summaries ofStudies,1956-1959, was prepared by the Specialist, TeacherTraining and Service Studies, Trade and Industrial Educa-tion Branch, in cooperation with the Research Committeeof the National Association of Industrial Teacher Educators.This third bulletin brings up to date the publishing of sum-maries of studies through 1961.

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FOREWORD

Publication of this bulletin has been made possible throughthe cooperation of the Research Committee of the NationalAssociation of Industrial Teacher Educators, which has com-piled and screened the summaries, functioning under theleadership of Dr. John W. Karnes, Jr., Chairman Theundertaking and completion of such a project would havebeen impossible, however, without the cooperation of institu-tional staff members who have been responsible for directingthe preparation of the summaries by the researchers and forpreliminary screening and editing.

Members of the Research Committee of the National As-sociation of Industrial Teacher Educators are : Chester B.Ainsworth, Oregon State College; Melvin L. Barlow, Uni-versity of California, Los Angeles; Leslie L. Gibbons, Colaredo State University ; James R. Hasting, State Universityof New York, Oswego; Ivan Hostetler, North Carolina StateCollege; John W. Karnes, Jr. (Chairman), University ofConnecticut; S. Lewis Land, Pennsylvania State University;James H. Mahoney, North 7.mras State University; DonaldMaley, University of Maryland; Roland F. Nagel, North-east Missouri State Teachers College; Walter J. Robinson,Northwestern State College, Louisiana; Ralph C. Wen-rich, University of Michigan; and Frank J. Woerdehoff,Purdue University.

WALTER M. ARNOLD,Assistant Cornmissionsr for V ocutiokaland Technical Education.

ContentsPage

Foreword inSummaries of Studies, 1960-61 1

Doctoral Studies 1Master's Studies 14Staff Studies 31

Subject Index 33V

s4

Summaries of Studies 1960-61Nom : L. indicates that the study is available at the library of the

institution mentioned; * indicates that the study is available on microfilm.

Doctoral Studies4236. ADAMS, AARON F. Specialised

Tasks Performed by Foremen in Se-lected Small Industrial Companies.Ed. D. 1961, University of Cincinnati,131 p. L. (Cincinnati, Ohio) *

Purpose of study: To determine if foremenin small companies perform tasks which areperformed by specialists in a large company.

Source of data and method of study: Or-ganisation charts of large companies wereanalysed to determine typical manufacturingservice or staff departments. Specific taskswere identified throagh study of a large in-dustrial company. A survey of small com-panies was conducted to establish which spe-cialised tasks were performed in small com-panies and to determine who, including fore-men, performed them.

Findings and conclusions: As many as 12manufacturing service departments performedat least 70 specialized tasks directly relatedto the production foreman's function.

In general all small companies requiredspecialized services. Persons, other than pro-duction foremen, were responsible for theservice function.

There seemed no justification for specialisedmanufacturing service training for foremenof small companies.

4237. AKHUN, !MAN ISMAIL. Turk-ish Engineering Students Studying inthe Vatted States. Ed. D. 1961,University of Missouri, 150 p. L.(Columbia)

Purpose of study: To ascertain the back-ground, characteristics, difficulties, dt:tureplans, and opinions of Turkish engineeringstudents studying in the United States duringthe fall semester, 1960-61.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere obtained through an information formmailed to 382 Turkish engineering students in76 institutions. Usable forms were receivedfrom 242 students.

Findings and conclusions: Turkish under-graduate engineering students studying inthe United States are older than Americanstudents. It appears that English, as it isbeing taught as a foreign language in Turkishpublic schools, does not satisfactorily prepareTurkish students to study abroad.

Where Turkish engineering students have achoice, they would select the institutionswhich they are to attend on the bads of thereputation of the institution. It appears thatlack of finances and lack of competency in theuse of English are the most serious difficultiesencountered by these students studying in theUnited States. They do seem determined toreturn to Turkey.

The ultimate educational goal of Turkishengineering students studying in the UnitedStates appears to be attaining a graduatedegree. Generally, they are satisfied with theinstitutions in which they are enrolled.

Turkish engineering students who are grad-uates of higher institutions in Turkey tend tonot favor the idea of sending Turkish second-ary school youth to the United States, im-mediately after graduation, for under-graduate study of engineering. They preferthat these students spend some time in Turkishinstitutions and come to the United States foradvanced study.

4238. BAILEY, JAILER HAMILTON, JR.Relation of Iustru '6 on in IndustrialArts to Knowledge of Design. Ed.D. 1961, University of Missouri, 131 p.L. (Columbia) )

Purpose of study: To ascertain the relationof experience in industrial arts to achieve-

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2 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

ment in design as measured by an instrumentconstructed specificially for the study.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere obtained by administering the design testto a total of 806 students in 81 high schoolsin Michigan during the school years of 1959-60 and 1960-61. Six groups of high schoolsenior boys, with increasing amounts of indus-trial arts, were compared on their knowledgeof design. Analysis of variance was used tofind out whether the groups differed signifi-cantly in their design scores, intelligence, andscholastic ability. Design score means werethen adjusted statistically to allow for varia-tions in intelligence and scholastic ability.

Findings and conclusions: Continued studyof industrial arts, as represented by the porsession of more units of industrial arts, doesnot yield an advanced knowledge of design.Apparently, neither industrial arts depart-ments nor art departments are making signifi-cant contributions to the design knowledge ofhigh school senior boys as measured by theinstrument used in this study.

4289. BAIRD, RONALD JAMES. TheApplication of John Dewey's Philos-ophy to Industrial Arts. Ed. D. IMO,Michigan State University, 258 p. L.(East Lansing)*

Purpose of study: To develop a consistentphilosophical approach to a program of in-dustrial arts teacher education based upon thebeliefs and theories of John Dewey.

Source of data and method of study: Ma-terial for the study consisted of the majorityof the writings of John Dewey and writings byindustrial arts teacher educators concerningthe experimentalist position. The study isphilosophical research using the critical in-terpretation approach.

Findings and conclusions: It was concludedthat a program based on experimentalismwould reflect man's needs in his social environ-ment. The objectives of the industrial artsteacher education program would be uniqueonly to the profession of teaching and wouldemphasise the values of desnocney, scientificmethodology, social efficiency, and the placeand Reeds of man in our industrial society.

In the curriculum, the emphasii of subjectmatter would be on activities involving ma-terials rather than on materials man workswith in satisfying his goals. The curriculumwould induce activities of problem - solving, ex-perimentation, investigation, critical thinking,and extensive planning, research, and crea-tivity.

4240. "Mt, JAMES ALBERT.Ont. -AUDI and Other ImplicationsResulting from a Study of the Grad-

sates and Drop-Outs of the TerminalVocational Industrial Education Pro-gram at the Norfolk Division of Vir-ginia State College 1950-1954. Ed.D. 1960, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity, 199 p. L. (UniversityPark)

Purposes of study: To determine how wellformer vocational trade students of the Nor-folk Division of Virginia State College haveadjusted to employment and also to determinewhat implications there were for curriculumadjustment.

Source of data end method of study: Datawere obtained from school records, interviewswith 107 graduates, mailed instruments from124 drop-outs, instruments from Negro Land-Grant Colleges, and pertinent literature.Comparisons were made between graduatesemployed in the trade fields for which theyhad been trained and those graduates notemployed in fields for which they had beentrained.

Findings and conclusions: There were nosignificant differences between the two groupsof graduates with respect to age, maritalstatus, veteran's status, additional education,factors influencing vocational choice, and pre-vious educational level. Barly first job place-ment in trade fields for which they bad beentrained seemed to be an important factor inholding vocational trade graduates in theirfields.

Principal job referral sources were friends,relatives, civil service, and own efforts.Neither the State employment service nor theschool was very effective as a job referralsource. Procedures found to be helpful byNegro Land-Grant Colleges in placing voca-tional trade graduates were : (1) Contact withemployers, (2) internship programs, (3)alumni assistance, (4) advisory committees.

Limited practical experience was the great-est single obstacle to placement of graduates.Other obstacles were racial employment poli-cies of employers and lack of jobs. Voluntaryjob changes by graduates tended to show adesire to improve economic and social status.

Limited program offerings and low economicstatue of enrollees in the vocAtiOnal tradesprogram were the underlying cameo of mostdrop-outs.

Vocational trades programs in the local area,including apprenticeship, were inadequate tomeet present and anticipated needs of thecommunity. Recommendations indicated aneed for a trade coordinator, an internshipprogram, refinement of the recruitment pro-gram, better trade guidance, and a continuousfollowup program.

SlihrilARIES OF

4241. BROWN, B. WESLEY. Character-istic Differences of Trade School Stu-dents and Their Bearing on Post-School Occupational Plans. Ed. D.1960, University of Missouri, 192 p.L. (Columbia) *

Purpose of study: To ascertain differencesamong day-trade students who intended toenter the occupation for which they werebeing trained, students wh" is tended to enteran occupation other than the one for whichthey were being trained, and students who hadmade no occupational plans.

Source of data and method of study: Dataconcerning 378 day-trade seniors were ob-tained from an information form, the StrongVocational Interest Inventory, the Ohio Psy-chological Examination, and grade-point aver-ages in 87 schools in Missouri. Principals,counselors, and day-trade instructors of theseseniors Were interviewed to obtain selectionfactors used in enrolling tilde students.

Findings and conclusions: Of the 878 par-ticipating seniors, 125 intended to enter theoccupation for which they Were being trained,124 intended to enter an Occupation other thanthe one for which they were being trained, and127 had made no occupational choice. Themost impc -tent factor, other than advice ofindividuals, influencing seniors to enroll in theday-trade program, was experience in indus-trial arts. Seniors who planned to enter theoccupation for Which they were being trainedwere likely to be enrolled in large, urban-areaday-trade programs. Principals, counselors,and day-trade instructors seemed to be un-aware of local, State, or National labor mar-ket needs, or the importance of such needs inenrolling students in the programs.

4242. BROWN, GEORGE J. Manipula-tive Operations and ElectronicEquipment Needed in IndustrialTeacher Education Based on Indus-trial Practices. Ed. D. 1960, Uni-versity of Missouri, 196 p. L. (Co-lumbia)*

Purposes of study: To ascertain what ma-nipulative operations the electrical workershould be able to perform in the areas ofelectricity and electronics ; to find out whattype and size of electronic equipment is neededfor this purpose; and to compare the above-mentioned manipulative operations and equip-ment with operations taught and equipmentused in Industrial teacher education.

Hems a data and method of study: Datawere secured through information forms ob-tained from representatives of 65 electronicsmanufacturing companies, 46 repairmen andtechnicians employed in servicing electronics

648834-42--2

STUDIES, 1 9 60-61 3

equipment and devices, and 70 college instruc-tors who teach in industrial teacher educa-tion departments offering two or more coursesin electricity and electronics.

,Findings and conclusions: Service manualsand books seem to be inappropriate as text-books in courses designed for prospective In-dustrial arts teachers. There seem to befew differences in the sizes or types of equip-ment used in electronics manufacturing andthat used in electronics servicing. Types andsizes of electronic test equipment used byelectronics production workers and repairmenappear to resemble closely the types and risesused in courses taught by college respondents.

In contrast with industrial practices, elec-trical courses offered in industrial educationdepartments for prospective teachers tend toinclude manipulative operations which arelimited oddly to electricity. There appearsto be a rather dose agreement between theextent to which various operations occurredin work performed by electronics productionworkers and repairmen, and the extent towhich the same operations were found incourses taut by college respondents

4243. BUXTON, ROBERT EDWARD.The Identification of Physioal Sci-ence Principles for Industrial ArtsMetalworking Content. Ed. D. 1980,University of Maryland, 802 p. L.(College Park)*

Purposes of study: To ascertain basic prin-ciples of chemistry and physics involved inselected processes of the metalworking indus-tries and to develop subject matter for theindustrial arts metalworking program con-sistent with relationships between scientificprinciples and industrial processes, with sug-gestions appropriate to the industrial artsprogram at the secondary level.

Source of data and msthodof study: A listof 249 principles of physics and cnemistry byWise, and another of 125 principles, mainlymetallurgical derived by the writer, wereutilised in the study. Ten industrial processeswere selected from classifications by legmanand by Vance. An abridgement of each Weiswail Written. An analysis of each proem Wesmade in an attempt to identify the scientificprinciples. The symbol of each principlefound to be involved was inserted in contextat the point of involvement. AU Materialswere submitted to a group of 12 consultantsin science, science education, and engineering.Approved principles were tabulated and ana-lysed to determine the number and hinds ofprinciples involved in each process.

leifidtsgs and 601401104010: A total of 107principles from all the lists Was found to have488 application* in the 10 processes. Princi-ples related to heat, the properties of energy

4 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

and matter, the chemical nature of matter,and the structure of matter were found to beinvolved in all the processes. The abridgedprocesses volh the integrated principles mayserve as subject matter from which contentmay be drawn for a given course, once theobjectives of the course have been determined.

4244. COTRELL, CALVIN JAMES. AStudy of Factors Essential to StaffingPost-Secondary Technical EducationPrograms. Ph. D. 1960, The OhioState University. 178 p. L. (Co-

lumbus) *Purpose of study: To obtain information

helpful to administrators concerned with theproblems of recruiting and selecting com-petent technical teachers for postsecondarytechnical education programs.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere obtained through the use o.0 a question.naire which was sent to selected administra-tors and technical teachers. Respondentsrepresented forty-eight 2-year publicly con-trolled postsecondary technical schools locatedin California, Michigan, New York, andTexas.

Findings and conclusions: The major find-ings and conclusions of the study pertain tothe following : (a) The most important mediafor locating potential technical teachers ; (b)the significant motives which influence personsto enter technical teaching ; and (o) the tangi-ble elements, other than personality factors,which should be considered in the selection ofpotentially competent and effective technicalteachers.

4245. DE VORE, PAUL WARREN.Determination of Basic Learning, inGraphic Representatk;as Essentialto Employee Adaptation in Produc-tion Industries. Ed. D. 1961, ThePennsylvania State University,199 p. L (University Park) *

Purpose of study: To determine from theexperience of supervisory personnel and pro-duction workers, in selected production in-dustries in the Commonwealth of Pennsyl-vania, those areas of graphic representationsmost useful in adapting to employment changesresulting from technological innovations.

Bourne of data and method of study: Re-search was conducted by use of a structuredinterview employing a series of 21 interviewcards displaying baste types of graphic rep-resentations or types of mechanical drawings.The results of the study were based on 141

hour interviews. Twenty-eight different in-dustries selected from 13 Department of Com-merce Industrial Classifications cooperated by

permitting interviews of 5 personnel classifi-cations.

Findings and conclusions: A definite hier-archy of unefulness of 21 classifications ofgraphic representations was discovered, forooth present employment and training.Graphic representations determined useful foradaptation and training in tne industries in-vestigated were those determined as basic tojob performance during present employment.

A common base of graphic representationswas determined to exist among the diverseproduction industries investigated and a"true" rank order of graphic representationsfor both present employment and trainingexisted for each skill level. A greater similar-ity than difference existed in the selection ofgraphic representations for various skill levelsfor both present employment and training.

A definite difference existed in the deter-mined usefulness of graphic representationsfor each skill level investigated, and the higherthe skill level the greater the established use-fulness of selected graphic representations forboth present employment and training.

The results ct the reaseareh establishedthat, for all respwident categories, there wasno significant difference in the need or use ofgraphic representations by skill levels duringtraining versus present employment. A tend-ency existed in the skilled production workercategory to select graphic representations asbeing more useful for present employmentthan for training. A significant difference wasestablished, by the unskilled production workercategory, favoring the usefulness of graphicrepresentations for training versus presentemployment.

4246. GROTE, CHARLES NELSON. AComparison of the Relative Effec-tiveness of Direct-Detailed and Di-rectee Discovery Methods of Teach-ing Selected Principles of Mechanicsin the Area of Physics. Ph.D. 1960.University of Illinois, 337 p. L (Ur-bana)*

Purpose of study: To provide additionalformal research regarding the relative effec-tiveness of two comparative methods of teach-ing technical materials. The design permitteda test for differences between groups on thebasis of an ordering of treatment sequences,as well as testing for differences between dif-ferential treatment groups.

Source of data and method of study: Ananalysis of variance factorial design, by sexby levels by treatment was employed in thisexperiment Three ability levels were estab-lished on the basis of an outside criterion.Following the first instructional period, the

SUMMARIES OF STUDIES, 1960-61

two Initial experimental groups were sub-divided to form a total of four treatmentgroups. A single control was maintainedthroughout the experiment

Subjects were randomly selected from asingle eighth-grade class in a suburban juniorhigh schooL BxperLnental groups weretaught selected principles of mechanics, asthey apply to groups of simple machines. Thetwo experimental sessions, spaced 8 daysapart, provided approximately 39 minutes ofinstruction during each session. All oral in-struction was presented by tape recordings.The control group was uninstructed but par-ticipated In the testing program.

Six criterion tests were administered dur-ing four testing sessions. Initial learningtests were given after each instructional periodand a combination retention and transfer testwas administered at 1 and 6 weeks followinginstruction. All tests were multiple-choicepower tests.

Medina and conctusions: The analysis ofvariance design was employed for the primarystatistical treatment of data by treatmentcomparisons. From this analysis, it wasfound that :

(1) The group Instructed by the direct-detailed method was superior to the directed-discovery group as measured by the first in-itial learning test. However, there was nodifference between these groups when meas-ured for initial learning following the secondlesson, or for retention and transfer at 1 and6 weeks.

(2) The group taught two lessons by thedirect - detailed method was superior to thegroup taught by the direct-detailed methodfollowed by the directed-discovery method asmeasured for retention at 1 ILA 6 weeks.The group tinight by the direett discoverymethod followed by the direct-detalle methodwas superior to the direct-detallee groups asmeasured by the 1-week bander test.

(3) The group who had been taught by thedirected-discovery method preceding the diedetailed prmesdation was superior to the grouptalght by The weave sequence, when meas-ured for initial learning following the secondinstructional period, and for retention at 6weeks. The same sequence was superior whenmeasured for transfer at 1 week.

(4) When a difference gn achievement wasfound on the basis of tne sex variable, themale .subjects were superior to the femalesubjects as measured by the criteric tests.

(5) The relative effect of the methods, aswell as certain treatment --quences, were de-pendent, in part, upon the sex and/or abilitglevel of the sublecte.

4247. HARRIS, VIROTNIA J. Predic-tion of Success in c 3chool of Practi-

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cal Nursing. Ed. D. 1961, Universityof Pennsylvania, 06 p. (Phila-delphia)

Purpose of study: To discover factors ormethods for identification of applicants whocould be expected to succeed and those whocould be expected to fail in the predinicalportion of a 1-year practical nursing program.

Souses of data sad method of study: Thestudy was limited to the practical nursingprogram of the Brown Vocational High Schoolfrom September 1956 to January 1959.

Data were collected for each of 129 prac-tical amens students concerning age, maritalstatus, religion, race, years of schooling, andscores on six subtests of the General AptitudeTest Battery developed by the OccupationalCounseling Services of the U.S. 'employmentService. Each of these variables was cor-related with each other and with the cri-terionthe pro:Unica' grade average.

Findings sad conclusions: The Q or clericalperception subtest score had an r of .52 withthe criterion, which was significant at the1 percent level and which was found to be thebest single predictor of predinleal gradeaverage, followed by the verbal subtlest scorewith an r of .41 and the general learningability subtest score with an r of .36.

The educational level of the applicant wascorrelated .370 with the criterion. This co-efficient was significant at the 1 percent leveland, consequently, was included as a predictorvariable in the regression equation.

The predictor variables, V score, Q score,and educational level, in combination had amultiple correlation coefficient of .60 with thecriterion. From the multiple correlationteam and obtained bets coefficients, a regres-sion or prediction equation was derived :11=.135Xs+.149X44-1.30Xs+40.2, where Xsis the V score, Xs the Q score, and Xs theyears of schooling of the applicant

424& HAWLK, ROBERT HENRY. AComparative Study 4 EstimatedAchievement by Industrial Art,Students and Students of Cootendive Work Experience Selectedfrom the Public Secondary Schools ofPennsylvania, Ohio, and Nichigait.Ed. D. 1960, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity, 204 p. L. (UniversityPark)

Purpose of study: To determine and com-pare the estimated degree of attainment ofvalidated industrial arts objectives by selectedstudents of industrial arts, and selected stu-dents of cooperative work experience pro-grams.

RESEARCH IN "NDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

Sofro* of data and stalked of stud,: Datawere secured by use of personal interviewsand questionnaires. Interpretations weremade from statistical computations that in-cluded comparisons of averages, significantdifferences of means, and high estimated levelsof achievement

Pinang. and coseissione: Students of co-operative work experience achieved at a higherestimated level than students of industrialarts in regard to six of the nine validated in-dustrial arts objectives. Industrial arts stu-dents achieved at a higher estimated levelthan students of cooperative work experienceregarding two validated indaa.:vial arts ob-jectives. Approximately equal estimatedachievement was recorded for both comparedgroups of students in regard to one validatedindustrial arts objeetive.

The techniques of cooperative work experi-ence could be suggested for adaptation by in-dustrial arts instructors if an adjunct for theindustrial arts curriculum is indicated asfeasible and desirable for each respective:claw' and eommunity.

4249. HORINE, JOHN WILLIAIL Re-lation of Esperience in High SchoolDrafting to Achievement in Engi-neering Drawing at the College Level.Ed. D. 1961, University of Missouri,140 p. L. (Columbia)*

Perron of study: To ascertain the relationof experience of high school drafting to eachof the following teeters of achievement la col-lege engineering drawing : drafting AM de-velopment, visualising ability, informationalachievement, &Wade toward college engineer-ing drawing; and final grades.

Howes of data and soothed of studs: Datawere secured from engineering drawing teach-ers and students in six Missouri college., andfrom records on Ile with the Missouri State-wide Testing Service. Students were arbi-trarily divided into three groups according toamour: of previous experience in high schooldrafting. Analysis of eo-varinnee was usedto test significant differences between groupswith regard to each criterion studied whencollege aptitude was held constant.

Findings and oseschisioise: Students withexperience In high school drafting were foundto have obtained lower Ohio State Univer-sity Psychological azamination scores thanstudents without seek ezperiesee. Even so,students with experience in high school draft-ing obtained significantly higher skill grades,visualisation tart scores, and laid grades incollege engineering drawing than did studentswithout sock experience. Students with oneor two semestem of experience In high schooldrafting were superior to students withoutsuck experience, and students with more than

two semesters in high school drafting earnedeven higher skill grades, visualisation scores,and final g rade& in college engineering draw-ing.

Mean informational achievement and meanattitude scores did not differ dgnificantlyamong students in college engineering draw-ing who were grouped according to amountof previous experience in high school drafting.

4250. JELDEN, DAVID L. ElectricalInformational Content Included inIndustrial Arts Teacher-Educationvs Knowledge Required of ElectronicTagfaCialle. Ed. D. 1960, Universityof Missouri, 171 p. L. (Columbia)'

Poriesos of stoat: To compare the basic in-formational content of abseils and otherinstructional materials used in electricalcourses offered to industrial arts majors inteacher-education institutions with the basicelectrical knowledge requh.d of persons whowork with electronic devices in industry.

Hawes of data: Data were secured fromheads of departments of industrial (arts) ed-ne_ lion in 170 teacher-education lastitutions,instructors of electrical subjects in said. in-dinar's' arts =Jars were enrolled, textbooksand other instructional materials used in elec-trical instruction for industrial arts majorsand selected electronic manufacturing indus-tries. The subject-matter analysis techniquewas used to obtain the topics of informationcontained in the instructional materials whichwere rated by industry.

Pkiliala and (vadat:kw: More than one-fourth of the industrial (arts) education de-partments did not require their majors to takeany course work in electricity and/or elec-tronics. Fifty percent of the electrical in-struction is given in the industrial (arts)education department only and the physicsand industrial (arts) education departmenttogether accounted for 72.5 percent of theelectrical instruction. There is general agree-ment regarding content of electrical instruc-tional materials, but few Ptiablell analysedcontained topics about rftuat developments inthe area of electricity and electronics, suchas transistors. Some lack of agreement existsin industry about required knowledge of elec-tronics technicians. More electrical instruc-tion should be required of Industrial Artsmajors.

425L lEAVIEFT, MELVIN CHARM.Requirements for Selected Occupa-tions in the Automotive Industrywith Implications for Technical Ed-ucation at the Postsecondary Level.Ed. D. 1961, Wayne State University,258 p. L. (Detroit, Mick)

SUMMARIES OF

Purpose of study: To determine require-meats for selected occupations in the auto-motive manufacturing industry of the De-troit metropolitan area, with implications fortechnical education at the postsecondary

Source of dots and method of study: A re-view of the literature in the area of post-secondary education was made. Various defi-nitions for the technician were reviewed andanalysed to develop an operational definitionfor the study. A survey was conducted toobtain a consensus from industrial and edu-cational authorities concerning technical oc-cupation configuration and growth in theyears ahead.

Findings and conclusions: The techniciannow defined and described in the lit_: ature hasno rigid delimitation with regard to his func-tion, range of operation, and definition.

A definite need exists for the developmentof educational programs and facilities to pre-pare industrial technicians for the Detroit au-tomotive industry at .e postsecondary level.It was determined that there were two tech-nicians for every engineer in the Detroit auto-motive industry in 1980. Technicians are oneof the fastest growing major occupationalclassifications In the United States.

The private technical institute has beenquicker to adapt its programs to meet newand changing occupational needs than has thepublicly controlled school

4252. MARCH, BRYCE D. Assessmentof informational Achievement in In-dustrial Arts. Ph. D. 1961 SouthernIllinois University, 256 p. L. (Car-bondale)

Purpose of study: To assess informationaland problemseiving achievement in industrialarts =shaded drawing, electricity, metal-work, and woodwork as listed by instructorsand State courses of study. This achievementis commonly expressed by the phrase, "Thingsthe Student Should Know." Certain uniquecharacteristics of industrial arts in theMissouri State schools were set forth as beingincidental to the study.

Source of date end method of study: Statecourses of study were reviewed for a compre-hensive list of "Things the Student ShouldKnow." This list was validated by a jury ofspecialists in Missouri. including the StateDirector of Industrial Education and the StateSupervisor of Industrial Education.

An informational test was prepared andadministered to sample and pilot groups. Rawdata for the main study were obtained fromtest answer sheets of students in industrialarts in the seventh-, eighth-, ninth -, and tenth-

STUDIES, 1 9 6 0-6 1 7

grade levels in Missouri during one sekolaltieyear. Appropriate statistical analyses, in-cluding a 3x4x2 dimensional random replica-tions design. were used in the treatment ofdata.

Findings and conclusions: In terms of theresults of the test of their students theteachers with master's degrees were superiorto those with bachelor's degrees. There wasalso a statistically significant difference be-tween informational content achievement evi-denced by the students of the inexperiencedand the experienced teachers.

Those ninth-grade industrial arts studentswho had industrial arts in the seventh and/ore!ghth grade had better informational achieve-ment results ; and students in the districtsother than the large city systems obtained thehighest scores.

4253. MILLER, WILBUR R. Levels ofReadability of General Shop Text-books Compared with Reading Ami-ties of Ninth-Grade Industrial ArtsStudents. Ed. D. 1960, Universityof Missouri, 111 p. L. (Columbia)*

Purposes of study: To ascertain the read-ability of general shop ttxtboolcs used on theninth-grade level, and to compare this read-ability with the reading abilities of selectedninth-grade industrial arts students.

Source of dots: The readability level' offive general shop textbooks were obtained bythe application of the Dale-Chall and Reachformulas of readability. Measures of thereading abilities of 411 ninth-grade studentsfrom a specified area of central Missouri wereobtained through a scheduled testing program.These measures of reading abilities, which wereconverted to grade equivalents, were comparedwith the readability ratings of the books.

Pindiugs and conclusions: The dillicultylevels of the textbooks ranged from an averageof eighth-grade level to an average of tenth -grade level. TLe range of diliculty for thesamples within each textbook was quite largetas much as 11 grade levels is one of thebooks). Ifilectricity and plastics sixtiesswere consistently rated as most dtglealt toread. The reading abilities for the 411 in-dustrial arts students ranged from fourth totwelfth grade level with a mean grade equiva-lent of 8.S. Approximately 84 percent if thestudents had reading abilities below tenth-grade level ; however, at least 40 percent of thesamples, taken from four of the five books, hadreadability ratings of tenth-grade level orhigher. Only one of the textbooks received areadability rating whisk would indicate thata majority of the students could read iteffectivdy.

8 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

4254. biOELLER, CARL ALBERT.Aims for Undergraduate IndustrialPewter Education: A Study of Pro-jected Aims and Supporting Princi-ples as Evaluated by SelectedRepresentatives of Labor and In-dustry. Ed. D. 1961, Wayne StateUniversity, 254 p. L (Detroit,Mich.)*

Purpose of study: To develop a series ofaims and supporting principles for the direc-tion of programs of industrial teacher educa-tion, evaluated by selected representatives oflabor and industry. These aims, thus evalu-ated, are intended to be useful in the develop-ment and improvement of programs ofundergraduate industrial teacher education inthe United States.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere provided as the result of a series ofdepth interviews with 38 selected representa-tives of labor and industry who evaluated alist of tentative aims and principles for thedirection of programs of undergraduate indus-trial teacher education.

Findings and conclusions: Well-defined com-petency levels such as the commonly heldconcept of journeyman status for trade occu-pations, should be esta_l ished for the severalbroad areas serviced by teachers of trade ortechnical subjects.

Apprenticeship experience is essential forto ching the manipulative phases of trade oc-cupation, but is not necessary for the theo-retical, or "related instruction" phases of anoccupation. For more advanced levels of in-struction, such as those necessary for up-grading programs in the skilled trades and forpreparing technicians, the cooperative workstudy program is, tentatively, the bestapproach.

In addition to basic orientation, teachers ofindustrial arts should develop a depth com-petence in one or two of the industrial artsareas. Solution of practical problems requir-ing independent research and the applicationof scientific and technological principles is aneffective method of developing this competence.Such experiences should be preceded by thedevelopment of fundamental skills in hand ormachine operations.

An understanding of the social aspects aswell as the technical processes of industry isessential for all teachers of industrial educa-tion and is best achieved through a balancedprogram of both academic orientation andactual work experience, neither of which isadequate by itself.

All teachers of industrial education must betheroughly competent in all phases of thePretendonal aspects of teaching; and should

experience as broad a background in the liberaleducation phase of their preparation as teach-ers in other disciplines.

4255. MONROE, IL B. PersonalityVariables of Industrial Arts Teach-ers. Ed. D. 1960, Colorado StateCollege, 78 p. L. (Greeley)*

Purpose of study: To differentiate betweenmost and least successful industrial artsteachers by means of the Edwards PersonalPreference Schedule.

Source of data and method of study: Theapplication of the ;Awards Personal Prefer-ence Schedule to a gr.,up of industrial artsteachersevaluation of teachers most andleast successful. Pattern analysis was bymeans of the Chi-Square test and differencein means by use of the t-test to determine thedifference in expressed needs of most and leastsuccessful industrial arts teachers.

Findings and 0011C1WHOSS: The EdwardsPersonal Preference Schedule does tend todifferentiate between the most and least suc-cessful industrial arts teachers who formedthe population of this study.

4256. MOSS, JEROME, JR. An Experi-mental Study of the Relative Effec-tiveness of the Direct-Detailed andthe Directed-Discovery Methods ofTeaching Letterpress Imposition.Ed. D. 1960, University of Illinois.280 p. L. (Urbana)*

Purpose of study: To provide experimentalevidence as to the relative effectiveness of twomethods of verbal presentation for introduc-ing meaningful, technical, nonmanipulativematerial to groups of students.

Source of data and method of study: 106vocational-industrial students, divided intotreatment and IQ level subgroups, equated onnine pre-experimental characteristics, receiveda lesson containing identical content by twomethods differing in the amount and kind ofteacher guidance provided. Criterion tests ofinitial learning, retention, and transfer wereadministered over a 6-week period. Treat-ments by levels analysis of variance designwere employed.

Findings and couclusiont: The direct-de-tailed and the directed-discovery methodswere found equally effective as measured bytests of initial learning, for 1-week and 6-weekretention, and for 1-week and 6-week transfer.No interaction of method and IQ level wasfound.

4257. PENNY, FOREST LEE. Originand Development of Industrial Edu-cation in Kansas. Ed. D. 1900, Uni-

SUMMARIES OF

versity of Missouri, 302 p. L. (Co-lumbia)*

Purpose of study: To bring together andpresent in a systematic form the essential factsconcerning the origin and development of in-dustrial education in the State of Kansas,and thus assist in clarifying the thinking ofteachers, supervisors, school administrators,and laymen as to the nature and purpose ofthe various industrial education programs.

Source of data: Data were secured throughhistorical research, interview, letter, and ques-tionnaire techniques.

Findings and conclusions: The oldest formof industrial education in Kansas was atrade program for Indians at the ShawneeManual Labor School opened in 1838. Ap-prenticeship training was organized by Ter-ritorial Law in 1855. In 1942 the State Ap-prenticeship Council was organized. Schoolsfor teaching trades were organised for theblind in 1859, for the sighted in 1873, andfor the deaf in 1887. Reimbursable trade pro-grams were begun in 1917.

Part-time cooperative education needs tobe expanded. Related trade extension pro-grams need to be improved. After WorldWar I, 537 veterans took vocational rehabili-tation training NI Hansa*, and following WorldWar II 87,700 veterans were trained on fourlevels in the State. Industrial arts was be-gun in the secondary schools at Fort Scott in1899. Currently there is a trend away fromwoodworking and toward other areas of in-struction in industrial arts. Standards arelacking in industrial arts curricula.

Kansas State Teachers College, Pittsburg,was organized in 1908 to train industrial artsteachers. Kansas has 9 senior colleges and14 public and denominational junior collegesoffering industrial teacher education. Cer-tification and development of satisfactory cur-ricula for training teachers in industrial arts,trade subjects, and cooperative programs needto be studied.

4258. POWERS, G. PAT. Relationshipof Scholastic Attainment to RatedSuccess of Ewperienced IndustrialArts Teachers. Ed. D. 1961, Univer-sity of Missouri, 106 p. L. (Colum-bia) *

Purpose of study: To ascertain the relation-ship between marks earned in undergraduateindustrial arts teacher education programsand subsequent success as an industrial artsteacher with 10 years or more teaching ex-perience.

Source of data and seethed of study: Dataon scholastic attainment were obtained fromofficial records of 41 colleges In 85 States for

STUDIES, 1 9 6 0-6 1 9

200 industrial arts teachers who were teach-ing in 16 States. Ratings on teaching suc-cess were obtained from qualified industrialarts supervisors. Correlation techniques wereused in handling the data.

Findings and conclusions: A substantialpositive correlation was found to exist be-tween rated success of experienced industrialarts teachers and college marks earned in thefollowing areas : professional courses in edu-cation (.51) ; academic courses (.52) ; all un-dergraduate courses (.51). A low, but positivecorrelation (.82) was found between ratedteaching success and marks earned in technicalcourses in industrial arts.

High scholastic marks taken alone providelittle guarantee of success as a teacher. Otherfactors, in addition to scholastic attainment,operate to produce successful industrial artsteachers.

4259. ROWLETT, JOHN D. An Rupert-mental Comparison of Direct-De-tailed and Directed-Discovery Meth-ods of Teaching Orthographic Pro-jection Principles and Skills. Ed.D. 1960, University of Illinois, 230 p.L. (Urbana)*

Purposes of study: To compare the effective-ness of two selected methods of instructionas measured by initial learning, retention, andtransfer in s learning situation involvingproblem-solving with meaningful materials.The experiment was designed, in addition, totref. for interaction betweee teaching methodsand high, average, and low ability levels.

Source of data: The directed-discoverymethod, a method involving leading questionsand "hints" was contrasted with a direct-de-tailed procedure involving highly specific in-struction. Orthographic projection principlesand skills were used u the learning task.

The sample used in this study consisted of168 ninth grade boys and girls. Seventy-tworeceived directed-discovery instruction, and72 were instructed by the direct-detailedmethod. A control group of 24 subilleis re-ceived no instruction but took the 5 criteriontests. The direct - detailed and directed-dis-covery groups were each composed of 86 boysand 86 girls representing the three abilitylevels. The control group was composed of12 boys and 12 girls representing the threeability levels.

Three testing periods were used during theexperiment. Immediately following instruc-tion the subjects completed a 50-minute initiallearning test. Twelve days after treatmentthey were given a 50-minute retention and a50-minute transfer test. Six weeks aftertreatment the retention and transfer testswere agaia administered.

10 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

~fogs and oonoineions: The direct-de-tailed and the directed-discovery methods areequally effecthe in regst to the initial learo-ing of orthographic projection principles andskills.

The directed-discovery method is superiorto the direct-detailed method (a) with refer-ence to the retention and application of ortho-graphic projection principles and skills asmeasured 12 days after instruction ; (b) withregard to transferring projection principlesand skills as measured 12 days after treat-ment ; (o) in terms of the retention and ap-plication of orthographic projection principlesand skills as measured 6 weeks after instruc-tion; (4) with respect to transferring pro-jection principles and skills as measured 6weeks after treatment.

There is no interaction between teachingmethods and ability levels.

4280. SCHANBAOHER, E U 0 10 N EMURRY. identification and Analy-sis of Elements Versus the Conven-tional Approach in Teaching Draft-ing. Ed. D. 1961, University of Mis-souri, 180 p. Lr (Columbia) *

Purpose of study: To ascertain the relativeeffectiveness of teaching beginning draftingby identification and analysis of elementsversus the conventional approach.

Source of data and method of study: Datafor the study were obtained by an aped-m utal comparison of the two approaches.Ti Tls study Involved 80 students taught by 2teachers and ran for 12 weeks. Statisticallysignificant difference was ascertained by theanalysis of co-variance technique with highschool scholastic average being the controlfactor.

Findings and conclustons: The teaching ofbeginning drafting by the identification andanalysis approach appears to be more effec-tive than the conventional approach with re-spect to number of correctly and accuratelysolved sketching problems. The identificationand analysis approach and the conventionalapproach to the teaching of beginning draft-ing are about equally effective with respectto informational achievement, quality andquantity of drawing, attitude of studentstoward the course, and ability to solve sketch-ing problems. In general, one approach isabout as effective or desirable as the other.However, it is probable that some teacherscan teach more effectively using the identifi-cation and analysis approach, whereas otherteachers can teach more effectively using theconventional approach.

4261. SCHERER, HARLAN LEONARD.Procedures and Factors Involved inthe Selection 01 Industrial Arts

Teachers and Their Relationship toRated Teaching Success. Ed. D.1960, University of Missouri, 195 p.L. (Columbia)*

Purposes of study: To ascertain the selectionprocedures and factors employed by schooladministrators when selecting industrial artsteachers and to evaluate the selection proce-dures and factors by the subsequent ratedteaching success of the teachers selected.

Source of data and method of study: Datautilized in the study were obtained from in-formation forms sent to school superintend-ents, personnel officers, industrial arts super-visors, and school principals. The selectionprocedures and factors were obtained fromindividuals responsible for the selection ofthe industrial arts teacher and the subsequentsuccess was rated by the teacher's immediatesupervisor, namely, his principal. Chi-Squaretests were applied to data to determine levelsof confidence.

Findings and COSChtfiefit: The majority ofrespondents usually or always held personalinterviews, required applicants to submittranscripts of credit, required proof of legalcertification, required applicants to fill outformal application blank and collected infor-mation and opinions from persons named asreferences.

More than 50 percent of the school systemswould not consider further an industrial artscandidate if he were not acceptable on : (1)recommendations from teacher education in-stitutions; (2) recommendations from formerschool officials ; (3) personality ; (4), health ;and (5) professional attitude.

Teachers with graduate credit were ratedsignificantly higher than teachers with nograduate credit.

Few statistically significant differences weretimid to exist between selection proceduresand factors employed in the selection of in-dustrial arts teachers and the subsequentteaching sueces of those teachers selected.

4282. SHAFER, CARL IVAN. A Studyof the Evaluative Practices in Man-agement Education and DevelopmentPrograms in Selected United StatesIndustries. Ed. D. 1961, MichiganState University, 130 p. L. (EastLansing)

Purpose of study: To study the theoreticalaspects and the practices of evaluation cfformal management education and develop-ment programs in industry.

Source of data and method of study: Thetheoretical aspects of educational evaluationwere synthesised from the literature of edu-

STTMMARIES OF

cation, psychology, and business. Major pub-lished evaluative research was reviewed andanalysed. A survey of evaluative practiceswas made by sending a detailed questionnaireto 158 large companies. 74.6 percent of thequestionnaires were returned and revealed thecurrent practices of evaluation of manage-ment training programs in the selected indus-tries.

Findings and conclusions: Slightly over halfof On '-raining departments of cote Inks rep-resented in the survey spend 1 to 5 percentof their time on evaluation of their manage-ment training programs. Rarely do they spendmore than 10 percent of their time on evalu-ation. Nearly all companies that respondedspent 5 percent or less of their training budg-et on evaluation. Evaluation effort, in termsof time and budget, appeared to be greaterIn companies where top management stressesthe evaluation of management training pro-grams as compared to those where top man-agement shows little or no interest in evalu-ation of management trebling. The majordeterrent to effective evaluation indicated byrespondents was that evaluation researchtechniques were icult to apply in produc-tive situations. c was also found that theresearch techniques which are available areinadequate and are too likely to be influencedby variables and other factors in an industrialsituation. The study showed. the selectedcompanies r-e engaged, at least to some ex-tent, in effective evaluation activities and aresomewhat cognisant of what effective evalu-ation includes.

4263. SHEMICK, JOHN MAGNUSEN.Evaluating Initiative and Re If-Reli-ance in Inductrial Arts MUM Ed.D. 1966, University of Illinois, 136 p.L. ("Urbana)*

Purpose of study: To develop and test aw it-admivistered, forced-choice inventory forevaluating initiative and self-reliance in ahigh school industrial arts class.

Source of data and method of study: An ob-servation scale was developed, and was usedto rate 182 high school industrial arts stu-dents' initiative and self-reliance while in In-dustrial arts classes. These ratings served ascriterion scores upon which the forced-choiceinstrument was developed. The forced-choiceinventory was validated with a new groupof 75 students who had been rated throughobservation.

Findings and conclusions: The coefficientsof correlation between observation ratingsand forced-choice inventory ratings rangedfrom .02 to .15. None of these was statis-tically significant

It was concluded that the forced-choice,self-administered inventory, as developed, was

643884-62----3

STUDIES, 1 9 60-6 1 11

not valid for evaluating initiative and self-reliant* in industrial arts classes.

4264. SHOEMAKER, CHARLES E. In-structional Materials in IndustrialArts; An Ippraisa3 of InstructionalMaterials Prepared by Industry forHome-Use Equipment for Use in In-dustrial Arts. Ed. D. 1961, Univer-sity of Maryland, 154 p. L. (CollegePark)

Purposes of study: To appraise instruc-tional material prepared by industry for home-use equipment and to ascertain the appropri-ateness of these printed instructions as teach-ing materials for industrial arts.

Source of data and method of study: Sam-ples of 221 instructional materials consistingof printed directions for 34 products used inand about the home were analysed in CIstudy. The analysis consisted of a descriptionof the samples for each product line accordingto the principles of layout, typography, con-tent and organisation, and methods of illus-tration. In addition, the materials were ap-praised by an instrument consisting of 45items selected by a dual jury of professorsfrom the fields of industrial arts and homeeconomics. Each item or statement identifieda characteristic of instructional material thatwould make the printed materials of valuefor utilisation in industrial arts.

Findings and conclusions: Instructional ma-terials for home-use equipment were found tobe inappropriate for general use in industrialarts. Howevar, there were samples of printedmaterials that were rated on the upper r,..aleof value which indicated. the availability ofbetter samples in each product line. Thestudy disclosed that the booklet type of ma-terials was the major style of the industriesrepresented. The printed materials varied inreadability level from the 7th to the 8th gradethrough the 11th and 12th as measured bythe Dale-Chall Formula. Major shortcomingsof the materials were lack of safety instruc-tions, lack of specific references to illustra-tions and explanation of how equipment func-tions, and failure to identify incorrect func-tions of equipment in case of difficulties inoperation.

4265. SWAENGSUGDI, THANOO. AStudy of the Educational Programsof Thai Students in the UnitedStates Under the Sponsorship of theInternational Cooperation Adminpistration During the 1958-1959 Aca-demic Year. Ed D. 1960, WayneState University, 259 p. L. (Detroit,Mich.)*

12 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

Purposes of study: To investigate soda,'and cultural exl.eriences of participants ;ascertain attitudes of participants towardtheir educational programs ; evaluate certaineducational experiences ; identify opinions ofparticipants regarding potential applicationsof educational experiences ; and study specificproblems encountered by the participants.

Source of data: Data were obtained from190 completed survey instruments that wereoriginally sent to 204 persons under the directsponsorship of the International CooperationAdministration on five university contracts :two at Indiana University and one each atOregon State College, The University of Texas,and Wayne State University.

Findings and conclusions: The average par-ticipant has been, at least once, a guest in anAmerican home, a visitor in a church, and aspeaker before American groups on Thailandand its culture. A considerable number ofparticipants belonged to professioal organisa-tions, but only a few were active in socialgroups. They have visited an average of 10State!, each, more frequently in the easternpart of the United States.

Participants reported that they were sat-isfied with their educational Program- To aconsiderable degree they felt that their educa-tional experiences could be applied to situa-tions in Thailand. Application would beconcerned with improving work situations,teaching at the college level, improving ad-ministration, and doing research. They be-lieved that experiences in the United Stateswould help them qualify for promotion andenjoy social distinction.

Participants recognised that they had diffi-cult:et, with their studies because of inadequatecompetency in English. ms was eseciallytrue during the early phase of their experi-ences in the United States. There was aminor problem in adjusting to living condi-tions, such as food and climate, but they didnot regard this as serious. Eventually, mostbecame well adjusted to living conditions Inthe United States.

4266. WOC KE NFU SS, WILLIAMARTHUR. Sociological Bases ofindustrial Arts for SecondarySchools. Ed. D. 1960, University ofFlorida, 480 p. L. (Gainesville) *

Purpose of study: To propose a conceptualbuts for developing an industrial arts pro-gram. The major ..spothesis : bases of theindustrial arts program are sociological ratherthan narrowly technological.

Soiree of data and method of study: Datawere gathered through an analysis of majorauthoritative writings on demography, socialmorphology, social processes, social institu-

tions, and social change. Significant factswere drawn from major writings and appliedto industrial arts edwation. Implicationswere synthesized into t, ulding principles forthe development of an industrial arts programconsonant wit the sociological bases uponwhich it must rest.

Findings and conclusions: As a field ofspecialisation, industrial arts must continuethe study of tools, materials, processes, andproducts of industry. In addition, it musthelp students to understand (1) industry as asocial institution ; (2) the occupations of in-dustry ; (3) health and safety practices ofindustry ; and (4) industrial labor relations.

4267. VANTRUMP, WILLIAM FRED-HMOS. Duties, Competencies andOpportunities for Trained LicensedPractical Nurse* Working in theHospitals of Missouri. Ed. D. 1961,University of Missouri, 153 p. L.(Columbia)*

Purpose of study: To determine the practiceof s;-'r-souri hospitals in the use of trainedlicensed practical nurses, the competency ofsuch nurses in the performance of their dales,and the present and future employment op-portunities in the vocation.

Soares of data and method of study: Hos-pital administrators supplied data concerninghospital facilities, personnel policies, stall,and future plans. Supervisors rated theduties and competencies of their subordinzterThe trained licensed practical nurses suppliespersonal information concerning their ownemployment, duties, and competency.

Pinfiftoe and evulAgaions: 3;;; htua-!-,and twenty-three trained licensed practicalnurses were identified as working in Missourihospitals. Over 95 percent were doing bed-side nursing. There was an immediate needfor an additional 700 and a 8-year projectedneed of an additional 1,100. Trained licensedpractical mines were caring for both themildly and critically ill patient with no ap-parent differentiation, as only $ of the 50duties showed a significant difference. Super-visors rated trained licensed practical nurseshigher in competency than the nurses ratedthemselves. Schools of practical nursingshould place greater emphasis on teaching andperfecting the more frequently performednursing skills. Salaries throughout the Statewere too low to attract desirable trainees insufficient quantities to meet employment needs.

4268. W OLD, KENNETH MANVIL.Practices Employed in Selecting Stu-dents for Technical Curricula andTheir Relation to the Student COSS-pieties Rate. Ed. D. 1961, Univer-

0

SUMMARIES OF STUDIES, 1 9 6 0-6 1 13

city of Missouri, 270 p. L. (Colum-bia) *

Purpose of study: To ascertain practicesemployed in selecting students for technical(engineering-related) curricula in institutionswhich offer technical programs and the rela-tion of these practices to the student com-pletion rate.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere obtained from information forms com-pleted by 129 public and 40 private schoolrepresentatives. The Chi - Square test was usedfor the statistical treatment 'late.

1Pinditaga and oonolusie t. Entrance intotechnical curricula in most schools was to bebased on one or several of the following re-quirements : high school graduation or itsequivalent average high school grade ; andprerequisite courses in English, algebra, andplane geometry.

There was no statistically significant rela-tionship between student completion rate intechnical curricula and the following : en-trance requirements, selection methods anddevices, type of school control, and whetheror not the school was accredited by the Engi-neering Council for Professional Development.

Applicants generally attracted to, technicalcurricula were below the caliber capable ofcompleting such curricular successfully. Ap-plicants were not well oriented regarding theirpersonal qualifications and the qualificationsrequired for entrance into technical curricula.

4269. WOOLDRIDGE, ROBERT ELMOEmployment Opportunities a n dTraining Needs for Technicians inthe State of Washington with Profec-

Hens to 1970. Ed. D. 1961, Univer-sity of Missouri, 118 p. L. (Colum-bia)*

Purpose of study: To compare the prob-able supply of, and demand for, techniciansin the State of Washington from 1960 to 1970,and to interpret the implications of thesefindings for vocational-technical education.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere obtained from publications of variousagencies of the gov'rnments of the UnitedStates and .ne State of Washington. Theemployment opportunities for techniciansin Washington were estimated from projec-tions of total employment.

?Jading* and 00,1011W0110: The number oftechnicians employed in the State of Washing-lion in 1960 was estimated at 6,378 ; thisnumber is expected to increase to 18,852 in1970. The number of employment opportuni-ties for technicians is expected to be 7.728during the 1960-70 decade, with the largestnumber expected in the manufacture oftransportation equipment.

Vocational-technical schools and junior col-leges of the State of Washington are expectedto train 5,001 technicians during the 1960-70decade. An excess of 2,726 employment op-portunities over training opportunities fortechnicians Is expected during the 1960-70decade.

More vocational-technical training oppor-tunities are needed for the people of the Stateof Washington ; technicians can look forwardto high levels of employment in most of themanufacturing industries ; and it is apparentthat technicians are playing an increasinglyimportant role in Washington's industries.

Master's Studies4270. BERLIN, THEODORE JOHN.

Welding in the Junior High School.M.A. 1961, The Ohio State Univer-sity, 68 p. L. (Columbus)

Purpose of study: To determine the statusand reasons for such status of welding in thejunior high school industrial arts curriculum.

source of data and method of study: Aquestionnaire was sent to 68 selected schoolsystems in cities of 100,000 population or morewhich were assumed to have city superVisorsof industrial arts.

Findings and conclusions: Welding was in-cluded in the junior high school curriculum inonly 82 percent of the school systems samples.The major emphasis on welding was on theninth-grade level with gas welding used mostoften followed closely by arc welding and spotwelding, respectively. No welding was foundon the seventh-grade level.

Thirty-seven percent of the school systemsstated that they believed welding was an ap-propriate curriculum area in the junior highschool ; 64 percent thought that it was notan appropriate curriculum area.

The major reason for including welding inthe curriculum was that it is a modern fa-bricating process. Two other important rea-sons for including welding in the junior highschool were for demonstration purposes andfor fabricating projects.

The major reasons for not including weld.ing in the curriculum were the immaturity ofthe students followed by safety factors, costsof supplies and equipment, the relative impor-tance of welding as compared with other in-dustrial arts areas, the limited time available,and the relative importance of welding ascompared with other metalworking areas inthat order.

4271. BONAWITZ, ROBERT LEE. TheEducational Needs of a Manual ArtsTherapist. M.A. 1960, University ofMinnesota, 79 p. Department of In-dustrial Education (Minneapolis)

Purposes of study: To examine clinicaltraining programs conducted in Veterans Ad-ministration hospitals ; to obtain opinions ofthe chief manual arts therapist at these hos-pitals as to the type of courses thought valu-able to individuals interested in this profes-sion ; and to propose an outline of undergrad-uate courses which would help prepare futuremanual arts therapists.

14

Source of data and method of study: Lit-erature pertinent to the field of manual artstherapy was analyzed. Also, a questionnairewas sent to the chief manual arts therapistin 90 Veterans Administration hospitals.

Findings and conclusions: Most chief man-ual arts therapists felt that there was aneed for a eurric..ulum in manual arts therapyand that it should include some courses deal-ing with rehabilitation, anatomy, and psy-chology as well as the industrial arts edu-cation program.

4272. BOONE, RICHARD MARSHALL.Andrew H. Whitesitt and His Con-tribution* to Industrial Education.M.S. 1961, Kansas State TeachersCollege. 68 p. L. (Pittsburg)

Purpose of study: The purpose of thisstudy was to examine the contributions ofAndrew H. Whitesitt to the field of industrialeducation.

Source of data and method of study: Per-sonal interviews with Mrs. A. H. Whitesitt,their eons, and other persons who workeddirectly with Professor Whitesitt during histenure at Kansas State Teachers College. Allreadily available, pertinent literature wasreviewed to lend further support to the study.

Findings and conclusions: This btudy givesinsight into the incentives, perseverance, andvalue of the work and character of A drew H.Whitesitt. :::41s philosophy and contributionsmade a deb to mark on industrial educationand its growth and development throughoutthis country during the first half of thiscentury, especially while he was head of theDepartment of Industrial Education at Pitts-burg.

4273. BOWDEN, WILLIE CLARENCE.A Survey of Course Offerings in In-dustrial Arts in the Negro PublicJunior and Senior High Schools ofGeorgia During the Year 1959-60.M.A. 1960, University of Minnesota.89 p. Department of Indtro-rial Ed-ucation (Minneapolis)

Purposes of study: To determine the con-tent of courses in industrial arts programsin the Negro junior and senior high schoolsin Georgia during the year 1959-60 ; to deter-mine the adequacy of facilities ; to study theindustrial and educational trends of Georgiaand their impact on industrial arts ; to formu-

SUMMARIES OF STUDIES, 1 9 6 0-6 1

late a philosophy of industrial arts ; and topresent some industrial arts trends.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere obtained from the Georgia EducationalDirectory, 1959-60 and Negro industrial artsteachers in the State of Georgia. The ques-tionnaire method was used.

Findings and conclusions: Offerings werelimited to 15 subject areas taught in 43schools by 51 teachers. Woodwork was taughtin 54 percent of the elegies. There weresufficient supplies, materials, hand tools, andmachines In the majority of the schools.Storage space was limited. The auxiliaryrooms needed were : (1) Dustproof finishingrooms, (2) planning rooms, (8) shop libraries,(4) office and conference areas, and (5) wash-rooms. A greater variety of subject areasand more provisions for audiovisual aids wereneeded. Industrial arts should be required1 year for all boys and all schools shouldprovide elective courses for girls.

4274. BROCK, WHEELER EAGLE.Development and Status of Voca-tional Education and Practical Artsin Calcasieu Parish, 1714-1957. M.S.1960, Northwestern State College,117 p. L. (Natchitoches, La.)

Purpose of study: To collect and assembleinformation on the total program of voca-tional education and practical arts in Cal-casieu Parish.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere secured through questionnaires, per-sonal interviews, library references, statisticalrecords, and office records of Calcasieu ParishSuperintendent and Lake Charles City Super-intendent of Schools.

Findings and conclusions: School admin-istrators should become better acquainted withvocational education ; a plan for pupil trans-portation is needed ; a more accurate system offollow-up should be universally adopted ; moreemphasis should be placed upon student place-ment ; instructors should spend at least 1 sum-mer out of every 8 working at their trade inindustry ; facilities for Negro students needto be increased ; entrance requirements intovocational classes need to be raised ; a betterpublic relations program is needed ; a plan toreduce drop-outs needs to be developed ; and avocational school coordinator needs to be aqualified guidance counselor as well.

4275. BRYDLE, JOHN ROBERT. Anal-ysis of Major Electronics TechnicianTraining Problems Encountered byLeading Electronics Systems Manu-facturers in the United States.M. Ed. 1960, Wayne State Uni-

15

versity, 33 p. Department of In-dustrial Education (Detroit, Mich.)

Purpose of study: To relloct and analysethe major technical training problems of com-mercial organizations offering electronic tech-nician training programs.

Source of data and method of study: Aquestionnaire sent to 50 leading electronicssystems manufacturers in the United States.

Findings and conclusions: The 10 leadingproblems revealed by 16 respondents wereanalyzed on the basis of the writer's experi-ence in this training field as follows :

Students often lacked a good foundation inmathematics and basic sciences.

There was too little time to train instructorson both the theoretical and practicalaspects of the equipment they taught.

Technical manuals were inadequate fortraining.

It was difficult to obtain enough laboratoryequipment.

There was a shortage of instructors.There was too little time to train instruc-

tors in techniques of teaching.Better tests of students' practical ability to

maintain equipment were needed.Training impervisors were not in close per-

sonal contact with training problems andcould not keep themselves up to datetechnically on the new equipment beingtaught.

Some students took their work too lightly.Some instructors needed more field experi-

ence on the equipment they taught.

4276. BUTTERY, WILLIAM ALBERT.Component Building Systems withImplication. for Industrial ArtsTeachers of Drafting. M.A. 1960,University of Minnesota, 118 p. De-partment of Industrial Education( Minneapolis)

Purposes of study: To analyze, explain, anddescribe a method of house panelisationadopted by individual erectors, contractors, orcarpenters, and to define and describe thetraining and activities of technicians employedin component building systems.

Source of data and method of study: Thesource of the data of the component systemwas the manufacturing operation at a lumbercompany at Darlingtes, Wis. Through ananalysis of methods and materials used, thepractices described were selected. Themethod of study involved the observation ofprocedures used in the operation, describingthe advantages and disadvantages of each, andrecording facts justifying the methods.

16 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

Findings and conclusions: Considerablesurvey work indicated that there were manycomponent building systems in active produc-tion. Leaders in the housing field predictthat component panel practices will increaserapidly.

It was concluded that industrial artsteachers would have to respond to the changesand base some phases of architectural draft-ing on the implications of the panelizationtrend and building.

4277. CAMPBELL CHARLES ALVIN.A. Study o' the In-Plant TrainingPrograms in Kansas. M.S. 1961,Kansas State Teachers College, 37 p.

L. (Pittsburg)Purpose of study: To gain a general knowl-

edge concerning the organization and admin-istration of in-plant training programs InKansas industries.

Source of data and method of study: Themethod of study was of a descriptive natureand data were obtained froni a review of lit-erature, personal letters from industrial per-sonnel, and from a questionnaire sent to 100Kansas industries.

Findings and conclusions: It was foundthere was a wide range of in-plant trainingprograms operated by the various industries.mach plant, because of the nature of its work,was responsible for this variation in trainingprograms. Of the eight basic training pro-grams identified for this study, on-the-jobtraining was most used by the companiescontacted.

4278. CASI'ER, VINCENT FRANCIS.Original Creativeness, Patents, andthe Industrial Arts Teacher of Mis-souri. M.A. 1960, Northeast Mis-souri State Teachers College, 77 p.L. (Kirksville)

Purposes of study: To ascertain what ap-proaches to the development of creativenessin industrial activities have been suggestedby authorities ; to ascertain if the industrialarts teachers of Missouri patent their originalideas ; and to determine whether a short uniton patents and patent procedure would be ofvalue In industrial education classes.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere secured from periodicals, books, govern-ment pamphlets, and an information formsent to all full-time industrial arts teachersin Missouri.

Findings and conclusions: Very little hasbeen achieved in the industrial arta field rela-tive to original creativeness. Thirty-five per-cent of the industrial arts teachers of Mis-souri thought they had patentable ideas ;

however, only 5 percent did patent their ideas.Sixty-six percent thought that a short uniton original creativeness, patents, and patentprocedure would be of value. The mechanicaldrawing clz ss in the eleventh or twelfth gradewas the suggested place for the unit. Teachersalso stated that original creativeness shouldto stressed in both elementary and secondaryschool.

4279. CHANDY, ROGER LEWIS. Elec-tric Welding: A Resource Unit forIndustrial Arts Teaohers. M.A.

1961, The Ohio State University,245 p. L. (Columbus)

Purpose of study: To provide industrialarts teachers with a resource unit on electricwelding.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere taken from textbooks, technical booksand journals, industrial publications, and cat-alogs. The personal industrial expelence ofthe writer was also used where needed. Thestudy was limited to the welding 'rocessesusing electrical energy as a source of heat.

Findings and conclusions: The study wasnot concerned with "finclingt." therefore nonewere given. The recommendation that a fu-ture study be made of all available resourceunits for the purpose of making better use ofsuch existing material was formulated.

4280. CLIME, MAX EDWARD. Rela-tionship of a Standard AchievementScore to Achievement in IndustrialArts. M.A. 1960, Northeast Mis-souri State Teachers College, 49 p.L. ( Kirksv ille )

Purpose of study: To ascertain relation-ships between a student's Standard Achieve-ment score and his achievement in woodwork-ing, mechanical drawing, and metalworkingin the eighth-grade industrial arts programat Washington Junior High School, Ottumwa,Iowa.

Source of data and method of study: Allthe eighth-grade industrial arts students be-tween the school years of 1966-56 and 1968-69 were listed. Each student's permanentrecord was checked, and if the student hadcompleted the industrial arts program andhad taken the Stanford Achievement Test.he was given a case number for this study.Three groups were made from these studentsand Linear Correlations were worked to indi-cate the relationships of the Stanford Achieve-ment Test score to industrial arts achievementIn woodworking, mechanical drawing, andmetalworking.

Findings and conclusions: All correlationsbetween Stanford Achievement Test scores andindustrial arts achievement in this study were

I

I,

1

SUMMARIES OF

low. Factors other than those measured bythe standardized test operate to achieve suc-cess or failure in industrial arts causes atWashington Junior High Schaol.

4281. COCHRAN, CARL CLIFTON.Student Teachers' Training Activi-ties in industrial Arts For Off-Campus Programs of Northeast Mis-souri State Teachers College. M.A.1960, Northeast Missouri StateTeachers College, 125 p. L. (Kirks-ville)

Purposes of study: To survey practiers ofindustrial arts, student-teacher activities inoff-campus programs, and compile helpful sug-gestions and recommendations for a riderand more wholesome student-teacher experi-ence on the part of industrial arts majors atNortheast Missouri State Teachers College.

8411r041 of data and method of study: Data'sere obtained selected reference books,periodicals, conference reports, and bulletinsobtained from State Departments of Educa-tion and teacher-training institutions. Fromthis material information was (emptied, ar r.potions made, and recommendations ei.*/matted.

Findings and conclusions: Supervisingteachers share with the college faculty a needfor understandings, skills, and attitudes whichmake for effective guidance and learning ex-periences for student-teaehers. More emphasisneeds to be placed on acquainting the student-teacher with the teaching situation. The su-pervising teacher should use a wide varietyof teaching materials and at the same timepresent a practical and true picture of teach-ing.

student-teacher's readiness to teach willbe reflected in all phases of training. Thestudent-teacher should become aware of theteacher's responsibkities early in his college

Observation was considered an inherent partof the student's professional development Amore uniform control of the teaddng phaseof training was needed. Evaluation and guid-ance should be continuous as the student pro-gresses in training and should serve as ameasure for the student's accomplishments.

4282. CONTORAVDIS, SPYROS. AProposed Ciuricalum for the Prep-aration of Television Technicians inGreece. M.S. 1900, Stott State Col-lege, 78 p. L. (Ygnomonie, Wis.)

Purpose of study: To develop a curriculumfor the preparation of television technicians tobe trained by the Sivitsuidess TechnicalSchool at Athena Greece.

STUDIES, 1 9 6 0-6 1 17

Source of data and sulked of study: Thenormative survey methcd of scientific research,together with documentary frequency, obser-vation, and interview techniques. Informa-tion was obtained about vocational eductionin Greece and about teevhdon curricula faseven selected technical schools of the UnitedStates.

Phulisigs and conclusions: A curriculum forthe training of television technicians and out-lines for each particular course in thecurriculum were presented in the study. Cur-ricular innovations recommended for improv-ing vocational education in Greece are:Piccedures for curriculum reconstruction, im-provement of testing methods, addition ofnontechnical courses, and inserviee tra'sdngfor the teaching staff.

4283. COX, JAMES HOWARD. Curricu-lar Needs of J:inior High SchoolStudents in Des Moines, Iowa PublicSchee' System. M. Ed. 1900, IowaState University, 32 p. L. (Ames)

Purpose of study: To determine the cur-ricular needs of male junior high school in-dustrial arts students in the planning anddrawing area.

Source of data sad method of study: Datawere secured through a questionnaire and apersonal interview with 33 industrial artsteachers in the city of Des Moines, Iowa,during the school year 1969-60.

Findings and conclusions: The needs men-tioned most frequently as being most im-portant were : To read working drawings ; tomake and read freehand shop sketches ; tolearn to use and care for drawing equipmeatand materials ; to learn how to plan a proj-ect ; to learn about the importance of drawingin industry and life situations ; and to studyand make orthographic drawings.

4284. CROFT, WILLIE WAYNE. Opin-ions of Selected industrial ArtsTeachers Concerning Desirable Con-tent For a General Shop instruc-tional Guide. M.A. 1900, NortheastMissouri State Teachers College, 76 p.L. (Kirksville)

Purpose of study: To determine what in-dustrial arts teachers of Missouri consideredmost useful to them in a State Genera/ ShopCourse of Study Guide.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere gathered by a normative survey of gen-eral shop teachers of Missouri. The StateDepartment of Education and the IndustrialEducation Department at the Northeast Ws-nod State Teachers College selected thegroup of general shop teachers for this survey.

18 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

Pludissis tied conclusions: Information sup-plied by the respondents to this study indi-cated a definite need for a General ShopCourse of Study Guide planned on a Statelevel. Items considered important and usefulin a guide were : Statement of objectives ; shopplans and layout ; tool and equipment lists ;detailed list of suggested manipulative activi-ties ; list of related informed= topics ; sug-gested teaching plan on a weekly basis ; in-formation assignment sheets ; informationpertaining to problem-solving, experimenta-tion activities and creativity development ;project plans ; sources of teaching aids ; stu-dent evaluation sheets ; and sample tests.

4285. CROWDER, .111.1111E CHARLES.Technical Occupations in ShreveportMetropolitan Area in Louisiana withImplications for Technical Educa-tion- M.S. 1960, Northwestern StateCollege, 97 p. L. (Natchitoches, La.)

Purpose of study: To obtain the types ofspecialised training and the general educationneeded by technicians employed in CaddoParish industries with specific reference to :Infernustion concerning technicians and firms ;job descriptions and work activities of tech-nicians ; related technical information usedby technicians ; present and future need formore technicians.

Source of data sad method of study: Datawere obtained from books, news items, un-published materials, a questionnaire, periodi-cals, and personal interviews.

Findings end conclusions! It was concludedthat a common core of experiences and re-lated technical information for all industrialtechnical training programs should include :

Engineering drawing or technical draft-ingusing engineering and technical man-uals ; making sketches and workingdrawings ; plotting curves and graphs ; re-cording and compiling data ; reading andwriting technical reports ; making scaledrawings ; and taking details from masterdesigns.

Industrial equipmenttesting and ad-justing equipment ; repairing equipment ;adapting equipment to new nee& ; and op-erating and maintaining equipment

Industrial instruments inspecting andtrouble-shooting with instruments ; andmaking computations from instruments.

Mathematicslaying out work ; calculat-ing angles and forces ; interpreting draw-ings ; drafting ; using slide rule ; computingangles, shapes, and ratios ; using propor-tions ; interpreting reports ; evaluating ma-terials ; and solving formulas.

Scisacefunctions of steel as related towelding; using ammeters and voltmeters ;

using electrical theory in circuitry motorsand solenoids ; and electrical maintenance.

4286. DIGNAN, RICHARD JAMES. A/Pollowup Study of Voluntary With-drawals from Stout State College forthe School Year 1958-1959. M.S.iseo, Stout State College, 70 p. L.(Menomonie, Win.)

Purpose of study: To provide factual evi-dence concerning voluntary student mortalityat the college.

Source of data and method of study: Achecklist was mailed to each voluntary with-drawee to learn the reasons that students gleefor leaving college. Permanent records onMe in the Registrar's Office and the StudentPersonnel Office were surveyed for data whichwould give added information concerningcauses for withdrawal.

Findings and conclusions: This study re-vealed that 189 students voluntarily withdrewfrom Stout State College during the 1968-59college year. Approximately one-third ofthese students transferred to other colleges.Over half of those who transferred changedtheir vocational objective. Financial diffi-culty and marriage were the biggest singlefactors causing students to discontinue theireducation.

4287. ENGELHARDT, JOHN WIL-LIAM. Supplemenial Activities andIncome of Industrial Arts Teachersof Louisiana. M.S. 1960, North-western State College, 51 p. L.(Natchitoches, La.)

Purpose of study: To ascertain the prepara-tion, experience, and supplemental activitiesand income of white industrial arts teachersin Louisiana.

iTONIPCO of dots mad method of study: Datawere obtained by mailing questionnaires to allwhite induscial arts teachers listed in theofficial State School Directory of Louisiana.

Findings and censelselone: Sixty percent ofthe industrial arts teachers included in thisstudy did extra work to supplement their In-come& Skills and knowledge acquired in col-lege industrial arts studies were helpful Insupplementary work. A majority of theteachers believed supplementary employmentbad a beneficial erect on their teaching.About one-third of the teachers did not feelthe supplementary work made them a morecapable teacher. Many industrial artsteachers indicated the only reason they weredoing extra work was because of the need tosupplement their teaching salaries and severalteachers indicated they would quit supple-mentary work if their salaries were increased.

SUMMARIES OF STUDIES, 1 9 60-61

428& EVANS, DALE WESLEY. A Pro-gram for industrial Arts with Spe-cial Reference to the South-WesternCity School District, Franklin,Comity, Ohio. H. A. 1961, The OhioState University, 93 p. L. (Colum-bus)

PUM0111 of study: To ascertain ways to im-prove the industrial arts program throughoutthe South-Western City School District.

Source of data and method of study: Docu-i notary data were used.

'Piedlags and conclusions: Improvement canbe achieved by : coordinating the programs,adjusting emphases of instructional areas,utilising facilities to better advantage, andacquiring additional space.

4289. FLADELAND, SIDNEY. The Im-pact on a Skilled Labor Force Re-angling from the Introduction ofJet-,propellef Aircraft by the Soiled-ulturiDousettie Airlines of the UnitedMateo. M. A. 1959, University ofILItiluipota, 77 p. Department of In-dustrissl Education (Minneapolis)

Purpose of .study: To ascertain the approxi-mate number et gadgets who will need air-craft mechaalekl telniag is the next decade.

Source of &ski And method of study: Datawere obtained freer the United States Depart-ment of Commerce Civil Aeronautics Admin-istration, Air Transport Association ofAmerica, and Northwest Orient Airlines andby reviewing the history. of commercial avia-tion, current literature, unit reports by aircarriers, together with interviews with airline°Metals and labor leaders.

Pinang, and cotsdattiour.- jet aircraft,although requiring less maintenance in pro-portion to their work capacity

attractthe older

aircraft, can be expected to ii ttraet enoughnew customers to assure a contlinsed demandfor trained aircraft mechanics. The numberneeded in the next decade will be an addi-tional 00 percent, or about 17,00M. As an-nual turnover of $ percent will remain another2.000 to 3,000 each year, or about 40,000 in10 years. Mechanics in the future will re-quire more technical training.

4290. QEIMER, (Brother) JOEL NICH-OLAS. Industrial Arts Program forSchools of the Christian Brothoro ofthe St. Louis District. M. A. leekUniversity of Minnesota, 146 p.Department of Industrial Education(Minneapolis)

19

Purpose of study: To develop a suggestedprogram for industrial arts education for usein the schools conducted by the ChristianBrothers of the St. Louis District.

Source of data and method of study: De-sirable features of the industrial arts pro-grams already used in the Brother.' schoolswere identified by interviewing the principalsand administering questionnaires to the in-dustrial arts teachers and selected students.Recommendations for industrial arts in publicschools were considered by examining bul-letins on industrial arts education publishedby State departments in the States in whichthe Brothers' schools were located.

Findings and conclusions: Objectives forthe proposed industrial arts program weresuggested and defined. Recommendationswere made that : all ninth-graders be requiredto take a comprehensive industrial arts course,including units in woodworking, generalmetals, graphic arts, drawing, electricity, andpower mechanics ; individual industrial artscourses in the above areas be offered in grades11 and 12 for those students who are inter-ested and able to profit from such instruction ;and eleventh- and twelfth-grade courses betaught in limited general shops, or, if neces-sary, in comprehensive general shops.

4291. HAWKINS, MAX DEAN. TheLife and Contributions of Charles R.Wasser. H. S. 1961, Kansas StateTeachers College. 58 p. L. (Pitts-burg)

Purpose of study: To examine the contribu-tions, influences, and effects left by Charles R.Wasser.

Source of data end method of study: Thisstudy was limited to the life and contributionsof Charles R. Walser in the field of industrialeducation. Information was gathered fromnewspapers, alumni, Graduate News Bulletins,college bulletins, class schedules, and personalinterviews.

Pitiditsys and conclusions: Professor Was-sees influence will long be evident at 11111111111L11State Teachers College. His contributionsare found in the physical plant of thecollege, the industrial education curriculum,and in the philosophy and teaching methodsof many of his former students throughoutthe Nation.

4292. HORTON, MICHAEL WILLIAM.The Effectiveness of the Mass-Pro-duction Technique in AchievingSelected Objectives for IndustrialArts. M. A. 1900, Iowa StateTeachers College, 110 p. L. (CedarFalls)

i

2o RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

Purpose of study: To determine whether twocomparable groups of students will showsignificant differences in achievement withrespect to selected industrial arts objectiveswhen one group is taught by the traditionalmethoi and the other is taught, in part, bythe mass-production technique.

Source of data and method of study: Theachievement of a control group of college stu-dents who received traditional instruction wascompared with that of an experimental groupwho did a mass-production job at part oftheir shop work. Student achievement wasmeasured by a final examination, a question-naire, and a cooperative attitudes rating scale.The experiment was conducted in the GeneralWoodworking course at Iowa State TeachersCollege.

/Findings and conclusions: The differencein achievement between the two groups on thefinal examination was found to be insignifi-cant. The major portion of this exam wasdevoted to shop skills and knowledge. Ap-parently the shop skills and knowledge re-quired for success in this industrial arts coursewere learned even when a mass-production jobwas included in the instructional program.Student responses given on the questionnaireand the results of the cooperative attitudesrating scale indicated that the mass-produc-tion work done 1%, Lae experimental group wasa type of activity which was especially suitedto the development of an interest in industryand cooperation among ele members of theclass.

4293. HOSKINS, RICHARD HAR-WOOD. The Teaching of Multi-View Drawing with Pictorial Sketch-ing As the Experimental Variable.M. A. 1960, The Ohio State Univer-sity, 78 p. L. (Columbus)

Purpose of study: To determine the effect ofpictorial drawing knowledge on the acquisitionof knowledge related to multi-view drawingand whether IQ. spatial visualization ability,or abstract reasoning ability have any pre-dictive value pertaining to multi-view draw-ing.

Source of data and method of study: Thiswas an experimental study utilizing the equiv-alent-groups method There were 20 subjectsin each group, equated in terms of IQ scores.The period of instruction was 9 weeks. Pre-post teacher-constructed multi-view drawingtests were administered and analyzed as weretwo tests from the B.A.T. Battery.

Findings and conclusions: Students whohave some knowledge of pictorial sketchingshow more growth in multi-view drawing thanthose students who do not have this knowl-edge of pictorial sketching.

Intelligence scores have some predictivevalue in relation to multi-view drawing witha correlation coeMcient of .67. Spatial visual-ization ability has little predictive value inrelation to multi-view drawing with a cor-relation coefficient of .36. Abstract reasoningability has some predictive value in relationto multi-view drawing with a correlation co-efficient of .68.

4294. HUFF, ARTHUR STANNIS. AStudy of the Electrical Power WiringSystems Used in Current SchoolShop Construction. M. A. 1961, .Northeast Missouri State TeadierNCollege, 74 p. L. (Kirksville) I

Purpose of study: To gather informationto serve as a basis for arriving at decides@concerning recommendations for the varissitypes of electrical power wiring systems usedin current school shop construction.

Source of data and method of stale: Datawere obtained from textbooks, pamphlets, priodicals, personal contact, and correstfemilserowith industrial arts instructors, *parts inthe field of school shop planning, sewer andlight specialists, and electrical mpply andmanufacturing companies. The itivasidgateralso visited several new school shop In Mis-souri, Iowa, and Illinois.

Findings and conclusions: School plannersshould seriously consider and ilnvestigate theuse of the overhead duct system. For theinitial expense involved, it in the most Amblesystem available. In thq placement of ma-chines it is versatile. A 'plug-in duct systemis completely self -cons and is superiorto others in the areas of flexibility, salvability,convenience, and ode*. It is installed over-head, in the open, which permits ready re-pair and alteratioris. Consideration shouldalso be given to thee installation of three-phasecircuits for power machines. This can bejustified by the use at three -phase motors,smaller conductors, less voltage drop, and abetter power factor. Many larger shons,especially colleges, are using an underfloorduct system laid out in a grid pattern. Thissystem Is hardly noticeable.

4295. HUFli'MAN, PARKE WENDELL.BeeleeSing the Slip Resistance ofMattison Fluid and Floor MaterialsUsed in the Machine Shop. M.A.1961, Wayne State 'University, 71 p.L. (Detroit, Mich.)

turrom of study: To conduct slip-resistancetests to measure the effects of machine oil,spindle oil, cutting oil, soluble oil, and whitelead on the surface resistance of oak moodstrip, wood block end grain, and concretefloor surfaces.

SUMMARIES OF STUDIES, 1 9 6 0-6 1

Bourne of data and method of study: Datawere taken from pertinent available researchliterature and from results of the slip- resist-ance tests made in the machine shops at theWilbur Wright Cooperative High School.

Findings and conclusions: The action of therubber- and leather-faced test blocks on thesurfaces followed expected patterns in most ofthe results produced. Data indicated, in arelative way, the degree to which the flooringmaterials tested differ from one another insurface resistance because of the nature oftheir surface in the dry state, the nature ofthe contact surface of the force placed uponthem, and the nature of the film of fluid putbetween their interfaces. Data also indicatedto what extent each of these variables con-tributed to the comparative coefficient offriction.

The study revealed a phenomenon that tookplace as the test blocks passed from the dryportion of the test strip to the wet portion ofthe test strip. The action which followedwas the bask on which the coefficients ofMoeda friction for the study were established,as it revealed the point in time and placewhere ape most accurate conditions prevailedfor the objective of the test.

Parthet study of this problem would bebeneficial Send necessary to any conclusiverecommeodihtions, but the significant findingsthat were made do have practical applicationfor machine\ shop safety inasmuch as dataproduced give p. relative value to the surface-resistant qualities of the materkls studied andthe extent those finalities are altered by thepresence of any of tile test fluids.

4296. HUTCHINGS, RICHARD SCOTT.An industrial Airts Program for theSeventh and Eighth Grades ofWorthington, Ohio: A Study of Pur-poses, Curriculum, and Outcomes.M.A. 1900, The Ohio State Univer-Edty, 116 p. L. (Columbus)

Purpose of study: To justify a revised in-dustrial arts curriculum based on cultural-technical-vocational interests.

Swim of data and method of study: Theproblem was inve.digated by using the his-torical and literary research method to es-tablish the necessity for teaching industrialarts, and a survey instrument was utilised todetermine the attitudes at adults and studentstoward an industrial arts program to reflecttechnology.

Findings and conclusions: The written re-search and responses to the guardsman** indi-cated the validity of the problem. The totalresponses to the questionnaire petaled oat therespondents' desire to help develop a bettereducational program with special nalbasis eaindustrial arts education.

21

4297. JOHNSON, CHARLES WILLIAM.A Study of Emphasizing Time inTeaching Mechanical Drawing. M.S.1961, Kansas State Teachers Collegea: Emporia, 135 p. L. (Emporia)

Purpose of study: To ascertain the effecton achievement in beginning mechanicaldrawing when emphasis was placed on thetime element in teaching the subject.

Source of data and method of study: Thiswas an experimental study using 150 seventh-grade beginning mechanical drawing studentsas subjects. Seventy-five of the studentswere taught mechanical drawing in the con-ventional way and 75 were taught with speedemphasised throughout the course.

Findings and conclusions: The conclusionsof this experiment were that emphasizingspeed increased the average number of draw-ings done by each student, but the differencein technical information gained or in drawingachievement was not significant.

4298. KEIGHTLEY, ROGER R. A Com-parative Study of Complex FingerDexterity Ability Among Five Homo-geneously Grouped Ninth-Grade In-dustrial Arts Meataiworking Classesat Scottdale Joint High School.M. A. 1961, West Virginia University,60 p. L. (Morgantown)

Purpose of study: To investigate and deter-mine relative abilities of students to performcomplex finger manipulations.

Source of data and method of study: Scoresmade on two shopmade manipulative testswere compared with marks made in otherschool subjects.

Findings and conclusion*: Standard devia-tions computed for test scores for academicability within groups showed students to bewidely dispersed in ability. There was littledifference in the test for threading fingerdexterity for all groups except Group IVand Group m. Substantially low correla-tion was found between paper tests of aca-demic ability and complex finger dexterity asmeasured through the threading finger dex-terity test or the tweezer finger dexterity test.

4299. KIMMEL, COY KEITH. AnAnalysis of Three- Amensional AidsUseful in Teaching 4.pplied Electri-city. M. A. 1960, Nort.Vast MissouriState Teachers Coays, 58 p. L.(Kirksville)

Purposes of study: To ascertain wk It three-dimensional aids are needed to radii tato la-

22 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

struction in a unit course of applied elec-tricity and to determine the source andavailability of these aids.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere secured from commercial catalogs, ap-plied electricity publications, and periodicalliterature. The content of the course wasdetermined and an analysis and compilationof aids were made. These aids were thenlisted according to their use in individualunits within the course.

Findings and omelet:ions: Many useful aidswere available from commercial sources.Others could be constructed by buying com-ponent parts and assembling teaching aidsor by using existing parts and equipment inthe shop and assembling these into teachingaids. It was also found that many simple butnecessary aids and devices needed to be de-signed and constructed by the applied elec-tricity instructor.

4300. KINDEL, ERSAL WINTON.Demonstration Techniques Useful inTeaching High School Electricity.M.S. 1961, Kansas State TeachersCollege, 107 p. L. (Pittsburg)

Purpose of study: To discover and developuseful teaching aids which may be built inthe school shop.

Source of data and method of study: Mate-rials were gathered from textbooks, projectbooks, periodicals, and other pertinent avail-able literature. Teaching aids were de-veloped and constructed in the shop.

Findings and conclusions: Teaching sidewhich will illustrate any principle which theteacher presents to his class can be obtainedor made as the result of research and imagina-tion.

4301. KING, DALE DONALD. A Foi-lowup Study of Industrial Tech-nology Graduates from WesternMichigan University 1955-1959.M.A. 1960, Western Michigan Uni-versity, 84 p. L. (Kalamazoo)

Purposes of study: To secure informationconcerning the employment status of the1955-50 graduates of the 2-year terminal andthe 4-year technical degree curricula at West-ern Michigan University and to secure sug-gestions from them as to the improvement ofthese curricula.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere secured through questionnaires returnedby a sample of 106 graduates of the depart-ment.

lried4sys and oostolseions: Graduates of the2-year programs made, on the average, ap-

proximately the same salary as graduates ofthe 4-year programs. Graduates indicated aneed for more science, mathematics, reportwriting, and management-type courses.

Industrial supervision (a 4-year program)outranked all other curricula in the per-centage of graduates employed in their majorfield of preparation. Drafting and design (a2-year program) was second. The majorityof the graduates were employed in Michigan,and approximately one out of five was em-ployed in Kalamazoo.

4302. KIRKPATRICK, ELVIS J. Sug-gested Units of Instruction for thePower and Transportation Area ofthe General Shop. M.A. 1961,Northeast Missouri State TeachersCollege, 180 p. L. (Kirksville)

Purpose of study: To identify and developunits of instruction that could be recom-mended for the power and transportation, areaof the comprehensive general shop fox thejunior Nigh school.

Source of data and method of Om*: Thisstudy involved an analysis of Hamann, in-cluding publications from Stag Departmentsof Education, a survey of selected kninstrialconcerns, an inteirest survey in two einall highschools, and an experiment in teacbkng selectedlessons. to determine both suggested units ofinstruction and selective criteria which couldbe used to recommend the sugpiwied units.

Findings and conclusions: Conclusions werepresented and a list of sugiested units of in-struction were recommended for the powerand transportation area of the general shopat the junior high se lotol level.

4303 KUMPLI, JAMES 0. The Use ofan Attitude Scale To DetermineParental Atatedes Toward CertainObjectives of Industrial Arts, Canal

Infester, Ohio. M.A. 1961, TheState University, 140 p. L.

(Columbus)Purpose ef study: To measure parental at-

titude toward certain selected objectives ofindustrial arts.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere obtained by administering a Likert-Typeattitude scale to parents of industrial artsstudents at Canal Winchester High School,Canal Winchester, Ohio.

Findings and oonolesions: Parents of in-dustrial arts students believed that propersafety instruction and proper attitude develop-ment should be the two most important ob-jectives of industrial arts courses. They alsoranked intelligent consumer knowledge, en-

SUILWARIES OF STUDIES, 1960-61 23

during leisure-time interest, and awareness ofculture u different objectives of industrialarts courses. However, parents questionedwhether industrial arts courses should pro-vide training useful in an occupation ...ndwhether industrial arts should provide ex-periences leading to an understanding of in-dustry.

4304. LACY, ROBERT. A Study ofFactors Which Caused the Declinein Total Number of Students En-rolling in the Vocational Schools inthe City of St. Louis in the Last TwoYears. M. Ed. 1961, The Ohio StateUniversity, 60 p. L. (Columbus)

,Purpose of study: To determine some of thenelsons for the slow, consistent decline in theto umber of students enrolled in voca-Ur).* education in the city of St. Louis, Mo.

of data and method of study: Exami-natioxt analysis, and compilation of question-naires from 200 students form the basis onwhich conclusions were drawn and recom-meadat ns were made.

Piudigre sad conclusions: It was determinedthat 112. students had planned to enroll in

apii4eyouth) education, but did not enroll be-calms oi influence of parents, teachers,and Meads ; for lack of knowledge relative tothe or because of the idea thatemployment the vocations did not offerenough security. ,

4305. LANDSVVEK, DONALD KEITH.The Utilisation of Audiovisual Ma-terials, Equipment, and Techniquesin Selected Smiday Schools of theEvangelical Utiliser** Church ofAmerica. M. S. -1960, Stout StateCollege, 219 p. L (Menomonie, Wis.)

Purposes of study: To make readily avail-able to Sunday school latIodnistrator orteacher, a source of information on the useof audiovisual materials and equipment andprovide data on current audovisual practiceswithin selected Sunday schools of the Evan-gelical Lutheran Church.

Houma of data and asetholl of sinig: A

comprehensive review of all pertinent litera-ture was conducted. This was followed bythe construction of a checklist. This checklistwas distributed on a stratified random samplebasis to 150 Sunday schools in the EvangelicalLutheran Church.

Median sad conclusions: Practises selatingto the use of such audovisnal items as charts,flat pictures, slides, filmstrips, motion picturefilms, maps, chalk beards, ballet's beards,flannel boards, %wane projectors, and peedee-

tion screens varied considerably. This varia-tion was true not only between the itemslisted but also among small-, medium-, andlargesised Sunday schools.

Trained leadership for the auurisual pro-gram was definitely lacking in most schools.Similarly, inservice training of teacher in theoptimum use of such aids was short of adesired amount. Sunday schools made littlestudy of audiovisual needs on which to basethe program.

4306. LEIVISKA, RICHARD A. Con-tributions to Industrial Education:An Annotated Index of Papers,Numbered 261 through 312, Sub-mitted by Candidates for the Mas-ter's Degree Under Plans Othen ThanA at the University of Minnesota.K A. 1961, University of Minnesota,104 p. Department of IndustrialEducation (Minneapolis)

Purposes of study: lb furnish an annotatedindex of the Plan B papers numbered 261through 812 from June 1957 through June1960, located at the Industrial Education De-partment of the University of Minnesota, andto furnish a summary of these writings forthe future use of graduate and undergraduatestudents.

Source of data and method of study: A re-view of the plan B papers from June 1057to June 1960 in industrial education at theUniversity of Minnesota was made and asummary of each plan B paper was prepared.

Finding, and conclusions: It was recom-mended that an annotated index of plan BPapers be compllel in paperbound volumes.Each volume should contain annotations of100 plan B papers, and would provide handyreference material for graduate and under-graduate students.

4307. LIVINGSTON, RALPH T. AComparison of Current Lettering Re-quirements with Arthur L. Ferry'sSurvey of 1950. M. S. 1961, KansasState Teachers College, 47 p. L.(Pittsburg)

Purpose of study: To determine the currentpractices regarding lettering in industry.

Source of data and method of study: Ques-tionnaires were rant to 88 companies in severaldifferent types of industry selected from coastto coast.

Findings and conclusions: Vertical, upper-case lettfring was used in most drafting roomsbe industry. Job classification determined theimportance of lettering, but most arms feltjunior employees needed more stress on letter-

24 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

ing in school. One-eighth-inch lettering wasmost widely used, but drawing reductionsforced draftsmen to use larger sizes in manyinstances. Inking, though on the decline,was considered too important to be discardedfrom the course of study.

4308. LONG, JOHN WILLIAM. In-service Education: with Implicationsfor Industrial Arts Teachers. M. A.1961, The Ohio State University, L.(Columbus)

Purposes of study: To determine if indus-trial arts teachers recognize the need for helpin their teaching duties ; to present the valuesof inservice techniques ; to determine whatinservice techniques industrial arts teachersfelt would be most valuable to them ; and topresent the most acceptable modern theoryand practices, as evidenced by writings of au-thorities on inservice training, suitable forthe industrial arts teachers.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere developed from a survey of the ideas andopinions of professional authorities on in-service education and from a questionnaireformulated in keeping with the purposes ofthe study.

Findings and conclusions: Industrial artsteacheL a admitted a need for help in someareas of their teaching field. They were ac-cepting the responsibility of acquiring pro-fessional growth by utilizing the inserviceprograms to some extent.

The inservice program should inform theteacher of the values of each activity in theprogram and should provide the type of train-ing that can best fit the teachers to do theirprofessional job.

4309. LOBBY, MABVIN LEE. A Studyof Physical Conditions and MajorEquipment in the Industrial ArtsShops of Northeast Missouri. M. A.1961, Northeast Missouri StateTeachers College, 189 p. L. (Kirks-ville)

Purpose of study: To ascertain the physicalfacilities and major equipment existing in in-dustrial arts shops of the high schools inNortheast Missouri.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere gathered by visiting all of the industrialarts shops (65) in the Northeast Missouridistrict north of D.B. Highway 24. Physicalconditions and major equipment were tabu-lated and comparisons were made with AAA,AA, A, and Approved High Schools.

Findings and conclusions: Some of Cue shopswere well located while others were still indamp, poorly lighted basements. Lighting

was insuMcient in most of the shops and shopswere too small in a majority of the schools.Color schemes of most of the shops were poor.Most shops had only wall outlets for machinehookups. Fire extinguishers were availablein most of the shops. Storage space andlocker space was poor amid auxiliary roomswere not available in wany of the shops. Inthe metal area the equipment was most oftena combination bench gas furnace, metal vise,drill press, anvil, and grinder. The elec-tricity area was poorly equipped in most ofthe shops. The wood area had more majoritems of equipment than all other areas com-bined.

4310 LUSK, CHARLES GEORGE. AStudy of the Use of a PhotograpNoFile as a Teaching Aid in IndustipfiaArts. M. A. 1960, Universi% ofMinnesota, 64 p. Department In-dustrial Education (Minneapo#18)

Purpose of study: To develop a animus ofconveying information to students whop requirecontinued individual attention theteacher demonstration has been feted.

Source of data and method of aftegg: Thestudy was conducted by using t*o seventh-grade classes, a control and an tmeitalsection. Carefully prepared tographicenlargements were used in the' instructionalprocedure with the experimentea group. Easeand amount of accompllshmeuit were observedand differences noted. Oilier sources weredisplays of industrial exhibits, textbooks ondisplaying products, wad visits to photo-graphic shops.

Findings and conchiiiinss: The use of photo-graphic enlargements enabled students tocomplete assigmsenti faster, created more in-terest, allowed teachers to provide more as-sistance for slower students, and increasedstudent confidence in independent work.

4311. MANCHAK, PAUL 1. Direct-Camera-to- Receiver Television as anInstructional Aid in industrial Edu-cation. M. A. 1961, University ofMaryland, 224 p. L. (College Park)

Purposes of study: To investigate and re-port the potentialities of the direct-camera-to-receiver television system for use as aninstructional aid within x single classroom orlaboratory. More specifically, the study wasdesigned to examine the applicability, prac-ticality, and acceptability of closed-circuittelevision when used as an instructional aidwithin industrial arts teaching areas at thecollege level.

Source of data and method of study: Thestudy was designed to provide materialwhereby school administri itors or other edu-

SUMMARIES OF STUDIES, 1 9 6 0-6 1

catioual personnel could secure informationregarding the direct-camera-to-receiver tele-vision facility. Such areas of informationcentered around (1) equipment requirements,(2) operational feasibility, (3) possible ap-plications, (4) faculty attitudes, and (5)student opinions.

Findings and conclusions: Closed circuittelevision was found applicable and appro-priate in teaching areas in which instructionwas given in the Industrial Education Depart-ment at the University of Maryland duringthe 1959-60 academic year.

Evidence indicated that it is possible to uselow-cost closed-circuit television as an instruc-tional aid within a single classroom or labora-tory where "one scene" views are involved.

Faculty and student responses to question-naires and opinionnaires showed these groupsto be highly in favor of the closed-circuit tele-vision as an instructional aid within indus-trial arts laboratory courses.

4312. MAXEY, TYRICE EDWARD. Re-lation of Units Taken and MarksEarned in High School IndustrialArts Courses to Achievement in theIndustrial Arts Curriculum at North-western State College. M. 8. 1961,Northwestern State College, 35 p. L.(Natchitoches, La.)

Puri Mei of Moly: To compare the relationof units taken and marks earned in high schoolindustrial arts courses to achievement in theindustrial arts curriculum at NorthwesternState College.

Source of data and Method of study: Datawere secured from the college records of thegraduates as found in the office of the In-dustrial Arts Department and the office of theRegistrar of Northwestern State College.

Findings and conclusion*: "There is no rela-tionship between the number gtf units taken inhigh school industrial arty courses andachievement in the industrial nrts curriculumat Northwestern State College.

1There is a positive but indeterlaate rela-tionship between the marks earned in highschool industrial arts courses and alddevementin the industrial arts curriculum at North-western State College.

4313. MUSA', TERUO. The Siestas ofIndustrial Arts in Hawaii.% Y.A.1961, State College of Iowa, 09 19. L.(Cedar Falls)

Purpose of study: To determine toseisberqualifications in terms of preparation and OA"perience, what type of shops were mist cow-

25

mon, types of courses offered, and educationalmethods used.

Source of data and method of study: Of the115 questionnaires mailed, 71, or 61.7 percent,were returned. The 71 teachers represented45, or 70.3 percent of the schools offering in-dustrial arts in Hawaii.

Findings and conclusions: Industrial artsis offered in three-fourths of all the secondaryschools in Hawaii, but in only four schools aslow as the sixth grade. Approximately one-third of the teachers did not meet the Profes-sional Teachers' Certificate requirements of80 semester hours beyond the bachelor's de-gree, and one-fourth did not meet e sec-ondary school subject field requirements of86 hours in industrial arts, plus one coursein the teaching of industrial arts. Only 5 ofthe 71 teachers have free periods during theschool day. Woodworking, drawing, electricityand electronics, and metalworking were wellrepresented in the industrial arts programs.Approximately one-third of the teachers taughtin comprehensive general shops. Only threeteachers reported that industrial arts wasrequired in the schools in which they taught.

Recommendations are that industrial artsbe included in all the schools ; that.; certifica-tion requirements be more rigidly enforced ;that every teacher have at least one free pe-riod each school day ; that graphic arts andtransportation and power be considered forindustrial arts programs in future develop-ments ; that greater nee be made of compre-hensive general shop, especially in the smallerschools ; and that girls be given more op-portunit-- to take industrial arts.

4314. NELSON, GERHARD W. Guid-ance Factors Contributing to an Ap-propriate Occupational Choice at theSaint Paul Technical - VocationalSchool. M. S. 1961, Stout StateCollege, 79 p. L. (Menomonie, Wis.)

Purpose of study: To evaluate the presentguidance procedures at Saint Paul Technical-Vocational School.

Source of data and method of study:Analysis was made of the present records forstudents in the Saint Paul Technical-Voca-tional School. Norms were established by useof statistical methods. Procedures were de-veloped to aid students in the selection ofappropriate occupational choices.

Findings and conclusions: Prediction ofscholastic success or failure based on entranceteats seems to merit some consideration.Students with a low Otis Intelligence Testscore but a high Minnesota Paper Board scoremay have the ability to succeed in a trade-technical field, as this combination indicatesa poor reader but not necessarily low intellk

26 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

gence. Prediction of success in the electric,electronic, and engineering drafting field hasa high correlation with the Minnesota PaperBoard Form Test. Norms developed in thisstudy have been extremely useful in guidingstudents into an appropriate field of en-deavor. It is recommended that no cutoffscore be used for any student, but that fullconsideration be given to each and every ap-plicant. The coefficient of correlation is sig-nificant for both the Minnesota Paper BoardForm Test and the Bennet Mechanical Testin relation to the engineering drafting in-structor's grades ; and, therefore, moreemphasis should be placed on these scores incounseling students applying for this trade.

4315. NELSON, WALLACE ORVAL.Bindery Work it the Graphic Artswith Course Outline and Instructor'sGuide. M. A. 1959, University ofMinnesota, 58 p. Department of In-dustrial Education (Minneapolis)

Purposes of study: To survey the methodsused and operations taught in the binderyfield in Minneapolis Public Schools ; to developa course outline of use to instructors ofbindery operations, and to develop a guide forinstructors.

Source of data and method of study: A re-view of the literature revealed need forbindery instruction, but a paucity of informa-tion of value to teachers of bindery work.The main sources of data were two surveys ofbindery operations taught in the MinneapolisPublic Schools (1955 and 1959) and the ex-perience of the writer as a tradesman andteacher in the graphic arts.

Findings and conclusions: The 1955 surveyshowed that although bindery operations weretaught in Minneapolis schools, they weretaught more by incidental methods than byplanned units. A followup survey, conductedin 1959, revealed a more conscious effort toutilize the unit instructional plan and indi-cated an enrichment of the graphic arts pro-gram. Major modifications occurred wherehard-cover binding and hand-sewing opera-tions were added to the curriculums.

4316. PADHAM, ELWOOD ARNO. APoliowup Study of Graduates of theIndustrial Arts Department atGorham State Teachers College,Gorham, Maine, for the 10-YearPeriod 1948 through 1958. M. A.1961, University of Maryland, 134 p.L. (College Park)

Purposes of study: To investigate the elec-tiveness of the industrial arts teacher edu-cation program at Gorham State Teachers

College and to identify needed curricularchanges.

The study was concerned with the effective-ness of the program as reflected by the reac-tions and performance of the graduates forthe period from 1948 to 1958.

Source of data and method of study: In-formation was obtained *nom graduates, supe-rior teachers, princips is, and a jury ofeducators by the use of questionnaires, and anevaluation form. Seventy-eight percent of the160 graduates and all of the superior teachersreturned the questionnaires. Seventy-eightpercent of the 74 principals contacted re-turned the evaluation form, and 5 of the 6members of the jury returned reactions to thestudy.

Findings and conclusions: General educa-tion courses thought to be most "essential tosuccessful teaching" were English, Mathe-matics, and Public Speaking.

Professional courses offered by the Indus-trial Arts Department, judged to he "essen-tial to successful teaching" were ShopOrganization, Methods of Teaching, IndustrialArts, Practical Mathematics, and StudentTeaching and Conference.

Technical courses considered most "essen-tial to successful teaching" were WoodworkMetalwork I, Mechanical Drawing, Transpor-tation I, and Machine and Architectural Draw-ing. As indicated by the principals,graduates were better prepared in "Manipula-tive Ability" and "Shop Organization andManagement" than in Any other aspect oftheir education.

Instruction in Elsctricity "should be im-proved" while Economics II, Youth Activity,and History of Vocational and IndustrialArts Education were thought to be "of littlevalue, should be/ dropped" by 80 percent ofthe graduates &OA 50 percent of the superiorteachers.

4317. PARRA, BURTON OLIVER. AGuide tar the Teaching of MetalsProcesstng I, II, and III; IndustrialEducation Department, University ofMinntisota. M.A. 1960, University ofMinnieuota, 170 p. Department of'adularia' Education (Minneapolis)

Fuegos,e of study: To develop the MetalsProcess/ma sequence of courses under the Min-nesota Plan for Industrial Arts TeacherEthicalea.

Stires of data and method of Study: Minne-sota Plan for Industrial Arts Teacher Educa-tion , and other pertinent books. periodicals,et* publications. Pertinent literature wastviviewed and the Metal Processing sequenceint courses was developed. The sequence of

SUMMARIES OF STUDIES, 1 960 -61

courses was taught over a period of time todetermine the effectiveness of the course con-tent and teaching methods.

Findings and conclusions: A revision of thecontent and methods of the sequence of courseswas made to better fulfill the needs of thestudents set forth in the Minnesota Plan.Extension of the methods devised in theMetals Processing courses to other areas ofindustrial *rib teaching was recommended.

4319. REYNOLDS, DONALD FRANK.A Study Guide for Apprentice AutoMechanics. M.A. 1960, Los AngelesState College of Applied Arts andSciences, 226 p. L. (Los Angeles,Calif.)

Purposes of study: To revise the complete4-year outline for apprentice auto mechanicsand the second-year study guide and concen-trate on the basic theory which will not be-

come obsolete.

Source of data and method of study: Mate-rials were gathered from industry through anadvisory committee and other automotive in-dustry representatives.

Findings and conclusions: This project in-volved the development of a study guide, andas such did not require a formal statement offindings and conclusions. The guide will bepublished by the California State Departmentof Education as a part of the ApprenticeInstruction Materials Program.

4320. ROGERS, LAMAR ELWOOD. TheStatus and Need for Industrial Artsin Louisiana High Schools. M.S.1961, Northwestern State College, 55p. L. (Natchitoches, La.)

Purpose of study: To present data relativeto the status and need for industrial arts inthe curriculum of the high schools of Louisi-ana.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere obtained from questionnaires mailed tothe high school principals listed in the Louisi-ana School Directory No. 875 ; from Indus-trial Arts in Louisiana, Bulletin No. 780; andfrom other pertinent literature.

Findings and conclusions: One hundredforty-four white high schools offered industrialarts in 1959-80. Eighty-one teachers held abaccalaureate degree and 84 teachers had themaster's degree. Courses taught by industrialarts teachers in addition to their major fieldincluded mathematics, general science, andphysical education.

The general shop plan of organisation wasin use in 52 percent of the schools. Theunit and/or combination general shop was in

27

the remaining 48 percent. Most frequentcourse offerings were woodworking, mechanicaldrawing, and leathercraft. Too many smallschool units and the plan for financing theprogram are obstacles to be overcome beforemuch expansion can be expected.

4321. SEDGWICK, LORRY KING. TheEffect on Spatial Perception of In-struction in Descriptive Geometry.M.S. 1961, Southern Illinois Univer-sity, 43 p. L. (Carbondale)

Purpose of study: To determine if instruc-tion in descriptive geometry will improvespatial perception ( visualization).

Source of data and method of study: Fifty-one matched pairs of engineering students,industrial education teaching majors, and in-dustrial supervision majors enrolled at South-ern Illinois University and Southeast MissouriState College were used to obtain data. Theexperimental group took descriptive geometryand the control group took no descriptivegeometry or any other drawing course.Matching was based on preterm performanceon the Space Relations Test of the DifferentialAptitude Test, form A. Group to group post-term comparison was based on form B of thesame test. The t test of mean difference andthe F test of variance were applied to testhypotheses.

Findings and conclusions: Data indicatedstrongly that instruction in descriptive geom-etry does not affect or improve the abilityof the student at spatial perception or visuali-zation. Support was also given to the opinionthat this is an innate ability not modifiableby specific experience.

Conclusions are that descriptive geometry isnot justifiable in a curriculum as a means ofimproving visualization and, spatial percep-tion is probably an innate capacity not modi-fiable by a specific instruction.

4322. SHARP, ROBERT LAMONT. AComparison of Related InformationAvailable in Selected PublicationsUsed in the Industrial Arts GeneralShop in Relation to the MissouriState Course of Study. M.A. 1960,Northeast Missouri State TeachersCollege, 60 p. L. (Hirksvllle)

Purposes of study: To determine whethergeneral shop text and reference books coveredthe related information as listed in the Mis-souri State Course of Study ; to ascertainthe amount of related information containedin the books ; and to find out what other hoformation was included in text and referencebooks which was not included in the courseof study.

28 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

Source of data and method of study: Gen-eral shop reference and textbooks and theMissouri State Course of Study for the Gen-eral Shop were reviewed.

Findings and conclusions: There was adefinite shortage of related information onsome topics concerning the general shop. Thetopic which had the smallest coverage was theone dealing with American Industry. A con-siderable amount of related information wasincluded in the wood and electricity areas.The areas of drawing and metalwork showeddefinite shortages of related information.There was a need for more related informationabout opportunities for occupational employ-ment and other guidance material in all areas.There was a trend in the later editions andpublications to include more related informa-tion and to add additional areas of work.

4323. SQUIRES, ELMER GENE. TheDevelopment and Evaluation of aSuggested Device for CenteringRound Stock. M.A. 1961, NortheastMissouri State Teachers College, 72 p.L. (Kirksville)

Purposes of study: To study existing meth-ods of centering round stock on a machinelathe and to design and fabricate, an improveddevice ; to test the new device for r. sability,durability, and accuracy ; to determinewhether it is patentable, and to survey itscommercial possibilities.

Source of data and method of study: Exist-ing methods of centering round stock werestudied and their weaknesses identified. Anew device was designed, constructed, andtested with the other methods in regard toaccuracy and speed. A patent search wasconducted after which a market survey wasmade.

Findings and conclusions: Present methodsof centering round stock were found to beinadequate. A new design was developed andfabricated and proved to be patentable.tinder experimentation the new device provedto be time-saving and in all cases with onlyone exception was found to be more accurate.An industrial market survey indicated thatsome companies would use the new device.

4324. SQUYRES, JAMES EARL. ASurvey of the Vocational TrainingPrograms of the Correctional Insti-tutions in Louisiana. M.S. 1961,Northwestern State College, 64 p.L. (Natchitoches, La.)

Purpose of study: To review existing voca-tional training in correctional institutions ofLouisiana.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere obtained through personal interviews at

the various institutions, from correspondencewith the State Department of Institutions,and from a survey of the Louisiana Depart-ment of Institutions annual report.

Findings and conclusions: There are fourcorrectional institutions in Louisiana offeringvocational training. Students are allowed,under the supervision of a placement com-mittee, to select a course of instruction. Anycredits earned in these institutions may betransferred to a public high school. None ofthese institutions have a placement service toassist students in finding employment at thetime of release.

4325. STEFFENSON, ARTHUR VALDE-MAR. An Investigation of SelectedScience Applications in the Area ofMetalwork. M.A. 1960, Universityof Minnesota, 80 p. Department ofIndustrial Education (Minneapolis)

Purpose of study: To study science applica-tions which were actually inherent in themetalwork program in the secondary schools.

Source of data and method of study: Asurvey was made of the science applicationsfrom industrial arts textbooks, industrial artsreference books, 10 State industrial arts cur-riculum bulletins, 5 courses of study of largercities, science textbooks, science referencebooks, and periodicals.

Findings and conclusions: Metalwork in thejunior and senior high school did offer a sub-stantial contribution toward the attainmentof scientific applications. The study ofmeta:ts in the secondary school science courseswas limited.

More attention should be devoted to athorough study and evaluation of existingcourses of study. A definite effort should bemade to include metallurgy as a course in thecurriculum of the industrial arts.

4326. STEWART, DONALD FRED-ERICK. An Exploratory Experi-ence in Industrial Arts Using FiredGlass with Wood. M.Ed. 1961, TheOhio State University, 25 p. L.(Columbus)

Purposes of study: To develop a project tostimulate student interest. To introduce fiberglass laminated with wood, adhesives,methods, and the opportunity for students toexercise constructive thinking in relation toproblem-solving.

Source of data and method of study: De-veloped in a school shop situation and docu-mented from observations and data collected.Photographic study of the materials of theexperiment was utilized.

SUMMARIES OF STUDIES, 1 9 6 0-6 1

Pindings and conclueloggs: New ideas, if pre-sented in an interesting manner, have educa-tional value and will stimulate student in-terest. Learning experiences were of greatvalue to the students in this study.

4327. STOCK, WILLIAM EARL. In-dustrial Arts Objectives and CourseContent for the Junior High School.M.A. 1961, Iowa State Teachers Col-lege, 107 p. L. (Cedar Falls)

Purpose of study: To Identify the stated ob-jectives in industrial arts courses of studyand the courses or naits which e.iould com-prise the industrial arts curriculum, for thejunior high school.

Source 4 data and method of study: Ob-jectives were recorded from State and cityindustrial arts bulletins for the junior highschool.

A list of courses or units offered in juniorhigh school industrial arts was compiled andgrouped into basic areas. checklist wassent to a jury of progressive and successfulindustrial arts teachers in junior high schoolwho were instructed to record their opinionsas to which of the courses or units should betaught, and to indicate the grade level atwhich they should be taught.

/Nadine* sold conclusions: Industrial artscourse or unit offerings in the seventh gradeshould be essentially drawing, woodworking,and some crafts ; in the eighth grade shouldbe essentially metals, drawing, woodworking,and some power-mechanics and crafts; in theninth grade should include all the bask areaswith limited emphasis on crafts. Coursesor units involving the use of power machineryand the more hazardous operations and proc-esses should be limited to the ninth grade.

4328. SWEARMAN, JACK FRED-ERICK. An Analysis of SelectedCommercial Literature RegardingGraphic, Illustrations, Took, Skills,and Termisolog for Possible Usein Industrial I r'' Consumer Educa-tion Course Content. MA. 1961,University of Maryland, 186 p. L.(College Park)*

Purina' of study: To analyze the basic con-tent of commercial literature as a guide tocurriculum planning of course content In in-dustrial arts with remises to consumereducation.

Bowes of data and method of study: Datawere compiled from 2114 pieces st selectedcommercial literati'', distributed or intendedfor distribution wal household appliances be-tween the years 1960 and 1969. The Uteri-

29

tare was contributed by 41 manufacturersand represented 62 different household al41-emcee and devices.

Pindings and conclusions: The literaturecontained 2,195 graphic illustrations whichrepresented 6 percent of the total area of theliterature. Of these illustrations, 46 percentrepresented pictures, 33 percent representedpictorial drawings, and 21 percent representedmultiview drawings. Approximately 97 per-cent of the multiview drawings were of theone-view type; approximately 77 percent ofthe axonometric drawings were pictorialdrawings of the isometric type ; and of the248 perspective projections 90_percent wereangular perspective projections.

Thirty-four tools, 1$ pieces of equipment oroptional tools and 22 skills were found neces-sary for the householder to assemble, install,maintain, and repair the 62 selected householdappliances that were included in the study.One hundred and two terms and abbreviationswere determined as being pertinent to the 284pieces of commercial literature examined inthe study.

4329. TIPTON, WILT TAM ELL Princi-ples, Services, and Adjustments ofAutomatic Headlight Controls. MA.1961, Northeast Missouri StateTeachers College, 68 p. L. (Kirks-ville)

Purpose of study: To ascertain the princi-ples, services, and adjustments of automaticheadlight controls installed on American-made automobiles.

Source of data and method of study: Pe-riodicals, textbooks, and service manuals ob-tained from commodes using automaticheadlight controlling equipseat on their auto-mobiles.

"Wino sad 0016011110118: Little materialwas available that would lend itself to theteaching of the principles, services, and ad-justments of automatic headlight controls onthe vocational auto-mechanics level. Theautomatic headlight control was a device thatpromoted safer driving, and should be serv-iced by trained personnel. unit of studypertaining to the principles, services, and ad-justments could be taught to vocational auto-mechanics students of the twelfth grade.Proposals for units of instruction were made.

4330. WALIJS, DONALD ERLE. A /Poi-losoup Study of rawer Senior HighSchool Industrial Arts Students atBelle Plaine, Iowa, ILA. 1900, IowaState Teachers College, 64 p.(Cedar Falls)

Purposes of study: To admen", the et-fectiveases eff the Industrial arts ipregriva

30 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL FDUCATION

the Belle Plaine High School in meeting thevocational and general needs of students andto evaluate the present program in the school.

Source of dots and method of study: Onehundred and nine formal male students whoenrolled for industrial arts at least 1 yearand graduated or dropped out of school duringthe years 1950 through 195$ were contacted.Personal data, work history, and military ex-periences were obtained by personal inter-views.

Pindissys and condones": Eighty-seven per-cent of the students contacted graduated fromhigh school and 42 percent had gone to college.Wormer students wets consistent in recom-mending more advanced instruction and workassignments. They also recommended hn-prevenient of the physical plant in the areasof drafting, electricity, electronics, metalworking, and auto mechanics. Forster stu-dents felt a general knowledge of tools was amajor contribution of the industrial arts pro-gram, and that safety instruction was helpfuland important

4331. wmirEns, DONALD W. Typesand Characteristics of Driver Educa-tion Programs in Class "B" HighSchools in Michigan. M.S. 1961,Stout State College, 64 p. L. (Me-nomonie, Wis.)

Purpose of study: To provide data for eval-uating and revising the driver education pro-gram at Manistee High School, Manistee,Mich.

&was of data and method of study: Aninformation blank wig sent to all Class "B"high schools in Michigan to obtain teacherevaluations of the usefulness of various itemsin the drives education program and pertinentdata concerning classroom instruetioa, theamount of time devoted to behind-the-wheel

instruction, and the use of audiovisual mate-rials in the course.

Findings and conclusions: This study re-vealed that the driver education program atManistee High School compared favorablywith similar programs offered at other Class"B" high schools in Michigan. Specific tee -ommenda1ons for the improvement of thedriver education program were formulated.

4332. WEINMANN, JAMES ARTHUR.Industrial Arts Programs in the Ele-inentarg Schools of Kansas. M.S.1960, Kansas State Teachers Col-lege of Emporia, 63 p. L. (Emporia)

Purposes of study: To obtain informationconcerning industrial arts facilities, equip-ment, and curricula in the elementary schoolsof Kansas ; to determine the effectiveness ofindustrial arts programs ; and to make recom-mendations for future industrial arts pro-grams in the elementary curriculum.

Source of data and method of study: Datawere obtained from questionnaires receivedfrom 330 teachers in elementary schools inKansas.

Findings and conclusions: A wide variety ofareas should be provided so Individual stu-dents can work with tools and materials oftheir choosing. Industrial arts should be in-cluded in all grades of the elementary whealfor both boys and girls, and should be taughtby the regular classroom teacher. Tools usedto be of a sine and quality which will makethem easy to 'manipulate. There is a usedfor integration of industrial arts with othersubjects. The teacher-preparatory programshould include a dais which will give specificinstruction concerning tool and machine tech-niques; information relating to arterials,supplies, and production of goods and serv-ices ; and procedures for conducting industrialarts in the ekimenmary school.

Staff Studies4333. BRANDON, GEORGE L. The De-

velopment of a Research Design ToInvestigate the Functional Under-standings of Technicians as Basesfor Curriculum Planning in Tech-nical Education. Staff Research,1960, 81 p. Michigan State Univer-sity and Cooperative ResearchBranch, United States Office of Edu-cation. Office of Research and Pub-lications, College of Education,Michigan State University (EastLansing) (Also available to alllibraries which subscribe to theLibrary of Congress Documents Ex-pediting Project)

Purposes of study: To develop a researchdesign to be used to investigate the work func-tions and understandings of industrial tech-nicians. As primarily a study of explorationand development, the major purposes were toobtain descriptions of activities of highlyskilled technicians ; to determine if thereexisted a common core in the educational pro-grams of technicians ; to determine if dustersof technic, occupations suggested a patternof educational programs ; to compile existinginformation on occupational adjustmentrelevant to technician roles ; and to determinethe extent to which technicians use scientificprinciples, both physical and social, in theiroccupations.

Source of data sad method of study: Pro-cedure consisted of the collection of data onoccupational analyses and related publica-tions, examination and analysis of data byexperts in personnel analysis, occupationalanalysis, and research ; and the developmentof a strategic research design for pilot andlong-term projects as well as for the pilotproject

Needing* sad concludes*: Numerous occu-pational analyses were identified and sur-veyed : occupational classification systems ;research reports and reviews of studies in per-sonnel analysts ; community, regional, andstatewide surveys of technical manpower ; re-search projects planned or in progress in thevarious governmental agencies and offices ;and miscellaneous publicalions related to then ature of tP' research.

Additional exploration ultimately led to theconstruction of a matrix model as a design

for technician research. The matrix is builtaround a vertical axis of elements (concepts,skills, and/or courses) and a horizontal axisof Epecific technical occupations. Essentially,the matrix could be constructed to be verybroad in representing many technical occupa-tions and a multitude of vertical elements ofcourse content, course listings. concepts, andjob acUvities. The matrix could, on the otherhead, be quite narrow in limiting the numberof technical occupations to a few in a givenduster or family, and a restricted number ofelements on the vertical axis. Whatever theultimate scope of the matrix, a group of"raters" would be employed to determine thevalue of the various elements in the verticalcolumn.

Generally. the analysis of the matrix willbe facilitated by the use of a single scalewhich indicates the entry's (s) relevance and(b) importance. If such a uni-dimensionalscale is not devisable, then the relative con-tribution of an area of importance to a jobwill hare to be provided through the weightgiven the ratings of that area or through theextent to which the area is differentiated inrelation to other areas. These solutionswould permit the development of ratings orscores for each matrix entry which could beanalyzed in various ways.

Advantages of the matrix idea are : elementscan be added to either axis ; data can beanalyzed in many ways ; many pilot studiesmay be made ; and possibly aptitudes, in-terests, personality factors, and human rela-tions skills may be investigated. Disad-vantages are: tasks and activities of tech-nicians may change too rapidly to be eval-uated ; a great deal of time may be involvedin rating a matrix of potentially severalhundred columns or rows ; and it may benecessary to make studies in areas in whichno present information is available.

Two formal conferences of research. person-nel were held. Their composite recommenda-tions make up the body of the ftal report ofthe research project, Raplerstions is ResearchDesign: Curricula for Technicians. ER 1,Cooperative Research Psojeet 629 (8186),November 1060.

4334. MOSS, JEROME, JR. An Esti-mate of Quantitative OccupationalTraining Requirements for /adieus,1960-70. Staff Research, 1900, 48 p.Industrial Education Curriculum,

31

32 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

Purdue University (West Lafayette,Ind.)

Purpose of study: To determine the num-bers of persons who would need some type ofvocational education in Indiana between theyears 1960 and 1970, with emphasis on tradeand industrial occupations.

Source of data and method of study: Ad-justed Bureau of the Census and Bureau ofLabor Statistics figures were used to predictincreases in employed persons, replacementneeds, and the effects of occupational andgeographical mobility in Indiana.

Findings and conclusions: The number ofnew entrants to the work force and the num-ber of persons needing retraining or upgradingare reported separately for all major occupa-tional groups, and for specific occupationallyand educationally homogeneous "clusters" oftrade and industrial occupations.

4335. PIERCE, HUGH. Opinions ofMichigan High School FacultiesConcerning Cooperative OccupationalEducation. Staff Research, 1960,38 p. Coordinators Association,Southeastern Michigan. Instruc-tional Materials Laboratory Schoolof 'education, University of Michigan(Ann Arbor)

Purposes of study: To interpret the valuesand needs of cooperative occupational educa-tion ; and to improve understandings regard-ing its principles, objectives, and practices.

Source of data and method of study: Aquestionnaire was sent to 834 high schoolteachers in Michigan who had cooperative oc-cupational students in their classes. Therewere 42 statements in the questionnaire, ofwhich 41 were answered by checking "Stronglyagree," "Agree," "Uncertain," "Disagree," or"Strongly disagree." Replies were receivedfrom 91 percent of the sample. A review ofliterature on work experience and coopera-tive education was made and statistical treat-ment of data within confidence limits wasrecorded.

Findings and conclusions: There should becareful selection of students for participationin cooperative occupational education.

Improved related instruction should bebetter integrated with work experience.

Better occupational counseling and in-formation programs before placement shouldbe emphasised.

More attention should be given to the de-velopment of understanding on the part ofteachers, employers, and the community ofthe objectives, problems, and values of co-operative occupational education.

Subject IndexStudies are indexed by number under the subjects as

indicated.

ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL CURRICULUM

SUPERVISIONDoctor's

4244, 4261

APPRENTICESHIPMaster's

4319

Doctor's4264

Master's4283, 4327

GENERAL SHOP

Doctor's

COOPERATIVE EDUCATION 4253

Doctor's4248

Staff4335

CURRICULUMAirro Mzonsifics

Doctor's4251

Master's4319, 4329

DESIGN

Doctor's4238

DRAFTING

Doctor's4245, 4260

Master's4276, 4307, 4321

DRIVER EDUCATION

Master's4331

EixennerryMaster's

4290

Master's4284, 430Z 4322

GRAPHIC ARTS

Master's4315

MrrAr.Doctor's

4243

Master's

4270, 4279, 4317, 4323, 4325

MISCELLANEOUS

Doctor's4240

Master's4271, 4282, 4326, 4328

Staff4333

HISTORYDoctor's

4257

Master's4272, 4274, 4291

33

34 RESEARCH IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

INSTRUCTION METHODSAND DEVELOPMENT

Doctor's4246, 4256, 4259, 4260

Master's4292, 4293, 4297, 4300, 4305, 4310, 4311

OCCUPATIONAL SURVEYSDoctor's

4251, 4267, 4269Master's

4271, 4276, 4285, 4289Staff

SHOP PLANNING

Master's4294, 4309

TEACHER EDUCATION

Doctor's4242, 4250, 4254, 4258

Master's4281, 4287, 4308, 4316, 4317

TESTING AND EVALUATIONMATERIAL

Doctor's4334 4249, 4252, 4253, 4262, 4268

PHILOSOPHY AND OBJECTIVES Master'sDoctor's 4280

4239, 4248, 4254, 4266

Master's TRAINING WITHIN INDUSTRY

4303, 4327 Doctor's

PLACEMENT AND FOLLOWUP 4245, 4262

Doctor's Master's4240, 4261 4275, 4277

Master's4286, 4301, 4316, 4330

VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE

PROGRAM EVAULATIONDoctor's

Master's4241, 4247, 4255, 4268

4274, 4313, 4330Master's

430t, 4314PROGRAM PLANNING

Master's MISCELLANEOUS

42n 4286, 4290, 4296 Doctor's

PRC DRAM STATUS 4237, 4265

Master's Master's

4270, 4273, 4274, 4313, 4320, 4324, 4332 4218, 4295, 4296, 4306

0