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Gore, Deborah, Ed.The Civil War and Iowa.Iowa State Historical Dept., Iowa City.Nov 8733p.; For related document, see ED 286 778 and ED 282807.State Historical Society of Iowa, 402 Iowa Avenue,Iowa City, IA 52240 ($5.00 single copy rate; $25.00classroom rate).Historical Materials (060) -- Collected Works -Serials (022)The Goldfinch: Iowa History for Young People; v9 n2Nov 1987

MF01/2CO2 Plus Postage.*Civil War (United States); Economic Change;Elementary Education; Political Influences; SocialChange; Social History; Social Studies; *StateHistory; United States History*Iowa

ABSTRACTThis journal issue explores Iowa's participation in

the U.S. Civil War and primarily focuses on what happened to the men,women, and children who remained at home. A number of social,political, and economic changes are examined, including: (1) theincreased responsibilities of women and children; (2) the growth ofabolitionism; (3) the role of the Peace Democrats (copperheads); (4)debates about slavery and suffrage; and (5) economic andtechnological growth. Sharon Wood features women's domesticcontributions to the war effort in "Changed Families," and excerptsof one couple's letters, written to each other during the Civil War,are presented, along with samples of newspaper editorials. VictoriaCarlson chronicles the svcial reform efforts of one woman in "AnnieWittenmyer," and Chris Annicella describes a 16-year-old drummerboy's adventures in "Escape!" The arrest of a newspaper editor forcriticizing President Lincoln's actions is highlighted. Pictures,maps, games, and activities are included. (JHP)

*************************P*********************************************Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made

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Iowa Histofor Young Peopl

Volume 9, Number 2November 1987

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

DE8oRtew 70 yes

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

2

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U S DEPARTMENT OFEDUCATIONOffice of Educational

-esearcn and ImprovementEDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION

CENTER (ERIC)lorhis document has been reproduced asreceived from the person or organizationongmating it,

CY Minor changes have been mode to improvereproduction Quality

Points of view or opinions stated in t doctrment dO not necessarily represent officialOERI position or policy

"GoldfinchCONTENTSFeaturesIowa & The Civil WarChanged Families

Dear Jane/Dear WilliamBattle of the NewspapersCivil War Game

Annie WittenmyerEscape!

DepartmentsWild Rosie's Map PageYou Debate: The Case of

Dennis MahonyCitizenship: SuffrageDisk DetectiveTreasure ChestHistory MakersPass It On

History Mystery

Volume 9, Number 2November 1987

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Back Cover

Meet Wild Rosie, your official "GoldfinchTour Guide" for a trip into Iowa's past

Page 19

Page 21

J .J . Anderson, 14, from Davenport and ChrisJorandby, 13, of Moline, Illinois, took part in a recentCivil War Muster in East Davenport. Photograph byJeff Cook.

EDITORIAL Editor: Deborah pore; Editorial Assistance: Paul Stolt; Children's Advisory Board: Anthony Sunderman,Washington School, Atlantic and'Quenby Swaim, Willowwind School, Iowa City.

THE GOLDFINCH (ISSN 0278-0208) is published in September, November, February, and April by the State HistoricalSociety of Iowa, 402 Iowa Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52240 (319-335-3916). Available by yearly subscription: 4 issues for $5(single-copy rate) or 30 copies of 4 issues for $25 (classroom rate). Gift subscriptions are available through Family or Benefitingmemberships in the State Historical Society of Iowa. Second-class postage paid at Iowa City, Iowa.

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: THE GOLDFINCH, State Historical Society of Iowa, 402 Iowa Avenue, Iowa City,Iowa 52240.

No portion of THE GOLDFINCH may be reproduced without prior permission.

2

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Iowa: The Homefront

When you think of the Civil War, do you thinkof guns and battles? There is a lot more to the storyof the war than fighting. In this issue of theGoldfinch we're going to explore what was goingon in Iowa during the Civil War.

We've marked a few towns on the map that arementioned in this issue of the Goldfinch. Read theclues below and write the name of each town onthe blanks above.

Davenport: Annie Wittenmyer opened a homefor orphans in this Scott County town.Dubuque: Dennis Mahony was arrested forwriting articles opposing the Civil War. He waseditor of the Dubuque Herald.Fort Dodge: A young boy enlisted as a drummerin the Iowa Infantry in 1862 and was captured byConfederate troops. He tried to escape to return to

his Webster County home.Griswold: Heather Shannon, a student atGriswold Community School, wrote about theUnderground Railroad for this issue's HistoryMakers.Iowa City: The History Mystery photograph onthe back cover is of a player from this universitytown in Johnson County.Keokuk: During the Civil War, AnnieWittenmyer became a leader in the Soldiers' AidSociety in this southeastern Iowa town.Lewis: Rev. George Hitchcock ran "the Lewisdepot," part of the Underground Railroad, to helpslaves enroute to Canada in this town nearGriswold.Marion: A woman from this Linn County townwrote letters to her husband while he fought forthe Union during the Civil War.

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Iowa & The Civil WarS MOKE TWIRLS from the campfire. Water

for coffee begins to boil. In tiie background,you can hear camp songs: "Just Before the Battle,Mother" and "Tenting Tonight on the Old CampGround." The two kids on the cover of this issueof the Goldfinch are dressed up in Civil War erauniforms. J.J. Anderson, 14, from Davenport andChris Jorandby of Moline, Illinois recently tookpart in the Village of East Davenport Civil WarMuster. Every year men, women, and kids set upa Civil War camp, reenact battles, and cook foodto commemmorate (remember) Iowa'sparticipation in the Civil War.

A Civil War is a war between people from thesame country. The United States Civil War,sometimes called the War Between the States(1861-1865), took more than one millioncasualties (people killtd, wounded, or lost)more than any other war. Iowans fought and diedin many of the battles and campaigns.

This issue of the Goldfinch will look not at thebattles of the war, but at what was happening inIowa to the ordinary men, women, and childrenwho remained at home.

Call to War in IowaWhen President Abraham Lincoln called for

troops in 1861, Iowa Governor Samuel J.Kirkwood asked for one regiment of men. Two-thirds of Iowa men of military age, about 78,000,served during the four-year war.

As casualties increased, it became harder to fillthose places. In 1863, the first draft (way of

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The two boys on the cover pose with a horse at the EastDavenport Civil War Muster. Horses, steamboats,and the new railroads were used for transportationduring the war.selecting men for military service) was held formen 20 to 45 years of age. Iowa drafted some7,500 men in 1864. Not all men drafted went towar. Some 1,200 men paid for substitutes to taketheir places.

The HomefrontIn this issue of the Goldfinch, you will read

about life in Iowa during the Civil War. As menleft for war, families changed. Women had to runbusinesses and farms. Young boys and childrenhelped, too. Families pitched in to help makeclothing, supplies, and send food to their lovedones. You'll also read some real letters written

5

between an Iowa woman and her husband whowas away fighting in the South.

At home, many Iowans held differing views ofthe war. Although Iowa was considered a Unionstate during the Civil War, not every Iowansupported the war or President Lincoln. MostIowans belonged to the new political party, theRepublicans. Many abolitionists (people againstslavery) were also Republicans.

The Democratic Party was divided into twoopposing groups: the War Democrats and thePeace Democrats. War Democrats supported thewar, although they differed with PresidentLincoln on issues such as trade and abolition.Peace Democrats believed that the war was auseless waste of blood and money. Theysupported peaceful solutions to end the conflict.

Many Peace Democrats also believed in a strictinterpretation of the Constitution. Most of their

harshest criticism was aimed at President Lincolnfor denying constitutional rights to certaincitizens during the war.

Some people thought the Peace Democratswere traitors. Some Peace Democrats were giventhe derogatory (unflattering, critical) label ofcopperheads. The name comes from thecopperhead snake which has a poisonous bite,meaning that their opinions were sharply critical.You will read about an editor in Dubuque, DennisMallony, who was called a copperhead and whoended up in jail for his views against PresidentLincoln.

Other debates were held over slavery (see box).You will read about suffrage (the right to vote)for blacks and women after the Civil War.

During the Civil War, Iowa's economyboomed. High prices were paid for agriculturalproducts and new businesses opened. Sheep

Shown in an early photograph, Bellevue soldiers leave for the war on a Mississippi River steamboat.64 6. "'Z..'

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5

A DIVIDED NATION

1861

UNION STATES

O CONFEDERATE STATES

TERRITORIES

became an important part of Iowa's economy.You can play a Civil War Game to see if you canhelp run a farm. You will also have a chance tocrack a spy code to find out what newtechnological innovations were created during theCivil War era.

"The most important gift that the Civil War[gave] the state of Iowa," wrote one historian."was a sense of identity, pride in being ahawkeye." This issue of the Goldfinch will showyou how the war affected the lives of Iowans whostayed at home and supported the war effort indifferent ways.

ACTIVITY1. Look up and read "The Emancipation

Proclamation" in an encyclopedia.2. After reading the letter above and the

6

Proclamation, write a short essay explaininghow you think President Lincoln viewedslavery. Why did he issue the Proclamation?Explain.

On September 22, 1862, President AbrahamLincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Itdeclared most slaves free in all states that joined theConfederacy. President Lincoln held a cautiousattitude toward slavery. He wrote Horace Greeley,the abolitionist (person against slavery) editor ofthe New York Tribune:

"My paramount objective in this struggle is tosave the Union and is not either to save ordearoy slavery. If I could save the Union withoutfreeing any slave I would do it, and i f I couldsave it by freeing all slaves I would do it: and if Icould save it by freeing some and leaving othersalone I would also do that."

Changed Familiesby Sharon E. Wood

When Alvin Lacey joined the army, his wifeSarah bought nine cows. She was worried thatAlvin's army pay would not be enough to supporther and her three children. So she went intobusiness. She milked the nine cows and madebutter to sell. Butter was badly needed during thewar years, so Sarah Lacey made enough money toprovide for her family.

When the war was over, Alvin Lacey camehome. He sold all but one of the cows. Sarah'sbutter business ended. She went back to doing thehousehold and farm work she had done before thewar.

Like many Iowa women, Sarah Lacey foundthat the war changed her life in surprising ways.She had new work and new responsibilities. Allkinds of womenand children, tooInrned totake the places of men who left.

Almost half the men in Iowa spent some time inthe Union army. Many were farmers before thewar. Some had worked as carpenters, or lawyers,or steamboat pilots. But they were also brothers,sons, husbands, and fathers. Most of them leftbehind families who loved and depended onthem.

Men in the army were paid, but often theThis newspaper advertisement from the Prairie Farmer showshow easy the new sulky hay-rake could be usedby women farmers.

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This 1861 illustration shows how many women contributed to the Civil War effort by making bullets.money was not enough to support a family.Sometimes money sent home got lost in the mail.When these things happened, families had to findother ways to get by.

More Women Enter TeachingWhen Martha Searle's husband went to war,

she took a job as a teacher to support herself andher baby. Other women did the same thing.Teaching was a common job for women, but evenmore women we-. needed during the war yearsbecause so many men quit their teaching jobs tojoin the army. Some women even got to be schoolprincipals for the first time.

Just as women entered teaching, more womentook over running farms. Most families before thewar lived on farms. In those days, almost everymember of the family had a job to do on the farm.Before the war, women and older girls oftenoperated the dairy and took care of the chickens,

8

gardens, and orchards. They also cooked and ranthe household for both family members and hiredhelp. Men and older boys worked in the fields andlivestock barns and looked after the farmequipment. Younger girls and boys helped outwhere they were needed when they were not inschool.

When the war broke out, many fathers, oldersons, and hired hands left the farms to go to war.Often there were not enough men on the farms todo the work. When this happened, women andchildren learned to do the work people hadthought only men should do.

Marjorie Ann Rogers and her husband farmedin Tama County. When Dr. Rogers left to serve asan army surgeon, Marjorie took over some of histasks. When it was time to haul the harvest fromthe farm to market, Marjorie decided to do itherself.

She had never driven a team of horses pulling a

9

heavy wagon-full of produce before. Herneighbors doubted she could do it. They worriedthat the wagon might tip over, or that the horseswould bolt and run away. But Marjorie knew thework had to be done, and there was no one else todo it. She got the wagon to market safely. And sheproudly made the same trip again and again.

Driving a heavy market wagon was only onejob a farm woman had to learn to do. Farm fieldshad to be plowed, cultivated, and harvested.These were all jobs young men usually did beforethe war. But with the young men gone, otherfamily members took over. The crops wereimportant not only to the farm family, but to thenation.

Some changes in farming during the Civil Warmade it easier for women and younger boys andgirls to help out. New kinds of farming equipmentmade it possible to farm "sitting down." A plowor hay-rake called a sulky had a seat on it for thedriver. Now the person plowing did not have towalk miles back and forth across the fields everyday.

New kinds of horses were also brought intoIowa at this time. They were much, much biggerthan the riding horses people use today. Thesehorses were Shires and Clydesdales. They madeusing the new sulky plows and hay-rakes mucheasier and faster.

The new "sulkies" were easier to use than theold equipment. But driving the giant horses thatpulled them still took courage and skill. On somefarms, wives, daughters, and sons too young to goto war took over this task as well. One maker ofsulky hay-rakes advertised his machine with apicture of a young lady at the seat. "My brother

If I cannot fight, I canfeed those who do.

has gone to the war," she says.The Prairie Partner, a newspaper for farmers,

praised families for taking up the work left by menin the army. The boys who stayed behind to plowand plant, it said, deserved as much credit as theolder "boys in blue" fighting far away. Thefamilies at home were doing the work of men, itsaid. "The nation owes them its sinceregratitude."

When the war was over, most of the "boys inblue" came back. Like Alvin Lacey, they tookover the tasks they had left behind. Most of thechanges brought by the war did not last. But thewives, sons, and daughters who had kept farms,schools, and businesses in Iowa took pride inwhat they had done.

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How did the Civil War affect the averageIowa family? Letters are one of the best ways tosee how people lived during this time. HarrietJane Thompson and her husband MajorWilliam G. Thompson of Marion, lowa, wroteletters to each other while Major Thompsonserved in the Twentieth Iowa VolunteerInfantry. When he left in 1862, Jane traveled toPennsylvania to visit his family.

Read the excerpts from their letters andanswer the questions.

10

Marion, IAAugust 13th, 1862

SI ISI

Dear William*. . . I felt very bad and lowly the day you left. I

tried to control my feelings but I could not and I hopeyou will pardon me. I wished tonight that you was athome. I wonder how many times I will wish thatbetween now and Spring. I am proud to think I have aHusband that wants to fight for his Country. . . .

They thrashed 12 bushels of our wheat thisafternoon and would have finished it tomorrow had itnot rained. But I must close. I want you to tell me whenyou get sick. Will you? Write soon and often as youcan. Gm! night.Jane*The symbol . . . is called an ellipsis. If shows where a wordor words has been left out of the original letter.

T

Benton Barracks, MOSept 12th 1862

Dear Jane

Our Camp is in the out skirts of the city about 3 1/2miles from the River. Horse cars run here every fiveminutes, but I have felt no inclination for goingas I amready for bed every night as soon as work is over. Iha /e still the command of the (regiment). . . .

I would like to send you (a) pair of contrabands(slaves), but I am no going up Home now or i certainlywould have one at least with me. . . . The little fellowswill get off their hats & plead like good fehows withme to take them along. . . . But I do not need them,consequently, I can not tz,kc them. But when I getready to go home I shall take a bright lad Home withme & educate him if I can, & see what we can make ofthem. . .

YoursWm G Thompson

Butler, PASeptember 13th, 1862

My Dear William. . . Yesterday there was an order in the paper from

the Governor for 50,000 more men to protect the stateand the company expect to go today. There are a greatmany in that you know. There will be no one lefthardly. . . .

It was a great sacrifice to me and to you no doubt foryou to leave home and its pleasures to fight for yourcountry and I have not regretted that you went althoughI spend a great many lonely hours. . . .

Jane Thompson

Butler, PASeptember 19th, 1862

Dearest William,. . . .They intend to send a box tomorrow to

Harrisburg with lint and bandages for the wounded

L

Milian and Jane Thompson posed together for thisphotograph before he enlisted in the Union Army.

soldiers that are to be brenht in from this last battle atGettysburg, which I suppose you will hear ,t-outbefore this reaches you. . . .

Jennie ThompsonP.S. Send me a kiss, will you?

Camp Gad Fly, MOOct llth 1862

My Dear WifeWe marched all day through a continual rain. I think

it never slacked a minute Uuring the day & at Night we

1211

a7.

Major William G. Thompson in 1862 at St. Louis afterhis enlistment

reached this place, making about 13 miles during theday. The roads were in an awful condition & ourTeams did not get into Camp until to night. So our menwere without Tents & had to sleep last night out ofDoors in the rain. . . .

I can not complain of our eatings. We have plenty.Soft & hard bread, meat salt & fresh, Honeyoccasionally & Molasses all the time, also Coffee &Tea. Butter is verry scarce. . . .

YoursWm G Thompson

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McCandless, PAOctober 23rd 1862

My dearest William,I received your kind letter of the llth last night after

I had sent one to the office. I was very gladd indeed tohear of your continued health but I do not know howyou escape getting cold for you are in the rain somuch. . . . Oh, my dear William how I do wish youwere here tonight. . . . Write soon and often, andremember your,JennieP.S. I forgot to tell you they have been drafting here.There were three or four drafted out of Unionville but Icannot spell their names. One is the wagonmaker andone is the blacksmith. Thee people here are afraid therewill be another draft before the war will close.

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Fayettesville, ArkansasDec 10th 1862

My Dear Wife. . . We have had a battle [the Battle of Prairie

Grove]. God Knows what you may have suffered onmy [account] by the conflicting rumors you may haveheard & not Knowing what had been my fate . . . Atevery step we took, our brave lads fell wounded orKilled. . . . The [bullets] were coming & going so fast& thick, and my whole attention was on the enemywho were not Twenty yards from us. . . .

But Just at sundown & the [very] last round they shotat us . . . I was hit. . . . The Ball struck me in the sideof the Hip & came out of my groin, Just roughing thebone & hurting the leaders & nerves so that I can nothave the free use of my leg for some time.Wm G Thompson

Marion, IADecember 16th, 1862

My dear William,I have not received any letter yet from you since the

battle . . . We cannot hear anything by telegraph forthe government has the use of the wires now . . . LastSaturday I got a Daily Davenport Gazette. It wasdirected to Mrs. Major W.G. Thompson and wasmarked where it gave a full list of the wounded in thatbattle. . . . I hope to hear that your wound was slightand that you are recovering from it. Dear William, howI wish I could bear the pain for you . . .

From your wife,Jane Thompson

Major Thompson finally came home to Marion in Mayof 1864 because of the after-effects of his injury at theBattle of Prairie Grove. There, 40 Iowans werewounded and nine lost their lives.

Questions1. How did Jane feel about her husband

serving in the Civil War?2. What were contrabands?3. How did people at home contribute to the

war effort?

Jane Parsons Thompson of Marion, Iowa

?413

Battle of the Newspapers"Iowa fifth-graders should go to school year-

round," writes Ed I. Tor in a recent newspaperarticle. "Year-round school would provide moretime for learning."

Are Iowa fifth graders going to school all year?Is this make-believe statement based on facts oropinions? It is an opinion that might appear on aneditorial page of a newspaper. The editorial pageexists for the purpose of presenting opinionsabout news issues. News stories, however, are

supposed to be unbiased and are based on facts.During the Civil War, many news stories were

written like editorials. Read the two articlesbelow about the Emancipation Proclamation(proclamation by President Lincoln givingfreedom to black slaves living in states inrebellion against the U.S.). They were publishedin Iowa newspapers during the war. List theexamples of fact and opinion found in the twoarticles in the columns on the next page.

President's Proclamation"[President Lincoln] has issued his

Proclamation declaring the abolishment ofSlavery in all states that do not return to [theUnion] before the first day January 1863. . . .

There can be but one opinion on this subject,as far as its effect upon the rebels isconcerned. . . . Not a southern state will relaxits [warlike] operations on account of theProclamation. If it makes any change at all, itwill stimulate them to greater exertions in theirwicked cause, provided they are capable ofdoing more than they have already done. As tothe practical working of this scheme we regardit as of no particular importance. . . . Theslaves of rebels can be reached no faster thanthe lines of the Federal army are advanced intothe rebel territory. Proclamations cannot travela step faster, in this matter than the advanceguard of our army, and the same effect wouldbe produced. . . . Therefore, it really amountsto nothing. . . . What is done must be done byour army. . . ."Davenport Daily Democrat and News,September 24, 1862

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Glad Tidings!"Language fails us. We are utterly unable to

give voice to the joy we feel at PresidentLincoln's Proclamation. It is one of those greatevents that happen but once in a thousand yearsand will be hailed with joy by all the friends offreedom and civilization throughout the world.It will give renewed strength and courage toour volunteers in the field. . . . It will carryterror into the hearts of all rebels and fillthe land of "Dixie" with sorrow andapprehension. . . . Two years hard fighting,with the reverses of the last sixty days, haveshown that to save the Union and slaverytogether is beyond our present abilities andresources. Now the effort to save the Unionwithout Slavery is to be made. We shall seehow it will work. . . . It cannot make mattersworse. But it will not fail. . . . [TheEmancipation Proclamation] comes at a timewhen it seems as though bloody treason wouldtriumph over us and blot out our nationality. Itcomes to turn the tide of battle. Let all loyalpeople thank God and take courage."Burlington 1-M-Eye, September 24, 1862

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15

START

iti di8.4"dr ar I4. ame How to play:

Before you start, you need a coin and a marker for each playerThe first player flips the coin. if you flip heads, move two spaces.

across the board following the instructions on the spaces. The fiN.,

Your father volunteersfor the Union army. You'llhave to help your motherand brother run the farm.Move ahead one space.

, 1 ,FT. ".'";-"ori4E414.1.4t

Your mother joins .ie ladiesaid society and makesuniforms for the soldiers.You watch your brotherwhen she's gone.Move ahead one space.

--*'-'"".---7r......

A hail storm hurts thebuckwheat and corn crops.Lose 1 turn.

With other kids, youcollect cod fish, mustard,and radishes to send tothe troops. Move ahead2 spaces.

16

by Anne TrumballChadwick You write yc

a long letterhim about HMove ahead

Frost ruins much of thecorn crop. Move back 2spaces.

You help your mothercan peaches and makeflannel shirts to sendto your father. Moveahead 1 space.

You read in the newspaperthat a few soldiers fromyour town have come downwith typhoid fever. Goback 1 space.

Flip the coin to see who will go first.If you flip tails, move one space. Move

st player who reaches the finish wins.

ur fatherand telle at home.1 space.

Without any outsidehelp your familyharvests the remainingcrops. Take another turn.

Your mother hurts herback during theharvesting. Go back1 space.

FINISH

You go to school whenyour father returns..Harvey is home safely,too. Your father is proudof the way you helpedyour mother run thefarm while he was away.

1 117)-79zA.4VWith the harvest money,your mother buys somematerial and makes youa new outfit for school.Move ahead I space.

In 1864, your cousinHarvey is drafted!Take another turn.

You meet a Union soldieron the train who saysyour father is on hisway home! Move aheadI space.

Someone steals one ofyour cows. Go back 1space.

You write Harvey along letter. Move ahead1 space.

17

Annie Wittenmyer

amersargEr%

Annie Turner Wittenmyer

by Victoria CarlsonThe Civil War called women as well as men to

active roles of service. Iowa women faced manychallenges in their support of the war effort. Manywomen had to manage households without theirhusbands. Groups of women organized to raisemoney and to collect food and medical supplies

18

for the army. Others served as army nurses,cooks, and laundry attendants. One Iowa womancovered a wide range of responsibilities duringthe Civil War years. Her name was Annie TurnerWittenmyer.

Born in Ohio in 1827, Wittenmyer married atthe age of twenty. In 1850 she and her husbandmoved to Keokuk, Iowa. Moving to what wasthen frontier gave Wittenmyer reason to becomeinvolved in making her new community a betterplace to live. Wittenmyer quickly devoted herselfto the children of Keokuk.

There were no public schools in Keokuk in1850. Wittenmyer, who had the advantages ofboth education and wealth, started a school for thetown's poor children. She bought books for thestudents. She provided the children with cleanclothes. Soon she moved the school from her hometo a warehouse big enough for 200 students.

A Leader in the War EffortBeing a river town, Keokuk was filled with

soldiers soon after the Civil War began in 1861.Wittenmyer visited troops in her area and foundthey needed medical supplies. She soon became aleader in the Soldiers' Aid Society of Keokuk.Her activities motivated women from other townsin Iowa to start collecting supplies for the troops.Iowa women also sponsored events such asconcerts and fairs to raise money for the army.

Wittenmyer made many trips to army campsand military hospitals during 1861. She calledattention to the soldiers' needs for personal items

CA

such as socks and bedding, as well as for morenutritious food.

Wittenmyer also cared for wounded soldiersdirectly, sometimes working very close to thegunfire. She saw terrible conditions first-hand andwrote, "It was an inside view of the hospitals thatmade me hate war as I have never known how tohate it before."

In 1862 the Iowa General Assembly gaveWittenmyer the official job of the first StateSanitary Agent. This important position involvedthe distribution of large amounts of food andsupplies to the soldiers. Wittenmyer had to solvemany different kinds of practical problems,including shortages and bad weather. She wasonce surprised to learn that 100 bushels ofpotatoes did not go far in feeding hungry soldiers.At times, she used her own money to buysupplies.

A Home for OrphansWittenmyer knew that soldiers worried about

the families they left at home. She also realizedthat many children became orphans when theirfathers were killed in battle.

In 1863 she began to call attention to the needfor an orphans' home. Wittenmyer used herwriting talents to gain many people's sympathyfor the children who were left homeless by thewar. Once again she motivated people to organizemoney making events. This project was a greatsuccess. An orphans' home was first establishednear Keokuk in 1864 to care for 97 children.Since there were many other orphaned children inthe state, Wittenmyer asked the government formore money. In 1865 a home for 150 children was

This photograph shows the south side of the AnnieWittenmyer Soldiers' Orphans' Home in 1869. Whenare the children doing in the photograph?

Katie Hemming and Mary Clark were orphans wholived at the Soldiers' Orphans' Home in 1870. Whatare they ;Dearing?

*"4"""..;-:ITA ". 55:

A military company of boys 10 to 14 years of age line up in front of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home about 30years after the Civil War.

opened in Davenport. It was eventually called the"Annie Wittenmyer Home."

Annie Wittenmyer continued to take on manyother projects throughout her lifetime. Before theCivil War ended in 1865, she had proposed a way

Fannie Blood was an orphan who lived at the Soldiers'Orphans' Home in 1869.

20

to

to improve the diets of soldiers in army hospitals.She believed that the soldiers' meals of beans,bacon, hardtack (a hard cracker), and coffeewere too limited, and she planned menus withmore variety.

Wittenmyer retired from her government job in1864. She began working for temperana (amovement to stop people from drinking alcoholicbeverages). In 1874, she became the firstpresident of the National Women's ChristianTemperance Union. Later she wrote articles andedited a magazine. She also went to Washington,D.C. in the 1890's to persuade governmentofficials to give former army nurses a pension.Wittenmyer died in 1900 at the age of seventy-three.

Annie Wittenmyer and many other women whowere active in the war effort continued to work forsocial reform after the Civil War was over.Whatever their cause and whatever their role,they were ready to help establish peace.Primary source for this article: "Annie TurnerWittenmyer: Reformer," by Glenda Riley, IowaWoman, September, 1986.

21

Escape!by Chris Annicella

George A. Tod, 16, from Fort Dodge, Iowa,enlisted in Company I of the 32nd Iov. a Infantryin 1862. Too young to be a regular soldier,George was admitted to the regiment as adrummer boy.

George drummed along with the regiment untilone February day in Mississippi in 1864. Hemarched ahead of the company and stopped to resthis heavy load.

Suddenly, three Confederate soldiers, whowere hiding in the bushes, pointed their guns atGeorge. "Surrender, . . Come in here quick,you . . . little Yankee." George saw no escapeand surrendered. The Confederates searchedGeorge and took everything but an old blanketand a tin oyster can.

George was taken with other captured prisonersto the Cahawba prison in Alabama. There, theyhad to sleep on the floor without blankets. A day'srations (a fixed portion given to military personsor civilians in times of scarcity) consisted of "onequart of corn meal and sometimes a piece of smallmeat." To prevent escape attempts, the prisonerswere shackled together with bars of iron fastenedto their wrists and ankles.

A few months later, George and some otherprisoners were taken from the prison and sent tothe Andersonville prison in Georgia.

No Hope of SurvivingGeorge trembled with fear. He heard that a man

---s-,..-1,---.............

. .

confined at Andersonville h,..d almost no hope ofsurviving. The prison offered no shelter. Theprisoners were exposed to the harsh sun rays andthe damp, cold rain. Death from diseases causedby poor diet was quite common.

On April 27th, 1864, George arrived atAndersonville. He immediately found "a stumpwhich he made his home for many long, wearyweeks." He was given his daily rations consistingof nothing but "a little corn meal ground with thecob, and a small raw piece of meat." Luckily, he

..:2

21

had kept that old tin oyster can. He cooked hismeals in the can and used the stump for fuel.

George soon went into business using his tinoyster can to cook meals for the other prisonersand selling fuel from his stump.

A Strange, Wild AnimalOne July day, two wagons loaded with wood

arrived at the prison. George spied his chance toescape. Quietly, he crawled into one of thewagons. The wagon passed through the gate andthe watchman was paying no attention to thewagon or to George. George had escaped fromAndersonville!

On his first days of the journey, Georgediscovered some delicious peaches and apples toeata wonderful treat compared to prisonrations.

A few weeks later, George came upon aConfederate soldier who was home on furlough(a leave of absence from duty). The soldier saw bythe blue uniform George wore that he was aYankee. Although the soldier gave George shelterfor the night and food to eat, he turned Georgeover to the jailor the next morning. George wasrecaptured.

The jailor then took George to the small town ofLumpkinville. Everyone on the road wished toglimpse the "little Yankee" as if George were astrange, wild animal. At every stop thetownspeople stared at George. The ladies wereextremely curious to see just what a Yankeesoldier looked like. They could hardly believethat the harmless looking fellow was a real liveYankee. At another stop, a woman and two girls,

.ti

taking pity upon George's tattered appearance,gave him a coat, pair of pants, and some peaches.

George soon discovered where the jailor wastaking him. Back to the terrible Andersonvilleprison! On September 9th, 1864 George wasamong some prisoners being sent to Savannah,Georgia. When they arrived they weresurrounded by guards who tried to prevent theprisoners from escaping. George, still dressed inhis civilian clothes, quickly slipped betweenguards and walked away from the crowdunnoticed.

For three months George found odd jobs in theSouth. He worked at a stable and later at awarehouse where he sold grain and other goods.Because of the war, the prices for the items werequite expensive: flour, $150.00 a sack, fourturnips for one dollar, and good apples a dollareach!

On December 13th, 1864, George heard arumor that some Union prisoners were going to beexchanged (traded for Confederate prisonerscaptured by the Union Army). He was determinedto get in with them and finally go home. When theprisoners were about to be exchanged Georgeslipped past the guards and hid with the prisoners.He was passed onto a Confederate boat and thentransported to a Union ship.

After 11 long months since his capture, "thelittle Yankee" safely returned home. Georgesoon rejoined his regiment to complete his term ofenlistment ac a drummer boy.

(This article was adapted from newspaper accountsfrom January, 1865 issues of the Fort Dodge NorthWest as published in the Iowa Journal of History,October, 1951.)

23

THE DUBUQUE HERALD.TOL TE1138DAY NORIMIG It MAUR 5. so.

You Debate: The Case of Dennis Mahonu

I N THE early morning hours of August 14,1862, newspaper editor Dennis Mahony

awoke to the sound of knocking at his door. Theman at the door said he had urgent business withMahony and stepped inside. Outside a group ofsoldiers appeared. Mahony was a strong critic ofPresident Abraham Lincoln, but he had notbroken the law. When U.S. Marshal HerbetHoxie arrested Mahony, he went alongpeacefully.

Under guard, he was taken to Davenport, puton a steamship, and shipped to Capitol Prison inWashington, D.C. There he was held withoutcriminal charge or trial for three months.

Why was Dennis Mahony arrested as a traitor?

Statesman and EditorDennis Mahony was born in Ireland. His

parents moved to the U.S. when he was nine yearsold. He moved to Dubuque when he was a youngman. He taught school, and served as apostmaster and as a Democrat in the statelegislature. He was also the outspoken editor oflocal newspaper, the Dubuque Herald.

Editor Dennis MahonyDid he belong in jail? You Mahony was arrested because of what he wrotedecide! in his paper. He believed in the right of Americans

244

to pretest action: of their governmat. Mahonyalso was opposed to slavery, but he believed thatthe Southern states had the right to decide forthemselves what to do about it.

At the beginning of the Civil War, Mahonyshowed his loyalty to the Union. He wrote abouthow many Northerners volunteered for the Army.As the War continued, Mahony began to criticizethe actions of President Lincoln. In hisnewspaper, Mahony said that Lincoln had takenaway some of t:le basic rights of U.S. citizens. Hewrote that the President was:

fighting a war which had not been declared byCongress.

blocking the Southern ports and stopping tradebetween North and South.declaring persons sailing under the "rebel"flag to be pirates.

spending tax moncy without approval ofCongress.

Mahony's criticism of Lincoln and thegovernment made many people in Iowa angry.Somc thought Mahony was unpatriotic. Otherswere afraid that nc might help the Democraticparty 'in the coming election. Mahony's

ivo.

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11114111=1

editorials against President Lincoln were brot,'.11to the attention of Edwin Stanton, PresidentLincoln's secretary of war.

Shortly after the beginning of the war. Stantonhad issued an order living marshals the power to"arrest and impris.41 any person or persons whomay be engaged by act, speech or writing . (or)any other disloyal practice against the UnitedStates."

This order was issued during the war because astate of emergency existed. Written or spokencriticism of the war was looked down upon by thegovernment.

When Mahony was arrested, there was nowritten warrant for his arrest. There was nevtrial. i he Constitution guarantees that U.J.citizens will not be imprisoned without being toldwhy they are arrested and will be given trials.Mahony received neither.

Many people in Iowa agreed with Mahony'sstatements about the South and objected to hisarrest. They tried to help free Mahony by writingletters to Iowa Governor S.muel Kirkwood andthe Secretary of War. He was relea...xl after threemonths in prison only after signing a paperswearing loyalty to the United States. Also, hepromised not to sue anyone for illegal arrest orimprisonment. lJ

YOU DEBATE!Do you think the U.S. government was justifiedfor putting Dennis Mahony in jail? Why or whynot? Explain your reasons.

Adapted from Iowa Heritage in the AmericanRevolution by Margaret Bonney with additionalresearch by Paul Stoll.

25

Citizenship:Suffrage

Imagine you are living in Iowa during CivilWar times. If you are a woman, you cannot voteor hold office. You are denied suffrage (the rightto vote). The same is true if you are a black man orwoman. When Iowa became a state in 1846, theconstitution excluded women and black residentsfrom voting, and barred them from holdinglegislative office, and serving in the state militia.

If you are a black child you might not be able togo to public schools. Many towns have separateschools for black children. However, some townsallowed black and Euroamerican children toattend the same schools.

You might even be a slave. While most slaveslived in the South, some were also kept in Iowa.Slaves could be whipped for breaking rules, soldat auctions, denied the opportunity to read, writeor meet except for church.

In 1857, a new constitution was created.Abolitionists wanted to make a Bill of Rights thatdeclared "all men are, oy nature, free andequal." Opponents of black suffrage said that thisstatement was too abstract and that if non-whiteswere declared equal, it would "invite the Negroand the Indian to our state."

The popular vote on giving blacks suffragereceived less than 8,500 votes. More than 70,000Iowans opposed black suffrage in the 1857 vote.

Before the Civil War, abolitionists helpedrunaway slaves. Many towns in southern Iowa

26

provided shelter for fugitive slaves who wantedfreedom. These shelters were part of theUnderground Railroad (see page 30 for moreon the Underground Railroad).

When the Civil War broke out, thedisagreement over slavery and states wasrenewed. When clacks were freed by the 13th and14th amendments after the war, their freedom didnot bring the rights of citizenship.

In 1868, Iowa passed a black suffrageprovision. The word "white" was struck from theconstitution as a requirement for suffrage. Iowabecame one of only two states giving blackssuffrage by a vote by the people.

Iowa women did not receive the voteuntil 1920 when the l9th amendment(which forbids discrimination in -votingon the basis of sex) to the Constitutionwas ratified,

In 1870, the fifteenth amendment to the UnitedStates Constitution declared that the right ofcitizens to vote could not be denied because of"race, color or previous condition of servitude."

After the Civil War, the population of blacksincreased from 1,069 to 5,762. Many came towork on the railroads. The number of blacks didnot increase dramatically, though. Up until 1970,the percentage of black residents in Iowa has beenless than one percent of Iowa's population.

Woman SuffrageBlacks were not the only people fighting for

suffrage during the Civil War. Women were alsodenied the right to vote. "If women are citizens,"wrote "Kate" in a letter to the Des Moines

2 7

vi.

Register, "and if they, by their acts of devotion tothe cause of the Union, proved their loyalty, thenaccording to the Republican platform, theyshould have a right to an equal voice in making thelaws."

In 1866, woman suffrage supporters in Iowaasked that the word "male" be deleted from thequalifications for voting. In 1872, a constitutionalamendment removing the word "male" fromvoting qualifications was refused. From 1870 to1918 the woman suffrage amendment wasintroduced in the General Assembly.

In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, suffragistSusan B. Anthony read a women's Declaration ofRights 100 years after the Declaration ofIndependence was signed. "We ask justice, we

ask equality, we ask that all the civil and politicalrights that belong to citizens of the United States,be guaranteed to us and our daughters forever."

0ACTIVITY1. Look up the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 19th

Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Write ashort paragraph describing what eachamendment says.

2. What rights of citizenship are guaranteed bythe U.S. Constitution? By the IowaConstitution? Explain in your own words.

3. Write a short biography of one of these Iowawomen who supported women suffrage:Amelia Bloomer, Arabella Mansfield, AnnieN. Savery, Carrie Chapman Catt.

27

iiDisk Detectiveby jean E. Wulf

Wild Rosie is visiting her great grandmother.In the attic, she finds an old trunk containing afaded piece of cloth.

To find out what this mysterious item is, shelater visits her friend Dr. Arc E. Ology.

"It seems to be from the Civil War," says Dr.Ology as he studies the cloth. "I believe it wasused by the Union Army. Items like thischanged during the war, so I'm not sure whatexact date it was made.

Can you help unravel this mystery? LoadBASIC on an IBM Personal Computer or anApple Ile or Ilc (with an 80-character screen)and enter this program.

(NOTE: Type in everything in bold print.When you see a number before an " and a

letter, you hit the letter that many times. Forexample, 5 "Y" means you input "YYYYY"and return. Hit the space bar only when yousee Isp]. Hit " only at the beginning and end oflines as shown below.)

10 PRINT NIA " 3 Z 2 [spJ * 2 [spJ * 2 [sp] * 2[spl * 2 [spl * 2 [spl * 2 [spl * 2 [spl 44 M"20 PRINT [spl "3 Z" [sp] TAB (27) [spj "44 M"30 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z 2 NO * 2 [spJ * 2 [spl * 2[spl * 2 [spl * 2 [spl * 2 [spl * 2 [spl 44 I"40 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z" [sp] TAB (27) [spl "44 I"50 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z 2 [spj * 2 [spl * 2 [spl * 2[spl * 2 [spJ * 2 [sp] * 4 [spj 44 M"60 PRINT [sp] "3 Z" [spj TAB (27) [spl "44 M"70 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z 2 [spl * 2 [spl * 2 NA * 2[spl * 2 [spl * 2 [sp) * 2 [spJ * 2 [spl 44 I"80 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z" [spJ TAB (27) [spj "44 I"90 PRINT [spy " 3 Z 2 [spl * 2 [spy * 2 [spj * 2[spl * 2 [sp] * 2 [sp] * 2 [spl * 2 [sp] 44 M"

100 PRINT [sp] "3 Z" [spl TAB (27) [spl 44 M"110 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z [spj 66 I"120 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z [sip] 66 M"130 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z [spl 66 I"140 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z [spj 66 M"150 PRINT [spJ " 3 Z [sp] 66 I"160 PRINT [spl " 3 Z [spl 66 M"170 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z [sip] 66 I"180 PRINT [spJ " 3 Z [sip] 66 M"190 PRINT (sp] " 3 Z"200 PRINT [spJ " 3 Z"210 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z"220 PRINT [sp] " 3 Z"

You and Dr. Arc E. ()logy discover a

282 c,lle

Treasure ChestCrack The Code!

During the Civil War, daring women andmen served as spies for the Union andConfederate forces. Often they scouted thelocation of enemy troops. Many spies had tosend messages to their headquarters in code incase the messages fell into enemy hands.

To test your spy decoding skills, look at thekey below. Each symbol refers to a letter of thealphabet. For example, v 1--;" >stands for spy.

Below is a list of new inventions from theCivil War era. Can you figure out what theyare? Write your answers on a separate piece ofpaper. (Answers on page 31.)

Key:AB CD EF

G 1.-I I es.) Kr_

N; OfSQR

1) CF9VV_P1V LJEILILLL2) E 1 A-9 -1nALF3) Rnr9 IIMELF4) nff ALEE5) V V_J-1 Li1F L11

6) EFIRFn Enn7) RIV I LF LEL<IVF1F8) AnnLIIL-9-vnaLLII VilL

S T

W

3()

X

>LV

An by Kay Chambers

29

History MakersBE A HISTORY MAKER! The Goldfinch wantsto know what you've discovered about Iowa'spast. Has your class worked on special projectsabout Iowa history? Are you helping to savesomething old'? Have you found an old letter,diary, photograph, or arrowhead that tellssomething about the past?

In our next issue we'll cover Jessie Field

Shambaugh, a founder of 4-H. Are you involvedwith 4-H? Write us a letter and tell us about yourexperiences and projects with 4-H.

Send your letters, stories, poems, or artworkto: History Makers, The Goldfinch, 402 IowaAvenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52240. See your workpublished!

by Heather ShannonGriswold (IA)Community School

Little is known about theunderground railroads. People stillaskquestions about why slaverystarted in the first place and how theunderground railroad came to be.

There were many people whodidn't believe in slavery and whospoke out against it. Some did evenmore than that. Some risked theirown lives. One of the most famouspeople fighting slavery was GeorgeBeckwith Hitchcock. He was bornJanuary 9, 1812 in GreatBarrington, Massachusetts.

In 1830 or 1831, George lefthome and went to Ypsilanti inMichigan Territory, where he tookup farming. In late 1832, lie gave upfarming and studied ministry until1833. Then he may have spent ayear at Western Reserve College inOhio.

In 1853, George took up 430acres of land near the town of Lewisin western Iowa. There in 1854 hebuilt a large home that served as"the house by the side of the road"to all that would come that way.Indians, blacks, or whites werewelcome. This home also became

30

known as "The Lewis Depot" ofthe underground railroad that ranfrom the deep south to the Queen'sLand as Canada was called. Georgewas a conductor to the slavesenroute.

The Rev. Hitchcock's houseserved as a social center for earlytravelers, trappers, and residents ofthe Cass County settlement. He alsomade his home available to Uniontroops and quartered the famousabolitionist John Brown.

Hitchcock had so many travelerscome through that he also providedfor travelers looking for runawayslaves. While he entertained hisguests upstairs, the slaves belowwere hiding in a basement.

The basement had a secret roomlocated behind a large cupboard.The slaves were sheltered thereusually for two or three days. Then,they were either transported to a stopcalled Station Quaker Divide, nearAvoca, Iowa or east to theMississippi River. They weretransported from depot to depot byfalse-bottom wagons, on foot, ordisguised.

Signals were used in theunderground railroad for differentreasons. They were used to show

31

danger, caution, and safety. Theydid this by putting lights on hitchingposts, candles in the windows, or ared light, where it could be clearlyseen. These signals were used to tellthe slaves that it was safe at thedepot. If the depot had no signals itwas considered unsafe. Sometimeswhen traveling north, slavesfollowed things such as the NorthStar or the moss that grows on thenorth sides of the trees for direction.

George left Lewis about 1865 andserved in other nearby towns, beforegoing to Missouri where he set up achurch with many blacks. He was inEddyville, Iowa serving the churchin 1874 where he became a circuitrider preacher. He died in BaxterSprings, Kansas.

There are other major and minordepots in the underground railroad.Tabor, Earlham, Des Moines, andGrinnell were a few of them.Besides Tabor and Grinnell, thebest-known stations were in Quakercommunities such as Salem, LowMoor, and Springdale.

We still do not know how manyslaves were freed, and manyunknown abolitionists helped to freethem. Many depots are still beirmfound and restored.

Pass It OnCommunity StudyAre there any monuments, memorials, pictures,or old newspapers from Civil War times availablein your area? Find out how your community wasinvolved in the Civil War. What was going on inthe community at that time? You might want tocheck a county history at the library.

Interpret a PhotographLook at the photograph on the cover of this issueof the Goldfinch. What do you think the kids aredoing? Feeling? Write a short skit based on thephotograph.

Read More About ItCelebrate Children's Book Week (November16-22) by reading more about the Civil War. Hereare some suggested books:Across Five Aprils by Irene Hunt (1964). Jethro

Creighton is left on an Illinois farm while hisbrothers go off to fight in the Civil Warone asa Union soldier, one as a confederate.

Bonnet Brigades by Mary Elizabeth Massey(1966). A non-fiction history of women fromthe North and South during the Civil War.

The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane(1983). First published in 1891, this is a classicstory of a young Civil War Soldier.

Frontierswomen, The Iowa Experience byGlenda Riley (1983). Read more about Iowawomen during the Civil War.

Little Women by Louisa May Alcott (1868-9).The classic book about one family during theCivil War.

Annie WittenmyerResearch one aspect of Annie TurnerWittenmyer's life, such as her work with theSoldiers' Aid Society, orphans' home, or reformefforts. Write an essay or give an oral report onwhy you think her work was important.

Goldfinch OldfinchesRead more about this time in Iowa history inearlier Goldfinch issues: "Working Women,""Railroads," and "Going to School in Iowa."

Tis' the SeasonHanukkah and Christmas are great times to sendgifts to other people. Why not give a subscriptionto the Goldfinch? The Goldfinch is still only $5 fora year's subscription. Send a check or moneyorder to the State Historical Society of Iowa, THEGOLDFINCH, 402 Iowa Avenue, Iowa City,Iowa 52240. Be sure and tell us it's a gift!

Answers

Page 13: (1) sad, lonely because he was gone,proud because he was helping the Union cause;(2) sl ?ves; (3) donations, bandages, food,clothing, letters, helped to run farms.Page 28: Union flagPage 29: (1) instant coffee; (2) lawn mower;(3) pop cooler; (4) oil well; (5) standardclothing sizes; (6) improved plow;(7) passenger elevator; (8) wooden-soledshoe.Back Cover: baseball, The University of Iowa

i 231

-:

,--History Mystery

CLUES:I. This sport was popular among the soldiers during_the Civil War.

2. President Lincoln had a favorite team.3. Soldiers brought the game home with them after

the war.4. It was then played in many towns and on many

college campuses.5. At first, the game was played without gloves

only with bats and balls.What is this sport? Wheredo you think this playeris from?

33

,n,