documenting internetbased art -...
TRANSCRIPT
DocumentingInternetbasedArtTheDullaartSakrowskiMethod
Researchreportby:KimberleySpreeuwenberg
Incollaborationwith:AnnetDekker,ConstantDullaart,SandraFauconnier,Sabine
Niederer,RobertSakrowski,andWardtenVoorde
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TableofContents:
0.NederlandseIntroductie..................................................................................... 03
1.Introduction ........................................................................................................... 04
2.Collaborators.......................................................................................................... 05
3.TheProject............................................................................................................... 06
3.1Prepilot:TechnicalTrial24thNovember2011 ............................... 06
Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................07
a.Conceptual ..........................................................................................................................07
b.Technical .............................................................................................................................09
c.Practical...............................................................................................................................11
3.2Pilot1and2onthe8thand15thofDecember2011 ..................................... 13
3.2.1.Pilot1 ........................................................................................................ 13
3.2.2.Pilot2 ........................................................................................................ 15
4.Conclusion................................................................................................................ 15
4.1RecommendationsforInstitutionsorArtists .................................... 17
5.FutureResearch .................................................................................................... 17
6.Appendix .................................................................................................................. 19
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0.NederlandseIntroductie
BeeldendkunstenaarConstantDullaartenkunsthistoricusRobertSakrowskihebben
eenmethodeontwikkeldvoorhetdocumenterenvaninternetkunstwaarbijnietde
technologischeaspecten,maardepersoonlijkeinteractiemethetkunstwerkende
(historische)contextcentraalstaan.Denadrukligtophetzonatuurlijkmogelijk
registrerenvandezeinteractiedoormiddelvaneenparticipatoryDIYmethodiek.
Mensenmoetendezemethodethuiszelfstandigkunnenuitvoerenenvervolgens
uploadenopYouTube.
NaaraanleidingvanditprojectheeftonderzoeksprojectCultureVortexeenpre‐
pilotandtweepilotsessiesgeorganiseerdomdezesubjectievemethodeineen
gecontroleerdeomgeving(i.p.v.bijvoorbeeldeenthuissituatie)tetesten.Inlijnmethet
doelvanCultureVortexompublieksparticipatietestimulereninonlineculturele
collectiesprobeertdezepilotantwoordtegevenopdevraaghoeinteractiemeteen
onlinecollectiegedocumenteerdkanwordenenwelketoepassingendezedocumentatie
vervolgenskanhebben.Indepilotwordtonderzochtopwelkemanierdeze
documentatiemethodehetbesteuitgevoerdkanworden,enwordtinzichtverkregenin
deobstakelsenvalkuilenvandezemethode.Dezeinformatiekanvervolgensgebruikt
wordenomdemethodeaantescherpenenaanbevelingentedoenvoorkunstenaarsen
instellingendiedezemethodewillengebruiken.Voormeerinformatieoverdemethode
vanDullaartenSakrowski,iseeninterviewdooronderzoekerencuratorAnnetDekker
telezenop:net.artdatabase.org/about/(eenNederlandseverkorteversieistelezenop
http://www.tubelight.nl/articles/1321/het‐vastleggen‐van‐een‐culturele‐esthetiek‐het‐
documenteren‐van‐netkunst).
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1.Introduction
Inlightoftheinternet‐basedart(netart)documentationprojectinitiatedbyartist
ConstantDullaartandarttheoristRobertSakrowski,theCultureVortexresearch
programorganizedapre‐pilotandtwopilotsessionsinacontrolledenvironmenttotest
theirproposedsubjectivemethodofdocumentingnetart.InlinewiththeaimofCulture
Vortextoencouragepublicparticipationinonlineculturalcollections,thisprojectseeks
toanswerhowinteractionwithan(online)collectioncanbedocumented,andwhat
(future)purposethisdocumentationcanhave.DullaartandSakrowskiunderstandnet
artasaworkthatismeanttobeshownonapersonalcomputer,makinguseofits
connectiontotheWorldWideWeb.
DullaartandSakrowskihavedevelopedamethodtodocumentnetartthataims
tomovebeyondthetechnicalspecificationsandtheinteractionmodeloftheartwork.
Theytrytocapturethereceptionofnetartinanenvironmentinwhichitwasoriginally
perceived.AsSakrowskiexplains,“thecontext,theprivateatmosphere,andthe
hardwareinteractiondefinesalargepartofthe‘netartactivity.’”Thedocumentation
shouldthusrepresentfourdifferentlayers:
1. Thehardware:computer,monitor,keyboard,mouse,netaccess,handheld
devices,laptopsetc.
2. Thesoftware:operatingsystem,browser,server,plug‐insandFlash,Javaetc.
3. Thesurroundings:noise,furnishing,livingroom,workingspace,bedroom,other
peopleintheroom.
4. Theinteraction:collaboration,participationoftherecipient.
Toreflectthesedifferentlayerstheydevelopedatemplateforvideodocumentationin
whichtheworkofartispresentedasasplit‐screen:ononesideisascreengrab
displayingtheartworkwhileausernavigatesit,andontheother,anover‐the‐shoulder
shotshowingtheuserintheir(personal)environmentinteractingwiththeartwork.
Becausethismethodemphasizesthe“receptionsituation,”asituationthatshouldbeas
“natural”aspossible,itisimportantforuserstobeabletocreatethedocumentationof
theartworksthemselves,intheirownsurroundings.Thetemplateshouldthusbeeasily
executabletoallowforthiskindofparticipation.Thisdoesnotonlyregardtothe
documentationprocessitself,butalsothedatabase,storageandprovidingtheright
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metadescriptions.DullaartandSakrowskichoosetouseYouTubeforthispurpose:itis
publiclyaccessibleandeasy‐to‐use,providesacheapwayofstoringdata,andby
includingametadataformitispossibletocreateadatabasewithinYouTube.
Thegoalofthisprojectistofindouthowbesttocarryoutthismethodandto
gaininsightsintotheobstaclesofdocumentingnetartinthismanner.Theinformation
revealedthroughthisresearchcanbeusedtodevelopDullaartandSakrowski’s
proposedtemplatefurtherandmakeitmoreaccessibleforusers,itcanbeusedto
reflectcriticallyontheirproposedmethod,andtomakerecommendationsforartists
andinstitutionswhowouldliketousethismethodintheirdocumentationofnetart.For
moreinformationabouttheDullaart‐Sakrowskimethodyoucanreadaninterviewwith
thembyAnnetDekkeratnet.artdatabase.org/about/.
2.Collaborators
AnnetDekkerHeadofResearch.Independentcuratorandresearcherwithsubjectsofinterestincludingtheinfluenceofnewmedia,scienceandpopularcultureonartandviceversa.HerPhDisonstrategiesfordocumentingnetartattheCentreforCulturalStudies,Goldsmiths,UniversityofLondon,underthesupervisionofMatthewFuller(since2008).http://aaaan.net/hub/annet‐dekker/ConstantDullaartArtistandCreatorofnet.artdatabase.org.Trainedasavideoartist,hisworkhasrecentlyfocussedontheinternetandre‐contextualizingfoundmaterial.Hisworkshowsthechangingvernacularofthecontemporarycomputeruser,andhowglobalcorporations(Google,Adobe,Apple)controlthisnewvisualgrammar.TogetherwithRobertSakrowskihestartedhttp://net.artdatabase.org/about/todocumentnetartinitssurrounding.http://constantdullaart.com/SandraFauconnierArtHistorian(MA,GhentUniversity,1997)withabackgroundinarchitecture.WasamediaarchivistatV2_InstitutefortheUnstableMedia(Rotterdam,NL)andworkedforthemediathequeandcollectionoftheNetherlandsMediaArtInstitute(Amsterdam,NL).Currently,sheisprojectleadforARTtube,awebsitewithvideosaboutartanddesign,atMuseumBoijmansVanBeuningen(Rotterdam,NL).http://www.linkedin.com/in/sandrafauconnierSabineNiedererHeadofCREATEIT,theappliedresearchcenteroftheSchoolforDesignandCommunicationattheAmsterdamUniversityofAppliedSciences.SheisalsocoordinatoroftheDigitalMethodsInitiative,thenewmediaPhDprogramattheDepartmentofMediaStudies,UniversityofAmsterdam.InherPhDprojectSabinestudiesthetechnicityofonlinecontent,suchasthenon‐humancontentagentsthatco‐authoronlinecontent(i.e.Twitterbots,Wikipediabots),inananalysisofclimatechangeskepticismontheWeb.From2004until2012,SabineworkedattheInstituteofNetworkCultures,withdirectorGeertLovink.RobertSakrowskiCreatorofnet.artdatabase.org.Arthistorianandcuratorinthefieldofnet‐basedart.Hefoundedthenetart‐datenbank.orgin1999andwasalsoafoundingmemberofthe
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web.museume.V.intheyear2005.Since1999hehasbeendealingwiththeproblemofhowtocollectandpresentnetartwhilepreservingitsspecificcontext.CurrentlyrunningtheinitiativeCuratingYouTube.KimberleySpreeuwenbergProductionandReport.RecentlyobtainedherMAinNewMediaattheUniversityofAmsterdamwithathesisonopensourcecritique(Androidspromiseoffreedom,arenewalofopensourcecritique).Alsohasabackgroundingraphicdesign.www.kimmyspreeuw.nlWardtenVoordeVideo&Postproduction.Independentmediaproductionprofessional.Expertinaudiovisualdocumentationofmediaartandinstallations.
3.TheProject
1.Overviewofpilotsetting.
3.1Prepilot:TechnicalTrial24thNovember2011
Togetaclearideaofthetechnicalspecificationsandotherrequirementsfor
documentingnetartfollowingthetemplatedevelopedbyDullaartandSakrowski,we
organizedatechnicaltrial.AnnetDekker,PhDresearcherfocusingondocumentingnet
art,SandraFauconnier,collectionarchivistinthe(new)mediaartsector,Kimberley
Spreeuwenberg,producerandWardtenVoorde,expertinaudiovisualdocumentationof
mediaartandinstallations,discussedthenecessaryequipmentandtookalookatthe
UsabilityLaboftheHvA.Incontrasttotheprivateenvironmentforthedocumentation
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settingdescribedbyDullaartandSakrowskiintheirmethod,whichismeanttoreflect
thepersonalor“natural”surroundingsofthedocumentalist,wechosetousea
controlledsettingforourpilots.Thiswaschosenbecauseitwouldallowustocompare
thewaysthetestpersonsinteractwiththeartworksandtogetaclearerideaofthe
conceptual,technicalandpracticaldifficultiespresentinthismethod.
Uncertainties
Whilediscussingtheprojectitbecameclearthattherewerestillanumberof
uncertaintiesatthisstage:Whatqualityshouldthedocumentationhave,HDorweb?
Whatisthepurposeofthedocumentations?Whatsoftwareformakingthescreengrab
shouldweuse?Whowillbethetestpersons,andhowinformedshouldtheybe?Does
thematerialneedtobeedited?Whatsoundshouldwerecord?Howshouldweposition
thetestperson?Whatshouldtheangleofthecamerabe?Doweneedartificiallight?
Theseconceptual,technicalandpracticaluncertaintieswerediscussedwithDullaart
andSakrowski:
a.Conceptual
Asdescribedearlier,forDullaartandSakrowskiitisimportantforthedocumentationto
be“asnaturalaspossible”—theemphasisinthedocumentationisonhowpeople
experiencetheartworkandaboutreflectinganideaoftheerainwhichtheyexist.As
Fauconnierexplained:“HistoricallyIthinkitisveryimportant,becauseofthewaythatit
notonlydocumentsthe‘immediate’workbutalso(andespecially)thecontextand
interaction.”WhilediscussingtheDullaart‐Sakrowskimethodandcomparingitto
othersfordocumentingnetartitbecamecleartherearesometensionsbetweenthe
purposeandpracticeoftheirdocumentationmethodandothermethodsthatfocus
moreonthetechnicalaspects.Theybothtrytoreflecttheartwork,butthemore
technicalmethodisfocusedontheinteractionmodel,tryingtoshowallthenavigation
optionsofanartworkanditstechnicalspecificities—theinteractionoftheartwork—the
Dullaart‐Sakrowskimethodfocusesoninteractionwiththeartwork.Accordingto
DullaartandSakrowskiatechnicalcopyoftheartworkisimpossiblesince,
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the implications of these network‐based artworks suggests that theartwork functions only as intendedwhen in the context of that network.Thismeansthatdocumentationshouldincludeenoughsocialandtechnicalenvironmentalqualitiesandan illustrationoftheenvironmentwherethework is experienced, that we believe multiple documentations of theimpressions viewers had of the work. This is currently the best way topreservetheseartworks.
Wehavetounderstandandportraytheartworkinitscontext:whereitis“used”and
howpeopleinteractwithitwithoutbeingobsessedwiththe“wholeness”oftheartwork
inatechnicalsense.
AsFauconnierpointedout“theexplicitpossibility[oftheDullaart‐Sakrowski
method]toassembleavarietyofvideoswiththeexperiencesofdifferentpeople
browsingthesameworkemphasizeshowtheindividual,personalperceptionofawork
isimportantinnetart.”Moreover,asSakrowskiexplains,itillustratesthatthe“whole”
activityofbrowsingnetartisneverinasingleplace,“itwilleveronlybean
interpretation,avariation.Thatmeansthatallversions,alldocumentedvideostogether
willonlycomeneartowhata‘netartactivity’is.”
InrelationtothisFauconnieralsonoted:“AsacollectionholderIwouldfindit
valuabletoalsohavedocumentationoftheartiststhemselves,andeventuallyexperts
(arthistorians,critics)astestpersonsusingthissamemethod.Iwouldliketobeableto
documentawiderangeofperspectivesonthework,notjustamateurvisitors.”Inthis
understanding,thewholenessdoesnotnecessarilystemfromoneallencompassing
documentation,butarangeofdocumentationsofthesameworkthatcomplementeach
other.AsDullaartdescribed,“Imaginethattheworkhassidestoitthathaveneverbeen
seenduetoslow[internet]connectionspeedsormalfunctioningsoftware.Isituptous
todocumenttheselayersoftheartwork?Shouldn’twerespectthematerialityofthe
WorldWideWeb,andthewaysthattheviewersoftheartworksengagedwiththem?”
Thefocusonthedocumentationsettingbeing“asnaturalaspossible,”put
forwardbyDullaartandSakrowski,hasgreatvaluebutcanalsobequestionedas
Dekkerexplains:
Thevalue is that itgivesaglimpseofwhatpeopledowhentheywatchanet artwork, what strikes them, what they leave aside. This for me isparticularlyvisiblewhenyouusevideoscreencapture.Acameracapture
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that also shows the conditions inwhich something isviewed isof coursealso interesting in that it tells somethingabout the context (whatdidtheequipment look like, the environment, etc.), but it is important to knowthat this will always be very much staged and thus subjective. Aninterestingquestionthatcomeswiththisisofcourseinwhatwaythisaddstotheexperienceornot?
Thisparadoxissomethingwenoticedduringtheexecutionofthepilots.AstenVoorde
explains,theconceptof“asnaturalaspossible”isofcoursecomplicatedinrelationto
thefactthatwearefilming,andthus,toacertainextent,itisalwaysstaged.
Iquestion what a “natural” video documentation is.My opinion isthatusing a camera in itself alreadyisan intervention and therebyshowsasubjective reality. This means that even when the goal is to make an“objective”aspossibledocumentationof a “natural”situation, itstill isamatter of making decisions onlocation, camera positions and settings,lighting,sound,setdressingetc.tomakeitlook“|natural”andtechnicallygood.
Inthecaseofourpilotweusedacameramaninsidealaboratory,whichisquiteafar
lengthfromthesettingproposedbyDullaartandSakrowskiwhosuggested,forinstance,
asetupwithanHDcapablesmartphoneonatripodinalivingroomorofficewherethe
camerabecomesananonymousobserver.However,thistensioncanberesolvedtoan
extent.AsDullaartproposes,theideaofanaturalsettingcanberestored“aftersimple
practicewithinthissetting,justasasubjectofadocumentarymoviehastogetusedto
theideaofunmannedcameras.Perhapssomecasualsurfingwouldberecommended
beforetheactualrecordingstarts.”
b.Technical
Theconceptualgroundsdiscussedaboveleadtoparticulartechnicaldecisions.Dullaart
andSakrowskiexplainedthatforthemthepurposeofthedocumentationisata
minimumpurelyarchival—forYouTube—howeverwherepossibletheyliketocollect
allthematerialasaback‐up.Bothprefertheover‐the‐shouldershotasthescreengrab
inHDquality,anh274fileformat,anduploadingittoYouTubeinthehighestquality
available(HD1028p).
Fauconnierpointedoutthatfromtheperspectiveofthecollectionholderitis
interestingtohavethematerialinabetterqualitythantheYouTubefilestobeableto
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presentitonalargerformat.Theparticularpurposes—“archival”or“presentation”—
thusinfluencethequalitythatisnecessary.Yet,Fauconniernotedthatfromthe
perspectiveofacollectionholderthesedecisionsforpresentationareespecially
dependantontheartists’permissionsandtheirdesiresforthepresentationofthework.
WeeventuallydecidedtorecordinHD1280x720becausewehadaccesstothis
equipmentandcouldeasilytoneitdownafterwardstomatchvariousvisualqualities.
Anothertechnicalaspectthatrequiredadecisionwasthesoftwareusedforthe
screencapture.Thisdecisionwasdependentonthefactthatpeopleneedtobeableto
usethetechnologyathomebythemselveswithoutanyprofessionalexperience.Andas
Fauconniersaid,“IfIwouldmakeanyrecommendationsinthisarea,itwouldbeinthe
directionofusingopenstandards,oratleastwidelyusedvideoformatsandcodecs”to
makesurethedocumentationscanbeviewed,sharedandmostimportantlyuploadedto
YouTube.
OneofouroptionswastheTobiisoftwarethatwaspresentontheWindows
computerintheUIlab.Thissoftwaredidnothavethemostup‐to‐datecodecs(we
preferredH.264,themostoftenusedweb‐basedcodecswithgoodquality).Moreover,
thissoftwareisveryMicrosoft‐orientedregardingfileformatsitcanexport.Forinstance
itcouldnotexportQuickTimemovies.Itwasalsotoolimitedinthesettingsitofferedfor
thescreenandvideocapture,andsinceitisprofessionaleyetrackingsoftwareitisalso
ratherexpensive.
TheotheroptionweexploredwastheopensourcesoftwareCamstudio.Sinceit
isopensourceandfreeitseemedaveryviableoption.Thisfreesoftwareversion
howeverisonlyMicrosoftcompatibleandwehadaWindowscomputeravailabletous
fromtheUILabforthepilotsthatwecouldnotinstallnewsoftwareon.Eventuallywe
choosetouseIShowU,Macsoftware,onaMacBookProlaptop.Thissoftwarewasalso
usedbyDullaartandSakrowskiandseemedtohavethebestsettingsandcodecoptions.
Moreover,ourcameramanwasusedtoworkingwiththissoftwareandfromthethree
optionsitwasthemostaffordable.Ofcourse,thedownsideofIShowUisthatitonly
worksonApplecomputers.Overall,asDullaartpointedout“furtherresearchintoa
freelyaccessiblecross‐platformscreencapturesoftwarewouldberecommended.”
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OverviewofSpecifications/SettingsoftheCameraandSoftwareusedDuringthisPilot:
Cameraspecifications:
Model:HDcamcorder,CanonXF100
Videocompression:MPEG‐2longGOP
Audiocompression(internalmicrophone):LineairePCM,16bits,48kHz,2channels
Fileformat:MXF
Camerasettings:
50Mbps(CBR,4:2:2)1280x720,50P(Progressivescan)
f4.0/3.7,s1/50,WhiteBalance3100K
IShowUHDsettings:
Video:1280x720,50P,16:9,AppleIntermediateCodec.
Audio:LineairePCM,16bits,48kHz,2channels
Fixedmousemode;MakesoundclickonNONE;Springinesssolid
Display1360x768.
Softwareversion2.2.7(download:http://www.shinywhitebox.com/ishowu‐hd/)
Computersettings:
MacBook“UniversalAccess”settings:activateaccesstoassistivedevicesON.
Computerspecifications:
MacBookProlaptopOSX10.5Leopard
c.Practical
Onapracticallevel,theDullaart‐Sakrowskimethodemphasizestheimportanceof
filmingthetestsubjectinsuchawaythattheirsurroundingsarealsodocumentedsoas
togiveanideaoftheerainwhichtheinteractiontookplace.Keepinginmindtheissues
raisedearlierintheconceptualnotes,wedecidedonthefollowingsettingsforthepilot:
‐ Testsubject:ThetestsubjectwillsitonthecouchthatisavailableintheUIlab
withaMacBookProlaptopOSX10.5Leopardonthetableinfrontofthemoron
theirlap.Weprovideacoupleofbrowserbookmarksofwheretheycanfindthe
workswewantthemtovisit.Theyarefreetoselectwhichthey’dliketoview,
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andlookatthemforaslongastheylike—wedon’tprovideanytimelimitor
backgroundinformation.Afterthetestsubjectsdecidetheyhaveseenenough,
weprovidethemwithsomeadditionalinformationabouttheartistandthe
worksofart(seeappendix),andthenlettheminteractwiththeartworksinthe
samemanneragain.
‐ Recordings:Thecameraispositionedbehindthetestpersonasanover‐the‐
shouldershot,registeringpartsoftheirsurroundingsaswellasaclearshotof
thecomputerscreen.TenVoordewillstartandstoptheover‐the‐shoulder
recordingsandtheIShowUHDsoftware.
‐ SelectionofArtworks:TheSelectionofthedocumentedartworksaredefinedby
SandraFauconnier,ascollectionholderofNIMk,andAnnetDekker,asaPhD
researcherfocusingondocumentingnetart.Wedecidedtochooseworksofart
thatareincollectionsofthecollaboratorsofthepilot,i.e.thecollectionofNIMk,
ImpaktandSKOR.AnnetDekkeriscurrentlyworkingwithSKORandhas
previouslycuratedImpaktonline.SabineNiedereriscurrentlyworkingasthe
curatorofthenetartprogramofImpaktOnline.
Pilot1:TheoDeutinger,WorldatWork(2008)http://td‐
architects.eu/worldatwork/,Jaromil,TimeBasedText(2005)http://tbt.dyne.org,
JODI,http://wwwwwwwww.jodi.org(1995),MartineNeddam,Mouchette(1996)
http://mouchette.org
Pilot2:ConstantDullaarthttp://therevolvinginternet.com(2010)and
http://thesleepinginternet.com(2011),AlexanderGalloway/Govcom.org,TheIP
Browser(2009)http://ipbrowser.digitalmethods.net,DaveGriffiths/Aymeric
Mansoux/MarloesdeValk,NakedonPluto(2011)http://naked‐on‐pluto.net,
LindaHilfling,MisspellingsGenerator(2007)http://www.misspelling‐
generator.org,JODI,GeoGoowebversion(2008)http://www.geogoo.net
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Collectionholders:
NIMk:TheNetherlandsMediaArtInstitutepromotesthewidedevelopment,application
anddistributionof,andreflectionon,newtechnologiesinthevisualarts.NIMksupports
mediaartinthreecoreareas:presentation,researchandcollection,andthroughits
facilitiesprovidesextensiveservicesforartistsandartinstitutions.
ImpaktOnline:TheImpaktFoundationfocusesonpresentingandstimulating
innovativeaudiovisualartsinaninterdisciplinarycontext.Annualnetartprojectsare
launchedonitswebgalleryImpaktOnline(www.impaktonline.nl).
SKOR:FoundationforArtandPublicDomainisaninternationallyoperatingDutch
institutionwhichadvises,developsandcreatesartprojectsinrelationtopublicspaces.
3.2Pilot1and2onthe8thand15thofDecember2011
2.Screenshotfromediteddocumentedmaterialpilot1.
3.2.1.Pilot1
Present:WardtenVoorde(cameraman),AnnetDekker(researcher),Kimberley
Spreeuwenberg(producer),testperson1(ZoëKooyman),testperson2(AnaRibeiro).
Thefirstpilotonthe8thofDecemberstartedwithabitofadelaybecausetherewere
difficultiesfindingtherightsettingsforIshowUHD.Forparticipants,weaskedone
(former)student(testperson1)ofthePreservationandPresentationoftheMoving
ImageMasteroftheUvAandoneintern(testperson2)fromNIMk.Whileoneofthem
wasinteractingwiththeartworkstheothercouldobserve.Beforestartingthe
documentationwebrieflyexplainedwheretheycouldfindthebookmarksforworkson
thebrowser,andincaseofTimeBasedText(TBT)wheretheycouldfindtheprogram
icononthedesktop.
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Duringthesessionoftestperson1Mouchettedidnotfunctionatfirstduetoa
proxythatwasblockedbytheLittleSnitchsoftwarepresentontheMacBookPro.After
thesession,testperson1explainedthatshethoughtwehadstagedtheblockedproxyto
seehowshewouldreacttoit.Thisremarkseemedtoindicatethatshewasconscious
andcontemplativeofherroleasatestpersonandofbeingfilmed,thusinfluencingher
engagementwiththeworks.Whenaskedaboutwheretherewereanydifficultiesshe
replied:“Idon’tknowhowitissupposedtoreact,didIseeeverything?Ijustclicked
around.”TheworkTBTwasparticularlyconfusingtoherasshewasn’tclearifitworked
ornot.
Itbecameapparentthatthisfirstengagementwiththeartworksisvery
exploratory;testpersonssometimesseemtorandomlynavigatethroughthewebsite
justtoseehowitreacts.TBTinparticulardidnotseemtocommunicateveryclearly
howitshouldfunction.Inrelationtothis,wealsowonderediftheactualinstallationof
thisartworkonthecomputer,somethingwepreparedforthepilot,shouldnotbepartof
thedocumentationitself.
AfterthisfirstsessionDekkergavethetestpersonsinformationaboutthe
artworks,andincaseofTBT,explainedhowitfunctioned.Inthiswaywecould,toa
certainextent,seeifthereweredifferencesinhowauserinteractswithaworkofart
withoutanyknowledgeofitcomparedtowhentheyareinformed,andexplorewhat
differentaspectsoftheartworksarerevealedorshownbytheuser.Asalldifferent
documentationsofanartworkcontributetoanunderstandingofits“wholeness,”the
documentationofatestpersoninteractingwithaworkafterthey’vebeengiven
informationaboutitareequallyimportant.
Thesecondsessionofthetestpersonsinteractingwiththeartworkswere
shorter,butmorethorough;theyknewwheretogoand/orwhatshouldhappen.Inthe
caseoftheworkbyJODIthetestpersonsnowknewthatthe“gibberish”theysawwas
theactualsourcecodeoftheimagethatisseenoncelookingintothesourcecode.Ona
morepracticalleveltenVoordenotedthattheTLlightintheroominterferedwiththe
visibilityofthecomputerscreen.Sincethesettingwasalreadysomewhatstaged,we
decidedtoshowtheworkonthescreenasbestaspossible.
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3.2.2.Pilot2
Present:WardtenVoorde(cameraman),SandraFauconnier(collectionholder),
KimberleySpreeuwenberg(producer),testperson3(RachaelPocock),testperson4
(CleoGraaf).
Thesecondpilotfollowedasimilarsetup.Thistimehoweverweaskedone
studentofthePreservationandPresentationoftheMovingImageMasteroftheUvA
(testperson3)andonestudentoftheHvA(testperson4),andSandraFauconnieralso
participatedasatestperson.Inthispilotthetestpersonsdidnotobserveeachother.
Fromtheoutset,testperson3interactedwiththeartworksverythoroughlyand
seemedtohaveagoodunderstandingofitspossibilitiesevenwithoutadditional
informationabouttheworks.Testperson4wastheopposite.Forinstance,inthecaseof
IPBrowsersheonlyclickedontheleftorrightnavigationbuttonsandmovedawayfrom
thewebsiteafterafewclicks.Testperson3alsousedthesearchboxtolookfor
websites.Fauconnierinteractedverythoroughlywiththeartworks,explainingthatshe
doesnotseeherselfasatypicaltestpersonbecausesheknowstheworksquitewelland
hasavastknowledgeofnetart.Shenavigatedthesiteswiththeintentionof
“demonstrating”themquitethoroughly.
Unfortunately,duringthispilotitturnedoutthatthewebsite‐basedartwork
NakedonPlutowasnotworking,andtherewereinternetconnectionproblemsafew
times.Inaddition,theGeoGooprojectdidnotfunctionoptimallybecausetherequired
GoogleEarthplug‐inwasnotinstalledontheMacBookPro.
4.Conclusion
ThegoalofthisprojectwastofindouthowbesttocarryouttheproposedDullaart‐
Sakrwoskimethodfordocumentingnetart.Theirmethodtriestocapturethereception
ofnetartinanenvironmentinwhichitwasoriginallyperceived,soastomovebeyond
netartasasetoftechnicalspecificationsoraninteractionmodel.Themethodreflects
theirassertionthatthe“wholeness”ofdocumentationcannotbefoundinonesingle
registration,butthecollectionofseveraldocumentationswilltogetherillustratewhata
workofnetartis.Throughstagingtheirmethodwithaseriesoftestpersonswetriedto
gaininsightsintotheobstaclesofdocumentingnetartinthismanner.Theinformation
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revealedthroughthisresearchcanbeusedtodeveloptheirproposedtemplatefurther
andmakeitmoreaccessibleforusers,itcanbeusedtoreflectcriticallyontheir
proposedmethod,andtomakerecommendationsforartistsandinstitutionswhowould
liketousethismethodintheirdocumentationofnetart.
Weorganizedtwopilotsinwhichweaskedatotaloffivetestpersonstointeract
withaselectionofartworkstwiceeach;inthefirstinstancetheywerenotgiven
informationabouttheartworks,andinthesecondweprovidedthemwithadditional
informationabouttheworksandtheartist.Testpersonsinteractedwiththeworksvery
differentlyinthefirstinstancewhentheywerenotinformed.Someseemedtobemore
familiarwiththeinteractionpossibilitiesthanothers.
Whengiveninformationabouttheworksthewaysthedifferenttestpersons
engagedwiththembecamemoresimilar,andtheirexplorationoftheseartworkswas
morethorough,navigatingtomoreaspectsoftheworksonline.Incidentally,the
durationoftheinteractionwiththeartworkswasshorter.Thelimitedtimetheyspent
ontheartworksinthesecondsessionislikelyduetoalreadyhavingsomefamiliarity
withthemfromthefirstsession.Beinggiveninformationabouttheworksalsolikely
contributedtoshortenedtimesinthesecondsessionastheyhadanideaofwhatneeded
tobeexploredandthusspentlesstimerandomlyclickingaround.
Regardingtechnicalandpracticalaspects,itbecameclearthatwhendealingwith
anunnaturalsituation—thetestpersonrecordingthemselfwhilenavigatinganet
artworkasintheproposedmethod,orinourexaggeratedcaseofatestlabandthe
presenceofacameraman—itisnecessarytoexplorewhattheimportantconsiderations
are.Andasbecameclear,theseconsiderationsdependalotontheobjectiveofthe
documentation.Inourcaseitwasafirstattemptatsettinguptheequipmentinorderto
seeifandhowitworked,andwhatwouldbenecessaryforconductingthenextsession.
Wewerealsointerestedinseeingifwe,assemi‐novices,wouldbeableto“easily”
conductthedocumentationmethod.
Itbecameclearthatartworksinanonlineordigitalenvironmentarevery
unstableandoftenencounteranumberofproblemsincluding,asweobserved:thatthe
softwareofotherprogramscaninterfere(aproxyerror);theoft‐foundrequirementof
installingadditionalsoftware(GoogleEarthplug‐in);thebreakdownoftheinternet
17
connection;softwarethataworkisbuiltuponhaschangeditssettings;Google.
Consequently,itcouldbearguedthattheinstallationoftheworkofartonthecomputer
canitselfbepartofthedocumentation,butthisofcoursedependsonthegoalofthe
documentation.
4.1RecommendationsforInstitutionsorArtists
Beforestartingthedocumentationmethoditisimportanttohaveaclearconceptual
understandingofthepurposeofthedocumentation,andhowthisrelatestotechnical
andpracticalaspectsandrequirementstomakeclearwhatneedstobeconsideredfor
theprocess.
Ifthedocumentationmaterialneedstobepresentedviaabeamer,thequalityof
YouTubecanbetoolowandHDqualitywithalargerpixelratiomayberequired.The
necessityofhavingacamera,screencapturesoftware,atripod,andpreferablytwo
peopletoexecutethemethodcouldbeaproblemforthemethodwhichnecessitates
peoplebeingabletoexecutethedocumentationprocessathomebythemselves.In
addition,thelevelofinformingthetestpersonsabouttheartworksisdependantonthe
purposeofthedocumentation.Asourresultsindicated,ifamorethoroughnavigationof
anartworkisrequireditispreferabletoinformthetestpersonsaboutpossibilitiesof
thewebsiteandtheworkscomponents.However,astheconceptualdiscussionofthe
methodillustrates,differentversionsofdocumentationtogetherwillprovidethemost
thoroughpresentationoftheworkofart.
5.FutureResearch
ThesepilotsonlytestedthedocumentationportionoftheDullaart‐Sakrowskimethod,
anddidnotaddressthetemplateforuploadingthismaterialtoYouTube.Itisnecessary
tostudyandtestiftheprocessofuploadingtoYouTube,andthemetadataform,are
user‐friendly.Moreover,thispilotwasexecutedinamorecontrolledenvironmentthan
isenvisionedintheproposedmethod.Thereforeitcouldbeinterestingtoaskstudents,
forexamplethoseofthePreservationandPresentationoftheMovingImageMasterof
theUvA,tofollowboththecompletedocumentationmethodathomeaswellasthe
templateforuploadingthematerialtoYouTube(providedonthemethod’sproject
18
website.)Questionsthatariseabouttestsubjectsinproposingthisnewschemeinclude:
howdotheyinterpretthespecificationsprovidedbyDullaartandSakrowski?Isit
somethingthattheycanexecuteontheirownathome?Whatproblemsdothey
encounter?WhatkindofmaterialdotheyuploadtoYouTube?Isthisequallyuseable
fromtheperspectiveofacollectionholderorresearcher?
Forfutureresearchitwouldalsobeinterestingtogathermaterialdocumented
byexpertsortheartiststhemselvestoseehowartistsexecutethismethod,andto
documentthematerialnotonlyina“personal”setting,butalso,forinstance,atfestivals
orexhibitionstoseehowthesedocumentationscomplementeachother.Moreover,it
wouldbegoodtoresearchafewcaseswheretheworkitselfhasdisappearedwithonly
documentationremaining.Isitpossibletogetanideaofthework'soperationandintent
fromthedocumentationalone?Thisexamplewouldalreadyalludetothequestionof
thismethodregardingifandhowpeoplewillreacttothedocumentationinthefuture:
doesthedocumentationoftheworkthatnolongerexistsstillmakesense?Ifnot,what
additionalinformationisneeded?
Toconclude,thepresentationpossibilitiesofthesedocumentationsshouldbe
researched.Inwhatcontextcantheybeused—educational,nexttotheoriginalartwork
orontheirown—andinwhatformshouldtheybepresented—projected,onascreen
etc.
Furtherusesforthedocumentationscreatedshouldberesearchedinapossible
secondphaseoftheproject,includingexhibitionmodelsand/orcomparingtheDullaart‐
Sakrowskimethodtoothermethodsofdocumentation,presentation,andpreservation.
Otherinterestingquestionsthatfollowedfromthesepilotcasesinclude:Howtodeal
withoutsourcingculturalactivitiestocommercialserviceslikeYouTube?Whatarethe
(dis)advantages?Howtoincludedocumentationinexhibitionsettings?
DullaartandSakrowskiwouldliketoresearchfurtherpossibilitiesforencouraging
theirmethodasatime‐basedreceptiondocumentationexampleforexistingcollections,
butalsowithnewsales,andforstudyandfutureexhibitionpurposes.
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6.Appendix1.Informationthatwassenttotestpersonspriortothefirstrecording.__________________________
Pilot1and2‘netartdocumentationproject’8thand15thofDecember2011Informationaboutworksdocumented&questionsforreflection.LocationHogeschoolvanAmsterdam,Rhijnspoorplein1,room05A12,5thfloor.From10.00till13.00PresentPilot1:Ward(cameraman)Annet(research)Kimmy(production)Testperson1and2Pilot2:Ward(cameraman),Kimmy(production)Sandra(collectionholder)Testperson3and4IntroductionPleasereadtheinterviewwithConstantDullaartandSakrowskionhttp://net.artdatabase.org/about/asthisgivesagoodideaofthesettingandgoalofthepilot.NotethatinsteadofapersonalspacewetestthedocumentationmethodinamorecontrolledmannerattheusabilitylabattheHvA.Otherthanthiswewilltrytostayascloseaspossibletothemethoddescribedontheirwebsite.TheobjectiveofthePilotWewanttofindouthowtheDullaart‐Sakrowskimethodcanbestbeexecutedkeepinginmindthegoalofhismethod,i.e.allowingpeopletodocumentnetartintheirpersonalsurroundings,whichemphasizestheirpersonalexperience.1.Captureaudienceexperience.Thegoalofthedocumentationistocaptureaudienceexperiencewhichcanbeusedatalaterstageinexhibitionsettingstoaddtotheworkortoreplacethework.Withthisgoalinmindweliketoanswerthefollowingquestions:
• Wheredoweneedtopositionthephysicalcamera?• Whathappenswiththelightingsituation(alsothinkofthismethodwhen
executedinadifferentenvironment)?• Whatroledoessoundplay(bothfromtheworkaswellastheenvironmentorthe
person)?• Wouldtherebeaneedtoeditthework(s)afterthey’vebeenrecorded?Whyso,
orwhynot?Whatsoftwareisbesttouse,whatarethespecifications,advantages,andlimitations?
20
2.Template.Aproductofthesepilotswillnotonlybethedocumentedmaterial,butwealsowanttoworktowardsatemplateorprotocolthatpeoplecanfollowtodocumentnetartthemselves.Athttp://net.artdatabase.org/instructions/youfindtheinstructionsdescribedbyDullaartandSakrowski.
• Isthetemplateunderstandableforalayperson?• Whatneedsfurtherexplanation,andhowwouldyouexplainthat?• Isthemetadatasufficient,whatshouldbeaddedorchanged(thinkalsoofother
informationlike,personalinvolvementwithorpreviousknowledgeofthework,descriptionoftheexperience,etc)?
3.Questioningthemethod.Documentationisusedforvariouspurposes;thinkofpresentation,preservation,publicity,arthistoricalorsocialresearch,etc.Weliketofindoutifthemethodwe’refollowingnowissufficientforeachofthesedifferentusesandifnotwhatshouldbedifferent?Severalquestionsthatmighthelpinansweringthisare:
• Isitthebestwaytodocumentnetartinapersonal/subjectivemanner?• Whatdoesitshowandwhatdoesitnotshow?Andhowdoestheoneortheother
effecttheresult/goal?• Howdoesthemethodusedrelatetothegoal,wouldadifferentgoalrequirea
differentmethod,andwhatotherformscouldyouthinkof?• Howeasydoyouthinkitistousethismethodbyyourself?• Whatwouldbethepreferredpresentationplatformforthesedocumentation
sample(nowYouTubeischosen,butcanyouthinkofotherspaces)?Thispartwillreflectontheprocessofdocumentationandthedocumentationasend‐result.Thiscouldresultintheformofashortessay. PreparationWeexpectyoutohavereadtheinformationaboveandthementionedinformationonnet.artdatabase.org.Therewillbetwotestpersonspresentperpilot.Youwillswitchbetween‘testsubject’and‘observer’.Astestpersonyouwillfirstbeaskedtovisitasmallselectionofwebsitesrandomly,‘onyourownterms’withoutadditionalinformation.Afterthisweprovideyouwithsomeadditionalinformationabouttheartworksorartistsandyou’llbeaskedtovisitthesitesagain.Boththesesessionswillberecorded.
Asobserverwewouldlikeyoutokeepinmindtheobjectiveofthepilotabove.Youcantakenotesaboutthestepswetake,thetechnologicalspecificationssuchasthepositionofthecamera,light,soundsetc.andotherinformationthatshouldpossiblybementionedinthetemplate.ThetestdayandlayoutThetestpersonsitsbehindacomputerandisfilmedfromanover‐shouldershot.Thescreeniscapturedaswellpartoftheenvironment.Wewilldocumenthowthepersonnavigatesthroughthewebsite.Mostimportantlythephysicalcameracapturesthesubjectiveviewingexperience,iethepersonviewingthenetartinaspecificenvironment.Thescreencapturesoftwarewillcapturethecomputerscreen,themovementofthemouseandanyadditionalcomputersoundsthatareencounteredinthework.
21
2.Additionalinformationabouttheartworksthatwasgiventotestpersonsbeforethesecondrecordingsession.__________________________
Pilot1:AdditionalInformationPleasereadthisinformationaspreparationbeforethesecondsession.Itwillgiveyouabetterunderstanding,ormoreentrypoints,intotheartworks.TheoDeutinger,WorldatWork(2008)Nexttoarchitecturalwork,thearchitectTheoDeutingeralsoproducesso‐called'snapshotsofglobalization'.Theseareinformationvisualizationsandmapsrepresentingtheworld(anditsglobalization)ataparticularmoment.The"WorldAtWork"projectisamulti‐layeredvisualizationdepictingandexploringworldwideworkingpatternsoftheworldpopulation.Deutingerhaspresentedthisissueintheformofaworldclock.ThecentralelementsofthisclockareEarth'sorbitinoursolarsystemandEarth'srotationarounditsownaxis.Afterall,ourday/nightrhythmisbasedonthisnaturalcourseoftheplanet.Theclockshowsthetimesonwhichdifferentpartsoftheworldpopulationareworking,sleepingorenjoyingleisuretime.Bytakingtheworkingdayfromninetofiveasthepointofdeparture,theclockisprovidedwithacriticaldimensionwhenitcomestothedivisionoflabor.Asaresult,theclockrevealstheunbalanceddivisionoflaborbetweenthevarioustimezonesonourplanet.Deutinger'sworldclockshowstheactivityoftheworldpopulationatspecificmomentsofthedayandcreatesadirectconnectionbetweentheoriginsoftime‐thesolarsystem‐andthemostadvancedmeansofcalculatingtime:thecomputer.(Source:Impakt,http://www.impakt.nl/index.php/artworks/world_work) Jaromil,TimeBasedText(2005) Denis"Jaromil"Rojoisafreesoftwareprogrammer,amediaartistandactivist.HehasmadesignificantcontributionstothedevelopmentofmultimediaandstreamingapplicationsontheGNU/Linuxplatform(thefreecounterpartofcommercialbrandslikeMicrosoftandMacintosh).HewasborninPescara,Italy,butnowlivesinAmsterdam,Netherlands.TimeBasedTextcanbeconsideredsoftwareart,butaboveallitisanewformofdigitalpoetics.TimeBasedTextoffersacreative,experimental,joyfulandcriticalwayofhandlingdigitaltextbyimplementinginteractive,newsoftwareandnetworkcommunications. TimeBasedTextisatype‐performancethatillustratesfeelings.Theemphasisofthesoftwareisontheprocessofwriting/typing.Itisatoolfortime‐basedrecordingandplaybackoftheprocessoftypingamessage,withtheaccuracyofmilliseconds.Thebasicinterfacefortypingrecordsalltypingandplaysitbackexactlythewaythetextwastypedthefirsttime,includingallhesitationsandmisspellings.Itrevealsadditionalinformationondigitalpoetry,becausethespeedoftypingandreadingit,arevisualised.E‐mail,blogs,allkindsofdigitalmediacanbegivena“humantouch”byTBT. Thesoftwarehasbeenkeptasbasicaspossible,isfreetouseandusersareencouragedtoaddfunctionalities.ThespecialTBTwebsiteoffersspaceforTBT‐createdmessages,haiku’sandpoetry,sothatvisitorscanadmireeachotherswork.(Source:Impakt,http://impakt.nl/index.php/artworks/time_based_text)
22
Note:Typeyourtext,whenfinishedpressctrl‐candgotothedesktoptofindyourfile(recorded‐text.html),doubleclicktoopen.JODI,wwwwwwwww.jodi.org(1995)DirkPaesmans&JoanHeemskerkworktogetherintheNetunderthecommonnameofJodi.Theycomefromtheworldofphotography,videoandperformanceandtransformtheprocesseswhichnormallyoccurinthebackgroundontothesurfaceoftheirWebpagesatjodi.org.Jodi.orgpositionsitselfasathoroughgoingcritiqueofInternetpractice,deployingthefamiliarglyphsandsignsofInternetprotocolbothascentralcomponentsofitslookandfeel,andinordertotesttheconventionsofcoding,designandtheorganisationof'content'ontheWeb.Thesiteisassembledaroundtheconceitofthemalfunctioninginterface,withtheindexpagestakingtheircuesfromcrashscreensalltoofamiliartomanyNetusers.In``Location''http://wwwwwwwww.jodi.organd``faq''http://wwwwwwwww.jodi.org/100cc/faq/index.html,thebrowserdisplaydoesn'tseemtobereadableexceptasletternoise,butrendersas‘readable’textwhenclickingon``ViewSourcecode''inthewebbrowser.Justasthewebsiteplayswithitsaccessibilityandnon‐accessibilityonthemeta‐datalevelofitsaddressschemes,itplayswithvisibleandhiddencodesonthedatalevelofitsfiles,makingwhat'splainopaqueandviceversa.(Source:MediaMaticMagazine,http://www.mediamatic.nl/magazine/previews/reviews/king/king_jodi.html)MartineNeddam,Mouchette(1996)ApioneerofnetartanddesignerofparticipatorycontentbeforetheadventofWeb2.0,MartineNeddamisanartistwhouseslanguageasrawmaterialforherworks.Speechacts,modesofaddress,wordsinpublicspacesarethethemesthatdriveherwork.OntheInternet,shehascreatedvirtualcharacterswholeadanautonomousartisticexistenceinwhichherownidentityisneverrevealed.Theidentityofthesecharactersisenergizedthroughtheparticipationofthesite’svisitors.Unpredictableeventsinspiredbyinternettersareattheverycoreofherartisticdevelopment.SucheventsalsorepresentcurrentconcernsaboutissuesofidentityinthiseraofWeb2.0.(Source:bienallemontreal,http://www.biennalemontreal.org/en/2011/artists/mouchette‐aka‐martine‐neddam) Mouchette.orgisaninteractivewebsitecreatedin1996byapseudonymouscharacter,anAmsterdam‐basedartistwhocallsherself"Mouchette".Withherinnocentsalutationandclaimstobe"nearlythirteen"[1]greetingusfromtheintroductionpage,whatinitiallyappearsasapersonalwebsiteofapre‐pubescentfemaleartist,evolvesintodarkerthemesinthesubsequentpages.(Source:wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouchette.org)
23
Pilot2:AdditionalInformationPleasereadthisinformationaspreparationbeforethesecondsession.Itwillgiveyouabetterunderstanding,ormoreentrypoints,intotheartworks.
ConstantDullaart,TherevolvingInternetandthesleepingInternetForConstantDullaarttheInternetservesasamediumaswellasasubjectofartisticproduction.HismainstrategyistheexplorationofthemultifacetedlanguagesofcontemporaryimagescirculatingontheInternetandtheirre‐contextualisationasfoundmaterialinamediumofitsown.Withhisartworks,theAmsterdam‐andBerlin‐basedartistdigsdeeplyintothecachesofanetworkedculturalproductionwithoutlimitingthemediumtosimpletechnologicaltraits:thedefaultstyleofWeb‐basedplatforms,theirwidespreadandoftenunscrutiniseduseaswellasthepopularityofgloballystandardisedinterfacesaremanipulatedwiththeaimofinvestigatingtheirsocialpotential.Dullaart’spracticerangesfromartmadewithandforself‐explanatorydomainnamessuchasTheRevolvingInternet.comorTheSleepingInternet.comandvideoworkssuchasYouTubeasaSubjectaswellastheadoptionofthisseriesofshortloopsfortherealspaceunderthetitleYouTubeasaSculpture.BrianDroitcourwritesforArtinAmericamagazine:“Dullaart’sready‐madesdemonstratehisinterestinwhatmightbecalled‘default’style—theblandtablesofsansseriftextandsoullessstockphotographythatframeadsforsomeofthemostcommonsearchterms(autoinsurance,cheapairlinetickets,pornography),baringtheunderbellyoftheInternet’spopularuse.”...andthecircleisturningandturningandturning—withnoendinsight.(Source:http://cont3xt.net/blog/?p=4567)AlexanderGalloway/Govcom.org,TheIPBrowser(2009)Googlehasgivenustherankedlistofsearchenginereturns.Librariansandeditorsprovidedirectories,theWebcategorizedhelpfullyintotopics.ThereisathirdwayofnavigatingtheWeb,stillpresentinthe"nextblog"featureofblogspot.com,whichrecallsearlyWebrings.TheIPBrowsercreatesanalternativebrowsingexperiencethatforegroundstheWeb'smachinehabitatandreturnstheuserbacktothebasicsoforderlyWebbrowsing.TheIPBrowserlooksupyourIPaddress,andallowsyoutobrowsetheWebsitesinyourIPneighbourhood,onebyoneintheorderinwhichtheyaregivenintheIPaddressspace.TheIPbrowserhasalimitedsetoffeatures:theusercaneitherclicktothenexthigherIPaddressornextlowerone,usingforwardandbackwardbuttons.Likearadioscanner,thebrowserskipsoveremptypartsofthespectrum,incrementingthecurrentIPaddressupwardordownwarduntilthenextIPhostingawebserviceonport80isfound.Inthisway,theuserisabletobrowsespecificIPaddressneighbourhoods.TheIPBrowserre‐contextualizestheWebasinfrastructurewithinwhichwebsitesarefit.(Source:DigitalMethods,http://ipbrowser.digitalmethods.net/about.html)DaveGriffiths/AymericMansoux/MarloesdeValk,NakedonPluto(2011)NakedonPlutoisaMultiplayerTextAdventureGameonFacebook.YouwakeuponPluto,inacityundertheruleofElasticVersaillesrevision14,acorruptedArtificialIntelligenceandformerentertainmentcolony.ItusedtobetheLasVegasoftheSolar
24
System,atrueparadiseforconsumersandcorporationsalike.Untilsomethingsnapped...Whathappenedandhowtoescape?Versaillesisacapitalofconvenience,anonstop24hrzoneofendlesspleasure,providedbyPluto’shugeentertainmentcorporations.Amuseyourselfandyourfriendsforhoursonendcollectingmeaninglesstokens,talkingtoourblandrobots,orsimplyrelaxandtakeinthestaggeringconformityofyournewhome.Takeabsolutelynonoticeoftheareasyouaren’tallowedtogointo,evenifitwerepossibletobreakoutofthezonearoundthePalace,whywouldyoupossiblywantto–orindeedwhychangethecorestructuresofthisworldwhentheyhavebeensoexcellentlytailoredtofityoureverydesire?Thegameexploresthelimitsandnatureofsocialnetworksfromwithin,slowlypushingtheboundariesofwhatistoleratedbythecompaniesthatownthem,carefullydocumentingthisprocessaswego.Storyandplayarecombinedwithaninvestigationonhowexposedweareonsocialnetworks,andhowourdataarebeingused.(Source:NIMk,http://nimk.nl/eng/naked‐on‐pluto)JODI,GeoGoodewebversie(2008)JODIexplorestherelationsbetweentheworldwebuildthroughtheInternetandtheonebasedonourpastmentalandphysicalmaps.ServicessuchasGoogleMapshavechangedradicallyourworldviewbymakingtheGlobeaccessibleasacommercialmulti‐usersurface.Mappingtheseonlinegeometricalconstructstorealityandviceversa,overlayingtheirfiguresasjoggingpaths,The'ParcRoyal'ofBrussels(WarandePark)becomesanINFOParkrevealingsymbolsandmysteriesofthecapitaleofBelgiumandEurope,amplifyingordeconstructingthemthroughanintricatewebofdataandassociations.In'GEOGOO',JODIappropriatesGoogleMapsasacanvasforanartisticinterventionthat,likemanyoftheirotherworks,challengesconventionalexpectationsofafamiliarinterface.Theartistduoaccomplishthisbyintroducingrandomnessandapparentchaos,bysubvertingcodeandsubtractingmeaning.Mapsoftheentireglobe,ofregions,seasandmountainranges,andevenofthemoonandthestarrysky,all'poweredbyGoogle',aresuperimposedwithagrowingdatabaseofcrazyandintricatemathematicalpatterns.Theshapesaredrawnwiththedefaultmarkers,placeholdersandpathsthatareavailabletousers,allowinganyonetoannotateandpersonalizetheirownGoogleMaps.Theshapesandlinesstronglyremindoftheoccultandmysticpractice,ofmanycenturies,ofsuperimposingesotericgeometricalsignsandsymbolsuponmaps.Thislongtraditionoftracingshapesincartography,ofexploringsecretinformationandmeaningsintheeverydayenvironment,isstronglyconnectedtoJODI'sowninvestigationofhiddencodes,patternsandmessagesindigitalsystems.(Source:Imal,http://www.imal.org/GEOGOO/ )