document.pdf

WARNINGNot suitable for children under 8 years. For use under adult supervision. Contains small parts that could be ingested and also sharp edges. Handle with care. Contains some chemicals which present a hazard to health. Read the instructions before use, follow them and keep them for reference. Do not allow chemicals to come into contact with any part of the body, particularly the mouth and eyes. Keep small children and animals away from experiments. Keep the experimental set out of reach of children under 8 years old. Eye

protection for supervising adults is not included. Images are for illustrative purposes only, some parts or colours may dier. Keep this information for future reference.

ScienceScience

Brain ActivatorBrain Activator

Build a fun

rocket and make

fizzy bombs!

Build a fun

rocket and make

fizzy bombs!

Build a fun

rocket and make

fizzy bombs!

Build a fun

rocket and make

fizzy bombs!

2CreativityCreativity

LearningLearning

Vocabulary

Vocabulary

Conc

entr

atio

n

Conc

entr

atio

n

ReasoningReasoning

Through play, children develop dierent cognitive skills. Scientic studies show that when we are having fun or making discoveries during an experiment, a neurotransmitter called Dopamine is released.

Dopamine is known to be responsible for feelings like motivation, reward and learning and that's why experiences are related to positive feelings. So, if learning is a positive experience, it will stimulate the brain to develop various skills.

Therefore, Science4you aims to develop educational toys that combine fun with education by fostering curiosity and experimentation.

Find out below which skills can be developed with the help of this educational toy!

Dear parents and guardians

The educational feature is one of the key strengths of our toys. We aim to provide toys which enable children's development of physical, emotional and social skills.

Find out more about the Brain Activator in Science4you toys at:

www.science4youtoys.co.uk/brain-activator

Este manual foi elaborado de acordo com as metas curriculares das discipli-nas de Estudo do Meio, Cincias Natu-rais e Cincias Fsico-Qumicas dos se-guintes anos escolares:- 1 Ciclo: 4ano;- 2 Ciclo: 7ano;- 3 Ciclo: 8ano.

4, 7 e 8

anos

1st edition, Science4you Ltd.London, United KingdomAuthor: Ins MartinsCo-author: Flvia LeitoScientific review: Ana Garcia and Flvia LeitoRevision: Flvia LeitoProject managment: Ana GarciaProduct development: Ins MartinsDesign managment: Daniela SilvaDesign: Marcos RebeloIllustrations: Marcos Rebelo

3Index

SAFETY RULESGENERAL FIRST AID INFORMATIONLIST OF CHEMICALS SUPPLIED DISPOSAL OF USED CHEMICALSADVICE FOR SUPERVISING ADULTSKIT CONTENTS 1. Explosive science2. The chemistry of the explosions

2.1. Chemical reactionsa) Chemical transformations by the action of heatb) Chemical transformations by the action of lightc) Chemical transformations by the action of electric currentd) Chemical transformations by mechanical actionse) Chemical transformations by combination of substances

2.2. Velocity of chemical reactions2.3. Combustion and explosions

3. Explosive experimentsExperiment 1. The dance of colours Experiment 2. Chromatography IExperiment 3. Chromatography IIExperiment 4. Comets of M&MsExperiment 5. Fizzy bombsExperiment 6. Lemon foamExperiment 7. Magic potionExperiment 8. Inflate a balloon without blowingExperiment 9. Explosive bagExperiment 10. Foam with white eggExperiment 11. Coloured foams Experiment 12. Mini bomb of waterExperiment 13. The sound of thunderExperiment 14. Lava lamp Experiment 15. The pharaohs snakesExperiment 16. Explosive geyser Experiment 17. Firework Experiment 18. Birthday cake sparklers Experiment 19. Flour and flameExperiment 20. Mini-rocketExperiment 21. Rocket balloon Experiment 22. RocketExperiment 23. Balloon that doesnt pop Experiment 24. Fireproof balloonExperiment 25. Pierce a bag of water with a pencil

4455567778999

1010111617181819192021212223242526272728293031313233343435

KaboomKaboom

4GENERAL FIRST AID INFORMATION- In case of eye contact: Wash out eye with plenty of water, holding eye open if necessary. Seek immediate medical advice.- If swallowed: Wash out mouth with water, drink some fresh water. Do not induce vomiting. Seek immediate medical advice.- In case of inhalation: Remove person to fresh air.- In case of skin contact and burns: Wash affected area with plenty of water for at least 10 minutes.- In case of doubt, seek medical advice without delay. Take the chemical and its container with you.- In case of injury always seek medical advice.

SAFETY RULES- Read these instructions before use, follow them and keep them for reference.- Keep young children, animals and those not wearing eye protection away from experimental area.- Always wear eye protection.- Store this experimental set out of reach of children under 8 years of age.- Clean all equipment after use.- Make sure that all containers are fully closed and properly stored after use.- Ensure that all empty containers and/or non-reclosable packaging are disposed of properly.- Wash hands after carrying out experiments.- Do not use any equipment which has not been supplied with the set or recommended in the instructions for use.- Do not eat or drink in the experimental area.- Do not allow chemicals to come into contact with the eyes or mouth.- Do not replace foodstuffs in original container. Dispose of immediately.- Throw away any food used during the experiments.- The dyes included in this kit can stain. Keep away from clothes and delicate fabrics.

In case of emergency dialUSA 911 | UK 999 |

Australia 000 | Europe 112

Write the telephone number of the local poison centre or hospital in the space below. They may be able to provide information on countermeasures in case of poisoning.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, elec-tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of Science4you Ltd., or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Any unauthorised use of this book, or any violation of this books rights, allows Science4you Ltd., to be fairly compensated in legal terms, and not excluding criminal liability for those who are responsible for such violations.

5DISPOSAL OF USED CHEMICALSWhen you need to dispose of chemical substances, it is necessary to make reference to national and/or local regulations. In any case you sure never throw chemicals into sewers and garbage. For more details please refer to a competent authority. For disposal of packaging make use of the specif collections points.

ADVICE FOR SUPERVISING ADULTS- Read and follow these instructions, the safety rules and the first aid information, and keep them for reference.- The incorrect use of chemicals can cause injury and damage to health. Only carry out those experiments which are listed in the instructions.- This experimental set is for use only by children over 8 years.- Because childrens abilities vary so much, even within age groups, supervising adults should exercise discretion as to which experiments are suitable and safe for them. The instructions should enable supervisors to assess any experiment to establish its suitability for a particular child.- The supervising adult should discuss the warnings and safety information with the child or children before commencing the experiments.- The area surrounding the experiment should be kept clear of any obstructions and away from the storage of food. It should be well lit and ventilated and close to a water supply. A solid table with a heat resistant top should be provided.

LIST OF CHEMICALS SUPPLIED

Chemical substance Chemical formula CAS number

Citric acid C6H8O7 77-92-9

Warning

Hazard Statement:H319: Causes serious eye irritation.Precautionary Statement- Prevention:P264: Wash hands thoroughly after handling.P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.Precautionary Statement- Response:P305 + P351 + P338: IF IN EYES: rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.P337+P313: If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 144-55-8 -

Salt (Sodium chloride) NaCl 7647-14-5 -

Irow powder Fe 7439-89-6

Warning

Hazard Statement:H228: Flammable solid.Precautionary Statement- Prevention:P210: Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. No smoking.

6KIT CONTENTS

1

7 89

10 11

12 13

2 3 4

5

6

14 15

16

1718

19

20

21 2223

24

Description:

1. Protective goggles2. Sodium bicarbonate3. Salt4. Citric acid5. Large measuring cups6. Kaboom paper sheet7. Funnel8. Round plastic container9. Small measuring cups with lids10. Coloured paper sheets11. Decorative sticker for the rocket12. Rectangular plastic container13. Round filter papers14. Balloons15. Plastic spatulas16. Pasteur pipettes17. Wooden spatulas18. Plastic bags with zip-lock19. Plastic test tubes20. Iron powder21. Red food colouring22. Green food colouring23. Candle24. Protective gloves

Quantity:

111131112311281334111111

7Image 1. This symbol indicates that a substance is in explosion hazard if it gets closer to a flame, sparkle, static electricity, heat or if it suffers some kind of friction. It also indicates the hazard of projection of fragments.

DID YOU KNOW...That science can also be explosive?

An explosion is the result of a rapid and non controled release of energy!

Do you know what an explosion is? And how can it occur?

Scientist, look at the symbol below: its

used to indicate places where exists danger of

explosion!

Hello Scientist!Do you want to know more about the biggest explosions in history?

Become a real scientist and discover the curiosities we have for you in the following link:

www.science4youtoys.co.uk/explosive-science

Curiosities+

Curiosities+

An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat.

2. The chemistry of the explosions

Chemistry is the main science under an ex-plosion!

DID YOU KNOW...That an explosion can occur due to an exothermic chemical reaction?

But how can these chemical reactions (transformations) occur?

2.1. Chemical reactions

Everyday we are surrounded by lots of chemical transformations or reactions. In every chemical reaction there are the reagents (the initial substances that react) and the products (the new substances that forms while the reaction is happening). The products have different characteristics of those of the reagents.

Chemical reactions can be resumed in a word scheme like this:

1. Explosive science

ReagentsProducts

8Our senses can help us detecting if something happened or its happening. How? When we notice, for example: A colour exchange; A gas release; The appearing of a solid; A special smell; The formation of a flame; Temperature changes.

This kind of transformations may occur by the action of heat, light, eletric current, mechanical action or by the combination of substances.

a) Chemical transformations by the action of heat

This type of transformations occurs, for example, when the bread bakes. During this process, some chemical reactions have place!

In Nature, some geological transformations are also examples of this type of chemical reactions, e. g. the volcanic eruptions.

A volcanic eruption is characterized by the emission of volcanic materials, during a volcano activity. These materials can be liquids (lava), solids (tephra) and/or gaseous (steam, carbon dioxide, among others). A volcano is a rupture on the Earth crust that allows the contact between the interior and the surface of our planet. Volcanic eruptions can be from several types, like effusive or explosive.

When bread bakes, the heat is responsible to transform the substances. In the oven, bread gets full of little holes because of the carbon dioxide that is release when the baking powder reacts, due to the action of the heat.

DID YOU KNOW...It was in Mount Tambora, on the island of Sambowa in Indonesia, that occured one of the most powerful explosions ever seen by the humanity?In 1815, this volcano erupted and the explosion was heard on Sumatra that stays at more than 2,600 kilometres (km) (1.600 mi) away! The ashes that was re-leased, blocked suns entry and so 1816 was the second coldest year ever!

Image 2. There are several kinds of volcanic eruptions.

Image 3. Mount Tambora.

But how can we know that some reaction happened or

its still happening?

9Geysers can occur before a vol-canic eruption or as a residual phenomena after the erup-tion. Geysers can stay active over several years or decades.

Fumaroles and thermal springs are also considered manifestations of secondary volcanism.

DID YOU KNOW...There is a place in United States of America where are more than 10.000 geysers?It is the Yellowstone National Park.

Secondary volcanism can also be seen as real explosions and are examples of chemical reactions due to heat.

A geyser is an example of secondary volcanism. Geysers are characterized by intermittent discharges of water that are violently ejected and accompanied by steam. These water jets can reach hundreds of meteres high.

Image 4. Geyser.

b) Chemical transformations by the action of light

Photosynthesis is an example of this kind of transformation. This is a process used by plants (and other organisms) to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Image 5. Photosynthesis occurs because of the presence of light. Legend: CO2 - Carbon dioxide; O2 - Oxygen.

Energy

CO2

H2O

O2

c) Chemical transformations by the action of electric current

This kind of transformarions occurs, in car industry e.g. In this type of industry, chemical transformations by electric current have place. One example is the chrome plating (technique of electroplating a thin layer of chromium onto a metal or plastic object). This turns cars more resistant to corrosion.

Image 6. Car pieces chrome plating.

d) Chemical transformations by mechanical action

These are chemical transformations that happens, for example, when we light a match (pressing it on a sandpaper) or when dynamite explodes! The energy released when there is some friction or collision can be enough to start a chemical reaction.

DID YOU KNOW...That in a violent car crash, the airbags are activated by mechanical action?When the vehicle suffers a violent colision, a chemical transformation takes place, with a gas release (nitrogen) that inflates the airbag.

10

The violence of an explosion depends on the velocity that the energy is released with. A tyre, e.g., can explode if the velocity of the energy released is very high as opposed to when the velocity is lower and there is a slow loss of air.

So, it is very important to control the velocity of a chemical reaction.

e) Chemical transformations by combation of substances

This kind of transformations takes place, for example, when vinegar and baking soda (or other bile salts) are mixed.

Image 8. Chemical transformations by combination of substances.

DID YOU KNOW...That the same chemical reaction, in different conditions, can occur at different velocities?

DID YOU KNOW...In science laboratories this kind of chemical reactions are quite common?

In our daily life there are some reactions that should be very quick, but there are others that need to be very slow!

The velocity of a chemical reaction can be evaluated by the quantity of product that is formed in a certain time and the opposite as well. It can also be evaluated by the time that the reagent takes to be consumed.

Calalysts are substances that increases the rate of a chemical reaction!

Image 7. Airbag.

But what can influence the velocity of these

reactions?

2.2. Velocity of chemical reactions

There are several factores that can affect the velocity of a chemical reaction, e.g., the reagents concentration, the contact surface area to react that is available, the temperature, the pressure and the presence of catalysts.

In chemical industry, reactions should be the fastest possible, so the processes may be the most economic possible. On the other hand, in food industry, reactions should be slow be-cause its important to delay food decay.

11

The velocity of a chemical reaction is also responsible for the violence of an

explosion!

Image 9. Explosion.

DID YOU KNOW...That an explosion can be a way of combustion with the formation of a flame and a rumble?

Explosions can occur in open or closed spaces like buildings, gas tanques, among others.

Mechanics, the science that studies forces and their actions, is also related to explosions! The increase of the thermic energy pressure (increase of the particles movement [atoms, molecules or ions]), the increase of the tension in metals (aplied forces) or the increase of electric energy can also create an explosion.

What is a combustion

reaction?

2.2. Combustion and explosions

Combustion reactions occur between an oxidizing and a fuel.

Fuel is the material that burns (e.g. coal, wood, oil, petrol, gas, ethanol, among others).

Fuels can be solids (wood, paraffin...), liquids (alchool, petrol...) or gaseous (natural gas, hydrogen...).

Oxidizing is the substance that reacts with the fuel, generally oxygen!

DID YOU KNOW...That without oxygen there is no flame?

The flame you can see on the stove is the result of a combustion reaction between fuel (propane gas, butane gas or natural gas) and the oxidizing (oxygen). As you already read, this reaction can only take place if this two components are present.

In this way we can say that a combustion reaction can only take place if there is the simultaneous presence of the fuel, of the oxidizing and of a heat source - the combustion initiator! A heat source can be, for example, when you scrape a match in the sandpaper. We can also call this an activation energy!

12

DID YOU KNOW...That the colour of a flame indicates its intensity?A stove flame is blue and a candle flame is yellow. A blue colour means that the flame is more intense than the yellow one.

Rockets also works by combustion reactions!

In the absence of one of these elements, the chemical reaction dont have place or stops occurring.

Fuel + Oxygen + Heat

Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Image 10. Chemical reaction of lightning a match by mechanical action.

Image 13. The flame of a candle is different of the flame of a stove.

Image 14. Rockets.

Image 11. The fire triangle.

Image 12. Combustion reaction.

These three elements make the fire triangle or combustion triangle.

Rockets carry satellites and people into space. A rocket burns fuel to produce a jet of gas, and so it needs to transport not only the fuel but also the oxidizing (because in space there isnt oxygen). When one of this elements runs out, the rocket falls down to Earth.

Fuel

Oxygen Heat

Reagents

Products

KaboomKaboom

13

DID YOU KNOW...That the operating of a rocket is an ex-cellent demonstration of Newtons Third Law?This is a very important law that says that every action has a reaction that is equal but opposite of itself.

DID YOU KNOW...That combustions can be spontaneous, rapid or explosive?

An explosion is a combustion that occurs suddenly when a material is heated, liberating a large amount of gas and producing, light and sound!

Fuel and oxygen are mixed in the combustion chamber and the explosion occurs in this chamber. Because of the explosion, pressure is made against the walls of the chamber, except in the lower part. However, the reaction to the pressure that is caused by the gas in the explosion is enough to provide the movement of the rockets.

Humans still not knowing how to dominate florestal fires, this is why these are such a challenge! Chemistry development is helping to understand how to better control a florestal fire.

To extinguish a fire we always need to eliminate one of the elements of the fire triangle.

Why can we extinguish a fire with water?

Water is capable of reduce the fuel tempera-ture and so the combustion may stop.

Water, however, is not always capable of extin-guish a fire. For instance, we should never pour water in a fire that started in cooking oil. In this case water will just feed the fire! Do you know why? Water is denser than oil and so tends to stay under the oil, where the temperature is higher. For this reason water automatically is transformed in steam. As the explosion of the steam happens, this force will expand the oil, that will be projected from the cooking pan and also expand the fire.

DID YOU KNOW...That water is not capable of extinguish all kinds of fire?

Everytime you push a wall, it pushes you back.

You push the wall.

The wall pushes you back.

14

Fires can be extinguished using a fire extinguisher or some fuel, promoting the absence of oxygen.

In combustion reactions one of the reagents is oxygen. In reactions like the iron oxidation, however, there is no flame.

To protect metals from corrosion, these can be painted, varnished or coated with other metals or other protective materials that are not easy attacked by humid air.

Aluminium, zinc and copper slowly reacts with atmospheric oxygen and this leads to the formation of a thin layer of oxide in their surface that protects these metals from the air. This oxide layer interrupts the progressive corrosion of the internal part of the material.

In our cells happens one of the most important combustion reactions - celullar respiration!

Cellular respiration is a no flame combustion where oxigen and glucose (the sugar present in food) reacts to release the energy we need to survive!

DID YOU KNOW...That old buildings made of copper tends to gain a green layer, that is known as verdigris?

DID YOU KNOW...That exists some combustions where there are no flame production?This is what happens in metalic oxidations or in aerobic cellular respiration.

DID YOU KNOW...That in human body also occurs combustion reactions?

Iron oxidation:Reagents: iron, oxygen and water;Products: hydrated iron oxide (rust).

Iron rust leads to corrosion because the iron oxide that is formed does not protect the metal against the oxygen from the air.

Image 15. When iron is exposed to air, suffers corrosion and gets rusted.

Image 16. Oxidazed coin with verdigris.

15

A part of this energy is stored in our cells; the rest is released in the form of heat.

In explosive combustions, large amounts of gases and heat are released in a short period of time.

Glucose + Oxygen

Image 17. Combustion of glucose.

Image 18. Aerobic cellular respiration.

Oxidizing Fuel

Oxygen Glucose

Cell

Water

Water dioxide

Energy

With the increase of the temperature, gases tends to expand. When they are in a closed container, the pressure increa-ses until a rupture point. In this case an explosion may take place!

In fact, combustion is a chemical redox reaction (reduction-oxidation) with a big release of energy!

At the kitchen....Explosive recipes!

Why does corn explodes while we are doing popcorn? Every kernel of corn is composed of water and starch. When we heat them, the water that is inside the corn, is transformed into steam. As the temperature increases, the steam starts to make pressure inside the kernel and as so, the pericarp (the exterior layer) breaks. This is why it looks like the corn explods! The white part we see is the re-sult of the starch expansion.

In Nature...Sparkles and rumbles!Lightings are intense and extremely rapid electrostatic discharges! But how are these formed? This happens during an electrical storm between electrically charged regions of a cloud, between two clouds or between a cloud and the ground.

POFPOF

POFPOF

Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Reagents

Products

KaboomKaboom

KaboomKaboom

16

The sound we hear is the result of the rapid expansion of the air due to the intense heat derived from the lightning. Actually, the lightning and the sound happens at the same time. However, sound velocity is much lower that light velocity and this is why we first see the light and then we can listen to the sound!

Image 19. Thunderstorm.

Hello Scientist!Do you want to know more fun curiosities about fireworks and ex-

plosives?

So go to the following link and have fun!


Curiosities+

Curiosities+

3. Explosive experiments

Apart from the material included in your kit, what else will you need? Milk Washing-up liquid Toothpicks Coloured markers Plastic dish Teaspoon Ice cube Porcelain bowl Large bowl Tall glass Egg (egg white) Small cloth Fishing line/thread (2 metres) Coloured drages (for example M&Ms and Skittles) Lemon Vinegar Cooking oil Small and empty plastic bottle Napkins Sand 96% Ethanol Sugar Matches/lighter Carbonated soft drink (diet) Sheet of paper Plastic card Cornflour/ wheat flour Sharpened pencils Straws Strainer Hairdryer Table tennis ball Corkscrew Sticky tape Skewers Small Kraft paper bag Aluminium foil Cork stopper Water/warm water from a tap Table salt Bicycle pump Pump adapter to fill in balls Thick card X-acto knife Scissors

- - - -

++++

All experiments labelled with this symbol, for having an explosive and spectacular effect, must be performed outdoors and under the supervision of an adult!

Scientist, put on your pro-tective goggles and gloves before each experiment!

OUTDOOR

EXPERIMENT

17

Material included in the kit.

Colour explosion

Experiment 1The dance of colours

What you will need: Rectangular plastic container Milk Food colourings (red and green) Pasteur pipette Large measuring cup Toothpicks Washing-up liquid

Steps:1. Pour a little of milk into the plastic container, about half the size of the measuring cup. Let it rest for a few minutes.

2. With the Pasteur pipette, add some drops of food colourings to the milk. Make sure the drops remain at the surface and apart form each other.

Note: you must use a different Pasteur pipette for each food colouring.

3. Dip the toothpicks tip in the washing-up liquid, enough to collect only one drop.

4. Place the toothpick with the drop of washing-up liquid in the middle of a drop of food colouring.

Scientist, did your colours explode?

ATTENTION: when you complete the experi-ment, throw away all food products used.

Explanation:Milk is a liquid made up of water, fat and proteins. When you put the food colouring on its surface, it doesnt get mixed with the milk. If you put the toothpick with a drop of washing-up liquid in the drops of colourings, they move far apart and create an explosion of colours! This happens because the washing-up liquid breaks all the bonds between the milk molecules and also breaks the surface tension, mixing the molecules and creating the colour explosion that you can see! Surface tension happens because the molecules of milk on the surface suffer a great attraction among them. Inside the liquid, all molecules of milk have the same attraction forces, but in all directions. The molecules of milk at the surface only suffer the attraction of molecules on the side and underneath, as for on top there is only air. As the number of molecules that are

Remember to wash thoroughly the material after each experi-ment! During an experiment, do not use the same material for different reagents. Otherwise you can influence the experiments.

How to use a Pasteur pipette:

18

Explanation:This process is called chromatography. Chro-matography is a physical-chemical method used to separate homogeneous mixtures. The separation of its components is possible because they present different weight, mass and density.

When it is a complex colour (secondary), it is

attracted is lower, there is compensation, a greater attraction force at the surface, forming a kind of film.

Experiment 2Chromatography I

What you will need: Round filter paper Coloured markers Water Absorbent paper (napkins)

Steps:1. With the markers draw small dots on the filter paper, in a circular scheme, as you can see in the image below.

2. Make a small roll with a sheet of absorbent paper and dip its tip in water.

3. Press the tip of the wet absorbent paper against the centre of the filter paper in order to wet it.

Experiment 3Chromatography II

What you will need: Round filter paper Pasteur pipette Large measuring cup Water Plastic dish 4 Coloured drages (Skittles, for example)

Steps:1. Place the round filter paper on a plastic dish. Now, put 4 drages of different colours on the filter paper, at opposite sides.

2. Pour water into the large measuring cup and with the Pasteur pipette add drops of water over each drage.

ATTENTION: when you complete the ex-periment, throw away all the food prod-ucts used.

Observe what happens to the small dots of different colours that youve drawn on the paper!

What happened, scientist?

possible with the chromatography technique to break it down into its primary colours. This happens because the basic colours have different weights and, this way, they remain in different positions on the paper when the water cant drag them anymore.

19

Explanation:When you add water to the coloured drages, the colour of their coating starts to dissolve and moves to the filter paper. Such as in experiment 2, you can use chromatography to find out how your sweets were coloured: if only a colouring was added or if the colour resulted from a combination of different colourings.

Experiment 4Comets of M&Ms

What you will need: Rectangular plastic container Warm water from a tap Ice cube Coloured drages (for example, M&Ms)

Steps:1. Fill in half the rectangular plastic container with warm water from a tap. Ask an adult for help so you dont get burnt.

2. Place the ice cube in one of the containers ends.

3. Place 1 coloured drages in the water near the ice cube, such as shown in the image.

Can you see the tail of the comet appearing?

If you used Skittles, youll see that the drages will eventually disappear. Scientist, do you know why this happens? The sweets are made of sugar and sugar is easily dissolved in water.

Explanation:The ice cube cools down the water around it. Cold water is denser than hot water and so it sinks.

It is the waters movement that allows spreading the colour dissolved from the drages, creating a tail of a comet!

Production of CO2 and effervescence

Experiment 5Fizzy bombs

What you will need: Round plastic container Small measuring cup Food colouring (green or red) Pasteur pipette Sodium bicarbonate Large measuring cup Wooden spatula Citric acid Plastic spatula Table salt

Steps:1. Measure 5 millilitres (ml) of citric acid with the measuring cup. Now, transfer it into the large measuring cup.

2. With the Pasteur pipette, add 5 drops of food colouring of the colour you like the most.

5x

You will need

protective gloves

ATTENTION: when you complete the experiment, throw away all food products used.

20

Explanation:Your bomb is effervescent because when in contact with water a chemical reaction between sodium bicarbonate and citric acid

Tip: you can also save them for further experiments Experiments 14 and 20.

Experiment 6Lemon foam

What you will need: Rectangular plastic container Large measuring cup Small measuring cup Washing-up liquid Food colouring (green or red) Plastic spatula Wooden spatula Pasteur pipette Sodium bicarbonate Lemon

Steps:1. With the plastic spatula add 5 spoons of sodium bicarbonate to the large measuring cup.

2. Now, add 3 plastic spoons of washing-up liquid to the large measuring cup.

3. Ask an adult for table salt and add one plastic spatula of salt to the cup.

4. Mix well with the wooden spatula.

5. Measure 5 ml of sodium bicarbonate with the small measuring cup. Now add it to the large cup and stir with the wooden spatula.

6. The mixture of your fizzy bomb must be dry but slightly sticky. If it is too dry add some droplets of water.

7. With your gloves on, wet your hands and collect small amounts of the mixture to create little balls with your hands. Create two little balls and place them in the round container. Leave a space between them so they dont get stuck to each other.

8. Let them dry overnight.

9. When dry, test your fizzy bombs by putting them in water!

3. Add, with the Pasteur pipette, 2 drops of red or green food colouring. Stir the mixture with a wooden spatula. Place the cup in the rectan-gular plastic container.

4. Squeeze a lemon into the small measuring cup and add about 25 ml of lemon juice to the mixture.

5x 3x

What happens, scientist? Can you create lemon foam?

Scientist, do you know why your bomb is effervescent?

DID YOU KNOW...That this type of reaction is very common among medicines and fruit salts?

happens, giving off carbon dioxide. The release of the gas is characterised by the formation of little bubbles inside the liquid that cause effervescence.

21

Explanation:The foam is created by the release of carbon dioxide when the sodium bicarbonate reacts with the citric acid from the lemon juice.

Experiment 7Magic potion

What you will need: Sodium bicarbonate Small measuring cup Large measuring cup Plastic spatula Cooking oil Vinegar Hot water from a tap Food colouring (optional) Pasteur pipette (optional)

Steps:1. Pour 35 ml of hot water and 10 ml of vinegar into the large measuring cup. Use the small cup to measure these quantities. You can also add some droplets of colouring. Ask an adult for help so you dont get burnt with the hot water.

2. Add about 40 ml of oil to the mixture.

3. Now, add to the oil, with the plastic spatula, 2 spoons of sodium bicarbonate and see what happens!

The oil stays at the surface and you can see that the vinegar and water are in different layers.

What happened to your potion? Is it truly magic?

Explanation:The sodium bicarbonate moves slowly in the oil until reaching the vinegar. Here, it reacts with the acetic acid of the vinegar, giving off carbon dioxide. It is this gas that creates the efferves-cent bubbles that you can see in the potion. As it is a gas, it bubbles through the liquid of the solution. Can you hear the sound? This sound is typical of effervescent chemical reactions!

It is a slow reaction so you can observe your potion for a few minutes.

DID YOU KNOW...That in the production of carbonated soft drinks, the gas is obtained in a similar way?

Experiment 8Inflate a balloon without blowing

What you will need: Balloon Sodium bicarbonate Plastic spatula Funnel Vinegar Small and empty plastic bottle

Steps:1. Pour a little of vinegar into the bottle (until of its volume).

2. Fill in the balloon with 3 spatulas of sodium bicarbonate. Use the funnel to help you out.

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3x



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ATTENTION: when you complete the ex-periment, throw away all food products used.

Explanation:As we have seen before, the reaction between sodium bicarbonate with an acid produces carbon dioxide. It is this gas that allows filling the balloon. If you try changing the concentration of both chemicals, you will see that the much greater they are there will be more production of gas.

Experiment 9Explosive bag

What you will need: Bag with zip-lock Sodium bicarbonate Large measuring cup Warm/hot water Vinegar Wooden spatula Small cloth

ATTENTION: this experiment must be carried out outdoors and with the help of an adult.

Steps:1. With the large measuring cup, pour hot water into the bag filling in of its volume. Ask an adult for help so you dont get burnt.

2. Now add the vinegar. The total volume (water + vinegar) must correspond to half the size of the bag.

3. Attach the balloons opening to the bottles opening. Be careful not to let the Sodium bi-carbonate fall into the bottle.

4. Lift the balloon and let the sodium bicarbonate fall into the balloon all at once.

3. With the wooden spatula, add 6 spoons of sodium bicarbonate to the middle of the cloth.

4. Fold the cloth so that the sodium bicarbon-ate remains inside.

5. Now you have to work fast. Close partially the bag with the zip-lock leaving enough space to add the cloth with sodium bicarbonate.

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Can you fill the balloon?

Try filling your balloon with different amounts of sodium bicarbonate and vinegar! If the reagent provided in your kit finishes, do not worry! You can find sodium bicarbonate in any supermarket!

Observe how the carbon dioxide fills the balloon.

6x

Put on your protective goggles

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Explanation:You should have observed the bag expanding until exploding. The sodium bicarbonate and the vinegar get mixed and an acid-base reaction happens giving off carbon dioxide. This gas needs space and, as so, it fills the bag while being formed, until the bag cant hold it longer and so then it explodes! Even if it doesnt explode, you can observe the bag getting bigger!

Try this experiment with different amounts of sodium bicarbonate and vinegar! Will it influence your explosion?

What do you observe? Did your bag ex-plode?

6. Place the cloth with sodium bicarbonate in the bag and seal it completely.

7. Put the bag on the ground and move away quickly.

Experiment 10Foam with white egg

What you will need: Large bowl Tall glass Small measuring cup Plastic spatula Wooden spatula Sodium bicarbonate Pasteur pipette Food colouring (green or red) Egg (egg white) Vinegar Water

ATTENTION: ask an adult for help!

Steps:1. Carefully separate the egg white from the egg.

2. Pour half of the egg white into the tall glass and place the glass in the bowl.

3. With the small measuring cup measure 25 ml of water and pour it into the glass.

4. With the plastic spatula, add 2 spoons of sodium bicarbonate to the glass. Stir with the wooden spatula.

5. With the Pasteur pipette add 3 drops of food colouring to the mixture.

3x

6. With the small measuring cup measure 25 ml of vinegar and pour it into the glass.

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Experiment 11Coloured foams

What you will need: 3 Large measuring cups Small measuring cup 2 Pasteur pipette Food colourings (green and red) Plastic spatula Sodium bicarbonate Washing-up liquid Vinegar

Steps:1. With the plastic spatula add 2 spoons of sodium bicarbonate to each large measuring cup. Add 2 spoons of washing-up liquid to the cups too.

2. With the Pasteur pipette, add about 5 droplets of food colouring to each cup. Put each colour in a different cup and in one of the cups add both food colourings in order to create a new colour. Mix the solution with the plastic spatula.

3. Measure 25 ml of vinegar in the small cup.

Scientist, did you create foam?

Scientist, what do you observe?

Explanation:The egg white isnt only used to make delicious desserts. It can also work to fixate the gas formed during an experiment. When you add the vinegar, a great amount of coloured foam is formed and overflows the cup. Sometimes, when turning the cup upside down the foam does not fall. Do you know why?

The acid from vinegar, called acetic acid, reacts with the sodium bicarbonate, creating a gas called carbon dioxide (CO2). The gas gets stuck in the egg white which causes the formation of foam.

Explanation:In this experiment you can produce colourful foams! Foam is created by the release of carbon dioxide from the solution of washing-up liquid, when the acetic acid of vinegar reacts with the sodium bicarbonate (such as what happened in the previous experiments).

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DID YOU KNOW...That there are minerals which due to their composition react with acids, creating ef-fervescence? This kind of characteristic helps us iden-tify the different minerals of a rock. This identification is very important for the classification of rocks. For example, cal-cite is made up of calcium carbonate min-erals which re-act easily with acids, giving off carbon dioxide.



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Experiment 12Mini bomb of water

What you will need: Coloured paper sheet Small measuring cup Scissors Water

Steps:1. Fold the sheet of paper as illustrated below.

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Small explosions

boomboom

1. 5.

11.

9.

2.6.

10.

3. 7.

12.

4.

8.

13.

14.

15.

Repeat the step on the other side.

Repeat the step on the right and on the other side.

Repeat steps 10 and 11 on the other side.

Insert each end in the holes, such as illustrated below.

Blow in to your mini bomb in order to fill it with air. If you find it difficult, open a little more the hole using scissors.

Crease the loose ends of each side.

Pour water into your mini bomb. Hold it from below so it doesnt get damaged while filling in. Now, have fun with your friends!

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Explanation:With the sheet of paper folded as explained, it becomes more resistant to withstand the water. When you throw your mini bomb, the energy created with the impact, forces the water to come out and the bomb explodes!

Experiment 13The sound of thunder

What you will need: Kaboom paper sheet

Steps:1. Fold the sheet of paper and then pull towards you the inwards of the folds, such as indicated in the first images.

2. Make a fast descendant movement with your arm and you will hear the sound of thunder.

kaboomkaboomkab

oomkaboom

kabo

omka

boom

kaboomkaboomkaboomkaboom

Explanation:When making this fast and descendant movement, the air gets compressed in the fold of the sheet of paper and then it is released at once, expanding and creating the boom sound you hear. This is the same principle behind the sound of thunder or cannon. When there is thunder, the lightning heats the air in high temperatures, causing its fast expansion and the loud sound typical from thunders. The explosion of a bomb or the sound of cannons are both caused by the fast expansion of air.

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Experiment 14Lava lamp

What you will need: Food colouring (green or red) Fizzy bomb (experiment 5) Large measuring cup Wooden spatula Funnel Pasteur pipette Small and empty plastic bottle Cooking oil Water

Note: if you do not have any fizzy bombs from experiment 5, you must conduct the experiment first.

Steps:1. Pour of oil into the bottle.

2. Fill the measuring cup with water. With the Pasteur pipette add 3 drops of food colouring to the cup. Stir the mixture with the wooden spatula.

3. Using the funnel, add the coloured water to the bottle.

4. Put in the bottle a fizzy bomb that youve prepared in experi-ment 5.

Scientist, how does your lava lamp look like?

Experiment 15The pharaohs snakes

What you will need: Pasteur pipette Sodium bicarbonate Plastic spatula Wooden spatula Large measuring cup Small measuring cup Porcelain bowl Sand 96% Ethanol Sugar Matches

Explanation:Oil floats on water because a drop of oil is lighter than a drop of water of the same size. This is to say, oil is less dense than water.

If we have 1 litre of water and 1 litre of oil we will have more molecules of water than molecules of oil.This is to say, there is more matter in water than in oil for the same volume.

When in contact with water, the fizzy bomb reacts spontaneously, creating a gas, carbon dioxide. When this gas is released it drags along the coloured water to the surface of the oil. This is the science behind your lava lamp!

Be careful, ethanol is easily flammable.

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ATTENTION: ask an adult for help in order to perform this experiment.



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Explanation:Sugar is made up of sucrose molecules. When these molecules suffer a combustion reaction they create carbon dioxide, water and carbon. Your snakes are made of carbon (they are black)! In this experiment, you have also added sodium bicarbonate that when heated is transformed into water and carbon dioxide. It is carbon dioxide that allows your snakes to grow and to have that structure full of holes! Ethanol is used to increase the speed of the combustion reaction, since it is easily flammable.

Your snakes will start coming out of the bowl! Where do they come from?

Steps:1. With the plastic spatula, add to the large measuring cup, 2 spoons of sodium bicarbonate and 8 spoons of sugar. Pour a little of ethanol into the small measuring cup and add to the large cup 5 drops of ethanol using the Pasteur pipette. Stir well with the wooden spatula.

2. Put sand in the porcelain bowl and make a hole in the middle of it.

3. Add some droplets of water to the hole.

4. Carefully, add 2 to 3 spoons of the mixture of sugar and sodium bicarbonate to the hole.

5. Add some more droplets of ethanol to the mixture.

ATTENTION: the next step must be carried out by an adult. Put on your protective goggles and keep a safe distance while you observe the experiment.

6. Ask an adult to light a match and put it over the sand.

8x5x

2x

Ethanol

Experiment 16Explosive geyser

What you will need: Diet soft drink, carbonated (for example, diet coke) Sea salt Test tube Plastic spatula Plastic card

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Attention: the porcelain bowl must be hot! Let it cool before touching it.


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2. Cover the test tube with the plastic card.

3. Open the soft drink bottle. Now, turn upside down the test tube together with the card and use them to cover the bottles opening.

Steps:1. With the plastic spatula add salt to the test tube.

4. Now, remove quickly the plastic card and, at the same time, let go of the test tube so that the salt can enter in the bottle.

Observe your geyser!


Explanation:Soft drinks with gas (carbonated) include a high quantity of dissolved carbon dioxide, in equilibrium and under pressure, ready to es-cape when the pressure at the surface (free from the solution) decreases.

This way, when we open the bottle, the gas tends to escape to the outside. This is why when you open a soft drink bottle; you can hear that familiar sound.

DID YOU KNOW...That scientists cant yet define if this is a chemical or physical phenomenon?

When we let the salt fall in the soft drink bottle, the bubbles of carbon dioxide are formed so quickly that they drag the drink outside the bottle, creating a geyser effect. When we add the salt to the soft drink we create a kind of release nuclei of carbon dioxide (which is dissolved). In fact, we know that when we place any porous object in a liquid with gas, we can observe that the carbon dioxide starts giving off much quicker.

Experiment 17Firework

What you will need: Round plastic container Water Food colourings (green and red) 2 Pasteur pipettes Small measuring cup Cooking oil Sheet of paper

Steps:1. Fill half the plastic container with water.

2. Measure 10 ml of cooking oil using the measuring cup and add it to the container.

3. With the Pasteur pipette add carefully some droplets of food colouring to the container. You can start by adding 3 droplets of each colouring.

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Explanation:Oil floats at the surface of water. When you add the drops of food colouring to the container they get stuck for some seconds in the layer of oil. However, the colouring drops move from the oil layer to the water layer. When reaching the water, they explode and create a firework effect.

And why does this happen?

Water is denser than oil. When the colouring drops are released from the oil they sink (because they are also denser than oil) and pass through the layer of oil. When they reach the water they are dissolved creating the fantastic effect of a firework.


Attention: Scientist, you must be far away from the candle in order to see the effect of the birthday cake sparklers! Remember to put on your protective goggles.

Experiment 18Birthday cake sparklers

ATTENTION: this experiment must be carried out by an adult. Put on your pro-tective goggles and keep a safe distance while you observe the experiment.

What you will need: Candle Iron powder Wooden spatula Aluminium foil Match/lighter

4. Finally, cover the container with the sheet of paper.

3. Now, ask your assistant to carefully add the iron powder over the candles flame in a distance of about 10 centimetres (cm). The powder must be sprinkled slowly over the flame in order to observe its effect!

Scientist, observe the firework!

Attention: let your assist-ant know that the pow-der mustnt be added in excess otherwise the candle will be ex-tinguished. It has to be sprinkled like magic powder!

Explanation:In this experiment iron combustion happens! In the combustion, yellow stars are created, this is to say, iron reacts with oxygen, forming iron powder.

Iron + Oxygen Iron powder (III)


Steps:1. Ask an adult to help you light a candle.

2. Ask your assistant to add with the wooden spatula a bit of iron powder to the piece of alu-minium foil and to fold it in half.

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Do you think that cornstarch can increase the flame?

Experiment 19Flour and flame

ATTENTION: this experiment must be carried out by an adult. Put on your protective goggles and keep a safe distance while you observe the experiment.

What you will need: Candle Cornstarch Strainer Teaspoon Dish Match/lighter

Steps:1. Ask an adult to light the candle and place it on a dish.

2. Now ask your assistant to hold with one hand the strainer over the candle in a 10 cm distance and with the other hand, to add a spoon of cornstarch to the strainer, sprinkling it over the candle.

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10 cm

Explanation:Starch is a large molecule that results from the bonding of smaller molecules of glucose. Glu-cose is a simple sugar and as we have already

What happens? Can you enliven the flame?

seen, the main combustible of our cells (cellu-lar respiration).

In order for combustion to happen there has to be a good mixture between the combustible and the oxidant. It is what happens in this experiment: the cornstarch, as it is sprinkled, starts a combustion process much quicker, since the exposed surface is larger. This way, it can enliven the candles flame!

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Experiment 20Mini-rocket

What you will need: Small measuring cup with lid Decorative sticker for the rocket Scissors Fizzy bomb (experiment 5) Warm water from a tap Napkin

Note: if you do not have any fizzy bomb from experiment 5, you must conduct this experi-ment first.

Part 1 Personalise you rocket

Put the stickers on the rocket as you like!


Scientist, do you still remember the fac-tors that influence a chemical reaction?

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You can also use two fishing lines, one next to the other and make a race with your friends!

Explanation:The balloon is full of air. When you let it go, the air comes out and pulls the balloon backwards. This way, the balloon flies to the other end of the fishing line. The balloons motion was caused by the force of air, moving the balloon to the opposite direction of the air because the air created an opposite force. This force is called reaction force.

This experiment is explained by a very important law in Physics, the Law of Action-Reaction by Newton. This law explains that when an object is pushed, it reacts and pushes in the opposite way!

Experiment 21Rocket balloon

What you will need: Balloon Straw Scissors Fishing line or thread (about 2 metres) Sticky tape

Part 2 Build your rocket

1. Hold your rocket and fill it in with about 10 ml of warm water.

2. Cut a piece of a napkin to cover the rockets opening.

3. Place the fizzy bomb over the piece of napkin.

4. Put the lid on your rocket.

5. Count to 3 and carefully turn the rocket upside down over a plain surface!

123!

123!

Steps: 1. Attach one of the fishing lines ends to a distant support, for example a chair.

2. Insert the fishing line in the straw.

3. Cut two pieces of sticky tape.

4. Fill the balloon and hold the opening so the air doesnt come out.

5. Attach the balloon to the straw with the sticky tape and pull it to the lines end, the one you are holding, keeping the opening towards you and the line stretched.

6. Count to 3 and let go of the balloon.

Explanation:Once again, when your fizzy bomb gets in contact with water a chemical reaction between sodium bicarbonate and citric acid (components of your fizzy bomb) happens. This reaction is characterized by the release of a gas, carbon dioxide, which with the increase in pressure allows your rocket to be launched.

Can your rocket stay on air?

33

DID YOU KNOW...That rockets have reaction engines that work under the same principle as the one tested in this experiment? These engines are powered by combustibles (fuel) that are burnt and give off several gases. It is the force of the flow of the gases that causes the movement in the reaction engines. Such as what happens with rockets, the balloon flew in the opposite direction of the airs flow.

There are 3 laws of Newton! The 1st Law of Newton or the Law of Inertia, the 2nd Law of Newton or the Law of Force/Acceler-ation and the 3rd Law of Newton or the Law of Action/Reaction.

Experiment 22Rocket

What you will need: Water Pump adapter to fill in balls Bicycle pump Thick card Sticky tape 1.5 L plastic bottle Cork stopper Corkscrew X-acto knife

ATTENTION: this experiment must be con-ducted outdoors and with the help of an adult.

Steps:1. Ask an adult to make a hole in a cork stopper, with the corkscrew, to fit in tightly the pump adapter. If the adapter is shorter than the stopper, ask an adult to cut the stop-per in half.

2. Ask an adult to cut 4 pieces of a thick card with the x-acto knife that fits the bottle, such as shown in the image.

3. With the sticky tape, glue the card pieces to the bottle.

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34

4. Fill of the bottle with water. Put the cork in the bottle and connect it to the pump.

5. Lay down the bottle and start pumping.

Attention: keep away from the bottle so you dont get wet.

Explanation:You should have observed that the bottle was propelled into the air. This happens because the air and water, when expelled from the bot-tle, create a thrust (push) force which launches the bottle into the opposite direction, such as what happens with rockets.

2. Insert, slowly and without too much force, the skewer in the darker area of the balloon, the closest possible to the knot.

3. Carefully, keep on inserting it until reaching the other ex-tremity. You should pierce the upper part of the balloon, also in the darker area.

Explanation:The upper and lower parts of the balloon (darker areas) are spots with less pressure, this is to say, where the balloon is less resist-ant. This way, when you insert the skewer in these areas it is less likely that the balloon bursts.

Experiment 23Balloon that doesnt pop

What you will need: Balloon Skewers

Steps:1. Fill the balloon, not too much, and tie a knot.

What happened?

Does the balloon burst or not? If it does, do not give up and try it again!

Will it explode?

Experiment 24Fireproof balloon

ATTENTION: ask an adult for help in order to perform this experiment.

What you will need: Balloon Candle Funnel Small measuring cup Cold water Matches/lighter

Steps:1. Hold a balloon and with the help of a funnel pour some water into it. You can pour about 1 small measuring cup of water.

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2. Fill the rest of the balloon with air (not too much) and tie a knot.

ATTENTION: the next step must be carried out by an adult. Put on your protective gog-gles and keep a safe distance while you ob-serve the experiment.

3. Ask an adult to light the candle and hold the balloon over it.

Explanation:If we place a balloon filled with air over a flame, we are expecting that the flame weak-ens the rubber (from which the balloon is made of ), the balloon cant stand the pres-sure and it bursts immediately. However, in this experiment, when placing the balloon with water over the flame, it doesnt burst immediately. Do you know why? The balloon doesnt burst because the temperature of the flame is distributed by the elements that are in contact with it, this way the heat is also transferred to the water which is a great ab-sorbent of heat. If the balloon doesnt reach its combustion temperature, which is much higher than the temperature of ebullition of water, it doesnt burst.

Experiment 25Pierce a bag of water with a pencil

What you will need: Bag with zip-lock Sharpened pencil Water

Steps:1. Fill with water 2/3 of a bag with zip-lock.

What did happen to the balloon? Does it take long to burst? Can you see the black

patch from the soot, located on the inferior part of the balloon which is in contact with the flame?

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2. Ask someone for help. Your assistant can hold the bag (from the upper part) or handle the pencil. You decide!

3. Get a pencil and force it into the bag (where there is water). Keep pushing in the pencil until it comes out on the other side of the bag.

4. You can use 2 or 3 more pencils and re-peat the last step

Explanation:The bag is made of plastic which is often made of polymers. Polymers are made up of large chains of molecules and are very flexible. When you pierce the bag with a pencil, the molecules of the plastic rearrange around the pencil creating a kind of air-proof seal, preventing the water to fall out of the bag.

Scientist, can you pierce the bag without letting any water fall out?

Tip: the secret of this experiment is to pierce very quickly the bag in both sides, so that the water hasnt time to fall out of the bag!

Hello Scientist!Find out more 3 experi-ments that we have for you:

Experiment 26 - Homemade geyser Experiment 27 - Does air have force Experiment 28 - Smoke bomb

We also have a quizz for you to test your knowledge!

Visit the following link:


Experiments+

Experiments+

For more information visit our website:For more information visit our website:

www.science4youtoys.co.ukwww.science4youtoys.co.uk

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