Conserving the Historical Areas through the Roles of the Main Cities Urban Identity in the Era of Globalization

Ahmed ElewaAssociate professor, Arch. Dept. Faculty of Fine Arts, Helwan University

ABSTRACT: Through the last three decades the process of the globalisation has impacted the spatial urban structure of the world main cities, however this impact has negative aspects in the case of the main cities which still have historical hubs and having a local urban and architectural heritage. At the meanwhile the responding to the globalisation urban requirements have been a mandatory option in the current era for economic and politics reasons. Cities which have managed to adapt with the impact of the globalisation and to conserve its urban and architectural heritage, are those cities that having a significant and unique urban identity. Cities like Rome, London and Paris and Istanbul, and many more examples, have introduced good examples of dealing with this issue.

The study hypothesis that urban identity in the main cities can act multi-functional roles which support the achievement of adaptation between the globalisation urban requirements and the conserving of the historical heritage. This paper is discussing the nexus between globalisation urban requirements, the conserving of urban local heritage, and the urban identity.

The methodology have depended on an analytical comparison study on selected cases, to evaluate the urban experiments of the cases. The results showed that cities which have a significant urban identity have presented successful urban experiments of achieving adaptation between globalisation impacts and the conservation of its local urban heritage.

1. INTRODUCTION

It is the era of globalization, during the recent decades the world is witnessing the results of globalization as a process. Globalization become a commonly known term, particularly in fields of World contemporary economic and culture aspects. Meanwhile there were other parallel processes in addition to globalization that affected the forming of world main cities of today (WMC) through the recent decades, the most significant process was the rapid growth of the urban population, since it is projected that the urban areas in the world will host 70% of the world’s population by 2050. According to the United Nations, this future urban population growth is expected to be concentrated in WMC which consisting of at least 10 million inhabitance (United Nations, 2014).

Globalization and the rapid growth of urban population as continuous processes are strongly linked to the WMC. A new type has risen of WMC, this type is what so called the global cities, today WMC compete for global resources, capital, talented human resources positioning themselves as a platform for innovations to occur and ideas to grow. Global cities are sharing a global urban identity, which reflects the new spatial urban plan as well commonly urban features. The WMC transformation process has its negative impact on the local urban identity and threats the historical areas to be neglected and to lose its importance, thus this is why there is a growing awareness among scholars and decision makers about the necessity of conserving these areas, and not only to preserve buildings but to protect the historical urban context as a physical component of local urban identity in the era of globalization.

While the majority of research that concern the globalization focused on the economic and cultural understanding of globalization, this study illustrate the globalization phenomenon from an urban perspective. The study argues the possibility of using the roles of urban identity as a tool to conserve the historical areas of today WMC which transformed to be global cities, this hypothesis is based on the practical results extracted from actual cases of global cities that managed to conserve its historical areas, meanwhile to respond to the mandatory urban reforms of globalization.

2. GLOBALIZATION AND URBAN IDENTITY, AN OVERVIEW

The rising of global cities has led to a new type of urban identity that can be observed in today WMC, this new global urban identity has impacted the WMC and has imposed its urban features which has led to reform the urban spatial structure of those cities to be global cities.

This globalized urban identity may be suitable (or ideal in some cases) to some of the WMC, such as the cases of Sydney, Rio de Janeiro, and Dubai, this particular type of WMC, which are relatively considered as new cities in comparison to the world historical main cities, such as London, Paris, Vienna, Istanbul, and Cairo, this type of historical WMC already own its local urban identity, however policy makers in these cities have to respond to the mandatory urban requirements of globalization, which may cause a negative impact on its original urban heritage, already there are some good examples of WMC that managed to appropriate between the need to conserve its local urban heritage and its need to be global cities. The study has some specific questions about this nexus between globalization, global cities and its urban identity;

What is the meaning of globalization from an urban perspective? Is there new types of WMC due to globalization impact? What is the impact of globalization on the urban identity of the WMC?

2.1. Globalization from an urban perspective

Globalization is a recent term, its current meaning was only being established in the 1970s (James, P. & Steger, M., 2014). Globalization as a phenomenon has impacted all the international anthropogenic activities, this include; international economy, culture, and as a result the daily urban life has changed in the WMC, it lose a lot of its own local taste, this term is an interdisciplinary concept that has not a certain definition due to differences in

views and interpretations, and this is why globalization is not always well defined, one of this research main questions is to set a definition of globalization from an urban perspective.

There is a strong nexus between globalization as a process and WMC of today or what is so called global cities. Those cities are threatened by the process of globalization, in particular that type of cities in which there is a unique local urban identity, for example the main historical cities of Europe, such as London, Paris, and Rome, they are threatened by shifts in the global economy, this process has started early in the last three decades of the 20 th century, the shift in the global economy has impacted the WMC, lead to a physical changes in the urban spatial plan of those cities, these cities were and still the arena for the processes of globalization. So the definition of globalization from an urban perspective can be extracted from the understanding of its influences on urban spatial plan of the global cities, globalization has the same effects over the cities. Cities that getting shaped according to the new world order are tending to show similarities between themselves within globalization (Hergül, O., 2014).

Globalization from an urban perspective also can be understood as the phenomenon by which today WMC have been reformed through its urban spatial plan to be able to act there key role as the arenas for the various anthropogenic activities that occurred due to the globalization process. This definition illustrate the strong nexus between globalization as a process and WMC (global cities) as the urban space in which the sub processes of globalization take place.

2.1. The rise of global cities (the main cities of the world today)

Through the recent decades, and under the impact of globalization the WMC transformed into global cities, the new millennium witnessed the rise of the global cities, which can be seen as the buildings blocks of globalization (Charnock, G., 2013).

In this study it is important to determine a specific definition of global cities from an urban perspective, this will be necessary to understand the influences of globalization on WMC, and how they transformed into global cites, as well to recognize its new urban spatial features that form its globalized urban identity.

2.1.1. The definition of global cities The definition of global cities in this study is based on the understanding of globalization from an urban perspective, in the light of this context global cities represent the physical part of globalization. Global cities are the urban production of the globalization. However there is a broad agreement on defining global cities from an economic perspective, for example the definition of (Sassen, S. 1991); global city is a significant production point of specialized financial and producer services that make the globalized economy run , as well the definition of (Charnock, G., 2013); Global city, an urban center that enjoys significant competitive advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized economic system.

Actually this thought about defining global cities from an economic point of view is not in conflict with its definition from an urban perspective, on the contrary, I can say that both points of view are investigating the integrated relationship between globalization as a process and global cities as the urban nodes where the operations of global economic system take place, this is in line with Keil definition of global cities; "they are exactly the interplay between globalization and urban development" (Keil, R. & Brenner, N. 2006)

2.2. Urban identity of the world main cities (global cities)

Urban identity, place identity or what is called urban character are terms that refers to same concept which concerning the recognizing of urban areas through its significant urban features, which reflect its socio-economic and cultural functions, this term was identified by many authors of urban studies background, Lynch defined place identity as the simplest form of sense of place. Identity is the extent to which a person can recognize or recall a place as being distinct from other places-as having a vivid, or unique, or at least a particular, character of its own. (Lynch, K. 1984), this definition is in the same line with the views of (Proshansky, H. M., et al. 1983) and (Hague, C. & Jenkins, P., 2005) which identify urban identity as a term which concerns the meaning and significance of urban places for their

inhabitance and users. Urban identity has become a significant urban issue during the last three decades, as a result of the specialists and local authority's awareness of the necessity to protect the local urban heritage, notably under the impact of globalization and the arisen fears about the loss of individuality and distinctiveness between urban areas, see figure 1. "There has been a growing concern that local communities, towns, cities, and regions are losing their identity in the midst of rapid globalization and urbanization" (Kim, J. 2000).

Global cities represent those cities which responded to the globalization requirements, and as a result, their urban spatial plan have already changed to a new one, with new urban characteristics which can be summarized as:

An active central business district (CBD) or more (in some cases) that offers a variety of international financial services, these include; finance, banking, insurance, real estate, and other related activities (logistic services) such as hotels, conferences halls.

An advanced infrastructure system, notably the communication sector. An advanced transportation system that offers multiple modes of transportations and

serve a large mass transit networks. A major international airport or more which make the city globally well connected. A livable downtown area that offers multi socio-economic, recreation and cultural

activities which attract global tourism. Having a prominent skyline that characterize its CBD area and summarize its

economic power as a global city.Globalization have impacted the urban spatial plan of the WMC to be transformed into

global cities, see figure 1 ,which shows a model of the urban spatial plan of global cities.

Figure 1. Global city model and the globalized urban identity. Source; Author

2.3. Urban identity of historical main cities of the world (historical global cities)

WMC have transformed into global cities with a new urban spatial plan which include some significant urban features that form its global urban identity, this urban identity symbolizes the impact of globalization on our today WMC through a dominant identity that characterized all the global cities. This new globalized urban identity was not a problem in the case of global cities which have no significant local urban identity, such as Dubai (there is a consensus on considering it as a global city), (global cities index, 2016) which has no deep history, however it is a real challenge in the case of WMC which have a significant local urban heritage (due to its historic legacy) to appropriate between the globalization requirements and the conservation of its local urban identity. Obviously there are two types of WMC (global cities) regarding the urban identity issue:

First type; Contemporary global cities such as Singapore, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi, Second type; Historical global cities such as London, Paris, Berlin, and Rome.

2.3.1. The intended meaning of conserving historical areas in this studyIn this study the intended meaning of conserving historical areas is broaden, it is not only about the preservation of the buildings and the urban context as they represent the physical aspect of the historical areas, but to protect the historical scenic views of both historical areas, and historical vistas of individual valuable buildings, this understanding of conservation means to protect the view of a specific place or historic building from another location.

3. URBAN IDENTITY AS A CONSERVATION TOOL

Based on the definition that has been reached for urban identity, the using of urban identity as a tool to conserve historical areas is a logical concept, there is a strong nexus between urban identity of a city and its local urban heritage, as urban identity concerns the meaning and significance of urban places, which form the local urban heritage and give each city its own urban identity. In other words the existence of urban identity require the existence of significant urban features such as the historical urban areas, thus this is why any strategy that aim to maintain a good urban identity will take in consideration the conservation of the historical areas.

3.1. The roles of urban identity in historical main cities of the world (Historical global cities)

The discussion about urban identity explains the main role that urban identity play in WMC, which is to protect the local identity. As well it acts multiple other roles that support the conservation of the historical areas, in both directly and indirectly ways, as following:

A remarkable urban identity relies on the existence of historical areas as a physical criteria, according to lynch, 1981 "Design scholars also focus on physical aspects of local identity of place in their theoretical studies", thus this is why there is an important role of urban identity in tackling with undesired effects of modern urbanization which impacted by globalization, and as a result this urbanism is almost meaningless and without any unique identity (Tavakoli, N, 2010).

Urban identity serve as a reference point, both in terms of conserving a sustainable urban image and the wishes of the society. Notably that the recognition of the value of an urban area is a fundamental component in urban studies. "The sustainability of a place depends on a series of factors, which contribute to the quality of life, sense of place and recognition of identity" (Sepe, 2006).

Urban identity acts as an index for the quality of urban life and the socio-economic conditions of each city, moreover a unique urban identity can be a source of community pride and satisfaction of their city (Ghavampour, E. et al. 2008).

Urban identity is the reflection of the historical context of the city as a part of both, its physical components, and cultural spirit, cities urban identity grows from the continuous relationship between the place and its residents, through forming the inhabitants’ collective memory and at the same time a mean of making the community awareness of the conservation of the historical context (Oktay, 2002).

Urban identity can be an honest indicator of the development rate of a city, according to (Torabi, Z. & Sima, Y., 2013), it is a measure of growth for the city’s identity as a factor for the development and promotion of environmental quality.

A significant unique urban identity also can act as an economic tool, which boost the city branding among the other competitive global cities, this mean more foreign investments, and to attract the talents, "A strong sense of identity can be an attractor, bringing new investment and talent into an area" (Watson, G.B., 2007).

4. STUDY CASES

Two cases of European cities were selected to represent examples of historical WMC (historical global cities) that still have historical areas (this include historical buildings and

urban context from different ancient ages up to the 19 th century). An analytical comparative study were done to clarify how the decision maker managed to use the roles of urban identity in the era of globalization to conserve the historical areas. The criteria of the analytical comparison study include the following aspects:

A brief note about the case. Recognition of the current urban identity through the study of the urban spatial plan

of the city and how far it responded to the globalization impact (through the existing of the urban characteristics of global cities that was highlighted before), as well to explore the current situation of historical areas and finally to recognize the current skyline of the city as a reliable indicator of the current urban identity.

Explaining of how the decision maker through urban strategies and regulations dealt with the issue of conserving the historic areas under globalization impact, through the roles of urban identity

4.1. Case study of London

London is the capital city of the United Kingdom, as well its largest metropolitan area, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. The city is an example of the historical capitals in Europe, the city still include significant historical areas, notably from the 18th and 19th century, meanwhile the city was ranked as the most important global city in the world in 2016 (global cities index, 2016).

4.1.1. Urban spatial plan of London London is one of the most important global cities in the world according to most of urban scholars such as (Sassen, 1991). London urban spatial plan is a clear example of the global cities, in which the common urban features of global cities are exist, London has two active CBDs, in London city center and Canary wharf (The transformed Docklands area), which are forming an important hub for the global economic system, London is one of the most important destinations for international flights, the city is served by six international airports and several smaller airports, together they make one of busiest airport system in the world by passenger numbers. The city has a livable downtown area forming London's socio-economic, cultural and historical heart, it is an important global center for media, innovation. London has both an advanced public transportation system and infrastructure. See figure 2.

4.1.2. Historical areas in LondonAlthough London has a rich urban and architectural history, there is no patchwork of historical areas of ancient ages, however like other historical European main cities London has its classic urban context in the downtown area (City of London and Westminster) which reflects the Victorian London in the 18th and 19th century. London's scheduled sites and listed buildings are individual structures, in many cases assembled gradually by parts from many different periods (Roumpani, F. & Hudson, P. 2014).

Figure 2. The urban spatial plan of London, and central area skyline. Source: Author

4.1.3. Recognition of the current urban identity of London London has no prominent skyline that characterize the urban identity of the city, not as a contemporary global city, nor as a historical city that own a local urban heritage that rely on its urban heritage. The urban identity derives from both London long history and its contemporary role as a major global financial center, these factors have resulted in a city skyline of great complexity and diversity. It's an embodiment of the conflict between the global urban identity and the local urban identity that reflects its local urban heritage.

4.1.4. Urban strategies and regulations that forms the current urban identity The decision maker awareness of the urban changes that related to globalization has started in the nineties decade of the 20th century through the successive urban development plans of the city, the Plan of 1994 (UDP) Unitary Development plan showed that the issue of conserving the historical areas in London was the main concern as well a priority target of the plan, which was based on the previous plans in 1989 and supplementary guidance for London on the protection of strategic views in 1991, the plan defined the historical areas as “areas of special architectural or historic interest, the character of which it is designed to preserve or enhance” (English heritage, 2016). The plan also considered that the review of the boundaries of conservation areas is the city duty, and there were a priority to protect London skyline specially the landmark historical buildings.

In 2000 the Greater London Authority (GLA) was established, in the updated plan of 2009 the mayor of London described his vision and objectives to appropriate between the conserving of the historical areas as the main physical component of the local urban heritage, and to ensure that London is a leading global city, this vision showed how to use the roles of urban identity as a tool to conserve the historical areas. According to London mayor: Over the years to 2031 and beyond, London should ensuring the following aspects:

An internationally competitive and successful city with a strong and diverse economy and an entrepreneurial spirit; a city which is at the leading edge of innovation and research and which is comfortable with – and makes the most of– its rich heritage and cultural resources.

A city that delights the senses and takes care over its buildings and streets, having the best of modern architecture while also making the most of London’s built heritage

Supporting a high quality urban living space – including protection of London’s heritage, air and noise pollution (Blowers, A. & Evans, B., 1997).

4.2. Case study of Paris

Paris is the capital city of France, and its socio-economic and culture hub, Paris has a special place in people’s imaginations, it owns a significant urban identity derives from its historical downtown (Paris of Haussmann) which is reach of vistas and iconic sites (Ehrlich, B. et al. 2016), meanwhile the city is one of the first global cities (global cities index, 2016).

4.2.1. Urban spatial plan of ParisWhile Paris is ranked as the third among the top fifteen global cities (global cities index, 2016), the city still has areas that reflect a local urban heritage, the urban spatial plan of Paris is representing the same common urban features of global cities, the city has a unique central area or what so called Paris of Haussmann (Enright, T., 2016) which is an active livable downtown that represent a good example of the socio-economic and culture activities that should exist in a WMC and of course in a global city as well, Paris is a center of innovation in fashion, arts and other culture aspects, the city has a main CBD La Défense, which is the city hub for global economic activities, it is a home to no fewer than 1,500 corporate head offices (Jon, L., 2005), it is located to the Northwest and out of the Paris of Haussmann. The city is a

major hub of advanced transportation system that connect the city locally and with Europe, as well it is well connected globally by two international airports, Charles de Gaulle which is the second busiest in Europe and Orly (Ehrlich, B. et al. 2016). See figure 3.

4.2.2. Historical areas in ParisParis has a unique and long history, the city has grown over the centuries from a central point that is dating back before Roman times, this point is in ill de la cite. The whole central area is the Paris of Haussmann, which has a unique urban context of the 18 th and 19th century, there are also sites and historical buildings of various eras, notably the medieval times, as well the central area contains the historical districts such as La Cité, Louvre, Champs Elysées, Les Grands Boulevards and Le Quartier Latin, the area is almost exactly delimited by the route of the Paris inner ring road, or "Boulevard Périphérique", which circles the city center.

Figure 3. The urban spatial plan of Paris, and central area skyline. Source: Author

4.2.3. Recognition of the current urban identity of Paris Paris has many faces, in other words the city has clear areas that each one has a dominant urban identity, the city through its urban spatial plan managed to keep the historical heart so far protected from the invasion of the contemporary tall buildings of globalization, the city center still has its own classical urban identity, meanwhile the city has another face which represents the global urban identity which is clearly observed in the areas that located out of the city center such as La Défense where the main CBD of Paris is located. Thus this is why the city has diverse skylines, each one has a dominant urban heritage, and that what marks the city as a unique example of historical global cities.

4.2.4. Urban strategies and regulations that forms the current urban identity The current iconic skyline of central Paris owns basically to Georges Haussmann, through his urban modifications (started in 1853 and continued to the end of the century), that remodeled the medieval urban spatial plan of the city, to the significant urban context of the 19th century, characterized by the long straight boulevards, magnificent open spaces and elegant façades of the buildings, as well he set urban regulations that imposed on building façades and heights, he set a decreed that buildings should not be more than five stories high (Girouard, M. 1985). These buildings allow for a clear sight line to the Eiffel Tower and the other monuments that define Paris architecturally (Karmelek, M., 2015).

The establishing of the business district La Défense in 1958 in west of the limits of central Paris, (It is a part of the Paris Metropolitan Area) was a successful decision, La Défense has a towering skyline which represent the global identity of the city, this project protect the

historical heart that is mostly free of tower blocks, except the Montparnasse Tower experience in 1973,. This 59-story, 209m high eyesore has had few champions since it was built. Following this experience, the City Council in 1976 set a height limit of 37m (121ft) for new buildings within the city limits. This allowed Paris’ famous monuments notably the Eiffel Tower to form the unique skyline of Paris and to give the city its significant urban identity. However this unique skyline and urban identity is threaten by the globalization urban requirements, since the City Council raised the height limit in 2010 to 50m in certain central areas and 180m in the city’s outer areas (Karmelek, M., 2015).

4.3. Evaluating the cases by a comparison study

A brief comparison study of the two cases, see table (1) Table 1. A brief comparison between the two cases of London and Paris

Aspects of comparison Case of London Case of Paros

Urban spatial plan

The city spatial plan contains the main urban components of global cities.

Although the city spatial plan contains the main urban components of global cities, but the city center (the historical heart) still has a classical urban spatial context.

Historical areas

Like other historical European main cities London has its classical urban context in the downtown area (City of London and Westminster). London's scheduled sites and listed buildings are individual structures that distributed randomly in the city.

The whole central area is the Paris of Haussmann, which has a unique urban context of the 18th and 19th century.

Recognition of the current urban identity

The city has no prominent skyline that characterize the urban identity of the city, not as a contemporary global city, nor as a historical city that own a local urban heritage that rely on a local urban heritage. The urban identity derives from both London long history and its cotemporary role as a major global financial center.

The city has clear areas that each one has a dominant urban identity, the city center still has its own classical urban identity. Meanwhile the global urban identity is clearly observed in the areas that located out of the city center such as La Défense where the main CBD of Paris is located.

Urban strategies and regulations

The supplementary guidance for London set regulations that protect of strategic views in 1991.the Plan of 1994 (UDP) defined the historical areas, also considered that the review of the boundaries of conservation areas is the city dutyIn 2000 the Greater London Authority

Haussmann set urban regulations of central Paris that imposed on building façades and heights, he set a decreed that buildings should not be more than five stories high and roofs should have a 45 degree pitch to allow daylight to reach the sidewalks.The City Council in 1976 set a height

(GLA), in the updated plan of 2009 the mayor of London described his vision and objectives to appropriate between the conserving of the historical areas and to ensure that London is a leading global city.

limit of 37m (121ft) for new buildings within the city limits.The City Council raised the height limit in 2010 to 50m (160ft) in certain central areas and 180m (590ft) in the city’s outer areas.

5. CONCLUSION

WMC transformed to be today global cities under the impact of the globalization process, we live the era of globalization where there is a socio-economic and culture competition between the World global cities, these cities under the mandatory urban requirements of globalization are facing a serious challenge about the possibility of achieving the appropriation between conserving its local urban identity and the new globalized urban identity, this challenge is not a problem in the case of global cities which have no significant historical areas , such as the case of Dubai, however it is more complicated in the case of historical global cities. Generally there is a dominant global urban identity that is commonly shared among the global cities.

The analytical comparison study of the two cases of London and Paris clarified urban lessons about the issues of conserving historical areas through the roles of the urban identity in today global cities as following:

The two cases showed clearly that the conserving of historical areas is essential to obtain a significant urban identity that reflects the local urban heritage, notably in the era of globalization.

The conservation process is not only limited to its direct concrete meaning, which concentrate on the preserving of the historical buildings and the whole urban context, but it is also include the protection of these areas to insure the forming of a unique skyline as it was clarified in the case of Paris, through urban strategies that aim to offer an integrated vision of the conservation process, this mean the need to some restricted policies such as; restriction on new buildings heights and to offer areas for high rise buildings, these areas have no negative impact on the historical area sky line, this was clear in the case of Paris through the establishing of the CBD of La Defense out of the historical central area.

In London case, the GLA managed to conserve the historical areas, however this conservation was only to preserve the physical case of buildings and urban context and not to offer a complete protection to the skyline of the historical vistas, even under the supplementary guidance for London on the protection of strategic views in 1991, London compete to have a skyline that reflects the globalization (through high rise buildings), this vision in historical urban context mean a city skyline of great complexity and diversity. It's an embodiment of the conflict between the global urban identity and the local urban identity.

Urban identity of cities derives mainly from the unique urban features of cities, this mean that there is a strong direct nexus between urban identity roles and the conserving of historical areas, as those areas are the main physical components that form a significant urban identity, Paris urban identity is well known even for non-professional through its unique skyline that characterized by iconic historical buildings mainly the Eiffel Tower which still almost the tallest building in central Paris.

It is obvious that the protection the urban identity is the responsibility of urban policy makers, meanwhile cities that own a significant urban identity, have also a significant conserved historical areas, the Cases of London and Paris illustrate how the roles of urban identity of the world main cities can be used to conserve the historical areas.

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