doe electrolysis-utility integration workshop ... - energy.gov€¦ · september 22, 2004 xcel...
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DOE Electrolysis-Utility Integration WorkshopSeptember 22, 2004
Mark McGreeDirector Resource Planning
Xcel Energy
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 2
Xcel Energy and Wind
•Who we are?•Amount of wind?•Issues and Experiences
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 3
Xcel Energy Utilities
•Northern States Power•Cheyenne Light•PSC of Colorado•Southwestern PSC
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 4
Wind on Xcel Energy Systems
1.8%3.5%165SPS
2.0%3.6%222PSCo
3.1%5.8%481NSP
2004 EnergyPenetration
2004 CapacityPenetration
ContractedWindSystem
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 5
Planned Wind on System
4.3%9.0%445SPS
5.8%10.2%722PSCo
6.5%12.3%1125NSP
2010Energy
Penetration
2010 CapacityPenetration
2010Wind
System
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 6
Wind’s Value
•Cheapest resource with federal production tax credit– SPS < $25/MWh– NSP < $30/MWh– PSCo < $35/MWh, but expect lower
•No emissions•1-2 year lead times•Hedge against gas prices•Why isn’t wind the perfect generation solution?
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 7
Why Isn’t Wind “the” Solution?
•Intermittent: does not blow all the time•More unpredictable than other sources•! Operational impacts•Wind generation at Xcel Energy does not match hourly demands•Transmission: distance from load centers
•…Wind is a part of the solution
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 8
Intermittent Source
NSP - 8/24/2003
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Loa
d (M
W)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
MW
Fro
m W
ind
Load (MW) Wind Gen (MW)
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 9
More Unpredictable
Wind Generation During 2002 System Peak Week (July 28 - August 3)
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
Syst
em M
W
-
50
100
150
200
Win
d G
ener
atio
n M
W
NSPNR Wind at Buffalo Ridge
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 10
Power Operation Issues
•Intermittence causes scheduling challenges– 3-day horizon– Purchase and generation commitments, units either off or on– Cannot start or stop other plants on a “dime”
•System regulation and load following costs– Do not have a perfect forecast– Electricity can not be stored, generation must match use– Back down economic units or dispatch less economic units– More units capacity assigned to regulation or load following– More area control error ! NERC reliability concern
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 11
Power Operation Impacts
• Impacts are system-specific
• Impacts add costs for our customers
• Higher penetration ! higher extra costs
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 12
Wind Integration Studies - NSP
•2001: 280 MW on 8,000 MW system– Total $1.85/MWh
– Missed• Opportunity cost of using load following potential earlier than
otherwise
• Increased maintenance costs on plants
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 13
Wind Integration Studies - NSP
•2004: 1500 MW on 10,000 MW system– Total $4.60/MWh
– Missed• Opportunity cost of using load following potential earlier than
otherwise
• Increased maintenance costs on plants
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 14
Wind Integration Studies - SPS
•2004 Hirst Study– Analyzed cost of different amounts of wind on system– 200 to 2000 MW on 4000 MW SPS system
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 15
Wind Integration Studies - SPS
$8 /MWh2000
$17 /MWh1000
$23 /MWh400
$26 /MWh200
$29/MWh0
Break Even Payments to WindWind Amount
(MWs)
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 16
Power Operation Impacts
•Increased operations and maintenance costs– More starts and stops on plants– More thermal cycling on plants– Both shorten time between maintenance overhauls
•Cost impact has not been analyzed
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 17
Potential Power Impact Solutions
•Solutions– Live with it and bear cost increases– Storage
• Compressed Air• Pumped Storage• Positive cost-benefit elusive
– Load that matches output and can be tied to it• Not explored much• H2 production is possibility• Positive cost-benefit elusive
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 18
Xcel Energy Renewable Development Fund
•2001 Results– No requests for wind-electrolysis research
•2004 Results– Wind-electrolysis requests: 2– Wind-electrolysis projects selected: 0
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 19
Transmission
•Wind farms are not near load centers•Wind often cannot support transmission upgrade costs by themselves
– 30 to 35% capacity factor – Generation at time of peak demand is low
•Lead time mismatch between wind generation and transmission construction•RTOs/FERC protocols make resolution more difficult
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 20
Distributed Wind
•Definition– Small wind– Distributed sites– Connect to distribution system
•Xcel Energy Experiences– Energy more costly than large wind farms (~30%)– Higher administrative costs– Less sophisticated owners ! middle person– Not the least cost wind option
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 21
Wind Summary
•Good environmental characteristics •Good pricing characteristics [ f(PTC) ]•Poor operating characteristics
– not dispatchable– intermittent– causes operating problems
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September 22, 2004 Xcel Energy 22
Wind Summary
•Research solutions to operating cost issues•Research storage issues ! reduce costs•Research demand side partnerships
– Electrolysis– Resistance loads– Achieve positive cost-benefit conclusion
•Regardless, part of future supply solution
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