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From plant use and domestication to vegetation management: The role of local communities for conservation Does local participation enhance the conservation of protected areas? A comparative study in southeastern Mexico The 51st Annual Meeting of the Society for Economic Botany Luciana PorterBolland, Isabel RuizMallén, Edward A. Ellis, Consuelo Sánchez González, Antonio de la Peña, Claudia CamachoBenavides, M. Elena Méndez, Elia Chablé Can, Armando Medinaceli, Rosalía Fernández T., Victoria ReyesGarcía & Conservcom Team

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Page 1: Does local enhance the conservation of protected …icta.uab.cat/Etnoecologia/projects/docs/presentacion_SEB.pdfMicrosoft PowerPoint - presentacion_SEB.pptx Author Benq Created Date

From plant use and domestication to vegetation management: The role of local communities for conservation

Does local participation enhance the conservation of protected areas? A 

comparative study in southeastern Mexico

The 51st Annual Meeting of the Society for Economic Botany 

Luciana Porter‐Bolland, Isabel Ruiz‐Mallén, Edward A. Ellis, Consuelo Sánchez González, 

Antonio de la Peña, Claudia Camacho‐Benavides, M. Elena Méndez, Elia Chablé Can, Armando Medinaceli, 

Rosalía Fernández T., Victoria Reyes‐García & Conservcom Team 

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Working research

Conservación Comunitaria:El papel de la participación local en la conservación de la biodiversidad. Estudios de caso del sureste mexicano

July 2009 – July 2011

ConservCom TEAM

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Conservation debate: philosophical

Yosemite National Park, USA

Compositionalism vs. Functionalism (Callicott et al. 1998)

Humans apart from nature Humans as a part of nature

Calakmul, Campeche, México

Nature as wild Nature as a human construct

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Morsello ©

Conservation debate: practical• Tropical forests are high in 

biodiversity but hundreds of thousands of people depend on it

(Constanza et al. 1997; Sunderlin et al. 2005).

Agreements and partnerships must be established between governments and local peoples in order to promote long‐term conservation and sustainable use of natural resources

(Schwartzman & Zimmerman, 2005; Vermeulen & Sheil 2007). 

• PA are not enough to safeguard global biodiversity 

(Myers et al. 2000; Bray et al. 2007)

• 12,6% of planet is protected (www.unep.org)

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Many of the processes that determine viability of conservation objects are not restrained by park limits

DeFries et al., 2007

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World Conservation Union, 1948

Aim 1948: To protect wildlife around the world (international agreements)

Aim 1993: To protect biodiversity and benefit society

PA are an essential tool for successful conservation in order to maintain ecosystem services, biodiversity, and ecological processes that support them

PA are also essential for vulnerable peoples (most of them indigenous)  

(Morsello, 2001; IUCN, 2009)

GLOBAL CONSERVATION

Protected Area: 

A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values

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Relevance for legislation: •World Parks Congress.  Durban, South Africa, 2003  Effects of PA establishment on different parties

Steps favorable for community conservation

“Indigenous and community conserved areas (ICCAs) have emerged as a major new phenomenon in formal conservation circles, though their existence is as old as human civilization itself. International policies and programmes, notably those under the Convention on Biological Diversity, require countries to provide them with recognition and support…..”IUCN – CEESP  Briefing note, 2008

GLOBAL CONSERVATION

•World Conservation Congress.  Bangkok, 2004 – introduces the concept of “governance”

• Convention on Biological Diversity Kuala Lumpur (COP7), Malaysia, 2004 norms for conservations that address equity, participation and rights issues relating indigenous and local communities

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Link between culture and biodiversity

Morsello ©

Value in itself:

•Productive systems•TEK•Domestication proceseses•Cultivated varieties•Etc.

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ConservCom

(Camacho et al. 2007, CONANP 2010, Pronatura 2000).

MEXICO: nature´s conservation

Public Protected Areas (PA)

Protected areas  established and managed by Federal governmentAlso areas managed by States and municipalities

Only the Federal system includes at least 173 PA

Up to 25 millions ha  13% of National territory

People living in >70% PA

Payments for Environmental Services (PES)

Natural areas of private/common property stimulated by the international private sector and supported by Federal government (CONAFOR, 2004)Owners receive an annual payment (PSA)

Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA)

Natural areas of common property established and managed by indigenous/rural communitiesResult from traditional practices or local initiatives for conservationWith official recognition (AVC) or noti.e., Oaxaca: 127 communities with ICCA: 375.000ha

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Objectives of the ConservCom Project

• To identify and understand risks and opportunities of different conservation strategies that vary regarding local participation in decision‐making:

National Parks and other Public Protected Areas (PA)

Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA)

Areas established as Payments for Environmental Services (PES)

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Specific objectives

• Through case studies:– Measure their effect regarding land use/cover change

– Understand the degree of local participation regarding management decisions

– Understand the relevance (viability) of the conserved areas considering livelihood strategies of local inhabitants

– Relate local environmental perceptions, values and knowledge to conservation initiatives

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Specific objectives

• Through case studies:– Measure their effect regarding land use/cover change

– Understand the degree of local participation regarding management decisions

– Understand the relevance (viability) of the conserved areas considering livelihood strategies of local inhabitants

– Relate local environmental perceptions, values and knowledge to conservation initiatives

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ICCA

PA

Buffer areas

Mancolona (Calakmul)Chunyaxché (Sian Ka’an)

PES Tonalaco (Cofre de Perote)

Not within PA

Bordering PA

Felipe Carrillo Puerto (Sian Ka’an)

PES Xmaben (Calakmul)Sta. Cruz Tepetotutla (Chinantla Alta)

Types of management strategies for conservation areas

ConservCom

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ConservComStudy areas

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ChunyaxchéFelipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana RooEjido, Assembly154 inhabitants/ Yucatec‐Mayan

Buffer area and part of Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve (PA):  (1987)/ Ecotourism

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Felipe Carrillo Puerto

Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Q. RooEjido, Assembly 21,530 inhabitants/ Yucatec‐MayanReserva ejidal (ICCA) bordering the Sian Ka´an Biosphere Reserve (PA): 10,024ha(1986) Ecotourism & forest management (ICCA): 1,230ha (2005)

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Unión 20 de Junio, antes La Mancolona

Calakmul, CampecheSmall holders private property, Consensual Assembly432 inhabitants/ Tzeltal

Buffer area and part of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (PA): 3,450 ha(1998)Ethnotourist / organic honey production

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Xmaben

Holpechén, CampecheEjido, Assembly1,251 inhabitants/Yucatec‐MayanPSAH (PES): 3,000ha (2004‐2009) about to acquire another PSAMesoamerican Biological Corridor

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Santa Cruz Tepetotutla(Chinantla alta)

Usila,  OaxacaIndigenous Community, General Assembly644 inhabitants/ Chinantecos

CORENCHI (ICCA): 9,670ha (2004)PSAH (PES): 3,932ha. (2004)

Ecosystem Integrated Management (MIE), Biological Station, 

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Tonalaco

Xico, VeracruzEjido, Assembly1092 inhabitants/ Spanish speaking

Parque Nacional Cofre de Perote (PA): 300ha (1937)PSAH (PES): 307ha (2003‐2012).Forest management activities

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Land use/cover change analysis• Through remote sensing techniques (Landsat ETM and SPOT 

images)

• Through GIS analyze  land use/land change processes

• Spatial statistics to relate change processes with biophysical 

and socio‐economic information 

ConservComMethods

Comprehensive field work for training sites data acquisition

Objective 1 General hypothesis: Participation regarding conserved areas correlates positively with forest maintenance

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Participatory mappingConservCom

Understand the territory through its managers viewsUnderstand historical features relevant for the 

landscape levelGenerate discussion with local people about

land use/cover change processesGenerate maps important for local people

Methods

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Research Tools 3) Five Capitals

4) Knowledge/ perceptions

5) Participation

Participant observation

Deep Interviews

SociogrammeFocus group – history line regarding participation and land use changeFree listings

Focus groups – capitalsFocus grousp – TEK/perceptionsChildren´s l drawings

Field work stage 1: Ethnographic research (qualitative data)

ConservComMethods

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Ethnographic stage: different tools from interviews to participatory workshops

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Methods 3) Five Capitals

4) Knowledge/ perceptions

5) Participation

Surveys (sampling design)

Network analysis

2) Field work stage 2: Quantitative research

3)  Stage 3: Dissemination PLAN

Exchange meetings among communities studiedCalakmul (Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Chunyaxché, Mancolona, Xmaben)  Chinantla (Sta. Cruz Tepetotutla, Tonalaco) 

Dissemination strategy:1.Communities2.Decision makers Deliver maps, educational book and other resulting materials specifically designed for local inhabitants of the case studies

ConservComMethods

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ParticipationConservComResearch in progress

Individually, where ideas and agendas of particular actors contribute or deter institutional functioning

Participation as the processes and practices that derive in collective actions towards the management of natural resources

collectively, where the whole of expressions leads to actions towards the common wealth(or the contrary)

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Communities are not homogeneous and participation is conditioned by multiple factors:

At the community level the factors relate to: agrarian, economical and political  histories, legal frameworks, public policy and cultural values. 

At the individual level by: gender, ethnicity, social class, political affiliation, and religion

ConservComResearch in progress

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Livelihood strategies• In order to characterize livelihood strategies and their association with 

natural resource management we use the Five Capitals framework (Bebbington 1999; Scoones 1998; Igoe 2006).

ConservCom

FIVE CAPITALS:

1. HumanEducation and capacities

2.  Economical and Financial

Research in progress

*Formal education*health

*Government subsidies*wage labor

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ConservCom

3. Physical:Infrastructure, tools and 

services*communications

4. Socio‐Cultural

5. Natural*soil*water

This approach is useful to understand livelihood strategies in order to understand the relationship between nature, society and development 

Research in progress

*Religion*Organizationaccording to Productiveactivities

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Environmental knowledge, perceptions and values

• Natural resources management is related to how different social groups understand or perceive their situation in relation to environmental change 

ConservCom

鰳鰸鱜鲃

Research in progress

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Management decisions take place framed by the resulting social process of how knowledge, perceptions and values are constructed (Arizpe et al. 1993).

ConservComTheoretical Framework

Our hypothesis is that effectively conserved areas will be associated to an understanding of the legal conservation figure (legitimacy) and to positive attitudes towards biological conservation

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Working research: expected results

1. Results will shed light into the understanding of the complex relations between conservation and development. 

2. We aim at contributing with methodological, theoretical, and practical elements regarding the current debate about government, community and private models of conservation areas and sustainable development 

3. Design participatory strategies for biological conservation that will improve the capacities of local peoples to manage their natural resources

ConservCom

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ConservCom Team

“La investigación que se realiza recibe apoyo del CONACYT  y de la Comunidad Europea a través delFONCICYT en virtud del contrato de asignación de recursos/ contrato de subvención núm. 94395”

Agradecemos a los participantes de las Comunidades donde se realizanlos estudios.