does local enhance the conservation of protected...
TRANSCRIPT
From plant use and domestication to vegetation management: The role of local communities for conservation
Does local participation enhance the conservation of protected areas? A
comparative study in southeastern Mexico
The 51st Annual Meeting of the Society for Economic Botany
Luciana Porter‐Bolland, Isabel Ruiz‐Mallén, Edward A. Ellis, Consuelo Sánchez González,
Antonio de la Peña, Claudia Camacho‐Benavides, M. Elena Méndez, Elia Chablé Can, Armando Medinaceli,
Rosalía Fernández T., Victoria Reyes‐García & Conservcom Team
Working research
Conservación Comunitaria:El papel de la participación local en la conservación de la biodiversidad. Estudios de caso del sureste mexicano
July 2009 – July 2011
ConservCom TEAM
Conservation debate: philosophical
Yosemite National Park, USA
Compositionalism vs. Functionalism (Callicott et al. 1998)
Humans apart from nature Humans as a part of nature
Calakmul, Campeche, México
Nature as wild Nature as a human construct
Morsello ©
Conservation debate: practical• Tropical forests are high in
biodiversity but hundreds of thousands of people depend on it
(Constanza et al. 1997; Sunderlin et al. 2005).
Agreements and partnerships must be established between governments and local peoples in order to promote long‐term conservation and sustainable use of natural resources
(Schwartzman & Zimmerman, 2005; Vermeulen & Sheil 2007).
• PA are not enough to safeguard global biodiversity
(Myers et al. 2000; Bray et al. 2007)
• 12,6% of planet is protected (www.unep.org)
Many of the processes that determine viability of conservation objects are not restrained by park limits
DeFries et al., 2007
World Conservation Union, 1948
Aim 1948: To protect wildlife around the world (international agreements)
Aim 1993: To protect biodiversity and benefit society
PA are an essential tool for successful conservation in order to maintain ecosystem services, biodiversity, and ecological processes that support them
PA are also essential for vulnerable peoples (most of them indigenous)
(Morsello, 2001; IUCN, 2009)
GLOBAL CONSERVATION
Protected Area:
A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values
Relevance for legislation: •World Parks Congress. Durban, South Africa, 2003 Effects of PA establishment on different parties
Steps favorable for community conservation
“Indigenous and community conserved areas (ICCAs) have emerged as a major new phenomenon in formal conservation circles, though their existence is as old as human civilization itself. International policies and programmes, notably those under the Convention on Biological Diversity, require countries to provide them with recognition and support…..”IUCN – CEESP Briefing note, 2008
GLOBAL CONSERVATION
•World Conservation Congress. Bangkok, 2004 – introduces the concept of “governance”
• Convention on Biological Diversity Kuala Lumpur (COP7), Malaysia, 2004 norms for conservations that address equity, participation and rights issues relating indigenous and local communities
Link between culture and biodiversity
Morsello ©
Value in itself:
•Productive systems•TEK•Domestication proceseses•Cultivated varieties•Etc.
ConservCom
(Camacho et al. 2007, CONANP 2010, Pronatura 2000).
MEXICO: nature´s conservation
Public Protected Areas (PA)
Protected areas established and managed by Federal governmentAlso areas managed by States and municipalities
Only the Federal system includes at least 173 PA
Up to 25 millions ha 13% of National territory
People living in >70% PA
Payments for Environmental Services (PES)
Natural areas of private/common property stimulated by the international private sector and supported by Federal government (CONAFOR, 2004)Owners receive an annual payment (PSA)
Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA)
Natural areas of common property established and managed by indigenous/rural communitiesResult from traditional practices or local initiatives for conservationWith official recognition (AVC) or noti.e., Oaxaca: 127 communities with ICCA: 375.000ha
Objectives of the ConservCom Project
• To identify and understand risks and opportunities of different conservation strategies that vary regarding local participation in decision‐making:
National Parks and other Public Protected Areas (PA)
Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA)
Areas established as Payments for Environmental Services (PES)
Specific objectives
• Through case studies:– Measure their effect regarding land use/cover change
– Understand the degree of local participation regarding management decisions
– Understand the relevance (viability) of the conserved areas considering livelihood strategies of local inhabitants
– Relate local environmental perceptions, values and knowledge to conservation initiatives
Specific objectives
• Through case studies:– Measure their effect regarding land use/cover change
– Understand the degree of local participation regarding management decisions
– Understand the relevance (viability) of the conserved areas considering livelihood strategies of local inhabitants
– Relate local environmental perceptions, values and knowledge to conservation initiatives
ICCA
PA
Buffer areas
Mancolona (Calakmul)Chunyaxché (Sian Ka’an)
PES Tonalaco (Cofre de Perote)
Not within PA
Bordering PA
Felipe Carrillo Puerto (Sian Ka’an)
PES Xmaben (Calakmul)Sta. Cruz Tepetotutla (Chinantla Alta)
Types of management strategies for conservation areas
ConservCom
ConservComStudy areas
ChunyaxchéFelipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana RooEjido, Assembly154 inhabitants/ Yucatec‐Mayan
Buffer area and part of Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve (PA): (1987)/ Ecotourism
Felipe Carrillo Puerto
Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Q. RooEjido, Assembly 21,530 inhabitants/ Yucatec‐MayanReserva ejidal (ICCA) bordering the Sian Ka´an Biosphere Reserve (PA): 10,024ha(1986) Ecotourism & forest management (ICCA): 1,230ha (2005)
Unión 20 de Junio, antes La Mancolona
Calakmul, CampecheSmall holders private property, Consensual Assembly432 inhabitants/ Tzeltal
Buffer area and part of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (PA): 3,450 ha(1998)Ethnotourist / organic honey production
Xmaben
Holpechén, CampecheEjido, Assembly1,251 inhabitants/Yucatec‐MayanPSAH (PES): 3,000ha (2004‐2009) about to acquire another PSAMesoamerican Biological Corridor
Santa Cruz Tepetotutla(Chinantla alta)
Usila, OaxacaIndigenous Community, General Assembly644 inhabitants/ Chinantecos
CORENCHI (ICCA): 9,670ha (2004)PSAH (PES): 3,932ha. (2004)
Ecosystem Integrated Management (MIE), Biological Station,
Tonalaco
Xico, VeracruzEjido, Assembly1092 inhabitants/ Spanish speaking
Parque Nacional Cofre de Perote (PA): 300ha (1937)PSAH (PES): 307ha (2003‐2012).Forest management activities
Land use/cover change analysis• Through remote sensing techniques (Landsat ETM and SPOT
images)
• Through GIS analyze land use/land change processes
• Spatial statistics to relate change processes with biophysical
and socio‐economic information
ConservComMethods
Comprehensive field work for training sites data acquisition
Objective 1 General hypothesis: Participation regarding conserved areas correlates positively with forest maintenance
Participatory mappingConservCom
Understand the territory through its managers viewsUnderstand historical features relevant for the
landscape levelGenerate discussion with local people about
land use/cover change processesGenerate maps important for local people
Methods
Research Tools 3) Five Capitals
4) Knowledge/ perceptions
5) Participation
Participant observation
Deep Interviews
SociogrammeFocus group – history line regarding participation and land use changeFree listings
Focus groups – capitalsFocus grousp – TEK/perceptionsChildren´s l drawings
Field work stage 1: Ethnographic research (qualitative data)
ConservComMethods
Ethnographic stage: different tools from interviews to participatory workshops
Methods 3) Five Capitals
4) Knowledge/ perceptions
5) Participation
Surveys (sampling design)
Network analysis
2) Field work stage 2: Quantitative research
3) Stage 3: Dissemination PLAN
Exchange meetings among communities studiedCalakmul (Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Chunyaxché, Mancolona, Xmaben) Chinantla (Sta. Cruz Tepetotutla, Tonalaco)
Dissemination strategy:1.Communities2.Decision makers Deliver maps, educational book and other resulting materials specifically designed for local inhabitants of the case studies
ConservComMethods
ParticipationConservComResearch in progress
Individually, where ideas and agendas of particular actors contribute or deter institutional functioning
Participation as the processes and practices that derive in collective actions towards the management of natural resources
collectively, where the whole of expressions leads to actions towards the common wealth(or the contrary)
Communities are not homogeneous and participation is conditioned by multiple factors:
At the community level the factors relate to: agrarian, economical and political histories, legal frameworks, public policy and cultural values.
At the individual level by: gender, ethnicity, social class, political affiliation, and religion
ConservComResearch in progress
Livelihood strategies• In order to characterize livelihood strategies and their association with
natural resource management we use the Five Capitals framework (Bebbington 1999; Scoones 1998; Igoe 2006).
ConservCom
FIVE CAPITALS:
1. HumanEducation and capacities
2. Economical and Financial
Research in progress
*Formal education*health
*Government subsidies*wage labor
ConservCom
3. Physical:Infrastructure, tools and
services*communications
4. Socio‐Cultural
5. Natural*soil*water
This approach is useful to understand livelihood strategies in order to understand the relationship between nature, society and development
Research in progress
*Religion*Organizationaccording to Productiveactivities
Environmental knowledge, perceptions and values
• Natural resources management is related to how different social groups understand or perceive their situation in relation to environmental change
ConservCom
鰳鰸鱜鲃
Research in progress
Management decisions take place framed by the resulting social process of how knowledge, perceptions and values are constructed (Arizpe et al. 1993).
ConservComTheoretical Framework
Our hypothesis is that effectively conserved areas will be associated to an understanding of the legal conservation figure (legitimacy) and to positive attitudes towards biological conservation
Working research: expected results
1. Results will shed light into the understanding of the complex relations between conservation and development.
2. We aim at contributing with methodological, theoretical, and practical elements regarding the current debate about government, community and private models of conservation areas and sustainable development
3. Design participatory strategies for biological conservation that will improve the capacities of local peoples to manage their natural resources
ConservCom
ConservCom Team
“La investigación que se realiza recibe apoyo del CONACYT y de la Comunidad Europea a través delFONCICYT en virtud del contrato de asignación de recursos/ contrato de subvención núm. 94395”
Agradecemos a los participantes de las Comunidades donde se realizanlos estudios.