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Does research performance influence environmentrelated outcomes of countries? Lessons learned from a macrolevel evaluation using bibliometric indicators and environmental performance indexes Edmonton 2011 | CES Conference Concurrent Session #6 A: Performance measurement and beyond | Room: Turner Valley Wednesday, May 4, 2011 | 9:15 AM to 10:45 AM

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This paper aimsto explore the interpretative value of macro-level indicators tobetter understand the relationships between the researchperformance and the environmental performance of nations.Using bibliometric tools developed by Science-Metrix asproxy indicators of environmental research performance ofcountries and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI)published jointly by Yale University and Columbia University,the authors present results and discuss the advantages and limitations of the use of such a macro-levelapproach to inform research evaluation process.

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Page 1: Does research performance influence environment-related outcomes of countries? Lessons learned from a macro-level evaluation using bibliometric indicators and environmental performance

Does research performance influence environment‐related outcomes of countries? 

Lessons learned from a macro‐level evaluation using bibliometric indicators and environmental performance indexes

Edmonton 2011 |  CES Conference Concurrent Session #6 A: Performance measurement and beyond | Room: Turner Valley 

Wednesday, May 4, 2011 | 9:15 AM to 10:45 AM 

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Outline

Background Need for a composite index of scientific performance Use of composite indexes for macro‐evaluation of national outcomes Environmental Performance Index (EPI)

Objectives Develop a composite scientometric index Apply to macro‐evaluation  Drive research

Methods Composite Index of Scientific Performance (CISP) Relationship between the CISP and the EPI

Preliminary results  Next steps

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Background: The challenge

How can evaluators investigate the impact of scientific research on the environmental performance of countries? 

Macro‐indicators are often used to investigate the influence of economic and non‐economic factors on the environmental performance of nations.

The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is commonly used for this.

Literature shows examples of the influence of economic and non‐economicfactors on the environmental performance of nations.

However, the role of national research performance, as a determinant of the national environmental performance, has not been fully investigated.  

We need a new composite index that takes scientific research into account.

We also, and primarily, need an approach to investigate the relationship between scientific research and the environmental performance of nations.

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Background: Need and opportunities

Need for a composite index of scientific performance  Multi‐criteria analysis is a synthesis tool used in scientometrics to inform 

the decision‐making process in the science policy context When several dimensions characterizing the scientific performance of 

countries are being measured for comparative purposes, it is often difficult to determine the position of the countries being compared relative to one another (i.e., A performs better than B or vice‐versa) without a well‐structured ranking mechanism. 

Various methods have been developed to reduce numerous indicators to a single composite indicator or multi‐rank. 

However, these methods are often sensitive to the composition of the study sample: the position of two entities relative to one another can be altered if entities are added or removed from the sample.

A “similarity‐based approach to ranking multi‐criteria alternatives” was adapted to provide a stable composite indicator for ranking [Deng, 2007]in a bibliometric context. 

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Background: Environmental Performance Index (EPI)

Performance‐oriented composite index developed by Yale and Columbia Universities.  

Formally released in Davos, at the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum in January 2006. Revised in 2008 and 2010.

Measures progress toward a set of targets of desirable environmental outcomes, taking into account a country's current policies.

Ranks 163 countries on 25 performance indicators tracked across 10 policy categories for both environmental public health and ecosystem vitality objectives.

All variables are normalized on a scale from 0 to 100.  The maximum value of 100 is attributed to the target, as the zero value is credited the worst player in the field.

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Background: EPI’s Framework

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Background: EPI’s Advantages and Limitations

Advantages LimitationsOne‐dimensional metric to facilitate cross‐country comparisons and  analysis [Emerson et al., 2010]

Absence of broadly‐collected and methodologically‐consistent data [Saisana & Saltelli, 2010]

Unambiguous yardstick against which a country’s development can be measured and even a cross‐country comparison can be performed [Böhringer & Jochem, 2008]

Fails to meet fundamental scientific requirements with respect to the three central steps of indices formation: normalization, weighting, and aggregation[Böhringer & Jochem, 2008]

Facilitates the identification of leaders and laggards, highlights best policy practices, and identifies priorities for action [Samimiet al., 2010]

Utilizes the best available global datasets on environmental performance, but overall data quality and availability alarmingly poor [Emerson et al., 2010]

Intuitive methodology, possibility to drill down into specific issues, global coverage, full data access and transparency [Srebotnjak, 2010]

Lack of time series, focus too narrow [Pillarosetti & van den Bergh, 2010]

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Examples of the use of the EPI(Relation between two indices/indicators)

Question and data used Main findingsImpact of improvements in environment quality as a determinant of economic growth in developing countries [Samimi, Erami, and Mehnatfar, 2010] 

Data: EPI and Economic Growth

• Impact of EPI on economic growth in the countries under consideration is positive and significant.

Trade or cross‐border investment flows as a determinant of environmental degradation [Chakraborty & Mukherjeeo, 2010] 

Data: Relations between the EPI and the share of a country in the global export market and Foreign Direct Investment inflow

• No strong support to the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (i.e. migration of pollution‐intensive industries to the developing world), but showed relationships between socio‐economic and socio‐political factors and national environmental performance.

Governance and social development as a determinant of  environmental performance and capacity for climate change adaptation [Foa, 2009] 

Data: EPI and EM‐DAT database, Worldwide Governance Indicators and Indices of Social Development

• Democracy in itself is not a sufficient precondition for good environmental policies

• Strong evidence that engagement in local community can help improve environmental performance

• Positive effect of gender equity upon environmental performance

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Objectives

Develop a Composite Index of Scientific Performance (CISP): Apply methods and scientometrics to improve the multi‐criteria analysis of scientific performance of nations

Apply to macro‐evaluation: Investigate the relationship between the scientific and environmental performances of countries using the CISP and the EPI to support the macro‐evaluation of research outcomes

Drive research: Provide the basis for further exploration of the interpretative value of macro‐level indicators by better understanding the links between the environmental research performance and environmental outcomes of nations

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Methods: Approach Overview

IDENTIFICATION OF  SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS 

SPECIALIZED IN ENVIRONMENT 

RESEARCH# journals: ~ 650

DELINATION OF ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH IN 

SCOPUS DATABASE

Period: 2003‐2007

# papers: 434,793

CREATION OF A DATASET OF 

SCIENTIFIC PAPERS BY COUNTRY

# countries: 38

Threshold:Min. 1000 scientific 

papers for the five‐year period

COMPUTATION OF SCALE‐FREE 

SCIENTOMETRIC INDICATORS4 scientific performance indicators

COMPUTATION OF COMPOSITE 

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC 

PERFORMANCEIN 

ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH

COMPOSITE INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC PERFORMANCE 

(CISP)Rank normalized on scale of 0 to 100

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDEX (EPI)

Rank normalized on scale of 0 to 10025 performance indicators tracked across 10 policy 

categories

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP 

BETWEEN THE TWO PERFORMANCE 

INDEXES

DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPOSITE INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC PERFORMANCEIN ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH

APPLICATION TO THE MACRO-EVALUATION OF NATIONAL-LEVEL OUTCOMES

AVENUES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

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Methods: Delineation of Scientific Research

Included the journals used in a previous scientometric study completed for Environment Canada:

Bertrand F. and Côté G. 25 Years of Canadian Environmental Research: A Scientometric Analysis (1980‐2004). March 2006. Science‐Metrix. Link: http://www.science‐metrix.com/pdf/SM_2006_001_EC_Scientometrics_Environment_Full_Report.pdf

Identified additional environmental research journals using the Ontology Explorer and the Ontology and Journal Classification

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Methods: CISP – Computation of Indicators

Composed of four scale‐free scientometric indicators : Scientific Productivity: Scientific papers published by a country in 

environment research relative to the number expected given its total gross expenditure in R&D (GERD). 

Scientific Impact: Citations received by a country relative to the number expected given the number of papers published in environment research. 

International Collaboration: Number of co‐authored papers with a foreign partner relative to the number expected given the number of papers published in the country in environment research.  An indicator of collaboration propensity(*).

Specialization: Papers published by a country in environment research relative to the number expected given its total scientific production (in all fields of science).

(*) International collaboration is associated with scientific impact [Katz and Hicks 1997] 

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Methods: CISP ‐ Computation of the CISP

Adapted the similarity‐based approach to ranking multi‐criteria to compute a composite index Equal weighting: Gives equal weight to all four indicators Vectorial calculation: Involves vectorial calculations in 4 dimensions 

given that 4 indicators are used Index based on the vectorial calculation of ideal performance: The 

composite index for each country is determined based on its similarity with ideal performance solution 

Normalized for comparison with EPI: CISP scores normalized between 0 and 100

Insensitive to countries included in the ranking: The position of two countries relative to one another does not change if countries are added or removed from the sample

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Results: Mapping of CISP scores

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Results: Mapping of EPI scores

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Results: Mapping of CISP and EPI scores

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Results: Relationship between CISP and EPI

CISP Score

EPI Score

EPI = 47.641 + 0.43294 * CISPPearson Correlationr: 0.51515p‐value:  < 0.001

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Results: Regression‐based ranking of indexesCountry CISP EPI Regression 

lineEPI/Regression line

Country CISP EPI Regression line

EPI/Regression line

Switzerland 58.0 89.1 72.8 1.22 Russia 31.2 61.2 61.1 1.00Sweden 55.7 86 71.8 1.20 Brazil 36.7 63.4 63.5 1.00Japan 31.2 72.5 61.2 1.19 Israel 36.2 62.4 63.3 0.99Austria 46.5 78.1 67.8 1.15 Poland 37.9 63.1 64.1 0.99Singapore 32.0 69.6 61.5 1.13 Turkey 34.6 60.4 62.6 0.96France 49.6 78.2 69.1 1.13 N. Zealand 67.5 73.4 76.8 0.96Czech Rep. 38.9 71.6 64.5 1.11 Denmark 59.2 69.2 73.3 0.94

Italy 42.9 73.1 66.2 1.10 Rep. Korea 31.3 57 61.2 0.93Hungary 37.4 69.1 63.8 1.08 Thailand 44.5 62.2 66.9 0.93Norway 63.3 81.1 75.0 1.08 Argentina 43.3 61 66.4 0.92Chile 47.0 73.3 68.0 1.08 Netherlands 57.1 66.4 72.4 0.92Finland 52.2 74.7 70.2 1.06 USA 50.2 63.5 69.4 0.92Germany 49.3 73.2 69.0 1.06 Australia 57.9 65.7 72.7 0.90Portugal 52.2 73 70.2 1.04 Greece 48.4 60.9 68.6 0.89Iran 24.7 60 58.3 1.03 Canada 63.3 66.4 75.0 0.88Ireland 41.5 67.1 65.6 1.02 Belgium 51.4 58.1 69.9 0.83Spain 50.5 70.6 69.5 1.02 India 30.5 48.3 60.9 0.79Mexico 43.9 67.3 66.6 1.01 China 34.0 49 62.4 0.79UK 60.0 74.2 73.6 1.01 South Africa 49.2 50.8 68.9 0.74

Outliers in red – two possible explanations: 1) EPI is overestimated or CISP is underestimated for outliers above 1.15. EPI is underestimated or CISP is overestimated for outliers below 0.80.2) Outliers reflect a real effect due to other factors that come into play. Given the correlation coefficient of 0.52 (mid‐range between no correlation and perfectly correlated), this is not unlikely.

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Next steps (1)

Further validate and improve the CISP: Compute principal components and/or factor analysis to 

validate the selection of scientometric indicators Adjust or change the set of scientometric indicators used in the 

composite index Additional testing of the limits/errors of the approach 

(composite indicator and ranking in a bibliometric context)

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Next steps (2)

Further explore the interpretative value of macro‐level indicators: Delineate environmental research at the subfield level to align 

with EPI policy categories indicators (e.g., air pollution, fisheries, environmental health, etc.)

Further explore the value of macro‐level indicators with multiple sources of evidence (other data on national policies and programs) to explain macro‐evaluation results

Test the experimental design (including the limits/errors of the EPI)

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Thank you for your time and feedback

Frédéric Bertrand, M.Sc. Vice‐President, Evaluation | Science‐Metrix

frederic.bertrand@science‐metrix.com

David Campbell, M.Sc.Senior Research Analyst | Science‐Metrix

david.campbell@science‐metrix.com

Grégoire Côté, B.Sc.Vice‐President, Bibliometrics| Science‐Metrix

gregoire.cote@science‐metrix.com

Michelle Picard‐Aitken, M.Sc.Senior Research Analyst | Science‐Metrix

m.picard‐aitken@science‐metrix.com

Michèle‐Odile Geoffroy, M.Sc.Scientific Writer| Independent

michele‐[email protected]

Science‐Metrix Inc.Address  1335, Mont‐Royal E.

Montreal, QuebecCanada   H2J 1Y6

Toll‐free  1.800.299.8061Phone  1.514.495.6505Email  info@science‐metrix.com

www.science‐metrix.com

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References (1)

• Bertrand, F. and Côté, G. (2006) 25 Years of Canadian Environmental Research: A Scientometric Analysis (1980‐2004). Science‐Metrix: http://www.science‐metrix.com/pdf/SM_2006_001_EC_Scientometrics_Environment_Full_Report.pdf

• Böringher, C. & Jochem, P. (2008).  Measuring the Immeasurable: A Survey of Sustainability Indices.  Centre for European Economic Research, Germany.  Discussion Paper No. 06‐073.

• Chakraborty, D., & Mukherjeeo, S. (2010). Relationship between Trade, Investment and Environment: A Review of Issues.MPRA Paper of the University Library of Munich, Germany, No. 23333. Retrieved from http://mpra.ub.uni‐muenchen.de/23333/1/Trade_and_Environment‐16.6.2010.pdf

• Deng, H. 2008. A similarity‐Based Approach to Ranking Multicriteria Alternatives. LNCS: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2007, Volume 4682/2007, 253‐262.

• Emerson, J., D. C. Esty, M.A. Levy, C.H. Kim, V. Mara, A. de Sherbinin, and T. Srebotnjak (2010).  2010 Environmental Performance Index. New Haven: Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy 

• Environmental Performance Index 2010: http://epi.yale.edu/• Foa, R. (2009). Social and Governance Dimensions of Climate Change: Implications for Policy. 

Background Policy Research Working Paper to the 2010 World Development Report, No. 4939. Retrieved from http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2009/03543.pdf

• Katz, J.S. and Hicks, D. 1997. How much is a collaboration worth? A calibrated bibliometric model. Scientometrics. 40 (3): 541‐554.

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References (2)• Pillarisetti, J. R., & van den Bergh, J. C. M. (2008). Sustainable Nations: What Do Aggregate 

Indicators Tell Us? Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper. Retrieved from http://www.tinbergen.nl/discussionpapers/08012.pdf

• Samimi, A. J., Erami, N. E., & Mehnatfar, Y. (2010). Environmental Performance Index and Economic Growth: Evidence from Some Developing Countries. Paper presented at the 12th International BIOECON Conference, From the Wealth of Nations to the Wealth of Nature: Rethinking Economic Growth, September 27, 2010, in Veneto, Italy. Retrieved from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/bioecon/12th_2010/Samimi.pdf

• Science‐Metrix. Ontology and Journal Classification: http://www.science‐metrix.com/SM_Ontology_100.xls

• Science‐Metrix. Ontology Explorer: http://www.science‐metrix.com/OntologyExplorer• Srebotnjak, T. (2010). Assessing National Environmental Performance using Composite 

Indicators: The Example of the 2010 Environmental Performance Index. Paper presented at the IAOS/Scorus 2010 Conference on Official Statistics and the Environment: Approaches, Issues, Challenges and Linkages, October 2010, Santiago, Chile. Retrieved from http://encina.ine.cl/IAOS2010INGLES/portals/IAOS2010INGLES/Srebotnjak%20Paper_Short_6August2010.pdf

• Saisana, M., & Saltelli, A. (2010). Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis of the 2010 Environmental Performance Index. European Commission Joint Research Centre Scientific and Technical Report. Retrieved from http://composite‐indicators.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Document/Saisana_Saltelli_2010EPI_EUR.pdf

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