dominio público denis borges barbosa. la teoria del market failure y la propiedad intelectual j.h....

DominioDominio Público Público

Denis Borges BarbosaDenis Borges Barbosa

La teoria del market La teoria del market failure y la propiedad failure y la propiedad

intelectualintelectual J.H. Reichman, Charting the Collapse of the Patent-J.H. Reichman, Charting the Collapse of the Patent-

Copyright Dichotomy: Premises for a restructured Copyright Dichotomy: Premises for a restructured International Intellectual Property System 13 Cardozo International Intellectual Property System 13 Cardozo Arts & Ent. L.J. 475 (1995). Arts & Ent. L.J. 475 (1995).

Para ser breve, ese capítulo del derecho asegura Para ser breve, ese capítulo del derecho asegura a los creadores una cuantidad de derechos de a los creadores una cuantidad de derechos de propiedad exclusiva, planeado para superar el propiedad exclusiva, planeado para superar el problema del dominio público, que resulta de la problema del dominio público, que resulta de la naturaleza intangible, indivisible y inexaurible de naturaleza intangible, indivisible y inexaurible de las creaciones intelectuales, que permite que las creaciones intelectuales, que permite que esas creaciones sean copiadas por los que no esas creaciones sean copiadas por los que no pagaran los costos y sufrieran los riesgos del pagaran los costos y sufrieran los riesgos del esfuerzo creativoesfuerzo creativo

¿¿Por que dominio Por que dominio público...?público...?

The Architecture of Innovation, Lawrence Lessig The Architecture of Innovation, Lawrence Lessig

we recall the public domain as if it were simply an echo from we recall the public domain as if it were simply an echo from some romantic past; we embrace (...) the idea that the some romantic past; we embrace (...) the idea that the whole world is best managed when divided among private whole world is best managed when divided among private owners, and we proceed to divide the world among private owners, and we proceed to divide the world among private owners. Most Americans agree with the Disney Corporation owners. Most Americans agree with the Disney Corporation that Mickey Mouse is Disney’s now and forever; they don’t that Mickey Mouse is Disney’s now and forever; they don’t even notice the irony then when Disney can make millions off even notice the irony then when Disney can make millions off of Hugo’s creation, the Hunch Back of Notre Dame, or of Hugo’s creation, the Hunch Back of Notre Dame, or Prokofiev or Pocahontas. Prokofiev or Pocahontas.

So invisible is public domain that we don’t even see it when So invisible is public domain that we don’t even see it when it is everywhere around; so invisible is the idea that the free it is everywhere around; so invisible is the idea that the free might matter to creativity, that when it is enclosed, we are might matter to creativity, that when it is enclosed, we are convinced this is progress.convinced this is progress.

Una tensión medularUna tensión medular

Declaración Universal de los Derechos humanos

Derecho a tomar parte libremente en la vida cultural de la Derecho a tomar parte libremente en la vida cultural de la comunidad, a gozar de las artes y a participar en el comunidad, a gozar de las artes y a participar en el

progreso científico y en los beneficios que de él progreso científico y en los beneficios que de él resultenresulten .

Derecho a la protección de los intereses morales y Derecho a la protección de los intereses morales y materialesmateriales .

Declaración Universal de los Derechos humanos

1.1. derecho a tomar

parte libremente en

la vida cultural de la

comunidad, a gozar

de las artes y a

participar en el

progreso científico y

en los beneficios que

de él resulten

1.1. derecho a la

protección de

los intereses

morales y

materiales

Intereses Constitucionales Intereses Constitucionales en oposiciónen oposición

Constituición de Chile Constituición de Chile

24. El derecho 24. El derecho de propiedadde propiedad en sus diversas especies sobre toda en sus diversas especies sobre toda clase de bienes corporales o incorporales.clase de bienes corporales o incorporales.

25. La libertad de crear y difundir las artes, así como el derecho 25. La libertad de crear y difundir las artes, así como el derecho del autor sobre sus creaciones intelectuales y artísticas de del autor sobre sus creaciones intelectuales y artísticas de cualquier especie, por el tiempo que señale la ley y que no será cualquier especie, por el tiempo que señale la ley y que no será inferior al de la vida del titularinferior al de la vida del titular

El derecho de autor El derecho de autor comprende la propiedad de las obrascomprende la propiedad de las obras y otros y otros derechos, como la paternidad, la edición y la integridad de la derechos, como la paternidad, la edición y la integridad de la obra, todo ello en conformidad a la ley.obra, todo ello en conformidad a la ley.

Se garantiza, también, la Se garantiza, también, la propiedadpropiedad industrial sobre las patentes de industrial sobre las patentes de invención, marcas comerciales, modelos, procesos tecnológicos u invención, marcas comerciales, modelos, procesos tecnológicos u otras creaciones análogas, por el tiempo que establezca la ley.otras creaciones análogas, por el tiempo que establezca la ley.Será aplicable a la propiedad de las creaciones intelectuales y Será aplicable a la propiedad de las creaciones intelectuales y artísticas y a la propiedad industrial lo prescrito en los incisos artísticas y a la propiedad industrial lo prescrito en los incisos segundo, tercero, cuarto y quinto del número anteriorsegundo, tercero, cuarto y quinto del número anterior


Constituición de Chile Constituición de Chile

21. El derecho a desarrollar 21. El derecho a desarrollar cualquiera actividad económica que cualquiera actividad económica que no sea contraria a la moral, al orden no sea contraria a la moral, al orden público o a la seguridad nacional, público o a la seguridad nacional, respetando las normas legales que la respetando las normas legales que la regulen.regulen.


10º. Corresponderá al Estado, asimismo, fomentar 10º. Corresponderá al Estado, asimismo, fomentar el desarrollo de la educación en todos sus niveles; el desarrollo de la educación en todos sus niveles; estimular la investigación científica y tecnológica, la estimular la investigación científica y tecnológica, la creación artística y creación artística y la protección e incremento del la protección e incremento del patrimonio cultural de la Nación. patrimonio cultural de la Nación.

12º La libertad de emitir opinión y la de informar,12º La libertad de emitir opinión y la de informar, 21. El derecho a desarrollar cualquiera actividad 21. El derecho a desarrollar cualquiera actividad

económicaeconómica

El derecho El derecho de propiedadde propiedad en sus diversas en sus diversas especies sobre toda clase de bienes especies sobre toda clase de bienes corporales o incorporalescorporales o incorporales


No es solo una cuestión de cultura, mas de capitalismoNo es solo una cuestión de cultura, mas de capitalismo Liberdade de iniciativa v. direito exclusivoLiberdade de iniciativa v. direito exclusivo Ruy Barbosa, comentários à Constituição Ruy Barbosa, comentários à Constituição

de 1891de 1891- - Não ha só diversidade, senão Não ha só diversidade, senão até antagonismo, e essencial, entre as até antagonismo, e essencial, entre as duas, uma das quaes é a declaração de duas, uma das quaes é a declaração de uma liberdade, a outra a garantia de uma uma liberdade, a outra a garantia de uma propriedade exclusiva. propriedade exclusiva.


Ação DIRETA DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDADEAção DIRETA DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDADE (MEDIDA LIMINAR) Nº 2.054-4 - DF - Tribunal Pleno (MEDIDA LIMINAR) Nº 2.054-4 - DF - Tribunal Pleno

(DJ, 10.03.2000) - Relator: O Sr. Ministro Ilmar Galvão(DJ, 10.03.2000) - Relator: O Sr. Ministro Ilmar Galvão Com isso, adverte Alexy (citado pelo primeiro), o que Com isso, adverte Alexy (citado pelo primeiro), o que

se quer dizer é que os princípios têm um peso se quer dizer é que os princípios têm um peso diferente nos casos concretos e que o princípio de diferente nos casos concretos e que o princípio de maior peso é o que prepondera.maior peso é o que prepondera. De modo que, De modo que, havendo conflito entre dois deles, o de menor peso havendo conflito entre dois deles, o de menor peso deve ceder em prol do mais importante, sem que, deve ceder em prol do mais importante, sem que, todavia, e, por óbvio, esse último deva desaparecer todavia, e, por óbvio, esse último deva desaparecer do sistema jurídicodo sistema jurídico, como ocorre em termos de , como ocorre em termos de antinomia de normas.antinomia de normas.


Y que prevalece? Y que prevalece? ““this court has consistently held this court has consistently held

that the primary purpose of ou that the primary purpose of ou patent laws is not the creation of patent laws is not the creation of private fortunes for the owners of private fortunes for the owners of patents but is to promote the patents but is to promote the progress of science and useful progress of science and useful arts (...)”, Motion Picture Patents arts (...)”, Motion Picture Patents Co.v. Universal Film Mfg. Co., 243 Co.v. Universal Film Mfg. Co., 243 U.S. 502, p. 511 (1917).U.S. 502, p. 511 (1917).


The primary objective of copyright is not The primary objective of copyright is not to reward the labor of authors, but "to to reward the labor of authors, but "to promote the Progress of Science and promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts." Art. I, § 8, cl. 8. To this end, useful Arts." Art. I, § 8, cl. 8. To this end, copyright assures authors the right to copyright assures authors the right to their original expression, but encourages their original expression, but encourages others to build freely upon the ideas and others to build freely upon the ideas and information conveyed by a work.” Feist information conveyed by a work.” Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., Inc., 499 Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., Inc., 499 U.S.340, 349-50 (1991)U.S.340, 349-50 (1991)


““It may seem unfair that much of the fruit of the It may seem unfair that much of the fruit of the compiler's labor may be used by others without compiler's labor may be used by others without compensationcompensation. As Justice Brennan has . As Justice Brennan has correctly observed, however, this is not correctly observed, however, this is not "some unforeseen byproduct of a "some unforeseen byproduct of a statutory scheme." Harper & Row, 471 statutory scheme." Harper & Row, 471 U.S., at 589 (dissenting opinion). It is, U.S., at 589 (dissenting opinion). It is, rather, "the essence of copyright," ibid., rather, "the essence of copyright," ibid., and a constitutional requirement.and a constitutional requirement.

Los problemas del dominio Los problemas del dominio públicopúblico

Derechos al Derechos al resultadoresultado de la creación v. de la creación v. Derechos de Derechos de acessoacesso a la creación a la creación

Derechos a la creación prímigena v. Derechos Derechos a la creación prímigena v. Derechos a la creación transformativa – paródia, crítica a la creación transformativa – paródia, crítica y Creative transformation (Caso Henrich müller)y Creative transformation (Caso Henrich müller)

Derechos a la expression y informaciónDerechos a la expression y información

Derechos a la imagine o privacidad v. Derechos a la imagine o privacidad v. expressión cultural societalexpressión cultural societal

¿¿Lo que es dominio público?Lo que es dominio público?

¿¿Lo que es en dominio Lo que es en dominio público? público?

Dominio Público OriginarioDominio Público Originario

Pertenecen, originariamentePertenecen, originariamente, al , al dominio público, las obras de autor dominio público, las obras de autor no conocido, incluindo las folclóricas, no conocido, incluindo las folclóricas, pero em relación a las ultimas, hay pero em relación a las ultimas, hay que excluirse la proteción legal a los que excluirse la proteción legal a los conocimientos étnicos y conocimientos étnicos y tradicionales. tradicionales. (Eliane Abrão)(Eliane Abrão)

¿¿Lo que es en dominio Lo que es en dominio público?público?

Dominio público consequenteDominio público consequenteCaem em dominio públicoCaem em dominio público as obras cujo prazo de as obras cujo prazo de proteção haja decorrido, ou cujo autor tenha proteção haja decorrido, ou cujo autor tenha falecido sem deixar herdeiros ou sucessores. falecido sem deixar herdeiros ou sucessores. Essa nova situação em que se encontram essas Essa nova situação em que se encontram essas obras significa que seu conteúdo e forma são obras significa que seu conteúdo e forma são devolvidos à coletividade, extinto o privilégio devolvidos à coletividade, extinto o privilégio temporário conferido aos autores, para que todos temporário conferido aos autores, para que todos possam fazer uso livre e gratuito dela, possam fazer uso livre e gratuito dela, respeitadas, apenas, a sua integridade e o seu respeitadas, apenas, a sua integridade e o seu crédito. (§2crédito. (§2o.o., art. 24). (Eliane Y Abrão), art. 24). (Eliane Y Abrão)

¿¿Lo que es en domínio Lo que es en domínio público?público?

Artículo 11. Pertenecen al patrimonio cultural común:Artículo 11. Pertenecen al patrimonio cultural común:

a) Las obras cuyo plazo de protección se haya extinguido; a) Las obras cuyo plazo de protección se haya extinguido;

b) La obra de autor desconocido, incluyéndose las canciones, leyendas, danzas y las b) La obra de autor desconocido, incluyéndose las canciones, leyendas, danzas y las expresiones del acervo folklórico; expresiones del acervo folklórico;

c) Las obras cuyos titulares renunciaron a la protección que otorga esta ley; c) Las obras cuyos titulares renunciaron a la protección que otorga esta ley;

d) Las obras de autores extranjeros, domiciliados en el exterior, que no estén d) Las obras de autores extranjeros, domiciliados en el exterior, que no estén protegidos en la forma establecida en el artículo 2.º, y protegidos en la forma establecida en el artículo 2.º, y

e) Las obras que fueren expropiadas por el Estado, salvo que la ley especifique un e) Las obras que fueren expropiadas por el Estado, salvo que la ley especifique un beneficiario. beneficiario.

Las obras del patrimonio cultural común podrán ser utilizadas por cualquiera, Las obras del patrimonio cultural común podrán ser utilizadas por cualquiera,

siempre que se respete la paternidad y la integridad de la obra.siempre que se respete la paternidad y la integridad de la obra.

¿¿Lo que es dominio Lo que es dominio público? público?

The public domain consists, in The public domain consists, in fact, of a vast and diverse fact, of a vast and diverse assortment of contents (...). assortment of contents (...). The public domain is, The public domain is, moreover, different sizes at moreover, different sizes at different times and in different times and in different countries.different countries. (Palmela Samuelson, Digital (Palmela Samuelson, Digital Information, Digital Networks, and The Information, Digital Networks, and The Public Domain, Berkeley, 2001 )Public Domain, Berkeley, 2001 )

¿¿Lo que es dominio Lo que es dominio público?público?

(Brasil)(Brasil)Art. 8º I - as idéias, procedimentos normativos, Art. 8º I - as idéias, procedimentos normativos, sistemas, métodos, projetos ou conceitos matemáticos sistemas, métodos, projetos ou conceitos matemáticos como tais;como tais;II - os esquemas, planos ou regras para realizar atos II - os esquemas, planos ou regras para realizar atos mentais, jogos ou negócios;mentais, jogos ou negócios;III - os formulários em branco para serem preenchidos III - os formulários em branco para serem preenchidos por qualquer tipo de información, científica ou não, e por qualquer tipo de información, científica ou não, e suas instruções;suas instruções;IV - os textos de tratados ou convenções, leis, decretos, IV - os textos de tratados ou convenções, leis, decretos, regulamentos, decisões judiciais e demais atos oficiais;regulamentos, decisões judiciais e demais atos oficiais;V - as informações de uso comum tais como calendários, V - as informações de uso comum tais como calendários, agendas, cadastros ou legendas;agendas, cadastros ou legendas;VI - os nomes e títulos isolados;VI - os nomes e títulos isolados;VII - (o aproveitamento industrialVII - (o aproveitamento industrial) ou comercial das ) ou comercial das idéias contidas nas obras.idéias contidas nas obras.


Expresse ou tacite, léxclusion des idées Expresse ou tacite, léxclusion des idées et la protection de la seule forme de let la protection de la seule forme de lóeuvre (…) apparaît comme un fonds óeuvre (…) apparaît comme un fonds commun du droit dáuteur dans le mondecommun du droit dáuteur dans le mondeClaude Colombet, Grands Principes du Droit dáuteur et Claude Colombet, Grands Principes du Droit dáuteur et des droits voisins dans le monde.des droits voisins dans le monde.

Chile….Chile…. cualquiera que sea su forma de cualquiera que sea su forma de expresiónexpresión


A Map of the Public Domain and Adjacent Terrains A Map of the Public Domain and Adjacent Terrains (Samuelson)(Samuelson)scientific principles, , & the like scientific and other scientific principles, , & the like scientific and other research methodologies, statistical techniques, research methodologies, statistical techniques, educational processes ideas, concepts, discoveries, educational processes ideas, concepts, discoveries, theories, hypotheses facts, information, data, know-how, theories, hypotheses facts, information, data, know-how, knowledgeknowledgelaws, regulations, judicial opinions, government laws, regulations, judicial opinions, government documents, legislative reports innovations qualifying for documents, legislative reports innovations qualifying for IP protection in which no rights are claimed or in which IP protection in which no rights are claimed or in which rights have expired (e.g., copyright, patent, plant variety rights have expired (e.g., copyright, patent, plant variety protection)protection)


innovations not qualifying for IP protection innovations not qualifying for IP protection because unoriginal, obvious, generic, or because unoriginal, obvious, generic, or otherwiseotherwiseoutside the bounds of IP (e.g., telephone outside the bounds of IP (e.g., telephone directories, fonts, incremental technical directories, fonts, incremental technical innovation,genericided trademarks such as innovation,genericided trademarks such as aspirin, new physical exercises, folklore, grocery aspirin, new physical exercises, folklore, grocery lists, blank forms) words, names, numbers, lists, blank forms) words, names, numbers, symbols, signs, rules of grammar and diction, symbols, signs, rules of grammar and diction, punctuation about to expire IPR fair use & like punctuation about to expire IPR fair use & like widely usable open source imminent w/o widely usable open source imminent w/o restrictions discoveriesrestrictions discoveries

El dominio público...paganteEl dominio público...pagante

Entre 1973 e 1983 vigorou no Entre 1973 e 1983 vigorou no Brasil um sistema, ainda Brasil um sistema, ainda existente em alguns países do existente em alguns países do mundo, chamado de dominio mundo, chamado de dominio público remunerado, ou público remunerado, ou domínio público (...) domínio público (...) Desapareceu em virtude de Desapareceu em virtude de forte pressão da industria forte pressão da industria editorial e de difusão, editorial e de difusão, inconformada com esse inconformada com esse pagamento. (Eliane Y Abrão)pagamento. (Eliane Y Abrão)

La transformación creativaLa transformación creativa


““However, because any work inevitably However, because any work inevitably builds on previous works, some to a builds on previous works, some to a greater extent than others, providing too greater extent than others, providing too large a monopoly will actually hinder the large a monopoly will actually hinder the development of new works by limiting development of new works by limiting future creators use of earlier works. future creators use of earlier works. Herein lies the fundamental tension in Herein lies the fundamental tension in copyright law.”copyright law.” [1][1]..

[1][1] Lydia Pallas Loren, Redefining the Market Failure Approach Lydia Pallas Loren, Redefining the Market Failure Approach to Fair Use in an Era of Copyright Permission Systems, the to Fair Use in an Era of Copyright Permission Systems, the Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Volume 5 Fall 1997, No. 1Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Volume 5 Fall 1997, No. 1


Tribunal Constitucional Alemão - Germania 3 - BVerfGE Tribunal Constitucional Alemão - Germania 3 - BVerfGE 825/98 from 29.06.2000825/98 from 29.06.2000..

EL caso de la obra de Henrich Müller, que usava como EL caso de la obra de Henrich Müller, que usava como medio de expressión literária extensos periodos de medio de expressión literária extensos periodos de

Bertold Brecht Bertold Brecht

On the one hand, there is the author who needs to be On the one hand, there is the author who needs to be protected from unauthorized exploitation of his work. protected from unauthorized exploitation of his work. On the other, there is the interest of other authors to On the other, there is the interest of other authors to

create and discuss art in a free environment sheltered create and discuss art in a free environment sheltered from encroachments in terms of content or limited by from encroachments in terms of content or limited by

the threat of financial repercussions. the threat of financial repercussions.


Concerning this balance, the [Constitutional] Court held Concerning this balance, the [Constitutional] Court held that a negligible encroachment in the rights of the that a negligible encroachment in the rights of the

copy right holder without the existence of a danger of copy right holder without the existence of a danger of considerable economic disadvantages, do not considerable economic disadvantages, do not outweigh the interests of the public to make outweigh the interests of the public to make

(unauthorized) use of copy right protected work in (unauthorized) use of copy right protected work in order to discuss art in a free environment.order to discuss art in a free environment.

Markus Schneider, The Balance Of Interests And Intellectual Property Laws – The Markus Schneider, The Balance Of Interests And Intellectual Property Laws – The European Approach, memorando, março de 2002.European Approach, memorando, março de 2002.


Copyright, Fair Use and Transformative Critical Appropriation, Copyright, Fair Use and Transformative Critical Appropriation, David Lange & Jennifer Lange AndersonDavid Lange & Jennifer Lange Anderson

There is no question of enjoining the transformative critical There is no question of enjoining the transformative critical appropriation, and no question of punishment, either, for the appropriation, and no question of punishment, either, for the very idea of punishment is unwarranted; and this is so though very idea of punishment is unwarranted; and this is so though harm from the appropriation is possible, even likely, even to harm from the appropriation is possible, even likely, even to be presupposed. Suppression and damages do not sensibly be presupposed. Suppression and damages do not sensibly figure in this scenario, then, and cannot sensibly be required. figure in this scenario, then, and cannot sensibly be required. But there may still be reason in some cases to contemplate But there may still be reason in some cases to contemplate some provision for sharing with the proprietor of rights in the some provision for sharing with the proprietor of rights in the antecedent work an equitable portion of such profits, if any, antecedent work an equitable portion of such profits, if any, as may be reaped from an appropriation.as may be reaped from an appropriation.

La transformación creativaLa transformación creativaCopyright, Fair Use and Transformative Critical Appropriation, Copyright, Fair Use and Transformative Critical Appropriation,

David Lange & Jennifer Lange AndersonDavid Lange & Jennifer Lange Anderson

There is no question of enjoining the transformative critical There is no question of enjoining the transformative critical appropriation, and no question of punishment, either, for the appropriation, and no question of punishment, either, for the very idea of punishment is unwarranted; and this is so though very idea of punishment is unwarranted; and this is so though harm from the appropriation is possible, even likely, even to harm from the appropriation is possible, even likely, even to be presupposed. be presupposed.

Suppression and damages do not sensibly figure in this Suppression and damages do not sensibly figure in this scenario, then, and cannot sensibly be required. But there scenario, then, and cannot sensibly be required. But there may still be reason in some cases to contemplate some may still be reason in some cases to contemplate some provision for sharing with the proprietor of rights in the provision for sharing with the proprietor of rights in the antecedent work an equitable portion of such profits, if any, antecedent work an equitable portion of such profits, if any, as may be reaped from an appropriation.as may be reaped from an appropriation.

La relación entre el domiínio La relación entre el domiínio público y la transformación público y la transformación creativa o criación derivadacreativa o criación derivada

Se a finalidade do dereito autoral é a de Se a finalidade do dereito autoral é a de devolver à coletividade o uso e gozo da devolver à coletividade o uso e gozo da obra, não se admite seja esse uso obstado obra, não se admite seja esse uso obstado pelo Estado, se não quanto à primeira pelo Estado, se não quanto à primeira forma de publicação da obra. Sob pena de forma de publicação da obra. Sob pena de grave cerceamento à liberdade de grave cerceamento à liberdade de expressão, as transformações da obra expressão, as transformações da obra original, respeitado o devido crédito, não original, respeitado o devido crédito, não podem ser consideradas violações à podem ser consideradas violações à integridade dela. (Eliane Y Abrão)integridade dela. (Eliane Y Abrão)

Liberdad de expressión y Liberdad de expressión y informacióninformación


Through the Looking Glass: Alice and the Constitutional Through the Looking Glass: Alice and the Constitutional Foundations of the Public Domain, Yochai Benkler, 2001Foundations of the Public Domain, Yochai Benkler, 2001

Copyright law is defined by constant tensions Copyright law is defined by constant tensions between exclusive private rights on the one between exclusive private rights on the one hand and the freedom to read and express hand and the freedom to read and express oneself as one wishes on the other hand. oneself as one wishes on the other hand.

As a matter of economics, copyright represents As a matter of economics, copyright represents a tension between the advantages of market-a tension between the advantages of market-based production of information and cultural based production of information and cultural

goods on the one hand and the intrinsic goods on the one hand and the intrinsic limitations of property rights as institutional limitations of property rights as institutional

solutions to the public goods problem of solutions to the public goods problem of information production on the other hand. information production on the other hand.


Thomas Jefferson:Thomas Jefferson:That ideas should freely spread from one to That ideas should freely spread from one to

another over the globe, for the moral and mutual another over the globe, for the moral and mutual instruction of man, and improvement of his instruction of man, and improvement of his

condition, seems to have been peculiarly and condition, seems to have been peculiarly and benevolently designed by nature, when she made benevolently designed by nature, when she made them, like fire, expansible over all space, without them, like fire, expansible over all space, without lessening their density in any point, and like the lessening their density in any point, and like the

air in which we breathe, move, and have our air in which we breathe, move, and have our physical being, incapable of confinement or physical being, incapable of confinement or

exclusive appropriation. exclusive appropriation.


ELDRED et al. v. ASHCROFT, January 15, 2003 ELDRED et al. v. ASHCROFT, January 15, 2003 The Copyright Clause and First Amendment were The Copyright Clause and First Amendment were

adopted close in time. This proximity indicates that, in adopted close in time. This proximity indicates that, in the Framers' view, copyright's limited monopolies are the Framers' view, copyright's limited monopolies are

compatible with free speech principles. Indeed, compatible with free speech principles. Indeed, copyright's purpose is to copyright's purpose is to promotepromote the creation and the creation and publication of free expression. As publication of free expression. As Harper & RowHarper & Row

observed: "[T]he Framers intended copyright itself to be observed: "[T]he Framers intended copyright itself to be the engine of free expression. By establishing a the engine of free expression. By establishing a

marketable right to the use of one's expression, copyright marketable right to the use of one's expression, copyright supplies the economic incentive to create and supplies the economic incentive to create and

disseminate ideas."disseminate ideas."


In addition to spurring the creation and publication of new In addition to spurring the creation and publication of new expression, copyright law contains built-in First Amendment expression, copyright law contains built-in First Amendment

accommodations. See accommodations. See id.id., at 560. First, it distinguishes between , at 560. First, it distinguishes between ideas and expression and makes only the latter eligible for ideas and expression and makes only the latter eligible for

copyright protection. Specifically, 17 U. S. C. §102(b) provides: copyright protection. Specifically, 17 U. S. C. §102(b) provides: "In no case does copyright protection for an original work of "In no case does copyright protection for an original work of

authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless

of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work." (...) . Due to this distinction, every embodied in such work." (...) . Due to this distinction, every

idea, theory, and fact in a copyrighted work becomes instantly idea, theory, and fact in a copyrighted work becomes instantly available for public exploitation at the moment of publicationavailable for public exploitation at the moment of publication

Acesso a la Cultura Acesso a la Cultura

Acesso a la Cultura - Acesso a la Cultura - EducaciónEducación

Tribunal Constitucional Alemão no caso Schulbuchprivileg Tribunal Constitucional Alemão no caso Schulbuchprivileg (BverfGE 31, 229 de 07.07.1971):(BverfGE 31, 229 de 07.07.1971):

El equilibrio entre el derecho de propiedad del El equilibrio entre el derecho de propiedad del autor, e las disposiciones del a ley autoral alemana autor, e las disposiciones del a ley autoral alemana que permiten que las escuelas copien obras para que permiten que las escuelas copien obras para

fines didácticos sin la autorización del autor, y sin fines didácticos sin la autorización del autor, y sin pagamiento de los royalties pagamiento de los royalties

EL interés del público en lo acesso libre a los bienes EL interés del público en lo acesso libre a los bienes culturales justifica que se pueda usar las obras sin culturales justifica que se pueda usar las obras sin

acuerdo del autor para uso en las iglesias y acuerdo del autor para uso en las iglesias y escuelas, pero no justifica que el autor deba hacer escuelas, pero no justifica que el autor deba hacer

su trabajo disponible para tales fines sin su trabajo disponible para tales fines sin remuneración (§ 46 UrhG).remuneración (§ 46 UrhG).

Acesso a la Cultura - Acesso a la Cultura - EducaciónEducación

Licença compulsória Autoral de la convención de Berna Licença compulsória Autoral de la convención de Berna Article II Limitations on the Right of Translation: (1) Any country which Article II Limitations on the Right of Translation: (1) Any country which

has declared that it will avail itself of the faculty provided for in this has declared that it will avail itself of the faculty provided for in this Article shall be entitled, so far as works published in printed or Article shall be entitled, so far as works published in printed or

analogous forms of reproduction are concerned, to substitute for the analogous forms of reproduction are concerned, to substitute for the exclusive right of translation provided for in Article 8 a system of non-exclusive right of translation provided for in Article 8 a system of non-

exclusive and non-transferable licenses, granted by the competent exclusive and non-transferable licenses, granted by the competent authority under the following conditions and subject to Article IV.authority under the following conditions and subject to Article IV.

Article III Limitation on the Right of Reproduction (1) Any country Article III Limitation on the Right of Reproduction (1) Any country which has declared that it will avail itself of the faculty provided for in which has declared that it will avail itself of the faculty provided for in

this Article shall be entitled to substitute for the exclusive right of this Article shall be entitled to substitute for the exclusive right of reproduction provided for in Article 9 a system of non-exclusive and reproduction provided for in Article 9 a system of non-exclusive and non-transferable licenses, granted by the competent authority under non-transferable licenses, granted by the competent authority under

the following conditions and subject to Article IV.(the following conditions and subject to Article IV.(

Acesso à Cultura - Acesso à Cultura - EducaciónEducación

Artículo 38. Es lícito, sin remunerar u obtener Artículo 38. Es lícito, sin remunerar u obtener autorización del autor, reproducir en obras de autorización del autor, reproducir en obras de

carácter cultural, científico o didáctico, carácter cultural, científico o didáctico, fragmentos de obras ajenas protegidas, fragmentos de obras ajenas protegidas,

siempre que se mencionen su fuente, título y siempre que se mencionen su fuente, título y autor.autor.

Artículo 41. Las lecciones dictadas en Artículo 41. Las lecciones dictadas en universidades, colegios y escuelas, podrán ser universidades, colegios y escuelas, podrán ser anotadas o recogidas en cualquier forma por anotadas o recogidas en cualquier forma por

aquellos a quienes van dirigidas; pero no aquellos a quienes van dirigidas; pero no

podrán ser publicadas, total o parcialmente, podrán ser publicadas, total o parcialmente, sin autorización de sus autores.sin autorización de sus autores.

Acesso a la Cultura – la Acesso a la Cultura – la especificidad de la arteespecificidad de la arte

TRADING GOLD FOR DROSS, WENDY J. TRADING GOLD FOR DROSS, WENDY J. GORDONGORDON

As the preceding section of the Article makes As the preceding section of the Article makes clear, this cost is not solely monetary. For both clear, this cost is not solely monetary. For both

audiences and creators, the cost is one of audiences and creators, the cost is one of experience. Audiences have less access to their experience. Audiences have less access to their

culture if monopoly keeps the price of copies culture if monopoly keeps the price of copies high, and term extension will also make it harder high, and term extension will also make it harder

for young authors to make new works—for young authors to make new works—particularly works that reshape the cultural reality particularly works that reshape the cultural reality

the authors themselves have experienced. The the authors themselves have experienced. The works foregone may be commercial and trivial, or works foregone may be commercial and trivial, or heartfelt and culturally crucial: the “social cost” of heartfelt and culturally crucial: the “social cost” of

copyright extension includes both.copyright extension includes both.


Roman Jakobson, Roman Jakobson, Huit questions de Huit questions de popoétique, étique, p.63.p.63.

ReferencialReferencialEmotiva ------ Emotiva ------ Poética Poética ------ Conativa------ Conativa

FáticaFáticaMetalingüísticaMetalingüística


BONNEMASOU, Vera. A arte como linguagem. A BONNEMASOU, Vera. A arte como linguagem. A Fonte - revista de arte, Curitiba, maio, 2003. Fonte - revista de arte, Curitiba, maio, 2003.

Segundo Jakobson, “na función Segundo Jakobson, “na función referencial, o signo entretêm, com o referencial, o signo entretêm, com o

objeto designado, uma ligación interna objeto designado, uma ligación interna mínima e, por conseguinte, o signo tem, mínima e, por conseguinte, o signo tem, nele mesmo, uma importância mínima.” nele mesmo, uma importância mínima.”

No signo poético, é o inverso o que No signo poético, é o inverso o que ocorre; o seu interesse está centrado em ocorre; o seu interesse está centrado em

si próprio, seu objeto não possui uma si próprio, seu objeto não possui uma importância relevante.importância relevante.


Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization Organization

Humanity faces a global crisis in the governance of knowledge, Humanity faces a global crisis in the governance of knowledge, technology and culture. The crisis is manifest in many ways. technology and culture. The crisis is manifest in many ways.

●Morally repugnant inequality of access to education, knowledge and Morally repugnant inequality of access to education, knowledge and technology undermines development and social cohesion; technology undermines development and social cohesion;

●Authors, artists and inventors face mounting barriers to follow-on Authors, artists and inventors face mounting barriers to follow-on innovation; innovation;

●Concentrated ownership and control of knowledge, technology, Concentrated ownership and control of knowledge, technology, biological resources and culture harm development, diversity and biological resources and culture harm development, diversity and

democratic institutions;democratic institutions;


●Technological measures designed to enforce intellectual property rights in Technological measures designed to enforce intellectual property rights in digital environments threaten core exceptions in copyright laws for digital environments threaten core exceptions in copyright laws for disabled persons, libraries, educators, authors and consumers, and disabled persons, libraries, educators, authors and consumers, and

undermine privacy and freedom; undermine privacy and freedom; ●Key mechanisms to compensate and support creative individuals and Key mechanisms to compensate and support creative individuals and

communities are unfair to both creative persons and consumers; communities are unfair to both creative persons and consumers; ●Private interests misappropriate social and public goods, and lock up the Private interests misappropriate social and public goods, and lock up the

public domain. public domain.

Alternative compensation systems have been proposed to expand access and Alternative compensation systems have been proposed to expand access and interest in cultural works, while providing both artists and consumers with interest in cultural works, while providing both artists and consumers with efficient and fair systems for compensationefficient and fair systems for compensation. There is renewed interest in . There is renewed interest in

compensatory liability rules, innovation prizes, or competitive intermediators, compensatory liability rules, innovation prizes, or competitive intermediators, as models for economic incentives for science and technology that can as models for economic incentives for science and technology that can

facilitate sequential follow-on innovation and avoid monopolist abuses. facilitate sequential follow-on innovation and avoid monopolist abuses.

Por que esa protección Por que esa protección tiene de ser por medio de tiene de ser por medio de

un derecho exclusivo?un derecho exclusivo?

Cual es la relación entre el Cual es la relación entre el dominio público y la dominio público y la

proteción?proteción?

““For the sake of the good we must submit to For the sake of the good we must submit to the evil,” said Lord Macaulay of copyright, the evil,” said Lord Macaulay of copyright, “But the evil ought not to last a day longer “But the evil ought not to last a day longer than is necessary for the purpose of than is necessary for the purpose of securing the good.” Thomas Macaulay, securing the good.” Thomas Macaulay, Speech Before the House of Commons (Feb. Speech Before the House of Commons (Feb. 5, 1841), in 8 THE WORKS OF LORD 5, 1841), in 8 THE WORKS OF LORD MACAULAY 203-04 (Lady Trevelyan ed., MACAULAY 203-04 (Lady Trevelyan ed., 1906)1906)

Los efectos pró-Los efectos pró-mercado del domínio mercado del domínio

públicopúblico Merges, Robert P., "A New Dynamism in the Public Domain" . University of Merges, Robert P., "A New Dynamism in the Public Domain" . University of

Chicago Law Review, Vol. 71, pp. 183-203, 2004Chicago Law Review, Vol. 71, pp. 183-203, 2004 Firms and individuals are increasingly injecting Firms and individuals are increasingly injecting

information into the public domain with the explicit goal of information into the public domain with the explicit goal of preempting or undermining the potential property rights of preempting or undermining the potential property rights of economic adversaries. economic adversaries.

Biotechnology firms invest millions of dollars in public Biotechnology firms invest millions of dollars in public domain gene sequence databases, to prevent hold-ups by domain gene sequence databases, to prevent hold-ups by firms with patents on short gene sequences. Major software firms with patents on short gene sequences. Major software firms fight entrenched rivals by investing millions of firms fight entrenched rivals by investing millions of dollars, contributing to open source operating systems.dollars, contributing to open source operating systems.

In both cases, property-preempting investments (PPI's) are In both cases, property-preempting investments (PPI's) are made to offset the effects of competitors' property rights. made to offset the effects of competitors' property rights. Individuals and nonprofits are joining in too, with Individuals and nonprofits are joining in too, with initiatives such as the Creative Commons project.initiatives such as the Creative Commons project.

Las ilusiones del Las ilusiones del dominio públlicodominio públlico

Chander, Anupam and Sunder, Madhavi, "The Romance of the Public Domain" . Chander, Anupam and Sunder, Madhavi, "The Romance of the Public Domain" . California Law Review, Vol. 92, 2004 California Law Review, Vol. 92, 2004

The public domain is now the cause célèbre among The public domain is now the cause célèbre among progressive intellectual property and cyber-law scholars, progressive intellectual property and cyber-law scholars, who extol the public domain as necessary for sustaining who extol the public domain as necessary for sustaining innovation. But scholars obscure the distributional innovation. But scholars obscure the distributional consequences of the commons. They presume a landscape consequences of the commons. They presume a landscape where every person can reap the riches found in the where every person can reap the riches found in the commons. commons.

This is the romance of the commons - the belief that This is the romance of the commons - the belief that because a resource is open to all by force of law, it will because a resource is open to all by force of law, it will indeed be equally exploited by all. But in practice, indeed be equally exploited by all. But in practice, differing circumstances - including knowledge, wealth, differing circumstances - including knowledge, wealth, power, access, and ability - render some better able than power, access, and ability - render some better able than others to exploit a commons.others to exploit a commons.

dominio público denis borges barbosa. la teoria del market failure y la propiedad intelectual j.h....

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