Pathology Lab 1

Done by :

Morad Abu Qamar

Cell structurenote :A basic cell is bounded by a cell membrane. Within the cell is a nucleus containing chromatin, often condensed at the periphery, along with larger clumps called chromocenters, and in some cells a nucleolus into which RNA is concentrated. The cytoplasm contains the cytosol and a variety of organelles, including mitochondria that power the cell via production of ATP,endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes that synthesize new materials, a Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

Atrophy, muscle fibers.Some of these skeletal muscle fibers here show atrophy, compared to normal fibers. The number of cells is the same as before the atrophy occurred, but the size of some fibers is reduced. This is a response to injury by "downsizing" to conserve the cell. In this case, innervation to the small, atrophic fibers was lost. (This is a trichrome stain.)

Atrophy, testis. The testis at the right has undergone atrophy and is much smaller than the normal testis at the left.

Atrophy, cerebrum. This is cerebral atrophy in a patient with Alzheimer disease , The entire size of the brain is reduced, but some parts are more affected than others. The gyri are narrowed and the intervening sulci are widened, most pronounced toward the frontal lobe region shown here at the right.

Atrophy, centrilobular region of liver :Here is the centrilobular portion of liver next to a central vein. The cells have reduced in size or been lost from hypoxia. The pale brown-yellow pigment is lipochrome that has accumulated as the atrophic and dying cells undergo autophagocytosis.

Hypertrophy, heart.This is cardiac hypertrophy involving the left ventricle. The number of myocardial fibers does not increase, but their size can increase in response to an increased workload, leading to the marked thickening of the

left ventricle in this patient with systemic hypertension.

Hyperplasia, prostate.This is prostatic hyperplasia. The normal adult male prostate is about 3 to 4 cm in diameter and up to 25 gm in weight. The number of prostatic glands, as well as the stroma, has increased in this enlarged prostate seen in transverse section, and as a result, the entire prostate has increased in size, estimated at more than 70 gm. The pattern of increase here is not uniform, but nodular. This increase is in response to hormonal action on the cells, but in this case is not a normal physiologic process, but a pathologic process that could interfere with emptying of the urinary bladder.

Metaplasia, squamous, larynx. )very important) Metaplasia of laryngeal respiratory epithelium has occurred here in a smoker (most common). The chronic irritation has led to an exchanging of one type of epithelium (the normal respiratory epithelium at the right) for another (the more resilient squamous epithelium at the left). Metaplasia is not a normal physiologic process and may be the first step toward neoplasia.( if stimulus still malignancy will develop ) ** may be caused by vitamin A deficiency.

the normal respiratory

epithelium

squamous epithelium

Metaplasia, gastric columnar mucosa in esophagus :Metaplasia of esophageal squamous mucosa has occurred here, with gastric type columnar mucosa at the left. ((( Barret esophagus ))

Coagulative necrosis, myocardial infarction )very important)

When there is marked cellular injury, there is cell death. This microscopic appearance of myocardium is a mess because so many cells have died that the tissue is not recognizable. Many nuclei have become pyknotic (shrunken and dark) and have then undergone karorrhexis (fragmentation) and karyolysis (dissolution). The cytoplasm and cell borders are not recognizable.

Coagulative necrosis, renal infarction.When many cells undergo necrosis at once, then definable patterns of necrosis are produced, depending upon the nature of the injury, the type of tissue, and the length of time. This is an example of coagulative necrosis. This is the typical pattern with ischemia and infarction (loss of blood supply and resultant tissue anoxia). Here, there is a wedge-shaped pale area of coagulative necrosis (infarction) in the cortex of the kidney

Coagulative necrosis, renal infarction.Microscopically, the renal cortex has undergone anoxic injury at the left so that the cells appear pale and ghost-like. There is a hemorrhagic zone in the middle where the cells are dying or have not quite died, and then normal renal parenchyma at the far right. This is an example of coagulative necrosis

Abnormal area

Coagulative necrosis, adrenal infarction. The contrast between normal adrenal cortex and the small pale infarct is good. The area just under the capsule is spared because of blood supply from capsular arterial branches (another blood supply that preserve that area). This is an odd place for an infarct, but it illustrates the shape and appearance of an ischemic (pale) infarct well

Necrotic area

Coagulative necrosis, splenic infarctionsTwo (yellow and pale) large infarctions (areas of coagulative necrosis) are seen in this sectioned spleen. Since the etiology of coagulative necrosis is usually vascular with loss of blood supply, the infarct occurs in a vascular distribution (variations in time of ischemia )Thus, infarcts are often wedge-shaped with a base on the organ capsule

Liquefactive necrosis, lung abscesses.The two lung abscesses seen here are examples of liquefactive necrosis in which there is a liquid center in an area of tissue injury. One abscess appears in the upper lobe and one in the lower lobe. Liquefactive necrosis is typical of organs in which the tissues have a lot of lipid (such as brain) or when there is an abscess with lots of acute inflammatory cells whose release of proteolytic enzymes destroys the surrounding tissues.

Abscesses , mainly due to infection(bacterial)

so , the most common inflammatory cell will be seen here :

neutrophils

Liquefactive necrosis, liver abscess .The liver shows a small abscess here filled with many neutrophils. This abscess is

an example of ((((((localized liquefactive necrosis.)))))

Liquefactive necrosis, cerebral infarction.This is liquefactive necrosis in the brain of a patient who suffered a "stroke" with focal loss of blood supply to a portion of cerebrum. This type of infarction leads to necrosis which is marked by loss of neurons and neuroglial cells

(tissue loss) and the formation of a clear space at the center left. As it resolves, the liquefied area becomes a cystic space.

Liquefactive necrosis, cerebral infarction.Grossly, the cerebral infarction at the upper left here demonstrates liquefactive necrosis. Eventually, the removal of the dead tissue leaves behind a cavity.

Wedge-shape

Liquefactive necrosis, cerebral infarction.As this infarct in the brain is organizing and being resolved, the liquefactive necrosis leads to resolution with cystic spaces.

cystic spaces

Fat necrosis, pancreas. This is fat necrosis of the pancreas. Cellular injury to the pancreatic acini leads to release of powerful enzymes which damage fat by the production of soaps, and these appear grossly as the soft, chalky white areas seen here on the cut surfaces

Fat necrosis, pancreas.Microscopically, fat necrosis is seen here. Though the cellular outlines vaguely remain, the fat cells have lost their peripheral nuclei and their cytoplasm has become a pink amorphous mass of necrotic material.

: ملاحظات هامة .اللاب جب ان تم ربطه مع مادة النظري -1

جب حفظ غنوان كل صورة -2التركــــــــز غلى بػض الكلمات التي اقوم بتلونهــــا -3

لكم مي مــــر : ز

ق و ـــ مراد اب

ة الطب رموك –كلي امعة الي عة –جــ ة زابــ سي